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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Monograph

Marine Annelida of India: and status evaluation and an updated checklist

Sanitha K. Sivadas & Russell Carvalho

14 September 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 12 | Pages: 16647–16714 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5357.12.12.16647-16714

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5357.12.12.16647-16714

#5357 | Received 25 August 2019 | Final received 01 August 2020 | Finally accepted 15 August 2020

M o n Marine Annelida of India: taxonomy and status evaluaton and o g r an updated checklist a p Sanitha K. Sivadas 1 & Russell Carvalho 2 h

1 Natonal Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600100, India. 2 Santa Margarita Catholic High School, Science Department, 222062 Antonio Parkway Rancho, Santa Margarita, CA 92688, USA. 1 [email protected], [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]

Abstract: We present an updated checklist of marine from the Indian subcontnent. Records of were obtained from published and grey literatures and online databases. Our review of annelid publicatons was restricted to the Indian contnental shelf region. This paper also discusses the taxonomic status of marine annelid species recorded from this region and problems that impede its research. The updated list comprises of 727 species belonging to 334 genera and 72 families. A total of 152 species have their type locality in India including 88 species that are endemic to the region. The current checklist indicates that 25% (183 species) of the records are questonable and require further examinaton. Our results highlight that marine annelid richness of the Indian sub-contnent is underestmated with many of the natve undescribed species being most likely concealed under ‘erroneous’ or ‘cosmopolitan’ records. With a combinaton of factors that include a lack of experts, funding, and failure to update regional literature has resulted in an incomplete state of knowledge for the marine annelid biodiversity from this region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for extensive and intensive sampling to discover new species, conduct detailed re-examinatons of doubtul records and, collaborate within the local and internatonal insttutes and organizatons to improve the regional biodiversity studies.

Keywords: Annelids, cosmopolitan, , Erranta, Fauvel, Sedentaria, Sipuncula.

Editor: Cinthya S.G. Santos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil. Date of publicaton: 14 September 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Sivadas, S.K. & R. Carvalho (2020). Marine Annelida of India: taxonomy and status evaluaton and an updated checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(12): 16647–16714. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5357.12.12.16647-16714

Copyright: © Sivadas & Carvalho 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: SKS funding: CSIR Research Associate (No.31/26(187)/2010-EMR-I) and Science and Engineering Research Board Fast track young scientst project grant (DST No: SR/FTP/ES-18/2012).

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: Dr. Sanitha K Sivadas works as a Scientst D at the Natonal Centre of Coastal Research, Chennai. Primary research area is centred on marine benthic functonal ecology from intertdal to deep sea habitat. Other research interest includes marine benthic biogeography patern, preparing benthic species inventory and, marine liter and microplastcs. Dr. Russell Carvalho is a Science Teacher at Santa Margarita Catholic high school (SMCHS) and also an Adjunct Professor at Santa Ana College in Southern California, USA. The author is an avid marine biologist and benthic expert. He loves to conduct feld trips and educatonal camps for students and kids of all ages.

Author contributon: SKS—conceptualizaton, investgaton and writng - original draf; RC—conceptualizaton and writng - review & editng.

Acknowledgements: SKS would like to thank The Director, Natonal Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, for the facilites. Part of this work was carried out at CSIR-Natonal Insttute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Goa-India. We are deeply indebted to Dr. Bret Gonzalez from Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Insttute, Washington D.C. and Ms. Leslie Harris, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, CA, for their encouragement and support. The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for the constructve comments which greatly improved this manuscript. Special thanks to Drs. Andre S.Y. Mackie (Natonal Museum Wales, Cardif, UK); Christopher J. Glasby (Museum & Art Gallery Northern Territory, Australia); Charlote Watson (Australia); Elena K Kupriyanova (Australian Museum); Geof Read (NIWA, New Zealand), Harry ten Hove (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands); Igor Jirkov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia); Karin Meißner (Senckenberg Research Insttute, Germany), Luis F. Carrera-Parra (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, México); Maria Cristna Gambi (Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy); María Ana Tovar-Hernández (Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico); Markus Böggemann (Universität Vechta, Germany); Pat Hutchings(Australian Museum); Rodolfo Elias (INVEMAR, Colombia); Tulio F. Villalobos Guerrero (Kagoshima University, Japan) for clarifying doubts and sharing their publicatons.During SKS tenure at CSIR-NIO, she was supported by CSIR Research Associate (No.31/26(187)/2010-EMR-I) and Science and Engineering Research Board Fast track young scientst project grant (DST No: SR/FTP/ES-18/2012).

16647 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho

INTRODUCTION , Protodriliformia. Sedentaria contain the families formerly classifed as The Phylum Annelida is among the most diverse or Scolecida, the intersttal polychaetes, Parergodrilidae, invertebrate groups that inhabits the marine, freshwater, Diurodrilidae, Dinophilidae, and Nerillidae. Clitellata, brackish, and terrestrial ecosystems. Annelids exhibit Echiura, and Siboglinidae are also grouped with exceptonal morphological and ecological diversity. Sedentaria. Since we have followed the Weigert & Evolving and radiatng globally around the Cambrian Bleidorn (2016) classifcaton, the term “polychaetes” period (490–500 million years ago) this group diversifed refers to the traditonal name used for the bristle worms into 21,000 species (Appeltans et al. 2012; Weigert et al. in this publicaton. 2014). The evoluton of numerous feeding guilds, modes The mega diverse Indian subcontnent contributes of locomoton, and reproductve strategies allow them to approximately 7–8% of the total species recorded to inhabit a wide range of marine habitats, spanning on our planet and shows a high level of endemism. from the intertdal to the deep sea (Carvalho et al. The varied climatc, topographic, oceanographic, and 2013), including extreme environments such as Oxygen hydrodynamic conditons have resulted in a wide range minimum zones (OMZ), cold seeps, and hydrothermal of habitats accountng for this rich biodiversity. Despite vents. Because of their diversity and dominance in being labelled as a biodiversity hotspot region; with the most benthic habitats, they are a signifcant component excepton of birds, mammals, and a few plant groups, of the marine ecosystem, forming an important link in rest of this biodiversity has received litle atenton. the food web and nutrient recycling (Hutchings 1998). Comprehensive reviews of marine biodiversity, the In additon, they are reliable ecological indicators for most recent rate of loss of marine life, along with marine habitat quality because they are abundant, updated taxonomic monographs and checklists are diverse, and contain both sensitve and tolerant species lacking for many marine invertebrates, including the (Pocklington & Wells 1992). Annelida. Because of this, India has failed to overcome Introduced as an established phylum (Lamarck its taxonomic impediment for most of its biodiversity 1802), classifcaton of the Annelida has been updated groups (Dar et al. 2012). numerous tmes and, of all the major clades, Studies on the Annelida in India dates from the the annelid phylogeny has always been a unique and late 17th century with the descripton of a new species, evolving challenge (e.g., Rouse & Pleijel 2007; Weigert Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766). It was only in 1921, & Bleidron 2016). Moreover, Annelida show the highest that the frst comprehensive checklist of brackish water discordance between morphology and molecular- polychaetes was published (Southern 1921). A total based phylogenetc knowledge (Andrade et al. 2015). of 30 polychaete species was reported including three Recent studies using next-generaton sequencing and new genera and 27 new species from the Gangetc Delta phylogenomic analyses have been able to resolve the and Chilika in the east, and Kochi backwaters in the annelid phylogeny, but many questons about their southwestern coast of India. During the following years, phylogeny are stll unresolved (Weigert et al. 2014; numerous papers were published, mostly from southern Andrade et al. 2015; Struck et al. 2015; Weigert & India (e.g., Gravely 1927; Krishnan 1936; Panikkar & Bleidorn 2016). Aiyar 1937; Paul 1942). Aiyar & Alikunhi focused on Classifcaton of polychaete into Erranta and the intersttal polychaetes and made a number of Sedentaria was the most common and widely used signifcant publicatons (Aiyar & Alikunhi 1940, 1943, during the 20th century (e.g., Day 1967; Hartman 1968). 1944; Alikunhi 1941, 1942, 1943 1946, 1947, 1948, Based on morphological cladistcs analysis of Annelida 1949, 1951). Annandale & Kemp (1915), Prashad (1919, and other groups, a new classifcaton was outlined 1921, 1935), Prashad & Awat (1929), DataGupta et al. (Fauchald & Rouse 1997; Rouse & Fauchald 1997); (1963), DataGupta & Menon (1966), and DataGupta however this classifcaton was challenged by molecular (1974) made a signifcant contributon to the study of data (Rouse & Pleijel 2007). According to Weigert & the Echiura from India. Badri Prasad Haldar contributed Bleidorn (2016), Annelida are divided into two major to the study of sipuncula from India and published the clades, Erranta and Sedentaria, and fve basal branching frst checklist of Indian sipuncula (Haldar 1991). The lineages (Sipuncula, Amphinomida, Chaetopteridae, aquatc oligochaetes of India were compiled by Naidu Magelonidae, and, Oweniidae). (2005) in the series of taxonomic publicatons, “Fauna of Erranta include Aciculata ( and India” by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). Eunicida), Myzostomidae, and the intersttal The frst monograph on Indian polychaetes “Fauna

16648 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho of India, Including Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and Malaya: zone (EEZ) has an area of 2.015 x 106 km2. The width Annelida Polychaeta” was published by Professor Pierre of the western contnental shelf varies from 345km of Fauvel (Fauvel 1953). The monograph was based on Daman (north) and tapers to 60km of Kochi (south). the collecton of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and The western contnental shelf of India has an area of the Indian Museum, Kolkata (Fauvel 1930, 1932) which about 3,10,000km2, with sediment and organic mater included polychaetes from the neighbouring countries varying from the inner shelf to the outer shelf (Faruque (Myanmar, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka). A total of & Ramachandran 2014). The eastern contnental shelf 462 polychaete species was reported, out of which 304 also has a variable width of 35km of Tamil Nadu (south) were recorded from India (Fauvel 1953). In subsequent to 120km around Digha (north). Just like the western years, Olga Hartman made important contributons to shelf, the eastern contnental shelf is also characterized the study of polychaetes based on the by various sediment features (Faruque et al. 2014). samples collected during the frst Internatonal Indian The country has 14 major, 44 medium, and 162 minor Ocean Expeditons (IIOE) (Hartman 1974a,b). Part I was rivers with a total catchment area of 3.12 x 106 km2, on taxonomy and included 244 taxa of which 116 were discharging 1,645km3 of freshwater every year to the new records to the area and 16 were new species. Part seas around the country. The Ganga-Brahmaputra is the II was a catalogue of species and bibliography that listed largest river in the country and third largest freshwater 883 species in 315 genera and 59 families. Many of the outlet to the world’s oceans. All these features create samples of the frst IIOE, however, currently located at a diverse coastal habitat which includes rivers and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, stll estuaries endowed with extensive mangroves and remain to be analysed (Sivadas et al. 2016a). mudfats (e.g., the Sunderbans, the largest mangrove With numerous expeditons, individual, local as ecosystem of the world), coral reefs, seagrass beds, well internatonal studies being conducted on the sandy and rocky shores, largest saltwater lake in Asia subcontnent, the ZSI started to make important (Chilika) and the largest and most intense Oxygen contributons to marine annelid studies and published minimum zone (OMZ) extending from 100 to 1,000 m several reports on new species, new distributon records, depth (Arabian Sea). All these diverse habitats make the and checklists as part of the series, “Fauna of the coastal Indian coast a complex region that supports a species- states of India” (Sen et al. 2016). Reviews and checklists rich marine fauna (Sivadas & Ingole 2016). from diferent coastal regions contnued to be published during the 1990s and 2000s (e.g., Haldar 1991; Khan Data Collecton & Murgesan 2005; Sivaleela & Venkatraman 2012; The marine annelid species data was compiled Rajasekaran & Fernando 2012; Pat et al. 2015). Mitra from published and grey literature. Our review of & Mishra (2017) reviewed the freshwater polychaetes annelid related publicatons was restricted to the Indian of India and reported 41 species belonging to 25 genera contnental shelf region. As for the deep sea, most in 15 families. Local checklists have been published at of the knowledge on marine biodiversity is a result regular intervals throughout the decades, however, of environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies in there are no comprehensive checklists available for the Central Indian Ocean basin, and ecological studies the entre Indian subcontnent that could provide an of OMZ and Carlsberg Ridge. Although, in most of overview of the marine annelid diversity. The aims of these studies, polychaetes were the dominant taxa, this paper are to address the following objectves: (1) identfcaton was restricted to the genus or family level to provide an annotated checklist of marine Annelida (Parulekar et al. 1993; Ingole et al. 2005, 2010; Pavithran of India, (2) to critcally assess taxonomic status of the et al. 2007, 2009) and therefore, were not considered species recorded, and (3) to identfy the problems that in this review. Data from predatory journals were also impede annelid diversity studies in India. not considered due to their confictng and controversial informaton. The compiled species lists were checked against the METHODS World Register of Marine Worms (WoRMS) database (WoRMS Editorial Board 2020) for the synonyms, spelling Geological features of the Indian coast errors, and updated species names. In this paper, we The Indian coast spans across a large lattude followed the classifcaton of Weigert & Bleidorn (2016). of 15° (6°–23° N) and has a total coastal length of The fnal list is presented in Table 1 with the following ~7,516km (Figure 1). The Indian exclusive economic informaton: Species author, type-locality, distributon,

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 16649 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho

Figure 1. Surface water salinity gradient during north-east monsoon with locatons of important habitats. Derived from ODV data (Schlitzer 2018).

references, and comments. The records were classifed Waltair = Visakhapatnam. as: endemic ($), type-locality in India (*), questonable (#) and, misidentfcaton (@). Species were categorized as ‘endemic’ if they were reported only from India, except RESULTS for those species reported in the last 10 years (2011– 2020). Erroneous (questonable and misidentfcaton) The updated checklist of marine annelids is records were identfed based on the type locality and presented in Table 1 that includes the accepted names, distributon data of species from published literature authors, the type locality, distributon informaton and WoRMS (WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). Species (world and India) followed by remarks, and references. with type localites and/or with distributons restricted The type locality informaton was taken from the original to the Atlantc Ocean, Pacifc Ocean, Arctc Ocean, descriptons; however, whenever original publicatons , or the North Sea were considered as were not available, informaton was extracted from questonable records that require verifcaton. other publicatons, WoRMS, and online resources. For We also conducted a systematc review to assess publicatons with ambiguous informaton, e.g., Willey the “status quo” of general marine annelid research in (1905), did not clearly describe if the type locality of India. The search engines, ProQuest, Google Scholar, species recorded were in India or Sri Lanka, and because and Scopus were used for this purpose. The criteria of this we did not consider this informaton in the type for search included any paper published up to April locality species list from India. The annelid families 2020 with terms such as “Annelida”, “benthos”, and species names are presented alphabetcally. Some “Clitellata’, “Oligochaeta”, “polychaetes”, “Polychaeta”, recent changes in the families or genera have been “Sedentaria”, “Erranta”, “India”, “Echiura”, followed, and their sources have been mentoned in “Sipuncula” “coastal”, “macrobenthos”, “macrofauna”, the reference and remarks column. In the remarks and “meiobenthos”, “meiofauna”, and “marine” in the ttle, reference column, a short remark on the questonable keywords, or abstract. The results summed to 863 records and references are mentoned to encourage papers that without duplicaton became 594 papers further studies. from 1915 to 2020. The marine annelids in India comprise of 727 species While preparing the checklist, the following locatons belonging to 334 genera and 72 families (Table 1 and were referred by their current names: Bombay = Mumbai; Figure 2). Erranta is the most species-rich clade with Chilka = Chilika; Cochin = Kochi; Mangalore = Mangaluru; 354 species belonging to 31 families in 151 genera (Table Madras = Chennai; Laccadive = Lakshadweep; Malabar 2), and the most species-rich families are Nereididae (72 Coast = Kerala (north); Orissa = Odisha; Pondicherry = species and 17 genera), Eunicidae (33 and 8 genera), and Puducherry; Tutcorin = Thoothukudi; Vizagapatnam/ (32 species and 22 genera). Sedentaria is

16650 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho

Figure 2. Species richness of annelid families reported from India. Numbers above the bars represent the number of genera in each family.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 16651 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho

Figure 3. Rate of new species recorded and research publicatons related to marine annelids from India.

represented by 301 species in 155 genera and 31 families revised publicatons, Capitella capitata (Fabricius, (Table 2 and Figure 2) and Spionidae (37 and 14 genera) 1780), Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766), Hydroides and (34 species and 14 genera) are the most norvegica Gunnerus, 1768, Marphysa sanguinea species-rich families. At present, 152 species have their (Montagu, 1813), Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje 1844, type locality in India with 88 species being putatvely Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767, Sternaspis scutata endemic to the region (Table 1). The maximum number (Ranzani, 1817), S. costata Marenzeller, 1879), and of new species (142 species) recorded in India was Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 and others are also before the year 2000 (Figure 3). And from the years considered as questonable records from India (Table 1). 2001–2019, only eight new species have been recorded.

Doubtul species records from India DISCUSSION The checklist of marine Annelida from India that we have compiled is far from complete due to a number of The checklist presented in this publicaton reasons. Based on the criteria established, we identfed represents the most updated list of marine Annelida a total of 173 species as questonable records and 10 recorded from the Indian subcontnent. The updated misidentfcatons from the region (Tables 1 and 2). An informaton based on species occurrence data recorded example is the species Paraprionospio pinnata from 727 species belonging to 72 families. We have identfed the Spionidae family. This species has been frequently 173 questonable and 10 misidentfed species because reported from ecological publicatons and local all correspond to species with type localites and checklists. Yokoyama & Sukumaran (2012), however, distributons outside the Indian Ocean region. Of the suggested that the Paraprionospio species reported total of 183 erroneous species recorded, almost 50% of from India have been misidentfed as P. pinnata. At the species were reported by Fauvel (1932, 1953) and present, Paraprionospio cordifolia (Yokoyama, 2007), fve species by Hartman (1974a,b). P. cristata (Zhou, Yokoyama & Li, 2008), and P. patens The use of publicatons from other regions (e.g., Day (Yokoyama, 2007) are the species of Paraprionospio 1967) also resulted in the erroneous records. Fauvel and reported from the region. Paraprionospio pinnata is Day’s monographs contnue to be the most widely used considered a dominant species in the macrobenthic references by most Indian researchers. Taxonomists like community having a wide distributon along the Indian Fauvel, Day, and Hartman believed in the cosmopolitan coast, including the upwelling and OMZ areas (Ingole et distributon of polychaete species (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2010; Sivadas et al. 2016b). Based on type locality al. 2014; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). Therefore, (Chile) and the recent publicaton of Yokoyama & they recorded European species in their publicatons in Sukumaran (2012), there is a vital need to re-evaluate the Indian Ocean and other regions and synonymized all records reported as P. pinnata. In additon to several species without evidence (Hutchings & the above examples, based on the taxonomically Kupriyanova 2018). This resulted in the species found

16652 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714 J TT Marine Annelida of India Sivadas & Carvalho

Table 1. List of polychaete species recorded from India. * Type locality India; $ Endemic; # questonable records; @ misidentfcaton. Indian Coastal States/ Territories: AN—Andaman & Nicobar Island | AP—Andhra Pradesh | AS—Arabian Sea | BoB—Bay of Bengal | GA—Goa | GJ—Gujarat | KA—Karnataka | KL—Kerala | LK—Lakshadweep Island | MH—Maharashtra | OD—Odisha | PD—Puducherry | TN—Tamil Nadu | WB—West Bengal.

Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

ERRANTIA

Family Acoetdae World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Acoetes melanonota (Grube, Philippines Mozambique, South China Sea. al. (2016) 1876) India: AS Eupanthalis World: South China Sea Saya de Malha, Indian Ocean Pots (1910); Glasby et al. (2016) edriophthalma (Pots, 1910) India: WB World: Belgium, Greece, France, North Atlantc # Panthalis oerstedi Kinberg, Bohusl@n (Sweden) Ocean, South China Sea, Spain Fauvel (1953) 1856 India: MH, GA, AN, LK Family Alciopidae World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean, Alciopina parasitca Claparède Gulf of Naples (Italy), , Mozambique, North Atlantc Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean & Panceri, 1867 Mediterranean Sea Ocean, South China Sea, Spain (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN, AS, BoB World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Plotohelmis capitata (Greef, Algiers (Algeria), Mediterranean North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Mozambique, South Day (1967) 1876) Sea China Sea. India: AS, LK World: Arabian Sea, Atlantc Ocean, Rhynchonereella Not documented Mediterranean Sea, Pacifc Ocean, China Sea Fauvel (1953) capitata (Greef, 1876) India: AS World: Belgium, Canada, France, North Pacifc, Gulf of Naples (Italy), North Atlantc Ocean, Arabian Sea, South China Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et R. gracilis Costa, 1864 Mediterranean Sea Sea al. (2016) India: AS World: Arabian Sea, France, Indian Ocean, Vanadis formosa Claparède, Gulf of Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et 1870 Mediterranean Sea South China Sea al. (2016) India: AS, KL, LK Family Aphroditdae Barnich & Fiege (2000) restricted distributon to North Atlantc Ocean and Western Mediterranean Sea and reports World: Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North from Aegean Sea and Adriatc # Aphrodita aculeata Linnaeus, Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea, Not documented Sea due to confusion with A. alta. 1758 Spain, UK Further, specimens identfed India: TN, KL using Fauvel's key may belong to either species (Aphrodita aculeata or A. alta) (Faulweter et al. 2017). Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Argentna, Mediterranean Sea, Rio De Janeiro (Brazil), Atlantc Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, Persian Gulf, A. alta Kinberg, 1856 Glasby et al. (2016) Ocean Spain, South China Sea India: KL, MH World: New Zealand, South China Sea A. australis Baird, 1865 Port Jackson (Australia) Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK, TN World: South China Sea, Gulf of Oman Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege # A. talpa Quatrefages, 1866 New Zealand India: AN, BoB, KL, LK, OD (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Arabian Sea, Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Suez # Aphrogenia alba Kinberg, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege St. Thomas, Caribbean Sea Canal 1856 (2002); Craveiro et al. (2019) India: AN, TN World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, , Laetmonice hystrix (Savigny in Gulf of Naples (Italy), Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean Lamarck, 1818) Mediterranean Sea Atlantc Ocean, , South China Sea, UK (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN World: Singapore Pontogenia indica Grube, 1875 Bohol (Philippine) Glasby et al. (2016) India: GJ, LK, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Indonesia, South China Sea P. macleari (Haswell, 1883) Queensland (Australia) Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN Family Arabellidae A. iricolor is probably a species World: Atlantc Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean complex and its cosmopolitan Sea, Britsh Columbia Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of distributon is questonable Arabella iricolor (Montagu, UK EEZ Aden, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, New (Colbath 1989; Zanol & Ruta 1804) Zealand, Panama, Red Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal 2015). India: AN, AP, GA, MH, TN Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). World: Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Day (1967); Dean (2012); Glasby A. mutans (Chamberlin, 1919) Easter Island (Chile) Sri Lanka, South China Sea, Tanzania, Venezuela, et al. (2016) Zanibar India: AN, LK Although considered cosmopolitan, Helgason et al. World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, (1990) indicates that more than Drilonereis flum (Claparède, Gulf of Naples (Italy), Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc one species may have been 1868) Mediterranean Sea Ocean, Red Sea, UK, South China Sea, Suez Canal reported under Drilonereis flum. India: AN, BoB, GA Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Of Lamberts Bay (), World: Red Sea D. monroi Day, 1960 Wehe & Fiege (2002) Atlantc Ocean India: AS, TN World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Indian Oenone fulgida (Savigny in Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Red Sea Ocean, North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Singapore Lamarck, 1818) al. (2016) India: AN, LK Family Chrysopetalidae Bhawania World: Myanmar, South China Sea, Sri Lanka Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. Djiboutan, Gulf of Aden cryptocephala Gravier, 1901 India: AN, LK, MH (2016) World: North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Red Sea, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege B. goodei Webster, 1884 Bermuda, Pacifc Ocean Spain, South China Sea (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN World: Arabian Gulf, Belgium, Cuba, Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Chrysopetalum debile (Grube, of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Villfranche-sur-Mer (France) al. (2016) 1855) Madagascar, Mozambique, Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal India: TN Family Dorvilleidae Dorvillea gardineri (Crossland, World: Arabian Gulf, Madagascar East Africa Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1924) India: Soutwest coast Achari (1969) reported the species from Hare Island, Gulf World: Greece, Ireland, New Zealand, North # Ophryotrocha of Mannar. Species complex. Atlantc Ocean, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, UK, puerilis Claparède & Mecznikow, Neotype: Genoa (Italy) At least two cryptc species of Venezuela 1869 Ophryotrocha puerilis have been India: TN reported in the Mediterranean Sea (Taboada et al. 2017). Protodorvillea biartculata Day, World: Aegean Sea, Egypt, Greece Day (1967); Faulweter et al. Agulhas Bank (South Africa) 1963 India:MH, TN (2017) (South Africa), Atlantc World: Malaysia, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea P. egena (Ehlers, 1913) Idris & Arshad 2013 Ocean India: GA World: Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean Reported from Port Novo # Schistomeringos Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Porto Novo, Spain, Srikrishnadhas et al. (1987). Urville (France) neglecta (Fauvel, 1923) South Africa, Turkey, UK Day (1973); Faulweter et al. India: TN (2017) # S. matsushimaensis (Okuda & World: Japan EEZ, Korea (West Sea) Okuda & Yamada (1994); Park et Togu (Matsushima Bay), Japan Yamada, 1954) India: TN al. (2014) Family Eunicidae World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Panama, Red Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean Eunice afra Peters, 1854 Mozambique, Indian Ocean South China Sea, Tanzania (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Madagascar, South Africa E. afra afra Peters, 1855 Mozambique, Indian Ocean Day (1967) India: AN, LK, TN World: Malay Seas, New Caledonia, Philippine E. afra paupera Grube Philippine Islands Fauvel (1953) India: GJ, LK World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); Fauchald (1992); Madagascar, New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, E. aphroditois (Pallas, 1788) Sri Lankan EEZ, Indian Ocean Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean Panama, Red Sea, Spain, Singapore, South Africa (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN World: Cuba, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, Day (1967); Dean (2012); Glasby E. australis Quatrefages, 1866 New Zealand South Africa, South China Sea et al. (2016) India: AN, GJ, TN World: Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et E. coccinea Grube, 1878 Philippine Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Singapore al. (2016) India: LK World: Colombia, Greece, Gulf of Mexico # E. foridana (Pourtalès, 1867) Caribbean Sea Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Sea Ocean Fauvel (1953). India: LK World: Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South E. grubei Gravier, 1900 Djiboutan, Gulf of Aden Africa, Singapore Day (1967) India: AN Fauchald (1992) mentons that the holotype was “taken Mumbai to Singapore, Indian E. gutata Baird, 1869 Mumbai to Singapore between Bombay and Singapore, Ocean Indian Ocean” Baird (1869) World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. * E. indica Kinberg, 1865 Bangka Strait (Indonesia) Mozambique, Mediterranean, Red Sea (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, GA, KA, TN World: Arabian Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, E. latceps Ehlers, 1868 Port Western (Australia) New Zealand, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, GJ, LK, MH, TN World: Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et E. marenzelleri Gravier, 1900 Djiboutan, Gulf of Aden India: AN, LK, TN al. (2016) World: Red Sea E. petersi Fauchald, 1992 Mozambique, Indian Ocean Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, GJ, LK World: Sri Lanka, Persian Gulf E. savignyi Grube, 1878 Philippines Fauvel (1953) India: MH World: Arabian Sea, Australia, Gulf of Oman, Puopo Islet (Kokotoni Harbour, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege E. tubifex Crossland, 1904 Mozambique, Philippines, Red Sea, Sri Lanka Zanzibar), Indian Ocean (2002) India: AP, KL, TN Syntype: Wasin Harbour World: Red Sea, South China Sea Fauchald (1992); Wehe & Fiege E. wasinensis Fauchald, 1992 (Kenya), Indian Ocean India: OD (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Leodice antennata Savigny in from synonym Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Red Lamarck, 1818 Eunice antennata (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) Sea, South Africa, Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey India: AN, LK, MH, TN World: Atlantc Ocean, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870 Red Sea Glasby et al. (2016) Mozambique, South Africa, Singapore India: AN, TN Durban (South Africa), Indian World: Mediterranean Sea Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege L. natalensis Kinberg, 1865 Ocean India: GJ, LK, WB (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) A single report from Lakshadweep Island (Misra & World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Chakraborty 1991). Species # L. nineta Audouin & H Milne Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc complex, with two cryptc species Isles of Chansey (France) Edwards, 1833 Ocean, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea reported from Mediterranean India: AN, LK, TN Sea (Iannota et al. 2009). Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Caribbean, Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea Şahin & Çinar (2009) L. unicornis (Grube, 1840) Mediterranean Sea India: AN, BoB, GJ Willey (1905) World: Sri Lanka India: TN South East Cheval Paar (Gulf Marphysa chevalensis Willey, of Mannar, Sri Lanka), Indian 1905 Ocean World: Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand, M. corallina (Kinberg, 1865) Hawaiian EEZ, Pacifc Ocean Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: LK, TN Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Arabian Gulf, South China Sea Southern (1921); Wehe & Fiege *M. gravelyi Southern, 1921 Bengal India: AP, GJ, KA, KL, OD, TN, WB (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege M. macintoshi Crossland, 1903 Zanzibar, Indian OCean Red Sea, Singapore, Tanzania (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK, TN, WB World: Gulf of Aden, Fiji, Australia, Red Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et M. mossambica (Peters, 1854) Mozambique, Indian Ocean Singapore al. (2016) India: AN, MH, TN, WB As Paramyphysa orientalis (Treadwell, 1936) in Wiley World: Sri Lanka, South China Sea M. orientalis Willey, 1905 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean (1905). India: TN Willey (1905); Glasby et al. (2016). Based on the neotype, M. sanguinea cosmopolitan distributon is not valid and all specimens described as M. World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of sanguinea has to be re-examined Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Japan, Mediterranean Sea, (Hutchings & Karageorgopoulos $M. sanguinea (Montagu, 1813) Devon (UK) North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea 2003). Recent publicatons India: AN, AP, GA, MH, PD TN, WB have also confrmed species complexity in M. sanguinea (e.g. Wang et al. 2018; Lavesque et al. 2017). Day (1967) World: South Africa, South China Sea Nicidion cincta Kinberg, 1865 Society Islands, Pacifc Ocean Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Palermo, Sicily (Italy), Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Palola siciliensis Grube, 1840 Mediterranean Sea New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Red al. (2016) Sea, South Africa, South China Sea India: AN, GJ, LK, TN Paramarphysa orientalis Willey, World: South China Sea Willey (1905); Glasby et al. Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean 1905 India: TN (2016) Marphysa fallax was one of the 13 species of Marphysa classifed as subgroup I that is now included in the new genera, Paucibranchia (Molina-Acevedo World: Mediterranean Sea, English Channel, 2018). The species was reported # Paucibranchia fallax (Marion Ireland, France, Greece, North Atlantc Ocean, Marseille, Mediterranean Sea from west-central region of the & Bobretzky, 1875) Spain, Turkey Mediterranean Sea and north of India: TN Morocco. The distributon of P. fallax reported by Fauvel 1923 in Molina-Acevedo (2018) from France is doubtul. Fauvel (1953) World: Arabian Gulf, Philippines, South China Sea, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege P. stragulum (Grube, 1878) Talibon, Bohol (Philippines) Sri Lanka (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); India: GJ, KL Molina-Acevedo (2018) Family Glyceridae World: Andaman Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf North Sea, Böggemann (2002); Wehe & Glycera alba (O.F. Müller, 1776) Norway Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, North Sea, NW Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Pacifc coasts, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AP,GJ, GA,MH, KA, KL, OD, TN, WB

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Aden, Suez Canal, Böggemann (2002); Wehe & G. africana Arwidsson, 1899 Not documented West and east coasts of Africa Fiege (2002); Lakra et al. (2018) India: AN World: Arabian Sea, Atlantc coasts of North and South America, Brazil, Bangladesh, Caribbean Sea, Point Judith, Atlantc City, Japan, Britsh Columbia, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Böggemann (2002); Dean (2012); # G. americana Leidy, 1855 Atlantc Ocean Saint Lawrence, Pacifc coasts of South America, Muir & Hossain (2014) New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea India: AS World: Andaman Sea, Brail, Central Pacifc Basin, Böggemann (2002); Böggemann Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacifc, North & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Wehe G. brevicirris Grube, 1870 Indian Ocean Atlantc, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, Venezuela & Fiege (2002); Rizzo et al. India: AN (2007); Fauchald et al. (2009) Aungtonya et al. (2002); World: Andaman Sea, East and South China Sea, Böggemann (2002); Böggemann Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacifc, Mozambique, Persian G.cinnamomea Grube, 1874 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Idris Gulf, Red Sea & Arshad (2013); Glasby et al. India: (2016) $ G. embranchiata Krishnamoorthi, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: AN, BoB, TN Krishnamoorthi (1962) 1962 World: Ireland, France, Mediterranean Sea, North # G. fallax Quatrefages, 1850 France Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, UK Fauvel (1953). India: LK World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Madagascar, Böggemann & Fiege (2001); G. lancadivae Schmarda, 1861 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Red Sea, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et incertae sedis India: AP,LK, OD, TN, WB al. (2016) World: Andaman Sea, Azores, English Channel, O’Connor (1987); Böggemann Iceland, Ireland, Greece; North Sea, South China & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); G. lapidium Quaterefages 1866 Mediterranean Sea Sea, Turkey Faulweter et al. (2012); Çinar et India: AN al. (2014); Lakra et al. (2018) World: Andaman Sea, East and South China Sea, Day (1973); Böggemann (2002); G. nicobarica Grube, 1868 Amboina (Indonesia) Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacifc, Japan, Singapore Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN World: Arabian Gulf, Bay of Seine, Brazil, Costa Day (1967); O’Connor (1987); Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Gulf of Mexico, Hispaniola, Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen Barbados (West Indies), G. oxycephala Ehlers, 1887 Norway to the southern coast of Britany, (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Carribean Sea Panama, South Africa, Thailand Rizzo et al. (2007); Fauchald et al. India: KL (2009); Dean (2012) World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North # G. papillosa Grube, Böggemann & Fiege (2001); Day Valparaiso (Chile), Pacifc Ocean Atlantc Ocean, South Africa, Venezuela 1857 incertae sedis (1967); India: KL Tayabas Light, Marinduque World: Bay of Bengal, Philippine, South China Sea, G. posterobranchia Hoagland Böggemann (2002); Glasby et al. Island (Philippine Islands), Vietnam 1920 (2016); Lakra et al. (2018) Philippine Sea India: AN World: Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Aruba, Belize, Day (1967); Böggemann & Eibye- Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Curaçao, Honduras, Jamaica, Jacobsen (2002); Wehe & Fiege G. sphyrabrancha Schmarda, Jamaican EEZ, Caribbean Sea Panama, Phillipinnes, Red Sea, South Africa, South (2002); Dean (2012); Salazar- 1861 China Sea, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et India: AP, GJ, GA, KA, KL, MH, OD, WB, TN al. (2016) World: Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Bangladesh Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacifc, Aungtonya et al. (2002); Madagascar, Malaysia, Mediterranean Sea, North Böggemann (2002); Idris & G. tesselata Grube, 1840 Croata, Mediterranean Sea Sea, northwestern Pacifc, North Atlantc Ocean, Arshad (2013); Muir & Hossain Red Sea, South China Sea, south coasts of Africa (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, AP, GJ, KL, LK, OD, WB World: Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Australia, Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Japan Ireland, Böggemann (2002); Wehe & St. Malo (France), Atlantc Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, G. tridactyla Schmarda, 1861 Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Ocean New Guinea North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red Muir & Hossain (2014) Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal, South Africa, South China Sea, UK India: LK, MH, WB

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Böggemann (2002) mentons the type locality is not known World: Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Belgium, France, or Egypt (?) while according Greece, Gulf of Oman, Ireland, Madagascar, to O’connor (1987) it is G. unicornis Lamarck, 1818 ? Egypt Mozambique, Netherlands, North Atlantc Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. North Sea, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, UK O’connor (1987); Böggemann India: MH, OD, TN, WB (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Muir & Hossain (2014) Family Goniadidae False Bay (South Africa), Atlantc World: Coasts of west to southern Africa Glycinde capensis Day 1960 Day (1967); Böggemann (2005) Ocean India: Southwest coast World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Australia, Gulf Day (1967); Böggemann (2005); G. kameruniana Augener 1918 Cameroons, Atlantc Ocean of Oman, South Africa, South China Sea Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen India: Southwest coast (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Australia, Caribbean Sea, Greece, Eastern coasts of South America, France, Hawaii, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Goniada emerita Audouin & H. Nice (France), Mediterranean Böggemann (2005); Faulweter Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Milne Edwards 1833 Sea et al. (2017) Spain, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Turkey India: AP, GJ, KL, TN, WB World: Italy, Israel, Mediterranean Sea, Northeast Böggemann (2005); Böggemann G. hexadentes Böggemann and Thailand, Andaman Sea and east Atlantc, Spain & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Eibye-Jacobsen 2002 India: GA Faulweter et al. (2017) Goniadides aciculata Hartmann- World: Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, El Hamira Wehe & Fiege (2002); Ghardaqa (Egypt), Red Sea Schröder 1960 India: AN, AP, LK Böggemann (2005) * Goniadopsis agnesiae (Fauvel, Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar World: South Africa Fauvel (1928); Day (1967); 1928) (India), Indian Ocean India: TN Böggemann (2005) World: Myanmar, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Phuket Island, Ghana, Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacifc, Fauvel (1932); Böggemann G.longicirrata (Arwidsson, 1899) West Africa, Atlantc Ocean Southern coasts of Africa (2005) India: KL, MH, TN Family Hesionidae $ Alikuhnia elegans (Alikuhni, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1949) 1949) $ Alikuhnia erythraeus (Alikuhni, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1949) 1949) $ Alikuhnia longicirrus (Alikuhni, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1949) 1949) $ Alikuhnia splendens (Alikuhni, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1949) 1949) World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, French Polynesia, Indonesia, Philippines, South China Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Hesione intertexta Grube, 1878 Zamboanga (Philippine) Sea, Solomon Islands, Southern Japan to Australia al. (2016); Salazar-Vallejo (2018) India: AN, TN World: Atlantc coast of France to Senegal, Cape Verde Islands, Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Florida (USA),Jamaica, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Greece Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mediterranean (2002); Dean (2012); Costa & H. splendida Lamarck, 1818 Red Sea Sea, Mozambique, Pacifc Ocean, Persian Gulf, Christofersen (2016); Glasby et Puerto Rico, Red Sea, Samoa, South China Sea, al. (2016); Salazar-Vallejo (2018) Suez Canal, Sri Lanka, tropical Indo-West Pacifc, Tonga, Venezuela India: AN, AP, GJ, LK $Hesionides andamanensis Butler Bay, Andaman and India: AN Chandrasekhara-Rao (1993) Chandrasekhara-Rao, 1993 Nicobar (India), Indian Ocean World: Cuba, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean et al. H. arenaria Friedrich, 1937 Germany, North Sea Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain (2012); Faulweter et al. (2017) India: AN, AP, LK H. gohari Hartmann-Schröder, World: Greece, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain Egypt, Red Sea Faulweter et al. (2017) 1960 India: AN, LK, WB $ H. indooceanica Westheide & Palk Bay and South Andamans India: TN Westheide & Rao (1977) Rao, 1977 (India), Bay of Bengal

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments $ H. peculiaris Westheide & Covelong, Tamil Nadu (India), India: TN Westheide & Rao (1977) Rao, 1977 Bay of Bengal $ H. minima Westheide & Chennai and Pulicat, Tamil Nadu India: TN Westheide & Rao (1977) Rao 1977 (India), Bay of Bengal $ H. similis Chandrasekhara- Gopalpur, Odisha (India), Bay India: OD Chandrasekhara-Rao (1978) Rao, 1978 of Bengal H. elongata was reported from World: Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Denmark, Andaman and Nicobar Island # Hesionura elongata (Southern, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantc up to Clew Bay (Ireland) (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1988) and 1914) Mediterranean, North Sea, Skagerrak Lakshadweep (Chandrasekhara- India: AN, LK Rao 1991). World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Greece Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et Leocrates claparedii (Costa in Gulf of Naples (Italy), Red Sea, South Africa, Spain, Singapore, Suez al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Claparède, 1868) Mediterranean Sea Canal, Turkey Faulweter et al. (2017) India: AN, AP, GA, GJ, MH, TN Macclesfeld Bank, Paracel World: Philippines L. diplognathus Monro, 1926 Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) Islands, South China Sea India: LK World: Japan, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Day (1973); Salazar-Vallejo et al. L. chinensis Kinberg, 1866 Hong Kong, South China Sea Atlantc Ocean, Philippines (2014) India: MH World: Japan, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002);Jimi et al. Leocratdes ehlersi (Horst, 1921) Saleh Bay (Indonesia) India: MH (2017) $ Microphthalmus World: Red Sea Alikuhni (1943); Wehe & Fiege Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal urofmbriata Alikuhni, 1943 India: GA, KA, MH, TN, WB (2002) World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Oxydromus angustfrons (Grube, Bohol (Philippines) New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1878) India: AN, TN # Podarkeopsis arenicolus (La Gulf of Naples (Italy), World: North Atlantc Ocean Hartman (1974a) reported the Greca, 1946) Mediterranean Sea India: BoB species from Bay of Bengal. World: Aegean Sea, Greece, Ireland, North Sea, Hartman (1974a); Day (1967); P. capensis (Day, 1963) Agulhas Bank (South Africa) North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Turkey Faulweter et al. (2017) India: MH Family Iospilidae World: Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean, Phalacrophorus pictus Greef, Southern Ocean, Madagascar, Indian Ocean, Canary Islands, Atlantc Ocean Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) 1879 South China Sea India: BoB, TN Family Iphionidae World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Philippines, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean Iphione muricata Lamarck 1818 Mauritus, Indian Ocean Singapore, Tanzania (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, LK, TN Family Lopadorrhynchidae $ Lopadorrhynchus panikkari Arabian Sea India: AS Peter (1972a) Peter, 1972 World: Caribbean Sea, Honduras, North Atlantc L. brevis Grube, 1855 Equatorial Atlantc Ocean Ocean Peter (1972b) India: LK Fauvel (1953) mentons its World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, North Sea, Pelagobia longicirrata Greef occurrence in Indian waters. Canary Islands, Atlantc Ocean Southern Ocean, Greece, South China Sea 1879 Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et India: AS, LK, TN al. (2016) Family Lumbrineridae World: Andamans Sea, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); Perkins (1979); Oug Lumbrineris aberrans Day, 1963 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) South Africa (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) India: West coast Kakdwip, Hoogly-Matla $ L. bilabiata Misra, 1999 estuarine complex (India), Bay India: WB Misra (1999) of Bengal False Bay (South Africa), Atlantc World: South Africa, Singapore L. hartmani Day, 1953 Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) Ocean India: West coast

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Northern Indian Ocean, Mozambique , Indian L. inhacae Hartman, 1977 Channel, La Reunion Carrera-Parra (2006) Ocean India:AP, KL, TN World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico North L. japonica von Marenzeller, & Fiege (2002); Carrera-Parra Shimoda, Japan Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Africa, Suez 1879 (2006); Dean (2012); Glasby et Canal, Turkey al. (2016) India: GA Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Bangladesh Southern (1921); Muir & Hossain $ L. polydesma Southern, 1921 Bengal India: KL, WB (2014) of Akyab (Myanmar), Bay of World: Myanmar L. pseudobiflaris Fauvel, 1932 Fauvel (1932) Bengal India: WB Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: South China Sea Southern (1921); Glasby et al. $ L. simplex Southern, 1921 Bengal India: OD, TN (2016) World: Australia, Bangladesh, Gambia Island, New Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege # L. sphaerocephala (Schmarda, New Zealand Caledonia, Red Sea, South China Sea (2002); Muir & Hossain (2014); 1861) India: AN Glasby et al. (2016). World: Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Gulf of Aden, Kuwaita Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Wehe & Fiege (2002); Muir & Japan heteropoda (Marenzeller, 1879) Sea, South China Sea Hossain (2014) India: GA, KL, MH * Ninoe notocirrata (Fauvel, Visakhapatnam (India), Bay of World: South China Sea, Bangladesh Fauvel (1932); Muir & Hossain 1932) Bengal India: AP, KL, OD (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Mediterranean # Scoletoma Gulf of Naples (Italy), Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et impatens (Claparède, 1868) Mediterranean Sea South China Sea, Suez Canal, Turkey, UK al. (2016) India: KL World: Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, North Atlantc # S. tetraura (Schmarda, 1861) Cape of Good Hope and Chile Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red Sea Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: OD Family Myzostomatdae $ Endomyzostoma Uncertain, label Indicate Indian Hartman (1974a); Summers et India: WB cryptopodium (Wheeler, 1897) Museum, Calcuta al. (2014) Myzostoma adhaerens Kei Islands, Nahu Tawun World: Indonesia George (1950); Summers et al. Remscheid, 1918 (Indonesia) India: TN (2014) World: Solomon Island, Phillipinnes, Lizard Island Grygier (1990); Summers et al. M. furcatum Graf, 1887 Moluccas, Pacifc Ocean Moluccas, Kei Island (2014 India: TN World: Zanzibar, Red Sea, Western Australia, Cape Boileau, Cauda Nhatrang, Fiji, Houtmann Abrolhos Grygier (1990); Summers et al. M. fssum Graf, 1884 Kandavu Island (Fiji) Island, Palau, Vietnam (2014) India: KL, MH, TN $ M. gopalai Subramaniam, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Subramanian (1938) 1938 $ M. striata George, 1943 Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN George (1950)

Family Nephtyidae World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. Aglaophamus Gulf of Oman, Philippines, Red Sea, South Africa, New Guinea (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); dibranchis (Grube, 1877) Singapore Glasby et al. (2016) India: GA, KL, WB World: Atlantc and Artc Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Gulf of Oman, Morocco, New Zealand, South Casamance (Senegal) Atlantc (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); # A. lyrochaetus (Fauvel, 1902) China Sea, South Africa Ocean Ravara & Carvalho (2017) India: MH Sukumaran & Devi (2009)

A. malmgreni is reported from circumpolar region and World: Barents Sea, Bering Sea, Canada, it distributon from southern Greenland, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Norway, North Europe requires confrmaton # A. malmgreni (Théel, 1879) Of Novaya Zemlya, Artc Ocean Sea, NE coast of North America, Sea of Okhotsk, (Ravara et al. 2010). First Sweden, Svalbard reported in India from Andaman India: AN Sea (Fauvel 1953) which requires re-examinaton.

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Ravara et al. (2010) reported diference between the holotype and specimens of Inermonephtys World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, inermis reported from Europe. # Inermonephtys Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Florida, Atlantc Ocean The species distributon may be inermis (Ehlers, 1887) Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, South China Sea restricted to the West Atlantc India: MH (Faulweter et al. 2017). Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016). *Micronephthys Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Bangladesh, South China Sea Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby oligobranchia (Southern, 1921) Bengal India: WB et al. (2016) (South Africa), World: South Africa Nephtys capensis Day, 1953 Atlantc Ocean India: AP, PD $ N. dussumieri Quatrefages, Kerala (India), Arabian Sea India: KL 1866 * N. polybranchia Southern, Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Bangladesh, South China Sea Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby et 1921 Bengal India: GA, KA, KL, MH, TN al. (2016) Family Nereididae World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of A. succinea has a complex Mexico, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, North taxonomic history resultng in it is # Alita succinea (Leuckart, Cuxhaven (Germany) Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Panama, Red Sea, widespread distributon (Wehe & 1847) South Africa, Suez Canal Fiege 2002; Villalobos-Guerrero India: OD & Carrera-Parra 2015). World: Gulf of Aden, Italy, Greece, Madagascar, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege Ceratonereis (Composeta) Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Sri Mediterranean Sea (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby costae (Grube, 1840) Lanka, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Spain, Turkey et al. (2016) India: KL, TN $ C. (Composeta) Ganjam Coast (India), Bay of India: WB Fauvel (1932) fagellipes (Fauvel, 1932) Bengal World: Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, Greece, C. (Composeta) Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore, Turkey hircinicola (Eisig, 1870) Sea (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) India: Andaman Sea Complex taxonomic history. Specimens from areas other than western Atalantc Ocean could be World: Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, diferent species (Perkins 1980). Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Accoridng to Çinar & Dagli # C. mirabilis Kinberg, 1865 Brazil, Atlantc Ocean Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, (2012), this species is considered Red Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey as a Lessepsian migrant. India: AN, KL, LK, TN Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Arabian Gulf, Singapore Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et C. tripartta Horst, 1918 Paternoster Islands (Indonesia) India: AN al. (2016) $ Dendronereides Hooghly river (India), Bay of India: WB Misra (1999) gangetca Misra, 1999 Bengal Wehe & Fiege (2002); Muir & Gangetc Delta (India), Bay of World: Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Singapore $ D. heteropoda Southern, 1921 Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. Bengal India: MH, WB (2016) World: South Africa, Mozambique, Singapore D. zululandica Day, 1951 St. Lucia (Zululand) Day (1967) India: AP * Dendronereis Gangetc Delta (India), Bay of World: Bangladesh, Gulf of Siam Southern (1921); Fauvel (1953); aestuarina Southern, 1921 Bengal India: AP, GA, KA, KL, MH, OD, TN, WB Muir & Hossain (2014) World: Bangladesh, South Africa, Singapore Day (1967); Muir & Hossain D. arborifera Peters, 1854 Mozambique, Indian Ocean India: AP (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) Midnapur, Kolkata (India), Bay $ D. dayi Misra, 1999 India: WB of Bengal World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege * Leonnates decipiens Fauvel, Gulf of Mannar, Chennai (India), Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantc (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby 1929 Bay of Bengal Ocean, Red Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey et al. (2016) India: TN World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, North Atlantc Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et L. indicus Kinberg, 1866 Singapore Ocean, Philippines, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Turkey al. (2014) India: AS, BoB, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments $Lycastonereis Byatarani, Odisha (India), Bay India: OD, WB Nageswara-Rao (1981) indica Nageswara-Rao, 1981 of Bengal Nageswara-Rao (1981); * Namalycasts fauveli Byatarani, Odisha (India), Bay World: Andaman Sea, South China Sea Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby Nageswara-Rao, 1981 of Bengal India: AP, OD, WB et al. (2016) World: Andaman Sea, Mozambique, South China Chilika Lake (India), Bay of Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby * N. indica (Southern, 1921) Sea Bengal et al. (2016) India: AN, OD, WB $ N. glasbyi Fernando & Gorai Creek, Mumbai, (India), India: MH Fernando & Rajasekaran (2007) Rajasekaran, 2007 Arabian Sea Kadinamkulam estuary, $ N. jaya Magesh Kvist & Glasby, Thiruvananthapuram (India), India: KL Magesh et al. (2012) 2012 Arabian Sea N. meraukensis (Horst, 1918) is World: Circumglobal distributon between 30°N considered belonging to the N. and 30°S (Glasby 1999). New locatons include abiuma species group sensu. Nigeria, Zaire, Seychelles, Burma, Thailand, Distributon of N. abiuma is N. meraukensis (Horst, 1918) Papua New Guinea Java, Borneo (Brunei), Sulawesi, China (Hainan), restrcted to the type locality, Taiwan, Fiji, Belize. Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. The India: WB species group, however, is widely distributed (Glasby 1999). $ Neanthes Chilika Lake (India), Bay of India: OD Southern (1921) chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) Bengal * N. chingrighatensis (Fauvel, Salt Water Lake (India), Bay of World: Bangladesh Muir & Hossain (2014) 1932) Bengal India: WB Fauvel (1953) recorded the species as Nereis cricognatha World: Australia, New Zealand, South China Sea # N. cricognatha (Ehlers, 1904) New Zealand Ehlers from Andaman, Hooghly, India: WB and Gulf of Mannar. Glasby et al. (2016)

Gangetc Delta, Kolkata (India), World: Bangladesh, Singapore Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby * N. glandicincta (Southern, Bay of Bengal India: WB et al. (2016) 1921) World: Ivory Coast, Sri Lanka N. indica (Kinberg, 1866) Selat Banka (Indonesia) Fauvel (1953) India: AP, TN St. Jety, Rangoon River, N. meggit (Monro, 1931) India: WB Monro (1931); Bakken (2006) (Myanmar), Bay of Bengal World: Gulf of Aden, Indonesia, Malay Djibout (Gulf of Aden) and N. pachychaeta (Fauvel, 1918) Archipelago, Philippines, Red Sea Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) Tuléar (Madagascar) India: AN Chilika Lake (India), Bay of $ N. reducta (Southern, 1921) India: OD Southern (1921) Bengal World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et N. trifasciata (Ehlers, 1901) Bohol (Philippines) China Sea al. (2016) India: LK World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, Cheval Paar (Sri Lanka), Indian Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et N. unifasciata (Willey, 1905) Red Sea, Suez Canal, South China Sea Ocean al. (2016) India: MH, TN Nectoneanthes oxypoda World: Japan, Persian Gulf Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) (Marenzeller, 1879) India: AP World: Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South , Djibout (Gulf Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Nereis couteri Gravier, 1899 China Sea of Aden) al. (2016) India: AN, TN World: Myanmar, Mozambique, New Zealand, South West Cheval Paar (Sri North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et N. falcaria (Willey, 1905) Lanka), Indian Ocean South China Sea al. (2016) India: KL, TN World: Malay Archipelago Sri Lanka, South China Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. N. heteromorpha (Horst, 1924) Indonesia Sea (2016) India: TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, New Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege N. jacksoni Kinberg, 1866 New South Wales (Australia) Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby Africa, South China Sea, Turkey et al. (2016) India: AN, AS, BoB, TN World: Bangladesh, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); Pramanik et al. 2009 Mediterranean Sea North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, # N. lamellosa Ehlers, 1868 Croata, Adriatc Sea in Muir & Hossain (2014); Rao et South Africa al. (2009) India: AP World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege N. persica Fauvel, 1911 Bahrain, Arabian Gulf North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby Africa, South China Sea, Turkey et al. (2016) India: GA, GJ, TN Taléh-Sap (Thailand), Gulf of World: South China Sea N. talehsapensis Fauvel, 1932 Glasby et al. (2016) Siam India: MH Wordl:Bay of Fundy, Canada, France, Ireland, Myanmar, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Muir & Hossain (2014); Çinar et # N. zonata Malmgren, 1867 Spetsbergen, Arctc Ocean Sea, South China Sea, Turkey, UK al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN Mirkar wada, Ratnagiri (India), $ N. (Nereis) gaikwadi Day, 1973 India: MH Day (1973) Arabian Sea $ Paraleonnates sootai (Misra, Jhingakhali, Sundarbans (India), India: WB Misra (1999) 1999) Bay of Bengal Perinereis aibuhitensis (Grube, World: Andaman Sea, Singapore Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby Palau EEZ, Pacifc Ocean 1878) India: AP, AN, GA, MH et al. (2016) World: Australia, Singapore P. brevicirris (Grube, 1866) Saint Paul Island Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN World: Myanmar, South China Sea Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. P. cavifrons (Ehlers, 1920) Ambon (Indonesia) India: AN, MH, WB (2016) Species complex (Scaps et al. 2000; Maltagliat et al. 2001). The species is reported from World: European Atlantc Ocean, Greece; Gulf of diverse habitats from intertdal Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Madgascar, North Sea, Suez rocky shores to subtdal. The Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean P. cultrifera (Grube, 1840) Canal, Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey species may have a restricted Sea India: AN, GA, LK, MH, OD, WB distributon due to the absence of long pelagic larvae. Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Çinar et al. (2014); Faulweter et al. (2017) World: Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. # P. foridana (Ehlers, 1868) Caribbean Sea India: TN (2016) World: South China Sea P. helleri (Grube, 1878) Bohol (Philippines) Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN, MH $ Perinereis maindroni Fauvel, Puducherry (India), Bay of India: PD Fauvel (1943) 1943 Bengal World: Arabian Sea, Pacifc Ocean Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege # P. neocaledonica Pruvot, 1930 New Caledonia, Pacifc Ocean India: AN (2002) Malayan Archipelago, Indian Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et P. nigropunctata (Horst, 1889) Ocean Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal al. (2016) Wehe & Fiege 2002; Muir & Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Myanmar, Red Sea, P. nunta (Lamarck, 1818) Gulf of Suez Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. South China Sea (2016) $ P. nunta bombayensis Bhat Mumbai (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Bhat & Bal (1966) & Bal, 1966

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments P. nunta complex have several varietes and subspecies. Based on re-examinaton and genetc studies P. nunta species group have either been elevated back to their original species World: Australia, Japan, Indian Ocean, Malaya or synonymized with other @ P. nunta brevicirris (Grube, Not documented Archipelago, New Caledonia, Saint Paul Island species (Wilson & Glasby 1993). 1867) India: TN According to Glasby & Hsieh (2006) all reports of P. nunta var. brevicirris or P. brevicirris from the northern hemisphere, including tropical shores, are likely to be misidentfcatons. Fauvel (1953) World: Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf , Red Sea P. nunta typica (Savigny, 1818) Not documented Fauvel (1953) India: AN, GA, MH, OD, TN, AN Aungtonya et al. (2002); Muir & World: Myanmar, Philippines, Andaman Sea P. singaporiensis (Grube, 1878) Singapore Hossain (2014); Salazar-Vallejo et India: AN al. (2014) World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, South China Sulu Archipelago (Phillipines), Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et P. suluana (Horst, 1924) Sea, Seychelles Sulu Sea al. (2016) India: AN P. vallata, occurs only in the southern hemisphere and its report from from the northern World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea Suez hemisphere, including Valparaiso (Chile), Atlantc @ P. vallata (Grube, 1857) Canal, South China Sea, South west Africa tropical shores, are likely to be Ocean India: GA, MH, TN misidentfcatons (Glasby & Hsieh 2006) Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, Nicobar Islands (India), Indian Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et * P. vancaurica (Ehlers, 1868) New Zealand, Red Sea, Suez Canal, Singapore Ocean al. (2016) India: AN, GA, LK, MH $ P. vancaurica indica Bhat in Mumbai (India), Arabian Sea India: GA, MH Parulekar (1971) Parulekar, 1971 World: Gulf of Aden, Philippines, Sri Lanka, South Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege Platynereis abnormis (Horst, Buton Strait (Malay Archipelago) China Sea (2002); Salazar-Vallejo et al. 1924) India: TN (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Mozambique, Madagascar, Red Sea P. insolita Gravier, 1900 Djiboutan, Gulf of Aden Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: World: Arabian Gulf, Atlantc Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean P. dumerilii (Audouin & Milne La Rochelle, Bay of Biscay Day (1967); Fauvel (1953); Wehe Sea, North Sea, Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea, South Edwards, 1834) (France) & Fiege (2002) west Africa, Suez Canal India: AN, TN Wehe & Fiege (2002); Salazar- Ellice Island (Gilbert Islands), World: Gulf of Aden, Philippines, South China Sea P. polyscalma Chamberlin, 1919 Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et Pacifc Ocean India: AN al. (2016) World: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, North Atlantc Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et P. pulchella Gravier, 1901 Djibout, Gulf of Aden Ocean al. (2016) India: AN, AS World: Andaman Sea, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Arabian Gulf, Greece, Mozambique, Madagascar, Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Suez, Djibout, Egypt, Red Sea. North Atlantc Ocean, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South 1900 Glasby et al. (2016); Faulweter China Sea, Turkey et al. (2017) India: GJ, TN World: Chile, Hawaii, Ecuador, Pacifc coast, Peru, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Aungtonya Indifatgable Island (Galápagos), Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, South P. gallapagensis Kinberg, 1865 et al. (2002); Bakken (2007); Pacifc Ocean America Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN Rotnest, Green Island World: Australia, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Bakken P. rotnestana (Augener, 1913) (Australia) India: AN (2007)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Mozambique, Panama, Red Sea, South America, South Africa, Bakken (2007); Glasby et al. P. variegata (Grube, 1857) Callao, Valparaiso (Chile). South China Sea, Sri Lanka (2016) India: AN Tambalagamia fauveli Pillai, Tambalagam Bay (Sri Lanka), World: Sri Lanka, Singapore Pillai (1961); Glasby et al. (2016) 1961 Indian Ocean India: TN $T. orientalis Hartman, 1976 Of Mumbai, Arabian Sea India: MH Hartman (1974a) Tylonereis World: Arabian Gulf, Singapore Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Bouchir, Persian Gulf bogoyawlenskyi Fauvel, 1911 India: AN, AP, GJ, KL, OD, TN al. (2016) Chilika Lake (India), Bay Of $T. fauveli Southern, 1921 India: OD, TN Bengal Family Onuphidae World: Andaman Sea, Malaysia Manila, Paxton (2002); Idris & Arshad Diopatra claparedii Grube, 1878 ? Singapore, Manila, Philippines Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore (2013); Salazar-Vallejo et al. India: GA, KA, MH (2014) World: Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, New South Carolina (USA), Atlantc England to Brazil, North Atlantc Ocean, Panama, Fauvel (1953); Fauchald et al. # D. cuprea (Bosc, 1802) Ocean Venezuela (2009) India: MH, OD, WB World: Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Ghana to Angola Charleston (USA), Atlantc South Africa, Indian Ocean, Mozambique, New D. cuprea cuprea Bosc, 1802 Day (1967) Ocean England to Florida India: MH World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, D. khargiana Wesenberg-Lund, Hartman (1974a); Paxton (2002); Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran Bay of Bengal 1949 Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AS $ D. malabarensis Quatrefages, Kerala (India), Arabian Sea India: KL 1866 D. neapolitana may be restricted to Mediterranean Sea and along the Atlantc Iberian and French coast. Reports from localites World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, such as the Indian Ocean need to Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean be reassessed (Arias et al. 2016). # D. neapolitana Delle Chiaje, Gulf of Naples (Italy)¸ Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, According to Paxton (2002) many 1841 Mediterranean Sea Singapore, South Africa, South China Sea of the reports of D. neapolitana India: AP, GA, KL, MH, OD, TN, WB from the Indo-Pacifc region are probably referable to D. khargiana. Hartman (1974a); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). Chilika Lake (India), Bay of *D. variabilis Southern, 1921 India: OD, TN Southern (1921) Bengal Heptaceras World: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Fauvel (1953) phyllocirra (Schmarda, 1861) India: TN Fauvel (1953) recorded this species from India. Zaâbi et al. (2015) present evidence World: Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc of possible cryptc species # Hyalinoecia tubicola (O.F. Denmark Ocean, North Sea, New Zealand, Red Sea, UK within Hyalinoecia tubicola Müller, 1776) India: AS, BoB in Tunisia and its distributon beyond North Atlantc Ocean and Mediterranean Sea is questonable. World: AS, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian * Kinbergonuphis Not mentoned Gulf, Lakshadweep Sea Fauvel (1932) investgatoris (Fauvel, 1932) India: LK Although reported from the Arctc, Atlantc, Indian and Pacifc Oceans, only distributon # Nothria conchylega (Sars, World: Arctc, Atlantc, Indian and Pacifc Oceans in the North-eastern Atlantc Norwegian EEZ 1835) India: AN is confrmed (Fauchald 1982a), other records are unconfrmed (Budaeva & Paxton 2013). Fauvel (1953).

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments $ N. mannarensis Rangarajan & Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of India; TN Rangarajan & Mahadevan (1961) Mahadevan, 1961 Bengal The descripton does not agree # Onuphis World: Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman with the type material (Fauchald Auckland (New Zealand) aucklandensis Augener, 1924 India: AN, OD 1982b). Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002) Sri Lanka O. dibranchiata Willey, 1905 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Willey (1905) India: GA Reported from Chennai (Fauvel 1953). Based on the neotype, World: Belgium, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Arias & Paxton (2014), restricts Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, the distributon of O. eremita to # O. eremita Audouin & Milne La Rochelle, Bay of Biscay Spain, Suez Canal, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, the eastern Atlantc (Bay of Edwards, 1833 (France) Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Andaman Sea Biscay) and western and central India: WB Mediterranean. Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf Maldives, Red Fauchald (1982b); Aungtonya et O. holobranchiata Marenzeller, Of Japan Sea, South Africa, South China Sea al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); 1879 India: AP Glasby et al. (2016) World: Australia, E. Africa, Indonesia, New Rhamphobrachium chuni Ehlers, Zealand, Philippines, Red Sea, South Africa, Sri Indonesia Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1908 Lanka India: AN, LK Family Paralacydoniidae World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et Paralacydonia paradoxa Fauvel, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Monaca, Mediterranean Sea al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); 1913 Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Spain, Turkey Faulweter et al. (2017) India: OD, PD P. weberi Horst, 1923 South Flores Island (Indonesia) World: Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014)

Family Pholoidae India: TN Laubierpholoe Mahé (Seychelles), Indian World: Seychelles Westheide (2001) indooceanica Westheide 2001 Ocean India: TN Family Phyllodocidae Anaits zeylanica Willey, South of Mannar Island, Indian World: Sri Lanka Willey (1905) 1905, nomen dubium Ocean India: TN World: Mozambique, Philippine, South China Sea Fauvel (1953); Day (1967); Glasby Eteone ornata Grube, 1878 Japan India: TN, WB et al. (2016) World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mergui # Eulalia magalaensis Kinberg, Straits of Magellan-Tierra del Archipelago, New Zealand, Red Sea, Singapore, Fauvel (1932); Wehe & Fiege 1866 Fuego (Chile) South Pacifc (2002) India: TN World: Atlantc Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Red Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et # E. viridis (Linnaeus, 1767) North Sea Sea, Spain, Suez Canal, South China Sea, UK al. (2016) India: AP, GJ, TN Fauvel (1953) reported the # Eumida World: South China Sea Japan species from Nicobar Island. albopicta (Marenzeller, 1879) India: AN Glasby et al. (2016) Nygren & Pleijel (2011) restrict World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of the distributon of E. sanguinea Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, to the Skagerrak, Kategat and # E. sanguinea (Örsted, 1843) Skagerak/Kategat, North Sea New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Suez southern England. Canal, South Africa, South China Sea, Turkey Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege India: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Genetyllis gracilis (Kinberg, Society Island, South Pacifc World: Australia, New Zealand, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1866) Ocean India: AN, LK $ Hypereteone Salt water Lake, Kolkata (India), India: OD, TN, WB Fauvel (1932) barantollae (Fauvel, 1932) Bay of Bengal # Mystdes southerni (Banse, World: North Atlantc Ocean West Europe Rao et al. (2009) 1954) Inida: AP

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Myanmar, Nereiphylla Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Japan castanea Marenzeller, 1879 New Zealand, Suez Canal, South Africa, South al. (2016) China Sea, Sri Lanka India: TN World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, New Zealand, Notophyllum Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Table Bay (South Africa) Red Sea, South China Sea,South west Africa splendens (Schmarda, 1861) (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK, TN World: Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, South China Phyllodoce dissotyla Willey, Chilaw Paar (Sri Lanka), Gulf of Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Sea 1905 Mannar, Bay of Bengal al. (2016) India: TN World: Red Sea, Madagascar, Kenya, South China Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), Indian Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege P. fristedt Bergström, 1916 Sea Ocean (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN Species complex. Three distnct putatve cryptc species identfed World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of in the North-East Atlantc Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Mergui (Ravara et al. 2017). Further, the # P. madeirensis Langerhans, Archipelago, Madagascar, Mozambique, authors suggest that wide range Madeira, Atlantc Ocean 1880 Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red of geographic and bathymetric Sea, South Africa, Singapore distributon should be re- India: GA, TN, WB examined. Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Mozambique, Madagascar, North Atlantc Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege P. malmgreni Gravier, 1900 Djibout, Gulf of Aden Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: GA, KL, OD, TN, WB World: Korea Sund, Mozambique, New Caledonia P. quadratceps Grube, 1878 Bohol (Philippines) Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, BoB World: Arabian Gulf, Australia, New Zealand, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege P. tenuissima Grube, 1878 Bohol (Philippines) South China Sea, Sri Lanka (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, AP, TN Family Pilargidae World: Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Reported from Tamil Nadu coast # Ancistrosyllis Gulf of Saint Lawrence, North Atlantc Ocean, Davis Strait (of Greenland) (e.g Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987) groenlandica McIntosh, 1878 Ireland, Spain, Turkey Dean (2012) India: TN * A. matlaensis Mandal & Deb, Matla River, Sunderbans (India), India: WB Mandal & Deb (2018) 2018 Bay of Bengal * Cabira brevicirris (Rangarajan, Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu (India), Bay World: Arabian Sea, South China Sea Rangarajan (1964); Wehe & Fiege 1964) of Bengal Inida: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) $ C. rangarajani Mandal, Zuari Estuary, Goa (India), Harkantra & Salazar-Vallejo, India: GA Mandal et al. (2007) Arabian Sea 2007 Hermundura Taléh-Sap, Gulf of Siam World: South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) annandalei (Fauvel, 1932) (Thailand) India: KL, MH, OD, WB $ H. indica (Thomas, 1963) Arabian Sea * Sigambra Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: South Africa, South China Sea Southern (1921); Day (1967); constricta (Southern, 1921) Bengal India: All the coastal states, except WB Glasby et al. (2016) World: Greece, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, S. parva (Day, 1963) South Africa Spain Faulweter et al. (2017) India: AP, KL, TN Species complex; hence the wide geographic and World; Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, bathymetric distributons of # S. tentaculata (Treadwell, Long Island Sound (USA), North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea Spain, South China S. tentaculata need to be re- 1941) Atlantc Ocean Sea, Venezuela examined (Moreira & Parapar India: KL 2002). Achari (1975); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). Birajmani char, Gosaba, $ Sigatargis commensalis Misra, Sundarbans (India), Bay of India: WB Misra (1999) 1999 Bengal

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments According to Salazar-Vallejo World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden (2003), S. albini is restricted to # Synelmis albini (Langerhans, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean, the eastern subtropical Atlantc Canary Islands, Atlantc Ocean 1881) Spain, Red Sea Ocean. Inida: AN Rajasekaran & Fernando (2012); Wehe & Fiege (2002) World: Mariana Islands, Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea, Solomon Islands, South China Sea Tuamotu S. rigida (Fauvel, 1919) Djiboutan part of the Red Sea Salazar-Vallejo (2003) Archipelagos India: AN Family Polynoidae Admetella Prince Edward Islands EEZ, World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico Dean (2012) longipedata (McIntosh, 1885) Indian Ocean India: AN # Arctonoella World: South China Sea, Somalia Fauvel (1932); Glasby et al. Japan sinagawaensis (Izuka, 1912) India: TN (2016) World: Australia, Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea), # Augenerilepidonotus Port Jackson (Australia) New Caledonia Fauvel (1953); Petbone (1995) dictyolepis (Haswell, 1883) India: TN World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Drieschia pelagica Michaelsen, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Day (1967); Çinar et al. (2014) 1892 taxon inquirendum South Africa, Turkey India: BoB # Eunoe West (South Africa), World: South Africa Day (1967); Hartman (1971) macrophthalma McIntosh, 1924 Atlantc Ocean India: KL World: Arabian Gulf E. pallida (Ehlers, 1908) Nias Island (Indonesia) Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, GJ World: Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mozambique, Gastrolepidia Sri Lanka, Indain Ocean South China Sea, Tanzania Glasby et al. (2016) clavigera Schmarda, 1861 India: AN, BoB, TN Hooghly Estuary and $ Gatyana fauveli Misra, 1999 Rameswaram (India), Bay of India: TN, WB Misra (1999) Bengal Gaudichaudius World: Singapore Malacca Strait (Indonesia) Glasby et al. (2016) cimex Quatrefages, 1866 India: GA, MH, TN, WB World: Arabian Gulf, Australia, South China Sea, Harmothoe dictyophora (Grube, Fauvel (1953); Day (1967); Glasby Mozambique Suez Canal, Red Sea, South Africa, Sri Lanka 1878) et al. (2016) India: OD, TN Cryptc species reported from Atlantc, Arctc and Pacifc Ocean World: Artc Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean (Carr et al. 2011). Re-examinaton # H. imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767) North Sea Sea, North Pacifc, North Atlantc Ocean of the Indian specimens is India: AN, TN required to confrm whether it belong to the same species. World: Andaman Sea, Greece, Indian Ocean, Red H. minuta (Pots, 1910) nomen Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Maldives, Indian Ocean Sea, South China Sea dubium al. (2016) India: AN, LK World: Gulf of Oman, South China Sea, Samoan Heteralenta ptycholepis (Grube, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Lapinig (Philippines) EEZ 1878) al. (2016) India: AN World: Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, South Hyperhalosydna Port Jackson (Australia) China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) striata (Kinberg, 1856) India: AN World: Mozambique, South Africa, South China Lepidasthenia microlepis Pots, Maldives, Indian Ocean Sea Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) 1910 India: AN, LK World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Japan, Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Lepidonotus carinulatus (Grube, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Bohol (Philippines) Red Sea, Sea of Marmara, South China Sea, Sri 1870) al. (2016) Lanka, Turkey India: GA, MH, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Mozambique, Madagascar, Gulf of Aden, Mauritus, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege L. cristatus (Grube, 1876) Pandanon (Philippines) Tanzania (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN Cabaceira pequena World: Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, South Africa L. glaucus (Peters, 1854) Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) (Mozambique), Indian Ocean India: AN World: Pakistan, Red Sea, South China Sea L. hedleyi Benham, 1915 Australia Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN World: Madagascar, New Zealand, Red Sea, South L. jacksoni Kinberg, 1855 Port Jackson (Australia) China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, OD # L. melanogrammus Haswell, World: Australia Queensland (Australia) Haswell (1883) 1883 India: AN India: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Greece, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et L. tenuisetosus (Gravier, 1902) Djibout, Gulf of Aden North Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea, Suez al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Canal, South Africa, Turkey Faulweter et al. (2017 India: AN, GJ, KA, KL, MH, OD,TN, WB World: Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Kenya, Paralepidonotus Mozambique, New Zealand, Suez Canal, Sri Lanka, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Bohol (Philippines) ampulliferus (Grube, 1878) Singapore al. (2016) India: GA, MH, TN World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mozambique, Philippines, Red Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et P. indicus (Kinberg, 1856) Selat Banka (Indonesia) Seychelles, Sea of Marmara, Suez Canal, South al. (2016) China Sea India: AP $ Polyeunoa maculata (Day, Mandui Jety, Ratnagiri (India), India: MH Day (1973) 1973) Arabian Sea $ Pararctonoella indica (Day, Mirkar wada, Ratnagiri (India), India: MH Day (1973) 1973) Arabian Sea $ Parahalosydnopsis Mirkar wada, Ratnagiri (India), India: MH Day (1973) tubicola (Day, 1973) Arabian Sea World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Philippines, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Salazar- Paradyte levis (Marenzeller, Kagoshima, Nagasaki (Japan) Red Sea, South China Sea Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et 1902) India: AS al. (2016) The type specimen was a commensal on holothurian, however, the specimen collected from Palk Bay (Tamil Nadu) is # Perolepis ohshimai (Okuda, World: Japan Tomioka Bay (Japan) from sof sediment (Rangarajan 1946) India: TN 1963). Further the author also mentons that no holothurians were collected during the sampling. World: North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Polyodontes Çinar et al. (2014); Faulweter et Mediterranean Sea Greece, South China Sea, Turkey maxillosus (Ranzani, 1817) al. (2017); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, MH, TN World: Belgium, English Channel, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby Subadyte pellucida (Ehlers, Croata, Adriatc Sea Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red et al. (2016); Faulweter et al. 1864) Sea, Suez Canal, South China Sea, UK (2017) India: AN, AS, BoB, TN World: Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Natve of Australia or New Thormora jukesii Baird, 1865 Red Sea, South China Sea Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) Zealand India: AN, GJ, LK Family Polygordiidae $Polygordius madrasensis Aiyar Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) & Alikuhni, 1944 $ P. uroviridis Aiyar & Alikuhni, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) 1944 Family Protodrilidae $Claudrilus pierantonii (Aiyar & Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) Alikuhni, 1944)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments $Meiodrilus indicus (Aiyar & Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) Alikuhni, 1944) Family Saccocirridae Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) $ Pharyngocirrus Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar India: TN Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) krusadensis (Alikuhni, 1948) (India), Bay of Bengal $ Saccocirrus cirratus Aiyar & Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1948) Alikuhni, 1944 World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Uchida (1933); Chandrasekhara- Resina (Italy), Mediterranean # S. major Perantoni, 1907 Carribean Sea,Japan Rao (1975); Di Domenico et al. Sea India: AN (2014) World: Caribbean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, $ S. minor Aiyar & Alikuhni, Uchida (1933); Aiyar & Alikuhni Chennai and Kochi (India) Japan 1944 (1944) India: AN, KL, LK, TN $ S. orientalis Alikuhni, 1946 Chennai (India), Bay of Benga India: TN Alikuhni (1946)

Family Sigalionidae World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Euthalenessa Admirality Islands (Papua-New New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea al. (2016) digitata (McIntosh, 1885) Guinea) India: WB World: South Africa, SW Japan Pisione africana Day, 1963 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Day (1967); Yamanishi (1998) India: LK, TN $ P. complexa (Alikuhni, 1942) Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1942)

$ P. gopalai (Alikuhni, 1941) Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Alikuhni (1942) World: New Zealand, Peru, South China Sea P. oerstedii Grube, 1857 Callao, Valparaiso (Chile) Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, GA World: Arabian Gulf, Belgium, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Alikuhni (1951); Wehe & Fiege P. remota (Souther, 1914) Clew Bay, Clare Island (Ireland). Turkey (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) India: TN World: Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, * Pisionidens indica (Aiyar & Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal Red Sea, South Africa Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) Alikunhi,1940) India: AN, AP, GA, KL, LK, MH, TN, OD World: Arabian Gulf, Atlantc Ocean, Caribbean Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, (2002); Rasheed & Mustaquim Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) Berwick Bay (UK) Mediterranean Sea, Pakistan, Red Sea, South (2005); Fauchald et al. (2009); China Sea Glasby et al. (2016). India: GJ, GA, KA, KL, MH, TN Of Focal Point, Trincomalee (Sri World: Andaman Sea, South China Sea Willey (1905); Aungtonya et al. S. zeylanica Willey, 1905 Lanka), Indian Ocean India: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Sthenolepis japonica McIntosh, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Kobe (Japan) Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea 1885 al. (2016). India: TN Family Sphaerodoridae $ Clavodorum Port Nova, (Chennai), Bay of India: TN Fauchald (1974) bengalorum Fauchald, 1974 Bengal Family Syllidae World: Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Adriatc Sea, Species complex that needs to Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier, be re-examined (San Martn et Djibout, Gulf of Aden Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, 1900) al. 2008a). Wehe & Fiege (2002); Madagascar, Red Sea, Suez Canal San Martn et al. (2008a) India: TN World: Arabian Gulf, New Zealand, Red Sea South A single record from Tamil Nadu # Exogone of Marion Island, Antarctc America, South Africa (Varadharajan et al. 2010). heterosetosa McIntosh, 1885 Ocean India: TN Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) Reported from Visakhapatnam World: South Africa, Red Sea, Greece, Caribbean (Sarma 1977). Sea, Turkey, South China Sea, North Atlantc # E. naidina Örsted, 1845 Danish EEZ Day (1967); Dean et al. (2012); Ocean, North Sea Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. India: AP (2016); Faulweter et al. (2017) World: South Africa (south and west coasts of # E. normalis Day, 1963 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Cape Province) Day (1967) India: Northwest coast

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Reported from Port Novo Gulf of Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987). # E. verugera (Claparède, 1868) Mediterranean Sea Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege India: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Atlantc Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pacifc Species complex with taxonomic # Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube, Ocean, Indian Ocean, South China Sea confusion due to more than Italy 1855) India: KL, TN 15 synonymies and world distributon (Martn et al. 2003). World: Italy, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Simonstown, False Bay (South Irmula spissipes Ehlers, 1913 Ocean Day (1967) Africa), Atlantc Ocean India: MH, TN Myrianida orientalis (Willey, World: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Willey (1905) 1905) India: OD, TN Nygren (2004) restricts its World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Canada, Gulf distributon to the North Atlantc # M. prolifera (O.F. Müller, of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc and cautons that preserved Norwegian EEZ 1788) Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South Africa specimens are easily confused India: LK, TN with other taxa. Misra & Chakraborty (1991) # Neopetta World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, This species was reported from amphophthalma (Siewing, Bay of Biscay, Atlantc Ocean Spain Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara- 1956) India: AN, AP, BoB, LK Rao & Ganapathi 1966). World: Belgium, France, Ireland, Greece, # Odontosyllis Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Misra & Chakraborty (1991). ctenostoma Claparède, 1868 Sea Turkey, UK India: LK World: Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, South China Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et $ O. gravelyi Fauvel, 1928 Sea Bengal al. (2016). India: KL, TN World: Australia, Brazil, Japan, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Opisthosyllis Madeira Island (Portugal), Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Mozambique, Red Sea, South Africa, Spain, South brunnea Langerhans, 1879 Atlantc Ocean al. (2016). China Sea India: TN World: Australia, Indo-Pacifc, Maldive Monro (1939); San Martn et al. O. longicirrata Monro, 1939 Maldives, Red Sea and Tahit Archipelago, Japan, Red Sea to Suez, Tahit (2008b) India: TN Parapionosyllis World: Red Sea subterranea Hartmann- Hurghada (Egypt) Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AP Schröder, 1960 This species was reported from # Perkinsyllis Bimini Islands (Bahamas), World: Caribbean Sea, South China Sea Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara- homocirrata (Hartmann- Caribbean Sea India: AN, AP, LK Rao & Ganapathi 1966). Schröder, 1958) Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) Prosphaerosyllis False Bay (South Africa), Atlantc World: Chile Day (1967) sublaevis (Ehlers, 1913) OCean India: MH World: Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Salvatoria Gulf of Naples (Italy), Madeira Çinar et al. (2014); Faulweter et Ocean, Turkey neapolitana (Goodrich, 1930) Island al. (2017) India: AN, LK $ Sphaerosyllis bengalensis Rao Palm Beach, Visakhapatnam India: AN, AP, LK Rao & Ganapat (1965) & Ganapat, 1965 (India), Bay of Bengal S. minima Hartmann-Schröder, Farasan Archipelago (Saudi World: Red Sea 1960 Arabia, Red Sea) India: AP, BoB, LK Musco & Giangrande (2005) hypothesised that S. armillaris reported from World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of tropical regions do not belong Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, North to S. armillaris species complex # Syllis armillaris (Müller, 1776) Danish EEZ Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, North Pacifc Ocean, and cosmpolitant distributon New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal may have resulted from India: AN misidentfcaton Wehe & Fiege (2002); Musco & Giangrande (2005)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Caribbean Sea, Bay of Fundy, Greenland, North Atlantc Ocean, Indo-Pacifc, Gulf of Mexico, # S. cornuta Rathke, 1843 Kristansund (Norway) Mozambique Malaysia, South Africa, South China Idris & Arshad (2003) Sea, Panama India: AP, GA, KA, TN Molecular studies does not World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Arabian Sea, suppot cosmopolitanism of S. Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf gracilis and the species may Gulf of Naples (Italy), Madeira of Aden, North Atlantc Ocean, Mediterranean exist as complex of pseudo- S. gracilis Grube, 1840 Island Sea, Mozambique, Madagascar, Red Sea, South cryptc species (Álvarez-Campos Africa, Suez Canal, Singapore et al. 2017a) India: AN, MH, TN Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Greece, Kvarner Gulf (Croata), Adriatc Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantc S. krohnii Ehlers, 1864 Sea Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Turkey, UK India: GA, TN World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, New Zealand, S. prolifera Krohn, 1852 Mediterranean Sea Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey, UK India: TN World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Mediterranean Sea Mozambique, North Atlantc S. variegata Grube, 1860 Croata, Adriatc Sea Ocean, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea, Glasby et al. (2016) South Africa, Turkey, UK India: AS, GA, MH, TN Álvarez-Campos et al. (2017b) reinstate Trypanosyllis gemmipara which was considered synonym of Trypanosyllis aeolis. Based on molecular evidence T. gemmipara is assigned to World: Aegean Sea, Adriatc Sea, Ionian Sea, Trypanedenta gemmipara and @ Trypanosyllis Madeira Island (Portugal), Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North restricted to the Indo- Pacifc aeolis Langerhans, 1879 Atlantc Ocean Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Turkey region (Alaska to Mexico, Japan, India: TN New Zealand and India). T. aeolis restricted to Pacifc Ocean (Washington, USA), north-eastern Atlantc Ocean (UK, Portugal, and Spain), and Mediterranean Sea (Álvarez- Campos et al. 2017b). This species was reported from Nancowry Harbour, Nicobar Island (Fauvel 1953). Trypanosyllis gigantea (McIntosh, 1885) is now included in World: Atlantc Ocean, Adriatc, Aegean # T. gigantea (McIntosh, 1885) Ross Sea , Southern Ocean Trypanedenta Imajima and India: AN Hartman, 1964 as Trypanedenta gigantea comb. nov (Álvarez- Campos et al. 2017b). Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Species complex. Trypanosyllis zebra has long been considered World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, a cosmopolitan species and Cuba, Cyprus, English Channel, France, Greece, synonym to Trypanosyllis krohnii Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Madgascar, Claparède, 1864. T. krohnii T. zebra (Grube, 1860) Adriatc Sea Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantc was previously believed to be Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South Africa, Spain, cosmopolitan, but includes UK at least seven cryptc and India: AN, TN pseudocryptc species (Álvarez- Campos et al. 2017b) World: Gulf of Siam, South China Sea Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. Typosyllis okadai (Fauvel, 1934) Japan India: AN (2016)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

Family Typhloscolecidae World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Canada, France, Mozambique, North Pacifc Ocean, North Sagitella kowalewskii Wagner, Tropical Atlantc Ocean Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, New Zealand, Portugal, Day (1967); Dean (2012) 1872 Southern Ocean India: LK World: Arabian Sea, Galapagos EEZ, Ross Sea, Travisiopsis coniceps Peter (1972b); Wehe & Fiege Peruvian EEZ Southern Ocean (Chamberlin, 1919) (2002) India: LK World: Arabian Sea, Canada, North Atlantc Ocean, North Pacifc Ocean, Southwest Indian Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege T. lobifera Levinsen, 1885 North Atlantc Ocean Ocean, Southern Ocean, South China Sea, Spain, (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby Turkey et al. (2016) India: AN, AS, TN World: Arabian Sea, Canada, Gulf of Mexico, Typhloscolex muelleri Busch, Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, North Pacifc Peter (1972b); Wehe & Fiege Mediterranean Sea 1851 Ocean, Southern Ocean (2002) India: LK Family Tomopteridae Recorded from Arabian Sea and World: North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South # Tomopteris (Johnstonella) Bay of Bengal (Fauvel 1953). Mexican EEZ China Sea duccii Rosa, 1908 Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et India: BoB al. (2016) World: Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Idris & T. (Johnstonella) dunckeri Rosa, Malaysia, North Atlantc Ocean, South Africa, Red Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Arshad (2003); Glasby et al. 1908 Sea, South China Sea (2016) India: BoB World: Bay of Fundy, Belgium, France, Gulf # T. (Johnstonella) of Saint Lawrence, Mediterranean Sea, North Day (1967); Khan & Murugesan North Sea helgolandica (Greef, 1879) Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, South China Sea, UK (2005) Glasby et al. (2016) India: Not documented World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Canada, Canary Island, France, North Atlantc Ocean, T. (Johnstonella) pacifca (Izuka, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. Misaki (Japan) North Pacifc Ocean, New Zealand, Peru, Spain, 1914) (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) South China Sea, Turkey India: BoB World: Arabian Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, North Pacifc Ocean, North Sea, Southern Ocean, Red Hartman (1974a); Wehe & Tomopteris cavallii Rosa, 1908 South Atlantc Ocean Sea Fiege(2002) India: AS World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, France, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South Africa, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean T. planktonis Apstein, 1900 Atlantc Ocean South China Sea, Southern Ocean, Spain (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK SEDENTARIA

Family Ampharetdae Fauvel (1953) reported Amage World: Southern California to Gulf of California bioculata Moore (synonym as # Amphisamytha Strait of Georgia (Cananda) (Mexico) Samytha bioculata, Moore, 1906) bioculata (Moore, 1906) India: OD, BoB from of Puri, Odisha. Stller et al. (2013). Fauvel (1953) recorded the species from Andaman Island and Odisha coast. Subsequently, reported from various locatons World: South Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf in India. Hartley (1985) questons of Oman, New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, the cosmopolitan distributon of #Amphicteis gunneri (M. Sars, Florö and Glesvær (Norway) North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico the species. According to Jirkov 1835) India: AP, KL, OD, TN (2001) the true distributon of the species may be restricted to Arctc and North Atlantc European waters with a southern boundary located in the English Channel.

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Type locality not mentoned. World: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sri Lanka, Samples were collected from *A. posterobranchiata Fauvel, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Bayof Bengal, Arabian Sea and 1932 India: BoB, AS Cape Comorin (Fauvel 1932) Wehe & Fiege (2002) # Ampharete capensis (Day, Saldanha Bay (South Africa), World: South Africa Endemic (Day 1967) 1961) Atlantc Ocean India: MH Sukumaran & Devi (2009) World: Australia, Indonesia, Ionian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Italy, North Atlantc Ocean, Isolda pulchella Müller in St. Catherine Island (Brazil), Panama, Red Sea, Spain, Venezuela, West South Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) Grube, 1858 Atlantc Ocean Africa India: AP, OD, WB Visakhapatnam (India), Bay of World: Pakistan *Melinna aberrans Fauvel, 1932 Fauvel (1932); Hasan (1960) Bengal India: AP, OD Reported as Schistocomus hiltoni # Phyllocomus Laguna Beach (California), World: Mozambique Chamberlin from Chennai (Fauvel hiltoni (Chamberlin, 1919) Pacifc Ocean India: TN 1953) $ P. fauveli (Hartman, 1955) Chennai (India)

Family Arenicolidae *Arenicola World: Wallis Lake, Australia Kewalramani et al. (1960); bombayensis Kewalarami, Wagh Mumbai (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Hutchings et al. (1978) & Ramade, 1960 World: Brazil, Peru, Virginian, southside of Cape Reported from Andaman # A. brasiliensis Nonato, 1958 Brazil, Atlantc Ocean Cod to Cape Hateras, Woods Hole. and Nicobar Island (Tampi & India: AN Rangarajan1964). Family Capitellidae $ Barantolla sculpta Southern, Ganges Delta (India), Bay of India: OD, TN, WB Southern (1921) 1921 Bengal Reported in most ecology papers. World: Artc Ocean, Atlantc Ocean and Pacifc # Capitella capitata (Fabricius, Species restricted to Artc Ocean Neotype: West Greenland Ocean, Mediterranean Sea 1780) and subarctc localites (Blake India: All the coastal states 2009). Barantolla or Visakhapatnam World: Indonesia, Sri Lanka * C. singularis (Fauvel, 1932) De Silva (1965); Pillai (1965) (India), Bay of Bengal India: AP, GJ, KA, KL, TN, WB Reported from Vizakhapatnam World: Australia, Egypt, Greece, North Atlantc (Fauvel 1953). Green (2002) # Capitellethus dispar (Ehlers, Waiheke, Auckland harbour Ocean, Red Sea, Turkey suggested a re-examinaton of 1907) (New Zealand) India: AN, AP specimen identfed as C. dispar from the Indian Ocean. World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Ireland, Pramanik et al. (2009) in Muir Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Dasybranchus caducus (Grube, & Hossain (2014); Wehe & Fiege Mediterranean Sea Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Philippines, 1846) (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby Red Sea, Spain, South China Sea, Suez Canal, et al. (2016) Turkey, UK India: AN, LK, TN Heteromastdes bifdus Augener, Western Australia World: Caribbean Sea, Red Sea 1914 $ Heteromastus Cochin Harbour, Kerala (India), Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal Hartman (1974a); Wehe & Fiege caudatus (Hartman, 1976) Arabian Sea. India: KL (2002) World: Andaman Sea, Bangladesh, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, North Green (2002); Wehe & Fiege Pacifc Ocean, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, H. fliformis (Claparède, 1864) Port-Vendres (France) (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, Red Sea South et al. (2016) Africa, South China Sea, UK India: AP, GA, KA,KL, Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Arabian Gulf, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et *H. similis Southern, 1921 Bengal India: AP, GA, GJ, MH, KL, TN, OD, WB al. (2016) Leiochrides africanus Augener, World: South Africa, Red Sea Sete Cama (Brazzaville Congo) Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1918 India: KL Of Port Novo, Chennai (India), $ L. branchiatus Hartman, 1976 India: TN Hartman (1974a) Bay of Bengal

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments $ Mastobranchus Barantolla, Gangetc Delta indicus Southern, 1921 taxon India: WB Southern (1921) (India), Bay of Bengal inquirendum World: Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Spain, North Atlantc Mediomastus capensis Day, Day (1967); Faulweter et al. Saldanha Bay (South Africa) Ocean 1961 (2017) India: AP, KL, MH, PD World: Aegean Sea, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Kosi Bay (South Africa), Indian Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. Notomastus aberans Day, 1957 Ocean Red Sea South China Sea, Turkey (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AP, MH, KL,TN, Knysna Estuary (South Africa), World: Sri Lanka N. fauvelii Day, 1955 Day (1967) Indian Ocean India: KL, MH Fauvel (1953) recorded the Freshwater Bay, Chatham Strait, World: South China Sea species of Puri, Odisha. #N. giganteus Moore, 1906 Alaska India: OD, TN Subsequently, reported from other locatons. World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Reported from Andaman and Bay Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, of Bengal by Fauvel (1953). N. latericeus Sars, 1851 Norway Madagascar, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. South Africa, Red Sea (2002); Green (2002); Wehe & India: AN, GJ,KL,LK MH, OD Fiege (2002); Parheteromastus tenuis Monro, Maungmagan (Myanmar), Bay World:Mozambique, South China Sea Monro (1937); Glasby et al. 1937 of Bengal India: GJ, GA, KA, KL, MH, TN, WB (2016) World: Caribbean Sea, Mozambique, Red Sea, * Scyphoproctus Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Gulf of Mannar (India) South China Sea armatus Fauvel, 1929 al. (2016); Dean (2012) India: AP, GA, GJ, KA, KL, MH, OD, TN World: Asutralia, Caribbean Sea, Red Sea S. bifdus (Augener, 1914) Western Australia Wehe & Fiege (2002); India: AN, KL, TN World: Mozambique S. djiboutensis Gravier, 1904 Djibout, Gulf of Aden Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: GA, GJ, KA, KL, TN Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of $ S. variabilis Rangarajan, 1963 India: TN Rangarajan (1963) Bengal Family Cirratulidae # Aphelochaeta False Bay (South Africa), Atlantc World: South Africa Day (1967); Sukumaran & Devi flibranchia (Day, 1961) Ocean India: MH (2009) Fauvel (1953) reported it as Cirratulus fliformis Keferstein World: Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Belgium, from Gulf of Mannar and UK, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North # A. fliformis Keferstein, 1862 France Pamban. Subsequently, recorded Atlantc Ocean, Spain at other locatons from India. India: GA,KL, TN Wehe & Feige (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Reported as Tharyx multflis, World: Arabian Gulf South China Sea, Gulf of Moore, from Chennai (Fauvel # A. multflis (Moore, 1909) Mexican EEZ Oman 1953). India: TN Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) # Caulleriella capensis (Monro, Simon’s Town (South Africa), World: South Africa, Namibia Day (1967) 1930) Atlantc Ocean India: KL Rehitha et al. (2009) Cheval Paar, Gulf of Mannar (Sri World: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et $ C. typhlops (Willey, 1905) Lanka), Indian Ocean India: TN al. (2016) Reported from Port Novo World: Arctc Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987). Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Greece, France, # Chaetozone setosa Malmgren, Majority of the older records Isforden (Spitsbergen) Belgium, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of St. 1867 of C. setosa from worldwide Lawrence locatons are now believed to India: TN refer to other taxa (Blake 2015). Ofen considered cosmopolitan but mostly likely that many of World: Arctc Ocean, Atlantc Ocean, Arabian these are misidentfcaton and Sea, Arabian Gulf, Carribean Sea, Gulf of Oman, the species may be restricted to @ Cirratulus cirratus (Müller, Greenland Greece; Mozambique, Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea, type locality (Botero et al. 2017; 1776) Singapore Faulweter et al. 2017) India: KA, KL, MH, TN Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Dean (2012); Faulweter et al. (2017);

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

$ C. indicus Day, 1973 Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Day (1973) World: South Africa C. concinnus Ehlers, 1908 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Day (1967) India: MH Day (1967); Jayaraj et al. (2007; Great Fish Bay Angolan EEZ, World: Angolan EEZ # Cirriformia afer (Ehlers, 1908) 2008a,b) recorded the species Atlantc Ocean India: West coast from west coast of India. World: Bermudan EEZ, Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Chile, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, North Day (1967); Fauchald et al. Gulf of Naples (Italy), C. fligera (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China (2009); Dean (2012); Glasby et Mediterranean Sea Sea, Spain al. (2016) India: AN, GJ, LK, MH, OD, TN, $ C. limnoricola Kirkegaard & Kirkegaard & Santhakumaran Mumbai (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Santhakumaran, 1967 (1967) World: Mozambique C. saxatlis (Gravier, 1906) Djibout, Gulf of Aden India: LK Reported as Audouinia World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Somalia, semicincta (Ehlers) from Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red # C. semicincta (Ehlers, 1905) Hawaiian EEZ, Pacifc Ocean Andaman Island (Fauvel 1953). Sea, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et India: AN al. (2016) World: Belgium, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Greece, Japan, Jamaica, France, Ireland, Mozambique, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et C. tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) South Coast of Devonshire (UK). North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, al. (2014) Turkey India: AN, GJ, LK World: Caribbean Sea, France, Greece, New Ctenodrilus serratus (Schmidt, Gulf of Naples (Italy), Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red Weidhase et al. (2016) 1857) Mediterranean Sea, Spain, South Africa, UK India: TN World: Australia, Gulf of Mexico, New Caledonia, # Dodecaceria fstulicola Ehlers, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Feige Chile, Atlantc Ocean Red Sea 1901 (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) India: TN World: Aegean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, English # Kirkegaardia Jayaraj et al. (2008a, b) recorded Channel, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, Angolan EEZ, Atlantc Ocean from west coast of India. Atlantc Ocean, South Africa 1959) Blake (2016) India: West coast * K. serracroochaeta Atchuthan Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Atchuthan & Desai (2017) & Desai, 2017 World: Caribbean Sea, Cuba, France, Greece, # Protocirrineris Gulf of Naples (Italy), North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. chrysoderma (Claparède, 1868) Mediterranean Sea Spain, South Africa (2016) India: TN World: Greece, Japan, Mediterranean Sea, North Timarete Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea Wehe & Feige (2002) dasylophius (Marenzeller, 1879) India: KL T. punctate shows wide range of distributon with very low levels World: Bermudan EEZ, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of genetc variaton. Seixas et al. of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Panama, (2017) consider the species to St. Croix, Christansted, Virgin T. punctata (Grube, 1859) Mozambique, South Africa, South China Sea; have a high potental to become Islands (USA), Atlantc Ocean Turkey a biological invader and hence its India: AN, GJ, KL, LK, wide distributon. Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016); Çinar et al. (2014) Banse (1959) reported the World: Adriatc Sea (northern), Croata, # Raphidrilus Gulf of Naples (Italy), species from Mandapam, Tamil Mediterranean Sea, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas nemasoma Montcelli, 1910 Mediterranean Sea Nadu coast. Magãlhaes et al. India: TN (2011) Family Cossuridae World: North Carolina, Yellow Sea, South China Cossura aciculata (Wu & Chen, Gardinier & Wilson (1977); East China Sea Sea 1977) Smitha et al. (2017) India: AS, BoB World: Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc C. coasta Kitamori, 1960 Seto Inland Sea (Japan) Ocean, South Africa, South China Sea Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) India: MH, GA, KL, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Recorded from Vellar Estuary World: Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, (Balasubrahmanyan 1960). # C. delta Reish, 1958 Mississippi River (USA) Venezula Subsequently reported from India: TN diferent locatons along Tamil Nadu. Cape Province (South Africa), World: Mozambique Channel, North Indian Ocean C. dayi Hartman, 1976 Hartman (1974a) Atlantc Ocean India: AP, AS, KL, TN, MH Tuléar (Madagascar), Indian World: North Indian Ocean, South China Sea Hartman (1974a); Glasby et al. C. dimorpha (Hartman, 1976) Ocean India: AS (2016) Family Dinophilidae This species was recorded from World: Adriatc Sea, France, New Jersey, New Great Nicobar (Chandrasekhara- #Dinophilus gyrociliatus O. Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, St. Lawrence Not documented Rao 1988) and Lakshadweep Schmidt, 1857 estuary, UK Island (Chandrasekhara-Rao India: AN, LK, TN 1991). A single record from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara- @Trilobodrilus Rao 1974). Based on the re- World: Japan nipponicus Uchida & Okuda Akkeshi Bay (Japan) descripton of T. nipponicus, India: AP 1943 Kajihara et al. (2015) concluded that the specimen from India is a misidentfcaton. Family Flabelligeridae Reported from Port Novo (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987). World: Arabian Sea, Bay of Fundy, Beaufort Sea, Salazar-Vallejo (2017) restricts @ Bradabyssa villosa (Rathke, Canada, France, Greece, Gulf of Naples, Gulf of Norwegian EEZ the species to the European- 1843) Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Spain Russian Arctc region, throughout India: TN Scandinavia, and cold temperate Northern Atlantc Ocean. World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Daylithos parmatus (Grube, Madagascar, New Zealand, South China Sea, Sri Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Philippine Islands 1877) Lanka al. (2016). India: AS, KL, TN Khan et al. (2010) reported the species from southeast coast of India. Salazar-Vallejo (2012) considers the distributon of F. # Flabelligera afnis M. Sars, World: South Africa afnis to be restricted to “Arctc Bergen (Norway) 1829 India: Not documented to cold and temperate, boreal localites” and questons the report of this species from warm water localites such as Africa or Panama. World: Arabian Sea, English Channel, Recorded from Arabian Sea Gulf of Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red # F. diplochaitus (Oto, 1820) (Fauvel 1953). Mediterranean Sea Sea, Spain Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AS $ Paratherochaeta antoni Ganges Delta, Bay of Bengal India: BoB Salazar-Vallejo (2013) (Kirkegaard, 1996) *Pherusa bengalensis (Fauvel, Chennai and Hooghly River World: Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea Fauvel (1932); Aungtonya et al. 1932) (India), Bay of Bengal India: AN, TN (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002 ) World: Northeastern Atlantc Ocean (English A single record from Mangaluru Gulf of Naples (Italy), #P. monilifera Delle Chiaje 1841 Channel), Mediterranean Sea (Achari 1969). Mediterranean Sea India: KA Salazar-Vallejo (2011) Nankauri Harbour, Andaman World: Andaman Sea Fauvel (1932); Aungtonya et al. *P. eruca indica Fauvel 1928 & Nicobar Island (India), India India: AS, AN (2002); Wehe & Feige (2002) Ocean of Kerala coast (India), Arabian $ Piromis bifdus Fauvel 1932 India: KL Fauvel (1932) Sea World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Reported as Pherusa infata from # Semiodera infata (Treadwell Southern California, Pacifc Atlantc Ocean, Panama Kannur and Kozhikodae (Devi et 1914) Ocean India: KL al. 1996)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

Family Longosomatdae * Heterospio indica Parapar, Vijapure, Moreira & Sukumaran, Malvan (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Parapar et al. (2016) 2016 World: Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Hartman (1974a) reported the # H. longissima Ehlers, 1875 West Europe, Atlantc Ocean Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Venezuela species from Arabian Sea. India: AS Wehe & Fiege (2002) Family Maldanidae #Asychis disparidentata (Moore, World: Marshall Island Fauvel (1932; 1953) recorded the San Diego, Pacifc Ocean 1904) India: TN species from Cape Comorin. Axiothella australis Augener, World: Australia Western Australia Kudenov & Read (1977) 1914 India: AN, KL, LK, TN World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Aungtonya A. obockensis (Gravier, 1905) Djibout, Gulf of Aden Red Sea et al. (2002) India: GA, LK, MH, OD, TN, WB World: Andaman Sea, Gulf of Aden, South China Southern (1921); Aungtonya et *Euclymene Chilika Lake (India), Bay of Sea al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); annandalei Southern, 1921 Bengal India: AN, AP, OD, TN Glasby et al. (2016) Fauvel (1953) recorded the World: New Zealand, South China Sea species as Clymene (Euclymene) # E. insecta (Ehlers, 1905) Chatham Islands (New Zealand) India: AP, GA, TN insecta (Ehlers) from Visakhapatnam and Chennai. Reported from Visakhapatnam World: Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North # Macroclymene as Clymene (Euclymene) Bahia de Santander (Spain) Atlantc Ocean santanderensis (Rioja, 1917) santanderensis Rioja (Fauvel India: AP 1953). World: Aegean Sea, Adriatc Sea, Greece, # Metasychis gotoi (Izuka, 1902) Honshu Island (Japan) Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain Fauvel (1953) India: AN, LK World: Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Oman, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, North (2002); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Maldane sarsi Malmgren, 1865 Western Sweden Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea, Western Indian Fauchald et al. (2009); Glasby et Ocean al. (2016) India: BoB,GA, KA,KL, LK, MH, PD, OD, TN, WB World: South Africa Maldanella capensis Day, 1961 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Day (1967) India: Northwest coast Fauvel (1953) reported the Magellan Strait (Chile), Atlantc World: Chile species as Clymene (Euclymene) #M. grossa (Baird, 1873) Ocean India: AN grossa Baird, from Andaman Island. World: New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain Reported from Lakshadweep Sea #M. harai (Izuka, 1902) Sagami Bay (Japan) India: BoB, LK sea and Bay of Bengal (Fauvel 1953) $ Micromaldane jonesi Achari, Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of India: TN Achari (1968) 1968 Bengal # Praxillella afnis World: Britsh Columbia A single report from Mumbai Nanoose Bay, Britsh Columbia pacifca Berkeley, 1929 India: MH Port (Sukumaran & Devi 2009). * Sabaco gangetcus (Fauvel, Gangetc Delta (India), Bay of World: Andaman Sea Fauvel (1932); Aungtonya et al. 1932) Bengal India: WB (2002) Family Nerillidae Reported from Visakhapatnam (Waltair) (Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapat 1968), Lakshadweep (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1991) World: France, Ireland, New Zealand, North and Andaman and Nicobar #Nerilla antennata Schmidt Faroe Islands, Atlantc Ocean Atlantc Ocean, Spain, UK (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1988). 1848 India: AN, AP Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapat (1968) observed some variaton in the lateral ciliary tuf and the specimens were rare in occurrence.

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments A single record from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara- Rao & Ganapat 1968). The specimens were commonly #Nerillidium World: France, North Atlantc Ocean Mediterranean Sea found throughout the year. mediterraneum Remane, 1928 India: AP The specimens conform to the original descripton, except that the palps and tentacles were more slender and longer. Family Orbiniidae Fauvel (1953) recorded the species as Scoloplos kerguelensis McIntosh from Visakhapatnam. L. kerguelensis is a widely World: Widespread in Antarctc and subantarctc reported species, but with # Leitoscoloplos Kerguelen Islands, Southern seas (Blake 2017) many wrongly identfed kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) Indian Ocean India: AP specimen (Mackie 1987). The species is probably restricted to the Kerguelen Islands area and specimens from India are unknown species (Blake 2017). World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, North Atlantc # Leodamas chevalieri (Fauvel, Casamance, Atlantc Ocean Ocean, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1902) India: TN Day (1967); Sukumaran & Devi # Orbinia World: South Africa Luderitz (Southwest Africa) (2009). angrapequensis (Augener, 1918) India: MH

$ O. exarmata (Fauvel, 1932) Bay of Bengal India: BoB Fauvel (1932) Car Nicobar Island, Andaman * Petbonella shompens Gopal and Nicobar Islands (India), India: AN Gopal et al. (2014) Useph et. Al, 2014 Indian Ocean West of Cape Town (South World: South Africa Day (1967); Sukumaran & Devi # Scoloplella capensis Day, 1963 Africa), Atlantc Ocean India: MH (2009) Lagoon (South Day (1967) considered the Scoloplos dubia (Day, 1955) World: South Africa Africa), Atlantc Ocean species endemic to South Africa Gangasagar, Sagar Island (India), $ S. sagarensis Misra, 1999 India: WB Misra (1999) Bay of Bengal Scoloplos (Leodamas) World: Angola, , Tuléar (Madagascar), Indian madagascariensis (Fauvel, Mozambique, South Africa Day (1967) Ocean 1919) India: KL World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Scoloplos (Scoloplos) capensis Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Atlantc Ocean, of Beaufort Day (1967); Day (1973) (Day, 1961) India: MH World: Andaman Sea, Mozambique, South China * S. (Scoloplos) Chilika Lake (India), Bay of Southern (1921); Aungtonya et Sea marsupialis (Southern, 1921) Bengal al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: GA, OD, TN Family Opheliidae World: Australia, Caribbean Sea, Japan, North Armandia intermedia Fauvel, Casamance (Senegal), Atlantc Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1902 Ocean South China Sea, Trinidad and Tobago India: AN, southwest coast Mannar Island (Sri Lanka), World: Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et A. lanceolata Willey, 1905 Indian Ocean India: AN, GA, KA, MH, TN al. (2016) Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Philippines, South Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et A. leptocirris (Grube, 1878) Philippines China Sea, Red Sea al. (2016); Salazar-vallejo et al. India: AN, LK, TN (2014) World: Andaman Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. A. longicaudata (Caullery, 1944) Indonesia South China Sea (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN * A. sampadae Gopal, Jaleel, of Rutland Island, Andaman India: AN Gopal et al. (2016) Parameswaran & Vijayan, 2016 Islands (India), Indian Ocean World: Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacifc, South # Ophelina acuminata Örsted, Reported from Gujarat Denmark coast Africa, NE Atlantc Ocean, Western Australia 1843 (Nageswara-Rao & Soota 1981) India: GJ

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Atlantc Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico Indian Ocean, Polyophthalmus Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauchald French EEZ, Atlantc Ocean Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, South China pictus (Dujardin, 1839) et al. (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South Africa India: TN * Travisia arborifera Fauvel, World: West coast of Mexico Fauvel (1932); Berkeley & Andaman Sea and Odisha Coast 1932 India: OD Berkeley (1939) Family Paraonidae Aricidea (Aricidea) capensis Day, World: South Africa, North Atlantc Ocean (South Africa) Day (1967) 1961 India: KL A. (Aricidea) World: Andaman Sea Andaman Sea Lovell (2002) multantennata Lovell, 2002 India: GA World: Bay of Fundy, Canada, California, Greece, A. (Acmira) catherinae Laubier, Japan, Ireland, Gulf of Mexico, Massachusets Bay, Lovell (2002); Fauchald et al. Banyuls-sur-Mer (France) 1967 North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Venezuela (2009); Dean (2012) India: GA Of Saldanha Bay (South Africa), World: Of Mauritana Day (1967) A. longobranchiata Day, 1961 Atlantc Ocean India: KL Cosson-Sarradin et al. (1998) World: Eastern Pacifc, Canada, California, Gulf A. (Acmira) lopezi Berkeley & of Mexico, Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Morocco, Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean Not documented Berkeley, 1956 Philippines, South Africa, Venezuela (2012) India: OD World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Cirrophorus branchiatus Ehlers, Ireland, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Agulhas Bank (South Africa) (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); 1908 South China Sea, Turkey, Venezuela Çinar et al. (2012) India: AS World: Antarctc, Bering Sea, Britsh Columbia, Cuba, Caribbean Sea, Faroes, Greece,Gulf of St. Levinsenia gracilis (Tauber, Lawrence to Massachusets, Greenland, Gulf of Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Danish EEZ 1879) Mexico, Iceland, New Zealand, North Atlantc (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) Ocean, Red Sea,South Africa, Venezuela India: AS Andaman Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, A single recorded from Zuary # Paradoneis armata Glémarec, France, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Estuary (Sivadas et al. 2010). Britany (NE Atlantc) 1966 Red Sea Lovell et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege India: GA (2002) Family Pectnariidae Recorded as Pectnaria (Amphictene) crassa Grube from Cochin backwaters (Fauvel 1953). Subsequently recorded from # Amphictene crassa Grube, World: Arabian Sea other locatons in India. New Caledonian EEZ 1870 India: KL Record of this species from Palau, Sri Lank and India (Fauvel 1953) are possible misidentfcatons (Hutchings & Peart 2002). Wehe & Fiege (2002) $ Lagis abranchiata Fauvel, Kochi Backwaters (India), India: KL Fauvel (1932) 1932 Arabain Sea World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Pectnaria antpoda Schmarda, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et New South Wales (Australia) Red Sea, South China Sea 1861 al. (2016) India: AN, LK Family Poecilochaetdae # Poecilochaetus Mission Bay (California), Pacifc World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Venezuela A single recorded from Zuary johnsoni Hartman, 1939 Ocean India: GA Estuary (Sivadas et al. 2010). World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, France, Gulf of Oman, Greece, Ireland, North Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege P. serpens Allen, 1904 English Channel Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red Sea, (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Dean Singapore, Spain, Turkey (2012); Çinar et al. (2014) India: GA, LK, TN Family Scalibregmatdae * Parasclerocheilus Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar World: Arabian Gulf, Malacca Strait, Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) branchiatus Fauvel, 1928 (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

Family Spionidae World: Bay of Biscay, Bellingshausen Sea (west Aonidella cirrobranchiata (Day, Of Saldanha Bay (South Africa), Antarctca), Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, Day (1967); López (2010) 1961) Atlantc Ocean North Atlantc Ocean, Trinidad and Tobago India: KL, TN World: Arabian Gulf, Japan, Ireland, The cosmopolitanism status # Aonides oxycephala (Sars, Mediterranean Sea, Pacifc Ocean, North Atlantc Floro (Norway) of Aonides oxycephala is 1862) Ocean, Red Sea, UK, Western Indian Ocean questonable (Radashevsky 2015) India: West coast Reported in Indian estuaried (Khan & Murugesan 2005). Wide geographical distributon of D. Australia, Brazil, English Channel, France, armata has to be viewed with # Dipolydora Madeiran Exclusive Economic Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, North Atlantc cauton and further detail studies armata (Langerhans, 1880) Zone, Pacifc Ocean Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Taiwan can help would verify their wide India: Not documented distributon (Radashevsky & Nogueira 2003). Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Jayaraj et al. (2008a) recorded the species from west coast of India. Reported as Polydora Simonstown, False Bay (South World: west South Africa capensis Day, 1955 and endemic # D. capensis (Day, 1955) Africa), Atlantc Ocean India: west coast to the region (Day 1967). Literature survey indicates that it has not been reported from any other locaton. World: Pacifc Ocean, Arctc Ocean, North Atlantc # D. coeca (Öersted, 1843) Øresund (Sweden) Ocean, Mozambique, North Sea South Africa Fauvel (1953); Day (1967); India: OD, TN Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay World: South Africa, Mozambique D. normalis (Day, 1957) Day (1967) (Mozambique), Indian Ocean India: WB World: Arctc Ocean, China, California, Monterey Reported by Fauvel (1953). Bay, NW American, Southern Atlantc Ocean, Based on the temperature south of Iceland and Greenland, and Long Island, tolerance of the species which # Laonice cirrata (M. Sars, 1851) Ure I Lofoten (Norway) Shinnecock Inlet NE American coast is 0.9–7.04 °C (Sikorski 2003) India: OD, TN its distributon in India is questonable. Tambalagam Bay (Sri Lanka), World: Sri Lanka L. brevicristata Pillai, 1961 Pillai (1961) Indian Ocean India: AP World: South Africa, Mozambique, Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, Philippines, Caribbean Sea, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Williams Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel, Krusadai Island, Gulf of Manaar Chile, New Caledonia, southwest Africa, Australia (2007); Delgado-Blas & Salazar- 1928) (India), Bay of Bengal (Queensland), Japan, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Silva (2011); Glasby et al. (2016) Singapore India: AP, KL, LK, TN, WB Reported by Fauvel (1953), subsequently reported all World: Britsh Columbia, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of along the Indian coast. The Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, species wide distributon has # Paraprionospio of Talcahuano (Chile), Atlantc Peru, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago West Africa been questoned. Yokoyama & pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) Ocean India: GA, MH, TN, KL Sukumaran (2012) concluded that Paraprionospio from India has been misidentfed as P. pinnata. P. lamellibranchia Hartman, Mozambique Channel, Indian World: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal Hartman (1974a); Wehe & Fiege 1976 Ocean India: AP, KL, MH, TN (2002) World: East China Sea, Hong Kong, Western Japan P. cordifolia Yokoyama, 2007 Japan Yokoyama (2007) India: GJ P. cristata Zhou, Yokoyama & World: China Sea East China Sea Zhou et al. (2008) Li, 2008 India: GJ World: Indonesia, Korea, Western Japan P. patens Yokoyama, 2007 Osaka Bay (Japan) Yokoyama (2007) India: GJ

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Fauvel (1953) reported this species from Odisha coast, subequently reported in World: Australia, Bay of Fundy, Mediterranean ecological studies from diferent Sea, Adriatc Sea, Gulf of Eden, Ireland, coastal states. Species complex # Polydora ciliata (Johnston, Berwick Bay (Scotland) Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, (Mustaquim 1986). Detailed 1838) North Sea, South China Sea morphological and molecular India: AP, KL, MH, WB, TN examinaton will help to confrm the “cosmopolitan” of the Polydora- species complex Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Australia, Arabian Gulf, Belgium, Brazil, California, Chile,France, Ireland, Japan Gulf of Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, North Atlantc Wehe & Fiege (2002); P. hoplura Claparède, 1869 Mediterranean Sea Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South Korea, South Radashevsky & Migoto (2017). Neotype: Port of Ischia (Italy) Africa, UK India: TN P. hornelli Willey, 1905 Gulf of Mannar, Bay of Bengal India: TN Willey (1905)

$ P. gaikwadi Day, 1973 Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Day (1973) According to Radashevsky (1996) “specimens reported by Gravely # Polydorella prolifera Augener, World: Western Australia Sharks Bay (Western Australia) (1927) and Fauvel (1930; 1953) 1914 India: TN as P. prolifera, appear to be the same as P. dawydof”. Reported from Visakhapatnam (Fauvel 1953). Cosmopolitan distributon of the Species is World: Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North questonable. P. cirrifera is # Prionospio cirrifera Wirén, Nowaja-Semlja (Novaya Atlantc Ocean, North Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea, probably restricted to the Arctc 1883 Zemlya), Kara Sea, Arctc Ocean South Africa and North Atlantc, south to the India: AP level of Portugal (Maciolek 1985; Sigvaldadótr 2002). Day (1967). World: Andaman Sea, Caribbean Sea, Greece, Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, New Zealand, North (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); P. ehlersi Fauvel, 1928 Morocco, Atlantc Ocean Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Glasby et al. (2016); Delgado-Blas Africa, Spain & Salazar-Silva (2011) India: west coast Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar World: Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey *P. krusadensis Fauvel, 1929 Dagli & Çinar (2009) (India), Bay of Bengal India: MH, TN World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Canada, Ireland, Reported from Mandapam # P. malmgreni Claparède, Gulf of Naples (Italy), Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, (Banse 1959) 1869 taxon inquirendum Mediterranean Sea North Pacifc Ocean, Singapore, South Africa Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege India: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Gulf of Mannar (Indian Ocean), *P. polybranchiata Fauvel, 1929 India: AP, GA, KL, MH, PD, TN Fauvel (1953) Bay of Bengal Reported in ecological papers World: Namibia, Saldanha Bay to Mossel Bay, from east and west coast of Saldanha Bay (South Africa), # P. saldanha Day, 1961 Durban India. Atlantc Ocean India: TN, AP, KL Endemic to South Africa (Day 1967) Banse (1959) reported the World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Walvis Bay (Namibia), Atlantc species from Gulf of Mannar. # P. sexoculata Augener, 1918 Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey Ocean Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege India: TN (2002); Dagli & Çinar (2009) A single record from Miramar beach (Mascarenhas & Ingole World: Atlantc Ocean, Arctc Ocean, Indian 2009). Distributon restricted Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pacifc Ocean, South # P. steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 Skagafördur (Iceland) to the Iceland coast and wide Africa, Red Sea distributon questonable India:GA (Sigvaldadótr & Mackie 1993). Day (1967) World: Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, English Channel, Greece, Ireland North Sea, New Day (1967); Aungtonya et al Pseudopolydora Gulf of Naples (Italy), Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); antennata (Claparède, 1869) Mediterranean Sea China Sea, South Africa, Spain Glasby et al. (2016) India: GA

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Australia, Arabian Gulf, Britsh Columbia, Chilika Lake (India), Bay of New Zealand, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, * P. kempi (Southern, 1921) Wehe & Fiege (2002) Bengal Red Sea, USA, Spain India: GA, OD, TN World: Arctc, North Atlantc Ocean, West A single record from west coast Greenland to North American Atlantc coast of India (Jayaraj et al. 2008b). to Veracruz, Black Sea, Britsh Columbia, Molecular studies indicate that #Pygospio elegans Claparède, Normandy Coast (France) Canada, California, Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, P. elegans from the Asian Pacifc 1863 Mozambique, Northeast Pacifc Ocean, Red Sea, and elsewhere need to be re- South Africa, South China Sea examined (Radashevsky et al. India: west coast 2016). Day (1967) Scolelepis knightjonesi (Silva, World: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean Tampi & Rangarajan (1964) 1961) India: AN Pat et al. (2015) reported the World: Arabian Gulf, Colombia, Canada, species from Mahrashtra. Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Surugiu (2016) suggested that # S. (Scolelepis) squamata (O.F. Helgoland (Germany), Atlantc Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Sea, “Scolelepis squamata” reporetd Muller, 1806) Ocean North Atlantc Ocean, Netherlands, Red Sea, Sea the North and South America South Africa, UK, Venezuela should be critcally re-evaluated. India: MH Wehe & Fiege (2002) $ Spio bengalensis Willey, 1908 Bay of Bengal India: BoB Willey (1908) Reported from Port Novo (Srikrishnadas et al. 1987). Meißner et al. (2011) re- World: European Waters, Canada, Mediterranean described the species from the Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, type locality and concluded that #S. flicornis (Müller, 1776) Iluilârssuk (Greenland) South Africa, UK traditonally used diagnostc India: TN characters are inappropriate. Further they suggested that the species distributon restricted to Greenland. Jayaraj et al. (2008a, b) recorded from southwest coast of India. Meißner and Blank (2009) World: Bay of Fundy, Belgium, Canada, France, dismissed the world- wide Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Mediterranean distributon of the species. # Spiophanes Gulf of Naples (Italy), Sea, Netherlands, North Atlantc Ocean, North Distributon could be restricted bombyx (Claparède, 1870) Mediterranean Sea Sea, South China Sea, South Africa, Red Sea, to North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, UK along European coasts and India: Southwest coast Mediterranean Sea. Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Bay of Fundy, Belgium, Caribbean Sea, #Streblospio benedict Webster, Colombia, France, North Atlantc Ocean, North Recorded from Dabhol (Ingole et New Jersey, Atlantc Ocean 1879 Sea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, UK,USA al. 2002). India: MH Family Sabellariidae Idanthyrsus pennatus (Peters, World: Japan, Madagascar, South China Sea Mozambique, India Ocean Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) 1854) India: AN World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, South Lygdamis indicus Kinberg, 1866 Bangka Strait (Indonesia) China Sea, South Africa, Venezuela Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, LK Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Thoothukudi # Neosabellaria Admiral Inlet, Washington World: Britsh Columbia, South China Sea (TN), subsequently reported cementarium (Moore, 1906) (USA), Atlantc Ocean India: GA, MH, TN, west coast from other locatons in ecology papers. Glasby et al. (2016) Reported from Vizhinjam, however, the specimen was damaged and was identfed as S. # N. rupicaproides (Augener, World: New Zealand New Plymouth (New Zealand) rupicaproides as it was collected 1926) India: KL from deeper region (Achari 1974). Loi (1980); Glasby et al. (2016) $ N. clandestnus (Menon & Karwar Bay (India), Arabian Sea India: KA Menon & Sareen (1966) Sareen, 1966)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Colombo (Sri Lanka), Indian World: Sri Lanka Sabellaria chandraae Silva, 1961 Day (1973) Ocean India: MH World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et * S. alcocki Gravier, 1906 Kerala (India), Arabian Sea South China Sea al. (2016) India: WB World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Achari (1974) reported the # S. alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) Britsh Isles Wadden Sea species from of Azhikode, India: KL Kannur. southwestern Florida, World: North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico, Reported from Gulf of Mannar # S. foridensis Hartman, 1944 Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean India: TN (Achari 1974) São-Thome (Gulf of Guinea), World: Mozambique, South Africa S. intoshi Fauvel, 1914 Day (1967) Atlantc Ocean India: TN $S. miryaensis Parab & Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Parab & Gaikwad (1990) Gaikwad, 1990 Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of World: Brazil, South Africa Fauvel (1932); Day (1967); Dos *S. pectnata Fauvel, 1932 Bengal India: TN, WB Santos (2011) Fauvel (1914) considered S. alcocki as one of the varietes of S. spinulosa, however, World: Arabian Sea, Mozambique, North Sea, morphological diferences have S. spinulosa (Leuckart, 1849) Helgoland (Germany) North Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea been observed between the two India: KL, TN, WB species (Lezzi et al. 2015). Wehe & Fiege (2002); (Glasby et al. (2016) Family Reported from Mandapam # Amphicorina Port-Vendres (France), World: Greece, Red Sea, Turkey (Banse 1959). armandi (Claparède, 1864) Mediterranean Sea India: TN Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Faulweter et al. (2017) Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of $ A. coalescens Banse, 1959 India: TN Banse (1959) Bengal A single record from Puducherry (Musale & Desai 2011). Reported worldwide, but Rouse & Gambi World: Arabian Gulf, Cuba, Greece, North Atlantc (1997) consider that detailed #Amphiglena Ocean, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nice (France) examinaton may probably reveal mediterranea (Leydig, 1851) South China Sea, Spain, South Africa, UK that these are in fact diferent India: PD Amphiglena species. Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) $ Augeneriella hummelincki Mandapam (India), Bay of India: TN Banse (1959) indica Banse, 1959 Bengal Reported as Sabella melanostgma Shcmarda by Fauvel (1953) from the World: Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Brazil, Anadaman and Nicobar Island. @ Bispira Colombia,Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Jamaican EEZ, Carribean Sea Knight-Jones & Perkins (1998) melanostgma (Schmarda, 1861) North Carolina, Panama, Red Sea, Venezuela restrict the distributon of B. India: AN, GA melanostgma to the wider Caribbean area. Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) World: Australia, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Knight-Jones & Perkins (1998); B. porifera (Grube, 1878) Bohol (Philippines) Mozambique, Red Sea, Zanzibar Wehe & Fiege (2002); Capa India: AN (2008) World: Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean, Branchiomma Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiji Island Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, South China Sea cingulatum (Grube, 1870 Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, AP, MH, TN World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of B. nigromaculatum (Baird, St. Vincent Island (West Indies), Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1865) Carribean Sea India: AN, LK Jayaraj et al. (2008b) from the northwest coast of India. # Chone leterstedt (Kinberg, Cape of Good Hope (South World: South Africa (western); Indonesia Day (1967); Tovar-Hernández 1866) Africa), Atlantc Ocean India: northwest coast (2007); Pamungkas and Glasby (2019)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Reported as Chone collaris from World: Arabian Gulf, Greece, France, Belgium, souwest coast of Indai (Jayaraj et # Dialychone North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Madeira Island, Atlantc Ocean al. 2008a) collaris (Langerhans, 1881) Turkey Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege India: TN, soutwest coast (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) $ Fabriciola Chilika Lake (India), Bay of India: OD Southern (1921) spongicola (Southern, 1921) Bengal Joydas & Damodaran (2009) World: Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Ireland, France, reported the species along # elegans Saint- Dinard (Britany, France), Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc southwest coast of India. Joseph, 1894 Atlantc Ocean Ocean, Spain, South China Sea, Red Sea, UK Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege India: southwest coast (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) $ Laonome indica Southern, Chilika Lake (India), Bay of India: OD, TN, WB Southern (1921) 1921 Bengal # Megalomma World: Andaman Sea, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, pacifcum Johansson, Gilbert Islands (Kiribat), Pacifc Aungtonya (2002); Glasby et al. South China Sea 1927 taxon inquirendum Ocean (2016) India: TN (indeterminable) Although reported worldwide as a result of number of synonym; World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of it is very likely to have a much Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Madagascar, North Notaulax more restricted distributon Sri Lanka EEZ, Indian Ocean Atlantc Ocean, Pakistan, Red Sea phaeotaenia Schmarda, 1861 (Perkins1984). India: AN, GJ, LK, TN Ishaq & Mustaquim (1996); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauwleter et al (2017) Perkinsiana ceylonica (Augener, World: Arabian Gulf, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Sri Lanka EEZ, Indian Ocean 1926) India: TN al. (2016) World: Andaman Sea, Mozambique, Phillippines, Aungtonya (2002); Wehe & Fiege Pseudobranchiomma Philippines South China Sea, Red Sea, South Africa (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); serratbranchis (Grube, 1878) India: AN, MH, TN Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) Pseudopotamilla Guetary, Bay of Biscay (France), World: Adriatc Sea, Arabian Gulf, Britain, France, Knight-Jones et al. (2017) saxicava (Quatrefages, 1866) Atlantc Ocean Spain, Red Sea * Potamilla Port Canning, West Bengal Pakistan, Singapore Ishaq & Mustaquim (1996); leptochaeta Southern, 1921 (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Glasby et al. (2016) World: Australia, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Sabella fusca Grube, 1870 Red Sea Tanzania, Zanzibar Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: GJ World: Brazil, France, Greece, Ireland, An invasive species abundant in Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc harbours. Mediterranean Sea (neotype S. spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) Ocean, New Zealand, South China Sea, Spain, Sri Fauvel (1953); Knight-Jones & from Malta). Lanka, UK Perkins (1998); Glasby et al. India: GA, MH (2016) World: Australia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, Indonesia, Mozambique, Mauritus, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Knight- Sabellastarte spectabilis (Grube, Philippines Mynamar, Japan, Red Sea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Jones & Mackie (2003); Glasby et 1878) South Africa, Taiwan, Zanzibar al. (2016) India: MH Family Serpulidae According to ten Hove & World: Andaman Sea, Canada, Greece, Smith (1990), D. arietna is @ Ditrupa arietna (O.F. Müller, Madagascar, New Zealand, North Sea, North restricted to the East Atlantc Danish EEZ, 1776) Atlantc Ocean, Spain, UK and Mediterranean, whereas D. India: AN gracillima Grube inhabits the Indo-Pacifc. Aungtonya (2002) World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Japan, New Zealand, Red D. gracillima Grube, 1878 Philippines Wehe & Fiege (2002) Sea, South Pacifc Ocean India: AN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Reported worldwide as invasive species. Although, F. enigmatcus was frst reported from France, its origin and invasion pathways are unclear. Many of the reports in ecological studies, however, were based on incorrectly identfed specimen (ten Hove & Weerdenburg 1978). The authors also suggested that the specimens @Ficopomatus Canal de Caen (France), English World: Widely distributed identfed by Fauvel from India enigmatcus (Fauvel, 1923) Channel India: TN (Ennore) are either F. macrodon or F. uschakovi. Moreover, the re- examinaton of the specimens labelled as Mercierella enigmatca from the locality also contained F. uschakovi. Studies from other regions also confrm that F. enigmatcus consist of cryptc species that requires further investgaton (Styan et al. 2017). Kochi backwaters (India), World: Gulf of Siami (Gulf of Thailand) Southern (1921); Fauvel (1953); *F. macrodon Southern, 1921 Arabian Sea India: KL, TN, WB ten Hove & Weerdenburg (1978) World: Australia, Brazil, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Panadura River estuary, Madu Mexico, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, North Pacifc Ganga estuary at Balapitya and Bastda-Zavala & García-Madrigal F. uschakovi (Pillai, 1960) Ocean, North Sea, Panama, Philippines, South Ratgama Lake at Dodanduwa (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) China Sea, USA, Venezuela (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean India: MH World: Australia, Gilbert Island, Hong Kong Hydroides albiceps (Grube, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Red Glasby et al. (2016); Sun et al. Gulf of Suez 1870) Sea South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Solomon Island (2012) India: TN Minicoy, Lakshadweep (India), World: Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa H. bifurcata Pixell, 1913 Day (1967); Read et al. (2017) Arabian Sea India: TN World: Australia, Japan, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Mexico, North Pacifc Ocean, North Atlantc Glasby et al. (2016); Read et al. H. dirampha Mörch, 1863 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (USA) Ocean, New Zealand, Philippines, South Africa, (2017) Red Sea, South China Sea India: TN World: Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California, Japan Sea, New Ishaq & Mustaquim (1996); H. elegans (Haswell, 1883) Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, North Pacifc Port Jackson (Australia) Glasby et al. (2016); Read et al. nomen protectum Ocean, North Sea, , South China Sea, Pakistan, (2017) Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Suez Canal India: AP, TN World: Arabian Gulf, Australia, Marshall Island, Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege Red Sea, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Zanzibar, H. exaltata (Marenzeller, 1885) Enoshima (Japan) (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Read Vietnam et al. (2017) India: TN World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Guf of Aden, Fauvel (1953); Day (1967); Ishaq Madagascar, Pakistan, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Sri H. heterocera (Grube, 1868) Red Sea & Mustaquim (1996); Wehe & Lanka, Turkey, Zanzibar Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) India:TN World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean Syntypes from Zanzibar and Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al H. homoceros Pixell, 1913 Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Turkey Maldives, Indian Ocean (2014); Read et al. (2017) India: TN World: Australia, Gulf of Aden, Gilbert Island, Fauvel (1953); Imajima & ten Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantc Hove (1986); Çinar et al. (2014); H. minax (Grube, 1878) Philippines Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sun et al. (2015); Glasby et al. Solomon Island, Tanzania, Turkey (2016) India: TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Chennai. Reported from other locatons in ecology papers. H. norvegica has been confused with the harbour World: Norway, Belgium, Caribbean Sea, France, fouling invasive species H. Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, elegans. Distributon of H. # H. norvegica Gunnerus, 1768 Trøndelag region (Norway) Ireland, Spain, South Africa, South China Sea, norvegicus extends from, the Turkey, UK east coast of Greenland, Iceland, India: AP, TN Norway and the European west coast to Gibraltar, and the Mediterranean (Moen 2006). Day (1967); Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean (2012); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Africa, Australia, Hong Kong, Ishaq & Mustaquim (1996); Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Sun et al. H. operculata (Treadwell, 1929) Berbera (Somalia), Gulf of Aden) Pakistan, Red Sea, South China Sea, Turkey (2012); Çinar et al. (2014); Sun et India: MH al. (2015); Glasby et al. (2016) Metavermilia World: Hong Kong; South China Sea Sun et al. (2012); Glasby et al. Shark Bay (Australia) acanthophora (Augener, 1914) India: TN (2016) World: Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Neodexiospira foraminosa (Bush Fauvel (1953); Knight-Jones et al. Honshu, Japan Mozambique, South China Sea, Sri Lanka in Moore & Bush, 1904) (1975); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, MH, TN ten Hove & Kupriyanova (2009) pointed out that the specimens @ Omphalopomopsis World: Japan atributed to Omphalopomopsis Enoshima (Japan) langerhansii (Marenzeller, 1885) India: TN by Fauvel (1930; 1953) and Pillai (1960) in fact belong to Pomatostegus actnoceras. # Placostegus crystallinus (non World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean A single record from Andaman Scacchi, 1836) sensu Zibrowius, France, Mediterranean Sea India: AN Sea (Hartman 1974a) 1968 Reported in Fauvel (1953). Specimen of P. stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) from the Indo-West Pacifc actually belongs to P. actnoceros (Morch 1863), while P. stellatus is restricted to the West Indies World: Colombia, Cuba, Gilbert Island, Malacca # Pomatostegus and Caribbean (ten Hove & Caribbean Sea Strait, Mexico, Japan, Solomon Island, Sri Lanka stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) Kupriyanove 2009; Pillai 2009). India: AN, TN, west coast Therefore, Omphalopomopsis langerhansii and P. stellatus reported from Indian waters could be P. actnoceras. Re-examinaton of the material would be required to confrm the same Considered to be a very confusing taxon. Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Tamil Nadu coast (Chennai Harbour Pomatoceros World: Gulf of Aqaba, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, and Ennore). Day (1967) stated caeruleus (Schmarda, 1861) New Zealand South China Sea that “Schmarda original record taxon inquirendum India: TN from Cape of Good Hope is very doubtul”. Hartman (1974b); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Norway, North Sea, New Zealand, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege # Protula tubularia (Montagu, Devon (England) Red Sea, South Africa (western), Spain, South (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); 1803) China Sea Fauwleter et al. (2017) India: MH, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Reported from worldwide locatons but probably consttutes a complex of species. World: Greece, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, However, the identfcaton of the # dysteri (Huxley, France, Ireland, South China Sea, Spain, South Weymouth (England) species of Filograna /Salmacina 1855) Africa complex is stll a mater of India: MH, TN, AN debate (Nogueira & ten Hove 2000) Fauvel (1953); (Hartman 1974a) World: Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Mexico, A single record from Hare Island, Gulf of Naples (Italy), Ireland, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, South China # S. incrustans Claparède, 1870 Gulf of Mannar (Achari 1969). Mediterranean Sea Sea Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN Reported from Odisha (Fauvel 1953). Later, reported from various locatons along the Indian World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, coast. Although reported from # Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, North Sea, Red Sea, New Zealand, Spain, UK, UK coast Arctc to tropical, not a likely 1767 South Africa, Mozambique, France distributon. S. vermicularis India: OD should be reserved for the Atlantc-Mediterranean taxon (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009). World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, New Zealand, Japan, Spirobranchus Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Java (Indonesia) Philippines, New Caledonia Red Sea, South China corniculatus (Grube, 1862) al. (2016) Sea India: AN, LK World: Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, West Indies, Carribean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, S. giganteus (Pallas, 1766) Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) Atlantc Ocean Mozambique, South China Sea India: AN, TN World: South China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, Manila Bay (Philippines), Gulf of S. kraussii (Baird, 1865) North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) Mexico, Cape of Good Hope Caribbean Sea India: TN World: Gulf of Oman, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, South Fauvel (1953); Glasby et al. S. maldivensis Pixell, 1913 Maldives, Indian Ocean China Sea (2016) India: TN A single record from Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar (Fauvel 1953). Specimens of S. World: North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Red Sea # S. polytrema (Philippi, 1844) Mediterranean Sea polytrema from Indo-West Pacifc India: TN are probably complex of species (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009). Wehe & Fiege (2002) World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Species complex with a confused Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, taxonomic status that requires Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc more detailed comparison of # S. tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) New South Wales (Australia) Ocean, Madagascar, Philippines, Suez Canal, Red samples (Pillai 2009) Sea, South China Sea, Tanzania Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege India: TN (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) Reported as Spirobranchus polytrema indica (Fauvel, 1928) World: Belgium, France, Ireland, Mediterranean from Gulf of Mannar (Fauvel Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, 1953). Distributed from Norway # S. triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) European waters Netherlands, UK, Wadden Sea to and including Mediterranean- India: TN Atlantc, Black Sea, records from other areas questonable (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009) Part of complex with V. pygidialis, World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, V. infundibulum (ten Hove & Vermiliopsis glandigera Gravier, Hong Kong, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Red Sea, Djibout, Gulf of Aden Kupriyanova 2009). 1906 South China Sea, South Africa Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et India: AS, MH, TN al. (2016) Part of complex with V. Cheval Paar (Sri Lanka), Indian World: Red Sea, South China, Sea Tanzania V. pygidialis (Willey, 1905) glandigerus V. infundibulum (ten Ocean India: TN Hove & Kupriyanova 2009)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

Family Sternaspidae Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Andaman Islands, Chilika Lake, Ganjam Coast and Chennai. Repeatedly World: Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel, reported from India coast in # Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, Adriatc Sea. Neotype: Izmar 9–36 m depth. macrofauna papers. Records of 1817) Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey India: AN, AP, OD, GA, KL, MH, WB Sternaspis scutata from non- Mediterranean or Northeastern Atlantc localites might belong to other, undescribed species (Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo 2013) A single record from Chilika Lake (Southern 1921), however, # S. costata von Marenzeller, Japan. Neotype: Honshu Island, Philippines, Southern Sakhalin Island (Russia) the species was reported from 1879 Chiba, Boso Peninsula India: OD estuarine environments, which are questonable Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013). Family Terebellidae World: Canada, Beaufort Sea, North Atlantc Jayaraj et al. (2008b) reported # Artacama Spitsbergen, Arctc Ocean Ocean, South Atlantc Ocean, South Africa from NW coast of India. proboscidea Malmgren, 1866 India: northwest coast Day (1967) World: Gulf of Mexico, Indian Ocean, North Eupolymnia nebulosa Montagu, Atlantc Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Norway, Devon (England), Atlantc Ocean Glasby et al. (2016) 1819 Sweden, South China Sea. India: AN, TN, LK Gulf of Mannar and Arippu Reef, World: Sri Lanka E. labiata (Willey, 1905) Willey (1905) Indian OCean India: TN Based on phylogenetc analysis of morphological characters, the genus Lanice Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Axionice Malmgren, 1866 (Jirkov Mozambique, Mauritus, Mediterranean Sea, & Leontovich 2017). Based Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) Dutch EEZ Norway, North Atlantc Ocean, North Sea, Red on which Lanice conchilega is Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, UK moved to Axionice conchilega India: LK (Pallas, 1766) Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fuchald (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) See remarks under Axionice Of Gale (Sri Lanka), Indian World: Sri Lanka L. socialis Willey, 1905 conchilega. Lanice socialis moved Ocean India: AP, TN to Axionice socialis (Willey, 1905). The genus Loimia Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of World: Philippines Axionice Malmgren, 1866 (Jirkov Loimia crassiflis (Grube, 1878) Philippines India: TN & Leontovich 2017). Loimia cras siflis moved to Axionice crassiflis. See remarks under Loimia World: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, crassiflis. Loimia medusa moved Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Andaman Sea, to Axionice medusa (Savigny L. medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, South Africa, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Gulf of Suez in de Lamarck, 1818) (Jirkov & 1818) Atlantc Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Panama, Gulf Leontovich 2017). of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Colombo, Spain Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & India: GJ Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) See remarks under Loimia crassiflis. World: Caribbean Sea L. variegata (Grube, 1870) Red Sea L. variegate moved to Axionice India: TN variegata (Grube, 1870) (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). * Lysilla pambanensis Fauvel, Pamban Island, Rameswaram World: Kuwait Fauvel (1928) 1928 (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Belgium, France, Iceland, Ireland,Mediterranean Sea, Nicolea gracilibranchis Grube, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Philippines North Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spitsbergen, 1878 al. (2016) Singapore, Spain, UK India: AN, GJ, LK, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments A single record from Ratnagiri World: Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Red Sea #N. venustula (Montagu, 1819) United Kingdom EEZ (Day 1973). India: MH Wehe & Fiege (2002) The species is ofen reported in ecology papers from east coast of India. Although the species is recorded worldwide, World: Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal, all reports refer to Pista with # Pista cristata (Müller, 1776 ) Christanford (Norway) South Africa two pairs of branchiae, i.e. India: East coast to diferent species (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Distributon is restricted to shallow waters (not deeper than 25 m) of North and Mediterranean Sea The genus Pista Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of World: Andaman Sea, Britsh Columbia, Axionice Malmgren, 1866 (Jirkov Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Mozambique, North & Leontovich 2017). Based Pacifc Ocean, South Africa, Southeast Alaska, on which P. fasciata moved to P. fasciata (Grube, 1870) Egypt, Red Sea. South China Sea, Tanzania, USA Axionice fasciata (Grube, 1870) India: BoB (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) See remarks under P. fasciata. Pamban and Krusadai Islands, Based on which P. herpini Fauvel, World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Colombia * P. herpini Fauvel, 1928 Rameswaram (India), Bay of 1928 is moved to Axionice herpini India: MH, TN Bengal (Fauvel, 1928). Wehe & Fiege (2002) $ P. indica Fauvel, 1940 Kochi (India), Arabian Sea India: KL Fauvel (1940) See remarks under P. fasciata. P. pachybranchiata moved $ P. pachybranchiata Fauvel, Lakshadweep Sea, Indian Ocean India: LK to Axionice pachybranchiata 1932 (Fauvel, 1932) (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017) See remarks under P. fasciata. P. quadrilobata moved to Axionice Swakopmund (Nambia), Atlantc World: Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique P. quadrilobata (Augener, 1918) quadrilobata (Augener, 1918) Ocean India: Northwest coast (Jirkov and Leontovich 2017). Day (1967) See remarks under P. fasciata. P. World: Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman robustseta moved to Axionice P. robustseta Caullery, 1915 East Timorian EEZ India: LK robustseta (Caullery, 1915). Wehe & Fiege (2002). World: Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & P. typha Grube, 1878 Bohol (Phillippines) Japan, South China Sea, Red Sea Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: BoB, LK, TN, WB World: Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Levantne Sea, False Bay (South Africa), Atlantc Joydas & Damodaran (2009); # P. unibranchia Day, 1963 Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean Ocean Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: southwest coast Polycirrus coccineus (Grube, World: Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf Red Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1870) India: TN World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, *Streblosoma cespitosa (Willey, Rameswaram Island (India), Bay Willey (1905); Wehe & Fiege Philippines, South China Sea, Red Sea 1905) of Bengal (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: TN World: Arabian Gulf, Mozambique, South Africa, S. persica (Fauvel, 1908) Bouchir (Bahrain), Arabian Gulf Red Sea, Western Africa Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AP, GJ, TN World: Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Terebella ehrenbergi Gravier, Mozambique, North Atlantc Ocean, Suez Canal, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Red Sea 1906 Red Sea, South China Sea al. (2016) India: AN, OD, TN #T. ehrenbergi yappensis Okuda, Yap Island (Micronesia), Pacifc World: Micronesia A single record from Ratnagiri 1937 Ocean India: MH (Day 1973) Papanui Inlet, Otago Peninsula World: Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, T. plagiostoma Schmarda, 1861 (New Zealand) Red Sea, Zanzibar

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Colombia, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Cape of Good Hope (South Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege T. pterochaeta Schmarda, 1861 Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea Africa), Atlantc Ocean (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: LK $Terebellodibranchia Lakshadweep (India), Arabian agatensis Misra & India: LK Misra & Chakraborty (1990) Sea Chakraborty, 1990 Fauvel (1953) recorded the World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, #Thelepus Greenlandic part of the Arctc species from Port Blair, Andaman North Sea cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780) Ocean Islands is the only record from India: AN the region. Family Trichobranchidae Fauvel (1953) recorded the World: Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North #Trichobranchus species from Port Blair, Andaman Spitsbergen, Arctc Ocean Atlantc Ocean glacialis Malmgren, 1866 Islands and is a single record India: AN from the region. Fauvel (1953) reported the species as Terebellides stroemi Sars from Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal, Ganjam, World: Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Aden, Chennai and Lakshadweep Sea. Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc #Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 Bergensford, Norway Subsequqently reported from Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red Sea oother locatons in ecology India: AN, BoB, GA, LK, TN, WB papers. Species complex and need to re-evaluate the species described as T. stroemii (Parapar & Hutchings 2014) Family Trochochaetdae * Trochochaeta orissae (Fauvel, Of Puri, Odisha (India), Bay of India: GA, OD Fauvel (1932) 1932) Bengal A single record from of Azhikode (Achari 1968). T. watsoni is only reported from deep waters (530– World: Gulf of St Lawrence, North Atlantc Ocean 2359 m) of northwest Atlantc #T. watsoni (Fauvel, 1916) Canadian EEZ India: KL Ocean. Based on the characters, the Indian specimens are closer to the T. orissae (Petbone 1976). Echiura Family Bonneliidae Acanthobonellia Tomari (Okinawa Island, Japan), World: Japan, Central Indo-West Pacifc Ikeda (1904); Menon et al. miyajimai (Ikeda, 1904) Sea of Japan India: GJ (1964); Biseswar (2010) Gulf of Kachchh (India), Arabian *A. pirotanensis Jose, 1964 World: Central Indo-West Pacifc India: GJ Jose (1964); Biseswar (2010) Sea *A. rollandoe Menon, Pirotan Island, Gulf of Kachchh World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Menon et al. (1964); Biseswar DataGupta & Johnson, 1964 (India), Arabian Sea India: GJ (2010) Achaetobonellia World: Pacifc Ocean Onotoa, Gilbert Island Fisher (1953); Biseswar (2010) maculata Fisher, 1953 India: GJ A single record from World: Central Indo-West Pacifc (CIWP), West Okhotsk, Sakhlain Island, Pacifc Lakshadweep (Haldar & # Eubonellia valida Fisher, 1946 Pacifc (WP) Ocean Datagupta 1991). India: LK Fisher (1946); Biseswar (2010) Family Echiurus echiurus World: Atlantc Ocean, South Africa, Japan Cosmopolitant species (Biseswar Belgium Coast echiurus (Pallas, 1766) India: LK 1997; 2009; 2010) Family Ikedidae *Ikeda pirotansis (Menon & Gulf of Kachchh (India), Arabian India: GJ Menon & DataGupta (1962) DataGupta, 1962) Sea A single record from Gulf of # Ikedella misakiensis (Ikeda, Jogashima, Misaki (Japan), World: North Pacifc Ocean Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005) 1904) Pacifc Ocean India: GJ Ikeda (1904) Family Thalassematdae *Anelassorhynchus Chingrighata, Kolkata (India), World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Annandale & Kemp (1915); branchiorhynchus (Annandale & Bay of Bengal India: GJ, OD, WB Biseswar (2010) Kemp, 1915)

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments * A. chaetferus DataGupta, Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar World: Central Indo-West Pacifc DataGupta et al. (1963); Menon & Johnson, 1963 (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Biseswar (2010) *A. dendrorhynchus (Annandale Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Annandale & Kemp (1915); & Kemp, 1915) Bengal India: OD Biseswar (2010) World: Central Indo-West Pacifc *A. loborhynchus DataGupta & Gomat, Dwarka (india), Arabian DataGupta & Menon (1966); India: GJ Menon, 1966 Sea Biseswar (2010)

World: Central Indo-West Pacifc, West Indian Inanse (Okinawa Island, Japan), A. inansensis (Ikeda, 1904) Ocean Ikeda (1904); Biseswar (2010) Sea of Japan India: LK *A. microrhynchus (Prashad, Chandipore, Odisha (India), Bay World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Prashad (1919); Biseswar (2010) 1919) of Bengal India: OD World: Central Indo-West Pacifc; West Indian A. moebii (Greef, 1879) Mauritus, Indian Ocean Ocean Biseswar (2010) India: AN, LK Tale Sab, Singora (Malay World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Lanchester (1905); Biseswar A. sabinus (Lanchester, 1905) Peninsula) India: AN, GJ, OD, TN, (2010) Jiaozhou Bay (China), Yellow Sea World: Central Indo-West Pacifc; South Pacifc Biseswar & Moodley (1989); Listriolobus brevirostris Chen & (historic name Kiao-Chow Bay, Ocean Biseswar (2010) Yeh, 1958 Shantung) India: GJ, KL World: Central Indo-West Pacifc, East Atlantc, *Ochetostoma arkat (Prashad, Sandheads, Kokata (India), Bay Prashad (1935); Biseswar (1985; Indian Ocean 1935) of Bengal 2010) India: WB World: Central Indo-West Pacifc, Western Pacifc O. australiense Edmonds, 1960 Queensland (Australia) Edmonds (1960); Biseswar (2010) India: AN, OD *O. bombayense (Prashad & World: Central Indo-West Pacifc Prashad & Awat (1929); Biseswar Mumbai (India), Arabian Sea Awat, 1929) India: MH (2010) World: Central Indo-West Pacifc, Western Indian O. caudex (Lampert, 1883) Red Sea Ocean, West Pacifc Bisewar (1983; 2010) India: AN World: Adriatc Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Cosmopolitant species (Biseswar O. erythrogrammon Rüppell & Red Sea Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, South Pacifc Ocean 2010) Leuckart, 1828 India: GJ World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean, Western Indain O. formosulum (Lampert, 1883) Manila (Cavité bei Manila) Ocean Lampert (1883); Bisewar (2010) India: GJ Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean *O. hornelli (Prashad, 1921) Prashad (1921); Bisewar (2010) Bengal India: TN World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean, Western Indain Ross Island, Port Blair (India), *O. kempi (Prashad, 1919) Ocean Prashad (1919); Bisewar (2010) India Ocean India: AN World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean, Western Indain O. palense (Ikeda, 1924) Palau Islands, Pacifc Ocean Ocean, West Pacifc Biseswar (2010) India: LK *O. septemyotum DataGupta, World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean Kollam (India), Arabian Sea Biseswar (2010) Menon & Johnson, 1963 India: KL Bueni Rif now Mbweni World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean O. stuhlmanni (Fischer, 1892) Fischer (1892); Biseswar (2010) (Zanzibar), Indian Ocean India: LK World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean, Western Indain O. zanzibarense Stephen & Bat Island (Zanzibar), Indain Stephen & Robertson (1952); Ocean Robertson, 1952 Ocean Biseswar (2010) India: GJ World: Central Indo-Pacifc Ocean, Western Indain Thalassema diaphanes Sluiter, Bay of Batavia (Indonesia) Ocean Biseswar (2010) 1889 India: AN, GJ, LK World: Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Cosmopolitan species (Biseswar # T. thalassema (Pallas, 1774) Cornwall (UK), Atlantc Ocean Ocean, North Sea, Spain, UK (2010) India: GJ Clitellata

Family Megascolecidae World: Australia, Japan, Galapagos, New Zealand, Pontodrilus litoralis (Grube, Not documented North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Taiwan Blakemore (2007) 1855) India: KL, OD, PU, TN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments

Family Naididae World: Baltc Sea, Bay of Biscay, Ionian Sea, North # Aktedrilus monospermathecus Kiel Bay (West Germany), Baltc Sea, North Atlantc Ocean Erséus (1980) Knöllner, 1935 Sea India: AN World: Brazil, Britsh Columbia, Canada, Cosmopolitan species (Baker & Monopylephorus parvus Denamark, South Africa, USA, North Atlantc Bermuda Island, Atlantc Ocean Brinkhurst 1981) Ditlevsen, 1904 Ocean, Sweden Naidu (2005) India: OD Family Enchytraeidae World: Bay of Fundy, Ireland, New Zealand, Kiel Bay (West Germany), Baltc North Atlantc Ocean, Sout Pacifc Ocean, United Cosmopolitan species (Lasserre Enchytraeus albidus Henle, 1837 Sea Kingdom 1971) India: AP World: Algeria, Armenia, China, Denmark,Ireland, Fridericia bulbosa (Rosa, 1887) Not documented Germany, Italy Xie et al. (2002) India: AN, AP, OD # Marionina subterranea World: North Atlantc Ocean, UK Poland Coates (1983) (Knöllner, 1935) India: AP World: Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Florida, French Stephensoniella marina (Moore, Gibson Hil Tip, Coney Sol, Guyana Naidu (2005) 1902) (Bermuda), Atlantc Ocean India: AP, KL, OD, TN AMPHINOMIDA

Family Amphinomidae World: Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, * Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Bay of Bengal 1766) Red Sea, South China Sea, Spain al. (2016) India: BoB, GJ, KL $ A. anatfera Krishnamoorthi & Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal India: TN Krishnamoorthi & Daniel (1950) Daniel, 1950 taxon inquirendum Benthoscolex coecus Horst, World: Gulf of Aden Sri Lanka EEZ, Indian Ocean Wehe & Fiege (2002) 1912 India: Lakshadweep Sea World: Andaman Sea Chloeia amphora Horst, 1910 Malay Archipelago Aungtonya et al. (2002) India: AN Horst (1910) considered C. bengalensis Kinberg, 1867 as nomen nudum as they were $ C. bengalensis Kinberg, 1867 Bay of Bengal India: Bay of Bengal only briefy mentoned, without descripton nor fgures (Kinberg 1867) World: Japan, Red Sea, South China Sea, Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege C. fava (Pallas, 1766) Ambon, Bay of Bengal Singapore, South Africa Sri Lanka (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, TN World: Andaman Sea C. fava pulchella Baird, 1868 North Australia Aungtonya et al. (2002) India: AN Maldives, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique Madagascar, Red Sea, South Africa, South China C. fusca McIntosh, 1885 Moluccas Islands (Indonesia) Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) Sea India: AN, AS, TN World: Gulf of Oman, Arabian Gulf, Mergui Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby C. parva Baird, 1868 Indo-Pacifc Archipelago, Singapore, Andaman Sea et al. (2016) India: AN, AP, OD, TN, WB World: Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et C. rosea Pots, 1909 Amirante Islands, Indian Ocean India: AS, MH, TN al. (2016) World: Gulf of Aden, Maldives, Mozambique, Cryptonome Madagascar, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Day (1967); Wehe & Fiege Indonesia parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) Sea (2002), Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, GA, MH, OD

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Gulf of Mannar and Andaman Island. Reported from other locatons in ecology World: wide distributon- Atlantc Ocean, Gulf papers. of Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, # Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, Antgua Island, Caribbean Sea, E. complanata is a complex South Africa, Singapore, Turkey, Greece, Red Sea, 1766) Atlantc Ocean cryptc species and occurrence Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf outside the Atlantc Ocean is India: AN, GA, GJ, MH, KL, TN doubtul (Barroso et al. 2010) Wehe & Fiege (2002), Barros et al. (2010), Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, New Hipponoe gaudichaudi Audouin Port Jackson (Australia) Zealand, North Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) & Milne Edwards, 1830 India: Andaman Sea Amirante Island and Saya de World: Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Philippines Notopygos hispida Pots, 1909 Malhas (Seychelles), Indian Wehe & Fiege (2002) India: AN, LK Ocean World: South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016); Salazar- N. labiatus McIntosh, 1885 Basilian Strait, Sulu Sea India: AN, LK Vallejo et al. (2014). Hulule, Male Atoll (Maldives), World: Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea N. variabilis Pots, 1909 Glasby et al. (2016) Indian Ocean India: AN * Paramphinome indica Fauvel, Cape Comorin (India), Arabian World: South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) 1932 Sea India: AS, TN World: Hawaiian EEZ, Madagascar, Mozambique, Pherecardia striata (Kinberg, Moorea (South Pacifc Island), Indian Ocean, Philippines, South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) 1857) Pacifc Ocean India: LK Family Euphrosinidae Euphrosine capensis Kinberg, Cape of Good Hope (South World: Mozambique, South Africa Day (1967) 1857 Africa), Atlantc Ocean India: MH World: Arabian Gulf, Greece, Ireland, E. foliosa Audouin & H Milne Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, North St. Malo (France) Wehe & Fiege (2002) Edwards, 1833 Sea, Red Sea, UK India: AN Family Chaetopteridae World: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Malay Archipelago, Chaetopterus Mediterranean Sea North Sea, North Atlantc Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et Adriatc Sea variopedatus (Renier, 1804) Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore, Sri al. (2016) Lanka, UK, Western Indian Ocean India: MH, TN Mesochaetopterus World: Andaman Sea (Thailand), Taiwan Aungtonya (2002); Nishi & Hsieh Japan EEZ japonicus Fujiwara, 1934 India: MH (2009) Although M. minutus is distributed in the Atlantc, Indian and Pacifc Oceans, World: Mozambique, South Africa, North Atlantc morphological diferences Cape Verde Island, Atlantc # M. minutus Pots, 1914 Ocean, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands between specimens suggest the Ocean India: TN existence of diferent species at each locality (Bhaud et al. 2006). Fauvel (1953); Nishi & Hsieh (2009) World: Mozambique, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Phyllochaetopterus Zanzibar, Indain Ocean Lanka, Tanzania, Zanzibar Day (1967); Mustaquim (2000) eliot Crossland, 1903 India: TN World: Maldives P. gardineri Crossland, 1904 Maldives, Indian Ocean Fauvel (1953) India: LK World: Arabian Gulf, Brazil, Costa Rica, Gulf of California, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Nicoya, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, South Gulf of Naples (Italy), Africa, South Carolina Contnental Shelf, Turkey, Wehe & Fiege (2002); Artüz et P. socialis Claparède, 1869 Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, al. (2014) North Atlantc Ocean, South Africa, New Zealand, Spain India: AS, LK, MH, OD, WB

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments Spiochaetopterus costarum was World: Belgium, Belize, Caribbean Sea, France, considered to be a cosmopolitan Spiochaetopterus Gulf of Naples (Italy), Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, North Atlantc species however detailed studies costarum (Claparède, 1869) Mediterranean Sea Ocean, Red Sea, Spain need to be carried before giving India: TN it at cosmopolitan status (Bhaud et al. 2003) Family Magelonidae India: Mediterranean Sea, South Africa Magelona capensis Day, 1961 Agulhas Bank (South Africa) Day (1967) India: KL World: Andaman Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Iran, Hong Day (1967); Aungtonya et al. (South Africa), Indian M. cincta Ehlers, 1908 Kong, Mozambique, Qatar, South China Sea (2002); Mortmer et al. (2012); Ocean India: AP, GA, KA, KL, OR, TN Glasby et al. (2016) World: Hong Kong; Gulf of Aden, Oman, Gulf of Mortmer & Mackie (2009) Magelona cornuta Wesenberg- Mexico, Ivory Coast, Red Sea, South China Sea, consider M. cornuta to have an Gulf of Oman Lund, 1949 west coast of Africa Indo-West Pacifc distributon India: Arabian Sea Wehe & Fiege (2002) Reported by Tampi & Rangarajan (1964) from Palk Bay, however, Mortmer (2010) observed World: Japan #M. japonica Okuda, 1937 Japan diferences in the prostomium India: TN in the specimen reported from Indian to that of Okuda and need to be re-investgated Puget Sound (Washington), World: Canada, Chukchi Sea, North Pacifc Ocean Recorded in India from Kasargod #M. longicornis Johnson, 1901 Atlantc Ocean India: KL and Kannur by Devi et al. (1996) The specimen was reported from World: Red Sea, South Africa, Madagascar, Porto Novo, India (Srikrishnadhas Santa Catharina (Brazil), Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantc & Ramamoorthi 1975) which #M. papillicornis F. Müller, 1858 Atalantc Ocean Ocean, Ireland is questonable and should be India: TN investgated (Mortmer 2010). Day (1967), Wehe & Fiege (2002) World: Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Reported in India from Dabhol Woods Hole (Massachusets), Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, Spain, Ukraine, South (Ingole et al. 2002) and southern #M. rosea Moore, 1907 Atlantc Ocean China Sea coast of India (Musale & Desai India: MH, southern coast 2011). Family Oweniidae *Myriochele picta Southern, Chilika Lake (India), Bay of World: South China Sea Southern (1921); Glasby et al. 1921 Bengal India: LK, OD LK, TN, (2016) Recorded at Thoothukudi by World: Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Arabian Fauvel Gulf, North Sea, Adriatc Sea, South Africa, (1953). Cosmopolitan status # Owenia fusiformis Delle Sicily (Italy) Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, South of O. fusiformis has been Chiaje, 1844 China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Andaman Sea questoned (e.g Martn et al. India: AN, KL, LK, MH, OD, TN, WB 2006; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018) SIPUNCULA

Family Aspidosiphonidae World: Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) "Small islands of the Pacifc Madgascar, Red Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, South elegans (Chamisso & Çinar (2014) Ocean" Pacifc Ocean, Turkey Eysenhardt, 1821) India: GJ, TN World: Adriatc Sea, Aegean Sea, Africa, Costa Rica Eastern Atlantc Ocean, Ireland, Gulf of Aden A. (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, Not documented Dean (2001) muelleri Diesing, 1851 North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Western Pacifc (Japan to Australia) India: AS, MH A. (Aspidosiphon) gracilis World: Philippines South China Sea; Indo-Pacifc Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Philippines gracilis (Baird, 1868) India: AN (2016) World: Western Atlantc and Carribean (from A. (Paraspidosiphon) laevis Cape Hateras, USA to Brazil), Cuba, Curaçao, Glasby et al. (2016); Dean et al. Kosier, Red Sea Quatrefages, 1865 South China; Sea western Pacifc Ocean (2007) India: AN

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Curaçao, Carribean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, A. (Paraspidosiphon) Indain Ocean; Indo- and western Pacifc, North St. Thomas Haldar (1991); Dean et al. (2007) steenstrupii Diesing, 1859 Atlantc Ocean, South China Sea India: AN, Daman & Diu, GJ, LK, TN A. (Paraspidosiphon) tenuis World: South Pacifc Ocean, South China Sea Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Not documented Sluiter, 1886 India: AN (2016) World: Madagascar, Indian Ocean, South Pacifc Cloeosiphon aspergillus Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo Isle of France Ocean, South China Sea, Taiwan (Quatrefages, 1865) (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, Daman& Diu, GJ, KL, LK, TN $ Lithacrosiphon cristatus Minicoy, Lakshadweep (India), India: GJ, LK Haldar (1991) lakshadweepensis Haldar, 1991 Arabian Sea Family Golfnglldae Nephasoma (Nephasoma) India: South Pacifc Ocean Banda Sea, Pacifc Ocean Haldar (1991) fliforme (Sluiter, 1902) World: Gulf of Mexico, New Zealand, North N. (Nephasoma) pellucidum St. Thomas, Antlles (West Atlantc Ocean Haldar (1991) (Keferstein, 1865) Indies), Caribbean Sea India: OD, TN Nephasoma (Cutlerensis) World: Indian Ocean Of Somalia coast, Indian Ocean Haldar (1991) rutlofuscum (Fischer, 1916) India: of GJ Phascolion (Montuga) pacifcum dentculatum Saiz, Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea India: MH Saiz et al. (2015) Bustamante, Tajadura, Vijapure & Sukumaran, 2015 Family Phascolosomatdae Antllesoma antllarum (Grube World: Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantc Ocean West Indies, Carribean Sea Haldar (1991) & Oersted, 1858) India: AN, GJ, LK, WB World: New Zealand, North Pacifc Ocean, South Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo Not documented China Sea, Taiwan agassizii Keferstein, 1866 (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, GJ, Daman& Diu, LK World: Indo-West Pacifc, South Pacifc Ocean, P. (Phascolosoma) albolineatum Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Philippine Islands South China Sea (Baird, 1868) (2016) India: AN, GJ, LK * P. (Phascolosoma) arcuatum World: Indo-West Pacifc, South China Sea, Taiwan Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo India (Gray, 1828) India: AN, WB (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Ireland, Mauritus, Mediterranean Sea, P. (Phascolosoma) granulatum North Atlantc Ocean, Red Sea, Somalia, South Cete (France) Haldar (1991) Leuckart, 1828 Africa, Spain, Zanzibar India: AN, TN World: New Zealand, Turkey, South China Sea, Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo P. (Phascolosoma) agassizii Mendocino (California), Pacifc Taiwan (2009); Çinar (2014); Glasby et agassizii Keferstein, 1866 Ocean India: AN, Daman & Diu, GJ, LK al. (2016) World: Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, P. (Phascolosoma) nigrescens Fiji Red Sea, Indian, Atlantc and Pacifc Ocean Haldar (1991); Dean (2001) (Keferstein, 1865) India: AN, GJ, LK, TN World: Red Sea, Indian and Pacifc Ocean, South P. (Phascolosoma) pacifcum Kingsmill Islands (Gilbert- and Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo China Sea, Taiwan Keferstein, 1866 Tarawa Island) (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, BoB, GJ, LK According to (Kawauchi & Giribet 2010) “circumtropical cosmopolitan species World: Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Phascolosoma perlucens is Caribbean, Western Pacifc, Eastern Atlantc and # P. (Phascolosoma) perlucens probably a complex of species Jamaica, Carribean Sea Indian Oceans, of Panama, South China Sea Baird, 1868 resultng from the mixture of India: AN, AP, Daman & Diu, KL, LK, TN over conservatve taxonomy and cryptc speciaton” Haldar (1991); Dean (2001); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Adriatc Sea, Madagascar, New Zealand, P. (Phascolosoma) scolops Red Sea, Atlantc, Indian and Pacifc Ocean, South Haldar (1991); Hsueh & Kuo Philippines (Selenka & de Man, 1883) China Sea, Taiwan (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, Daman &Diu, GJ, LK, MH, TN World: Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North P. (Phascolosoma) stephensoni Atlantc Ocean, South Africa, South Pacifc Ocean, Haldar (1991); Çinar (2014); Isipingo Beach, Durban (Stephen, 1942) South China Sea, Spain, Turkey Glasby et al. (2016) India: KL, LK

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Species Type locality Distributon References and comments World: Australia, Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Apionsoma (Apionsoma) Indo-Pacifc, Indian Ocean, Japan, New Zealand, Haldar (1991); Dean (2001); Of Java (Indonesia) trichocephalus Sluiter, 1902 Southeastern USA, South Africa, South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) India: GJ, LK, MH Genetc diferences observed World: Aegean Sea, Bahamas, Caribbean, Greece, # A. (Apionsoma) misakianum (Staton & Rice 1999). Misaki (Japan) Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, Indo-Pacifc, Turkey (Ikeda, 1904) Haldar (1991); Dean et al. (2007); World: GJ, LK Çinar (2014) Family Sipunculidae World: New Zealand, Madagascar, South Africa, Siphonosoma australe australe Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Sydney (Australia) South China Sea Indian and Pacifc Ocean (Keferstein, 1865) (2016) India: AN, AP, TN, WB World: Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, tropical and subtropical Atlantc Haldar (1991); Dean et al. (2007); S. cumanense (Keferstein, 1867) Cumana (Venezuela) and Pacifc Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, South Glasby et al. (2016) China Sea India: AN, Daman & Diu, GJ, LK, TN World: Atlantc Ocean, South Pacifc Ocean S. rotumanum (Shipley, 1898) Rotuma (Fijii) Haldar (1991) India: AP World: Costa Rica, Indian and Pacifc Ocean, South S. vastum (Selenka & Bulow, Jaluit (Marshall Island), Pacifc Haldar (1991); Dean (2001); China Sea 1883) Ocean Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, LK Sipunculus (Austrosipbon) World: Madagascar, South Pacifc Ocean Mozambique, India Ocean Haldar (1991) indicus Peters, 1850 India: AN, LK World: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantc Ocean, # S. (Sipunculus) norvegicus Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Hardanger Fjord (Norway) Pacifc Ocean, Spain, South China Sea Danielssen, 1869 (2016) India: BoB, Lakshadweep Sea S. nudus species complex and morphological and molecular World: Atlantc, Indian and, Pacifc Ocean, studies does not support the # Sipunculus (Sipunculus) nudus Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, South China “European Waters” cosmopolitan distributon Linnaeus, 1766 Sea (Kawauchi & Giribet 2013). India: AN, AS, LK, TN, WB Haldar (1991); Dean et al. (2007); Glasby et al. (2016) World: Atlantc Ocean, Caribean, Indo-west S. (Sipunculus) robustus Uwea, Wallis Island, Pacifc Pacifc, Madagascar, Red Sea, South Pacifc Ocean, Haldar (1991); Dean et al. (2007); Keferstein, 1865 Ocean South China Sea Glasby et al. (2016) India: AN, GJ, TN Sipunculus (Sipunculus) World: Indonesia, Japan Haldar (1977); Cutler & Cutler Pajunga and Kur, Pacifc Ocean phalloides inclusus Sluiter, 1902 India: AN (1985) Family Themistdae # Themiste (Themiste) hennahi World: California, Baja California, Chile Peru, Pacifc Ocean Haldar (1991) Gray, 1828 India: AN World: Argentna, Australia, Cape Province, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mombasa, T. (Lagenopsis) lageniformis New Zealand, Red Sea, South-east coast of South Haldar (1991); Glasby et al. Australia? (Baird, 1868) Africa, Singapore, South Pacifc Ocean, South (2016) China Sea, Tristan da Cunha India: AN, GJ, KL, LK, MH, TN

Table 2. Taxonomic richness and status of marine annelids, India.

Clades Family Genera Species Type Locality Endemic Questonable Misidentfcaton

Erranta 31 151 354 19 59 64 3

Sedentaria 31 155 301 41 26 97 7

Sipuncula 5 11 36 1 1 5 -

Amphinomida 2 10 20 2 2 1 -

Chaetopteridae 1 4 7 - - 1 -

Magelonidae 1 1 7 - - 4 -

Oweniidae 1 2 2 1 - 1 -

Total 72 334 727 64 88 173 10

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1 2

3 4

5 6

Image 1–6. Marine annelid families: 1—Paraonidae | 2—Eunicidae | 3—Polynoidae | 4—Maldanidae | 5—Poecilochaetdae | 6—Capitellidae. © Sanitha K. Sivadas.

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8 7

9 10

11 12

Image 7–12. Marine annelid families: 7—Cirratulidae | 8—Onuphidae | 9—Flabelligeridae | 10—Glyceridae | 11—Goniadidae | 12— Hesionidae. © Sanitha K. Sivadas.

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13 14

15 16

17 18

Image 13–18. Marine annelid families: 13—Lumbrineridae | 14—Nephtyidae | 15—Nereididae | 16—Opheliidae | 17—Sabellidae | 18— Spionidae.© Sanitha K. Sivadas.

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19 20

Image 19–20. Marine annelid families: 19—Sternaspidae | 20—Chrysopetalidae. © Sanitha K. Sivadas.

from tropical regions having names that were ofen Impediments to taxonomy based upon the specimens of the Scandinavian or This checklist was compiled with the aim of updatng Mediterranean regions (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2014; the Indian annelid species list for future references. A Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). This argument is number of factors combine to make the current marine very true for the marine annelids of India as European annelid checklist of India far from complete. One of taxonomists carried out the inital studies on the fauna the factors that contribute to a decline in biodiversity of this region. Multple records may exist for species research is that taxonomic studies are largely neglected from Europe and other regions, which most likely may in favour of ecological research. There are other not be found in the Indian waters. Therefore, we may priorites that take over taxonomic research in this have many natve undescribed species concealed under country, for e.g., global science trends, commercial incorrectly applied older European names (Sivadas et al. or politcal treatse, and specifc interests of some 2016a; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). scientfc lobbies and corporatons. Evidence for this is Like the polychaetes, there are no updated substantated from our bibliography review, wherein, publicatons on the other marine annelid groups only 207 publicatons were focused on annelid studies, from this region. In the case of sipunculans, afer the and in the last few decades (1960–2020) only 74 papers publicaton of the frst checklist (Haldar 1991), there were related to taxonomy (Figure 3). The Bombay was no other publicaton on this group, except for a Natural History Society (BNHS), Centre for Marine and new subspecies report (Saiz et al. 2015). The aquatc Living Resources (CMLRE), CSIR- Natonal Insttute of oligochaetes of India were compiled by Naidu (2005) Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Natonal Centre for Coastal that reported 101 species and one subspecies from the Research (formerly, Integrated Coastal and Marine region. Only three species, however, were reported Area Management - Project Directorate; ICMAM PD), from the estuarine and coastal areas. Although, Natonal Centre of Sustainable Coastal Management oligochaetes, sipunculans, and echiurans are frequently (NCSCM), ZSI, and a few credible Indian universites reported in ecology papers, their identfcaton is usually (e.g., Andhra University, Anna University, Annamalai restricted to higher taxonomic level. University, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Goa University) are some of the insttutons working on marine biodiversity. Marine biodiversity studies on

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this subcontnent are mainly focused on select marine publicatons are now easily available online for free taxa, considered of economic importance, and the level and hopefully are being referenced by numerous of identfcaton is ofen kept to genera/family level. researchers. We have also observed that biodiversity and ecology Our review of several ecological publicatons and research are limited to a few locatons along the Indian EIA and monitoring reports revealed doubtul species coast, such as, habitats near and around the host records, misidentfcatons, spelling errors, and a usage insttutes and biodiversity hotspot regions like, the Gulf of unaccepted scientfc species names, a trend observed of Kachchh in Gujarat (northwest coast), Gulf of Mannar in ecological studies worldwide (Bortolus 2008; Sivadas and Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu (southeastern coast) and, & Madeswaran 2020). Since ecological studies form the Andaman & Nicobar Island (Bay of Bengal). Therefore, a baseline for many of the biological disciplines, it also vast region of this country is stll underexplored. plays an important role in spreading and magnifying Further, there is limited work to update the checklist the conceptual and methodological errors (Bortolus of marine invertebrates in the country (Parameswaran 2008). Moreover, taxon authorites and literature that et al. 2017; Samuel et al. 2017). Monographic were used for identfcaton are not included in the revisions allow identfying missing data, the need for reference sectons of most publicatons. Although such new collectons and additonal data, and updated publicatons were not considered in the present paper, taxonomic status of a species (Dayrat 2011). The researchers need to cite the identfcaton literature and lack of recent monographic revisions makes Indian taxonomic authority as it will allow for future correcton researchers depend on older literature and monographs or verifcaton and will also help to improve the citaton or literature from temperate regions. The use of such quality of taxonomic papers. The alarming trend in sources is one of the primary reasons for erroneous systematc and taxonomic/bibliometric evaluaton of species records found in the regional biodiversity data. publicatons is a topic that is extensively discussed A major drawback when referring to older literature (e.g., Krell 2002; Boero 2010; Steiner et al. 2015). In is that the descriptons of many species are very additon to the above reasons, predatory publicatons brief with poor illustratons, limited or no supportng are afectng the quality of local marine research and informaton on their locaton, reproducton or habitat in partcular, the overall biodiversity and taxonomic (Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). Another drawback studies in India (Raghavan et al. 2014). The superfcial or of overdependence on Fauvel and Day’s monographs non-existng peer review process in predatory journals is that new species publicatons from the region, post does not allow fxing of scientfc and taxonomic errors 1953 Fauvel’s publicaton, are not referred; as a result, resultng in the propagaton of the mistakes. those species have not been reported from any other As mentoned earlier in this paper, ecology programs locaton (e.g., Glycera embranchiata Krishnamoorthi have been given a top priority over taxonomic studies 1962, Hesionides peculiaris Westheide & Rao, 1977, and in India in the last few decades. Premier insttutes with Lycastonereis indica Nageswara-Rao, 1981). access to research ships and state-of-the art facilites A primary reason for the poor state of marine focus their research on ecology and other scientfc biodiversity knowledge is that most Indian insttutes disciplines. Mainly, due to the fact that acquiring funding and universites lack trained taxonomists; as a result, for ecology projects are comparatvely easier than young researchers are ofen ‘self-taught’ using outdated for biodiversity programs. Ecological and monitoring literature. Their complete dependence on outdated projects are conducted on a long-term basis that can keys along with very short descriptons given in those generate extremely valuable data on their distributon publicatons ultmately results in erroneous species patern, temporal variability, and habitat informaton reportng. Currently, many insttutons lack access to and thus contribute to an increased knowledge of critcal taxonomic literature, which may partly explain marine biodiversity of a region (Sivadas & Madeswaran why researchers contnue their dependence on such 2020). This is evident from some of the recent new older literature. With these outdated works stll cited marine invertebrate species and checklist published in many recent publicatons, we feel that younger and from India as outcomes of ecology projects (e.g., Mandal newer researchers working on taxonomy need to make et al. 2007, 2018; Yokoyama & Sukumaran 2012; Saiz et an efort to update and carry out taxonomic revisions of al. 2015; Parapar et al. 2016). annelids from the Indian subcontnent. Most insttutes and museums in India and other regions are digitzing their library collectons, hence, many of these original

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Role of Taxonomy in Conservaton Way Forward Modifcaton of Earth’s ecosystem has altered As a positve step towards improving our regional biodiversity in many regions of the world which will be biodiversity studies, our paper contributes to the further exacerbated as consequence of human-induced updated checklists of marine annelids from the Indian climate crisis. The estmated global species extncton subcontnent. Natonal and internatonal collaboratons rate is between 100 and 1,000 tmes the rate during with initatves focusing on new exploraton and training pre-human history (Lamkin & Miller 2016). Despite the young researchers will be fundamental to complete biodiversity crisis, data shows that there is a decrease annelid inventories and contribute to the worldwide in the number of new species described in proporton efort to understand the world’s biodiversity. Brazil, to the number taxonomists (Costello et al. 2014). The USA, Mexico, Spain, Russia, and the European countries limited knowledge of Earth’s biodiversity in a rapidly are examples of how a contnuous support for taxonomy changing environment will have a consequence on results in the substantal growth of biodiversity studies the conservaton; mainly because, developing species and is refected in the number of taxonomic papers conservaton plans requires adequate knowledge and published from these regions (de Carvalho et al. 2007). descripton of the species for that region. One of the In fact, Brazil’s ‘Natonal Zoology Program’ is an example most important criteria used for conservaton plans of a biodiversity program that was implemented in are the indices of species diversity and endemism (e.g., the 1980s at a relatvely low cost. Hundreds of new Myers et al. 2000; Pimm et al. 2014; Ceauşu et al. 2015). taxonomists were trained, resultng in rapid increase in Therefore the revelaton that 25% of the recorded the reportng of new species, and the Brazilian zoological species from the region are doubtul records will have community contnues to grow rapidly (Buckup et al. a major implicaton for biodiversity studies. As species 2007; de Carvalho et al. 2007; Lana et al. 2017). also form the basis of variety of disciplines including For improving the annelid research in India, the ecology, biogeography, and monitoring, several following initatves are recommended: modelling approaches have been developed to predict · Workshops for training and exchanging new data species distributon (Guisan & Thuiller 2005; Elith & between Indian insttutes and universites. Leathwick 2009). Such models, however, are ofen · Updatng the current literature based on re- limited due to uncertainty and errors which includes evaluatng type material and new collectons under defciencies in species data (Costa et al. 2015). expert guidance. Considering that most of the annelid species were · Increased collaboraton between organizatons frst recorded during the 19th century and subsequent working on ecology and biodiversity. records were based on older monographs (e.g., Day · Forming taxonomic groups or societes at the local 1967), the identtes of these historical species must and natonal levels. be used with cauton. Species that are identfed · Form a standard process to track and maintain new incorrectly contribute to a false negatve towards species vouchers at private collectons, insttutes or at ‘taxonomic and functonal diversity estmates’, leading museums. to inaccurate results on the biodiversity data of a region · Collaborate with internatonal researchers and (e.g., Beerkircher et al. 2009; Costa et al. 2015; Soultan museums on new informaton, analysis techniques, and & Saf 2017). This causes a domino efect resultng in sample exchanges. poorly assessed decisions, leading policy makers to underestmate critcal decisions that adversely afect our sensitve ecosystems (e.g., Morrison et al. 2009; CONCLUSION Austen et al. 2016). As the present list of erroneous records was based on distributon data and literature, India, although a megadiverse region, knowledge it can only be confrmed by examinaton of type of its marine biodiversity is yet to be acquired. Based material, or collecton of fresh samples that need to on our assessment, this is also true for the marine be identfed under expert guidance. Loss of natve annelid diversity of India and the numbers reported biodiversity due to misidentfcaton is one of the most may indeed be an underestmaton of the true diversity common examples of taxonomic errors (Bortolus 2008). in India. A signifcant percentage of this undocumented Therefore, the informaton presented here should diversity of annelid exists as ‘cosmopolitan/ erroneous’ encourage future studies on the marine Annelida of the species records. Accurate taxonomy will greatly beneft Indian subcontnent. ecological studies and conservaton programs as it will be

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based on a relatvely secure species list. We, therefore, Alikunhi, K.H. (1943). On an undescribed hermaphroditc species feel it is crucial for India to know and recognize its natve of Microphthalmus (Hesionidae) occurring on the sandy beach at Madras. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 29: 149–150. biota. Natonal and regional initatves focusing on new Alikunhi, K.H. (1946). On a new species of Saccocirrus from the exploraton, especially in deeper waters and training Madras Beach. Current Science 15(5): 140. Alikunhi, K.H. (1947). On Pisione complexa, n. sp. from the sandy new researchers is a must for the future of annelid beach, Madras. Proceedings of the Indian Natonal Science research in India. Given that the best technology and Academy, Part B, Biological Sciences 13: 105–127. facilites are available in some of the natonal insttutes, Alikunhi, K.H. (1948). On some archiannelids of the Krusadai Island. Proceedings of the Natonal Insttute of Science, India 14(8): 373– we suggest the actve role of these organizatons in 383. biodiversity studies. Suitable as this may sound, we Alikunhi, K.H. (1949). On Anophthalmus (Fam: Hesionidae) A new would stll like to point out that no mater how efcient genus of polychaetes with descriptons of four new species from the sandy beach of Madras. Proceeding of the Indian Science Congress a given training is, it can only be benefcial if there are 35: 192. sufcient job opportunites in taxonomy available in that Alikunhi, K.H. (1951). On the reproductve organs ofPisione remota country. Just like annelids, most marine invertebrates (Southern), together with a review of the family Pisionidae (Polychaeta). In Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences- of India are neglected and while compiling this paper, Secton B 33(1): 14–31. we have become even more aware of the magnitude Álvarez-Campos, P., G. Giribet & A. Riesgo (2017a). The Syllis gracilis of the work that stll needs to be done in the area of species complex: A molecular approach to a difcult taxonomic problem (Annelida, Syllidae). Molecular Phylogenetcs and Evoluton marine biodiversity of the region. For this, we should be 109: 138–150. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.036 willing to accept our past mistakes in identfying species, Álvarez-Campos, P., G. Giribet, G.S. Martn, G.W. Rouse & A. Riesgo (2017b). Straightening the striped chaos: systematcs and evoluton and use this as a learning curve towards the accurate of Trypanosyllis and the case of its pseudocryptc type species identfcaton of natve biota. Through this paper, we, Trypanosyllis krohnii (Annelida, Syllidae). Zoological Journal of therefore, hope to stmulate regional and internatonal the Linnean Society 179(3): 492–540. htps://doi.org/10.1111/ zoj.12443 interest in improving the overall accuracy of India’s Andrade, S.C., M. Novo, G.Y. Kawauchi, K. Worsaae, F. 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PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

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September 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 12 | Pages: 16647–16714 Date of Publicaton: 14 September 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.12.16647-16714

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Marine Annelida of India: taxonomy and status evaluaton and an updated checklist – Sanitha K. Sivadas & Russell Carvalho, Pp. 16647–16714

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