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The Galtondarwinwedgwood Pedigree of H. H. Laughlin Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 228–241. With 5 figures The Galton–Darwin–Wedgwood Pedigree of H. H. Laughlin TIM M. BERRA FLS1*, GONZALO ALVAREZ2 and KATE SHANNON3 1Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1760 University Drive, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA 2Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain 3Department of Art, The Ohio State University, 1760 University Drive, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA Received 12 April 2010; revised 17 June 2010; accepted for publication 17 June 2010bij_1529 228..241 A pedigree of the Galton–Darwin–Wedgwood families that was exhibited as a poster at the Third International Congress of Eugenics in 1932 at the American Museum of Natural History has been located in the archives of Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. This pedigree was prepared by Harry Hamilton Laughlin, Director of the Eugenics Record Office of the Carnegie Institute. The pedigree shows consanguineous marriages within the three families. A special collection of rare Darwin family photographs assembled by Leonard Darwin has also been found in the Truman State University archives. These photographs were exhibited as a poster alongside the pedigree at the 1932 Eugenics Congress. The poster of the Galton–Darwin–Wedgwood pedigree is published here, together with a tabular version providing ready access to the information contained in the pedigree. Also included are the Darwin family photographs and a biographical sketch of Laughlin. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 228–241. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: consanguinity – cousin marriages – eugenics – inbreeding. INTRODUCTION International Congress of Eugenics held at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in The most authoritative and comprehensive pedi- New York City on 21–23 August 1932. However, the gree of the Darwin family can be found in Freeman’s pedigree, as reproduced in plate 7 of Laughlin (1934), 1984 facsimile of H. Farnham Burke’s 1888 privately was unreadable as a result of its small size relative to published pedigree. However, this work emphasizes the original large poster, which we estimate to be only those individuals who were born Darwins. approximately 1.9 ¥ 1.4 m. Many of Laughlin’s papers Freeman (1984) rectified this shortcoming by putting were deposited at Truman State University in Kirks- the Darwin family in a 400-year context by including ville, Missouri. A description of the archives and a pedigrees of the Wedgwoods (Wedgwood & Wedgwood, biographical sketch of Laughlin were given by Bird & 1980) and the Galtons (Pearson, 1914, 1924, 1930). Allen (1981). Although the original poster could not When searching for materials to use in a genetic be located, the Truman State University librarian/ analysis of inbreeding in the Darwin–Wedgwood archivist was able to supply a digital version of a dynasty (Berra, Alvarez & Ceballos, 2010), a refer- photograph of the pedigree, which is readable. The ence to an extensive Galton–Darwin–Wedgwood purpose of the present paper is to make the GDW (GDW) pedigree was located (Laughlin, 1934: plate 7). (also known as the Laughlin) pedigree and related This pedigree, produced by the Eugenics Record Office materials available to Darwin scholars. under the direction of H. H. Laughlin in the format of a large poster, was exhibited during the Third LAUGHLIN’S LIFE Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880–1943) (Fig. 1) was *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] born in Oskaloosa, Iowa on 11 March 1880 and grew 228 © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 228–241 THE GALTON–DARWIN–WEDGWOOD PEDIGREE 229 © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 228–241 230 T. M. BERRA ET AL. Figure 1. From left to right, Harry H. Laughlin and wife Pansy, Mrs Leonard Darwin, Major Leonard Darwin, and an unidentified woman, possibly Mrs Herman Lundborg. This photograph is labeled Uppsala, September 1923. It was sent to H. H. Laughlin as a postcard by Herman Bernard Lundborg (1863–1943), a physician, eugenicist, and Director of the Institute of Racial Biology at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Lundborg studied a genetic form of myoclonic epilepsy now known as Unverricht-Lundborg disease. The postcard back reads: ‘Am sending you a little photo from your visit in U – I shall very shortly send you some articles in English, among them our report regarding the question of sterilization. Please give my kind regards to Mrs Laughlin. Yours sincerely, H. Lundborg.’ Photograph courtesy of Harry H. Laughlin Papers, Truman State University. ᭣ up in Kirksville, Missouri. He received a bachelor’s As a geneticist, he was also interested in such diver- degree in 1900 from First District Normal School gent topics as thoroughbred race horses and sex (now renamed Truman State University). He served determination in date palms. as a high school principal, school superintendent, and Laughlin corresponded with many prominent taught agriculture courses at his alma mater (Reilly, American eugenics figures, including Alexander 1999). His interest in agricultural breeding experi- Graham Bell and David Starr Jordan (the first ments with poultry resulted in contact with Charles president of Stanford University). Henry Fairfield Benedict Davenport (1866–1944), the director of the Osborn, director of vertebrate paleontology at the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring AMNH, was influential in convincing the Third Harbor on Long Island, New York. Dr Davenport International Congress of Eugenics to meet at the was a zoologist, geneticist, and eugenicist and one museum in 1932. Letters between Laughlin and of the first US scientists to utilize Mendelian genetics. Madison Grant (author of The Passing of the Great As early as 1908, he recognized that most muta- Race 1921, friend of Theodore Roosevelt, and a tions were neutral or deleterious and generally founder and president of the New York Zoological recessive. With a gift from a wealthy benefactor, Society) display ‘the deeply rooted racial and nation- Mrs E. H. Harriman, Davenport established the alistic prejudice that pervaded American eugenics’ Eugenics Record Office (ERO) (of the Department of (Bird & Allen, 1981). Many eugenicists of that time Genetics of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, DC) decried the imagined contamination of the ‘white located in Cold Spring Harbor and asked Laughlin to race’ with genes of other races and promoted racial be its superintendent (Riddle, 1947). The ERO devel- segregation and sterilization of the ‘unfit’. This xeno- oped into the foremost centre for eugenics in the USA, phobic and disturbing thinking was a product of its and one of its missions was to collect pedigrees of time and sounds archaic today in light of modern prominent families. Laughlin served as superinten- genetic understanding (Gould, 1981; Micklos & dent from 1910 until 1921 and, as assistant director Carlson, 2000) and the expectations of the human (under the overall directorship of Davenport), from genome project (Lander et al., 2001; Venter et al., 1921 until 1939 (Bird & Allen, 1981). In 1917, Laugh- 2001). Further historical insights can be found on lin received a DSc degree from Princeton University the web site of the Eugenics Archives at: http:// for his thesis involving mitotic stages in dividing www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/. onion root-tip cells (Bird & Allen, 1981) (Reilly, 1999, Laughlin was secretary of the Third International referred to a PhD). Congress of Eugenics in 1932 when he assembled the Laughlin served as a eugenics expert for several GDW pedigree under discussion. The stated purpose governmental organizations and influenced compul- of the exhibit at the AMNH ‘is to take stock of man’s sory sterilization and restrictive immigration legisla- present knowledge about the inborn elements in tion passed by more than 30 US states. He testified human qualities, physical, mental and spiritual, and before the House Committee on Immigration and about the control of such qualities in family-stocks, in Naturalization in 1923 and 1924, which resulted races and in national populations, in their turnover in the passage of the Johnson Act (Immigration from generation to generation. More briefly this Restriction Act) in 1924 (Bird & Allen, 1981). He was exhibit is about improvement in the breed of man.’ an expert witness for the state before the Supreme (Laughlin, 1934: plate 2). Resta (1995) opined that Court in Buck vs. Bell, which upheld the constitution- there may have been selective omissions in earlier ality of Virginia’s involuntary eugenic sterilization pedigrees of these families, that no women were indi- law in 1927 (Reilly, 1999). This decision caused a cated as brilliant, and that the early pedigree authors number of states to enact such laws. His eugenicist were ‘. guilty of looking at the world through biased career has been reviewed by Haller (1961) and Has- eugenics glasses.’ senchal (1969). By all accounts, he was an extremely The eugenics movement was founded by Sir Francis hard worker and zealously committed to eugenics. Galton (1869) (1822–1911), Charles Darwin’s half-first © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 228–241 THE GALTON–DARWIN–WEDGWOOD PEDIGREE 231 cousin (Berra et al., 2010). Galton coined the word various biographies of Darwin, such as Desmond & ‘eugenics’ in 1883. Darwin’s son Leonard (1850–1943) Moore (1991), Browne (1995, 2002), Keynes (2001), was president of the First International Congress of Healey (2001), Berra (2009), Riley (2009), amongst Eugenics in London in 1912. He was a major in the others, but many of them are not well known or army’s royal engineers and later became a member of readily available. parliament. Figure 1 shows the Laughlins and the Laughlin Papers Box C-2-3:5 is entitled Darwin Leonard Darwins together in Uppsala, Sweden in Family Pictures and Correspondence.
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