DOCSLIB.ORG

An Investigation Into the Neural Basis of Convergence Eye Movements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Investigation Into the Neural Basis of Convergence Eye Movements An Investigation into the Neural Basis of Convergence Eye Movements Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Emmanuel Owusu Graduate Program in Vision Science The Ohio State University 2018 Dissertation Committee Marjean T. Kulp, Advisor Nicklaus F. Fogt, Co-Advisor Andrew J. Toole Bradley Dougherty Michael J. Earley Xiangrui Li 1 Copyrighted by Emmanuel Owusu 2018 2 Abstract Introduction: Different components of convergence are tonic convergence, disparity convergence, accommodative convergence and proximal. However, it is not clear whether these different components ultimately draw on similar innervational control. Better understanding of the neurology of convergence eye movements could lead to improvement in interventions for deficits in convergence eye movements. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the neural basis for convergence eye movements in binocularly normal young adults. Methods: Two approaches were used. First, clinical measurements were used to determine the correlations among accommodative, disparity and proximal convergence eye movements, as well as between proximal convergence and vergence facility. These correlations were used as an index of the extent of overlaps in their neurological control. Second, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed on a group of adults with normal binocular function as they converged their eyes in response to stimuli for accommodative, disparity, proximal and voluntary convergence eye movements. Results: In the clinical study, stimulus gradient accommodative convergence was negatively correlated with far-near proximal convergence (Spearman’s correlation = -0.6111, p < 0.0001). However, the correlation may be at least in part attributable to the inclusion of gradient AC/A as a component of the calculation of far-near proximal convergence. Disparity convergence ii did not correlate with measures of proximal convergence. Gradient accommodative convergence was not correlated with the amount of disparity convergence in operation (Spearman’s correlation = -0.1512, p=0.3649). Finally, proximal convergence was not correlated with vergence facility (Spearman’s correlation = +0.1107, p=0.5082 and - 0.0149, p=0.9291 for far-near proximal and +2.50D proximal, respectively). In the fMRI study, cluster-based group analysis showed that disparity vergence activated regions in the cuneus, lingual gyrus, precuneus, and middle occipital gyrus of the occipital cortex. Accommodative convergence stimulated regions in the occipital (cuneus and middle occipital gyrus), parietal (precuneus, superior parietal and postcentral) and frontal lobes (precentral and postcentral gyri). Proximal convergence activated regions in the occipital (cuneus and middle occipital gyrus) and parietal lobes (precuneus, inferior parietal lobule and superior parietal lobule). Voluntary convergence activated brain areas in the occipital (cuneus, lingual gyrus and middle occipital gyrus), temporal (middle temporal gyrus), and frontal lobes (precentral and middle central gyri) as well as culmen and declive in the cerebellum. Each of the convergence stimuli activated the cuneus and middle occipital gyrus in the occipital lobe. In addition, both accommodative and proximal convergence eye movements activated the precuneus in the parietal lobe. Similarly, the accommodative and voluntary convergence eye movements both activated the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe, and the disparity and voluntary convergence eye movements activated the lingual gyrus in the occipital lobe. Conclusion: The imaging study suggests that the convergence components share common neural control pathways even though iii each also retains unique neural activations. The clinical study suggests that the open-loop vergence components are independent. iv Dedication This document is dedicated to Mrs. Patricia Asuama Owusu, the mum and dad to the Owusu family while I was away on this pursuit. More is thy due than I can say… or pay. v Acknowledgments I am immensely grateful to my dissertation mentors Dr. Marjean Kulp and Dr. Nicklaus Fogt for their tireless and patient guidance during my graduate training. I also appreciate Dr. Andrew Toole who wrote the program for displaying the stimuli in the functional imaging study, and Dr. Nasser Kashou who helped in the design of the functional imaging study. In addition, I am grateful to Drs. Bradley Dougherty and Andrew Toole for serving on my Academic Progress Committee, and Drs. Michael Earley and Xiangrui Li for serving on my dissertation committee. Further, I appreciate Dr. Xiangrui Li’s great supervision of the functional imaging analysis. Also, I am grateful to the Ohio Lions Eye Research Foundation for generously providing funds for the functional imaging study. The Center for Behavioral Brain Imaging of the Department of Psychology, the Ohio State University provided pilot scan hours and assistance with logistics to implement the functional imaging study, and the American Academy of Optometry provided a Student’s Travel Fellowship to attend and present portions of the clinical study at Academy 2016 in Anaheim, CA. In addition, I gratefully acknowledge the Graduate Research Associateship from the College of Optometry, The Ohio State University which enabled me undertake my graduate training. Finally, I am very grateful to all the participants who volunteered to be in both studies. vi Vita 2014 to 2018 ……………………………….. Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University 2015 ………………………………………… Master of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 2012 ………………………………………... Master of Science, University of London 2009 to 2014 ……………………………….. Technical Instructor, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana 2001 to 2007 ………………………………… OD Optometry Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Ghana 1997 to 1999 …………………………………. Sunyani Secondary School, Ghana Publications 1. Koomson, N. Y., Amedo, A. O., Owusu, E., Ampeh, P. B., Kobia-Acquah, E., & Bonsu, K. (2015). Under-correction of myopia reduces lag of accommodation in school children in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Health Sciences, 5: 137-150 2. Koomson, N. Y., Amedo, A. O., Owusu, E., Ampeh, P. B., Kobia-Acquah, E., & Bonsu, K. (2014). Under-correction Induces Peripheral Myopic Defocus in School vii Children in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 9(4), 1598 3. Kumah, D. B., Owusu, E., & Kyeremaa, F. A. (2013). Prevalence of hyperopia among school children in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. Journal of the Ghana Science Association, 14(1), 63-68 Fields of Study Major Field: Vision Science viii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 The Maddox Components of Horizontal Vergence Response ........................................ 2 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Vergence Errors and Vergence Control .......................... 5 Classifying Vergence Components Based on Control of Response Error ...................... 8 Feed-Forward and Feed-Back Control Systems in the Neural Control of Vergence ... 10 Conceptual Models on Control of Vergence Eye Movements ..................................... 13 Sequence for Vergence Eye Movement Response ....................................................... 17 Organization of Neural Control for Vergence Eye Movements ................................... 21 Methods for Investigating Vergence Eye Movements.................................................. 23 Assessing Vergence Eye Movements ........................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Correlations among Vergence Eye Movements .............................................. 37 Background ................................................................................................................... 37 Contribution of Vergence Components to Total Vergence Response .......................... 38 Correlations among the Vergence Components ........................................................... 40 Rationale for the Study ................................................................................................. 42 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 43 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eye Fields in Ocular Decision Making Contrasting the Roles of The
    Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and frontal eye fields in ocular decision making Shun-nan Yang and Stephen Heinen J Neurophysiol 111:2644-2655, 2014. First published 26 March 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00543.2013 You might find this additional info useful... This article cites 42 articles, 19 of which can be accessed free at: /content/111/12/2644.full.html#ref-list-1 Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at: /content/111/12/2644.full.html Additional material and information about Journal of Neurophysiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/jn This information is current as of July 30, 2014. Downloaded from on July 30, 2014 Journal of Neurophysiology publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year (monthly) by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright © 2014 by the American Physiological Society. ISSN: 0022-3077, ESSN: 1522-1598. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/. J Neurophysiol 111: 2644–2655, 2014. First published March 26, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00543.2013. Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and frontal eye fields in ocular decision making Shun-nan Yang1,2 and Stephen Heinen2 1Vision Performance Institute, College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon; and 2Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California Submitted 29 July 2013; accepted in final form 25 March 2014 Yang SN, Heinen S. Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and specified by the motion stimulus (Britten et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuneus and Fusiform Cortices Thickness Is Reduced in Trigeminal
    Parise et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2014, 15:17 http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/15/1/17 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Cuneus and fusiform cortices thickness is reduced in trigeminal neuralgia Maud Parise1,2*, Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo1, Thomas Martin Doring1, Gustavo Tukamoto1, Maurice Vincent1,3 and Emerson Leandro Gasparetto1 Abstract Background: Chronic pain disorders are presumed to induce changes in brain grey and white matters. Few studies have focused CNS alterations in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Methods: The aim of this study was to explore changes in white matter microstructure in TN subjects using diffusion tensor images (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS); and cortical thickness changes with surface based morphometry. Twenty-four patients with classical TN (37-67 y-o) and 24 healthy controls, matched for age and sex, were included in the study. Results: Comparing patients with controls, no diffusivity abnormalities of brain white matter were detected. However, a significant reduction in cortical thickness was observed at the left cuneus and left fusiform cortex in the patients group. The thickness of the fusiform cortex correlated negatively with the carbamazepine dose (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Since the cuneus and the fusiform gyrus have been related to the multisensory integration area and cognitive processing, as well as the retrieval of shock perception conveyed by Aδ fibers, our results support the role of these areas in TN pathogenesis. Whether such changes occurs as an epiphenomenon secondary to daily stimulation or represent a structural predisposition to TN in the light of peripheral vascular compression is a matter of future studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
    Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925).
    [Show full text]
  • Spacespex™ Anaglyph—The Only Way to Bring 3Dtv to the Masses
    SPACESPEX™ ANAGLYPH—THE ONLY WAY TO BRING 3DTV TO THE MASSES By Michael Starks © M. Starks 2009 May be reproduced provided nothing is added, omitted or changed-- including this copyright notice. SpaceSpex™ is the name I applied to my versions of the orange/blue anaglyph technique in 1993. In fact the Gang Li/ColorCode and some models of SpaceSpex use amber or orange/brown rather than yellow, but they are on a continuum. Like all the bicolor anaglyph methods it is compatible with all video equipment and displays and I think it’s the best of the methods using inexpensive paper glasses with colored lenses. Until someone comes up with a way to put hundreds of millions of new 3D TV’s in homes which can use polarized glasses or LCD shutter glasses, anaglyph is going to be the only way for mass distribution of full color high quality 3D over cable, satellite, the web or on DVD. However the solution I have proposed for Set Top Boxes, PC’s, TV sets and DVD players for the last 20 years is to have user controls, so those with display hardware that permits polarized or shutter glasses or even autostereo viewing or who want 2D can make that choice from the single 3D video file. This is the method of the TDVision codec, Next3D, and of Peter Wimmer’s famous StereoScopic Player (a new version due end of 2009), (all of which should appear in hardware soon) and probably the best stereoplayer of all in Masuji Suto’s StereoMovie Maker, and is being incorporated in most well known software DVD and media players.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing Emotional Pictures and Words: Effects of Valence and Arousal
    Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2006, 6 (2), 110-126 Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal ELIZABETH A. KENSINGER and DANIEL L. SCHACTER Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts There is considerable debate regarding the extent to which limbic regions respond differentially to items with different valences (positive or negative) or to different stimulus types (pictures or words). In the present event-related fMRI study, 21 participants viewed words and pictures that were neutral, negative, or positive. Negative and positive items were equated on arousal. The participants rated each item for whether it depicted or described something animate or inanimate or something common or uncommon. For both pictures and words, the amygdala, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventromedial PFC responded equally to all high-arousal items, regardless of valence. Laterality effects in the amygdala were based on the stimulus type (word left, picture bilateral). Valence effects were most apparent when the individuals processed pictures, and the results revealed a lateral/medial distinction within the PFC: The lateral PFC responded differentially to negative items, whereas the medial PFC was more engaged during the processing of positive pictures. In our daily lives, we experience many events that trig- son & Irwin, 1999). In most of the studies demonstrating ger an emotional response: We receive a compliment, wit- this preferential amygdala response, however, the fear-re- ness a car crash, or watch children playing in a park. One lated stimuli were more arousing than the other types of widely accepted framework used to classify these diverse stimuli.
    [Show full text]
  • Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates
    Brain Research Reviews 32Ž. 2000 413±448 www.elsevier.comrlocaterbres Full-length review Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates Edward J. Tehovnik ), Marc A. Sommer, I-Han Chou, Warren M. Slocum, Peter H. Schiller Department of Brain and CognitiÕe Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-634, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Accepted 19 October 1999 Abstract Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortexŽ. DMFC ; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to as the frontal eye fieldŽ. FEF . This review documents the similarities and differences between these eye fields. Although the DMFC and FEF are both active during the execution of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, the FEF is more dedicated to these functions. Lesions of DMFC minimally affect the production of most types of saccadic eye movements and have no effect on the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. In contrast, lesions of the FEF produce deficits in generating saccades to briefly presented targets, in the production of saccades to two or more sequentially presented targets, in the selection of simultaneously presented targets, and in the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. For the most part, these deficits are prevalent in both monkeys and humans. Single-unit recording experiments have shown that the DMFC contains neurons that mediate both limb and eye movements, whereas the FEF seems to be involved in the execution of eye movements only.
    [Show full text]
  • Function of Cerebral Cortex
    FUNCTION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX Course: Neuropsychology CC-6 (M.A PSYCHOLOGY SEM II); Unit I By Dr. Priyanka Kumari Assistant Professor Institute of Psychological Research and Service Patna University Contact No.7654991023; E-mail- [email protected] The cerebral cortex—the thin outer covering of the brain-is the part of the brain responsible for our ability to reason, plan, remember, and imagine. Cerebral Cortex accounts for our impressive capacity to process and transform information. The cerebral cortex is only about one-eighth of an inch thick, but it contains billions of neurons, each connected to thousands of others. The predominance of cell bodies gives the cortex a brownish gray colour. Because of its appearance, the cortex is often referred to as gray matter. Beneath the cortex are myelin-sheathed axons connecting the neurons of the cortex with those of other parts of the brain. The large concentrations of myelin make this tissue look whitish and opaque, and hence it is often referred to as white matter. The cortex is divided into two nearly symmetrical halves, the cerebral hemispheres . Thus, many of the structures of the cerebral cortex appear in both the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres appear to be somewhat specialized in the functions they perform. The cerebral hemispheres are folded into many ridges and grooves, which greatly increase their surface area. Each hemisphere is usually described, on the basis of the largest of these grooves or fissures, as being divided into four distinct regions or lobes. The four lobes are: • Frontal, • Parietal, • Occipital, and • Temporal.
    [Show full text]
  • British Orthoptic Journal Volume 1, 1939
    British Orthoptic Journal Volume 1, 1939 Loss of Central Fixation 15-19 I.Yoxall Some Observations on Partial Occlusion in Accommodative Squints 20- 22 E.Pemberton A few samples of Traumatic Heterophoria 23-27 S.Mayou Operative Impressions in Orthoptic Training 28-33 OM Duthie Summary of routine treatment given at the Manchester Royal 34-37 Eye Hospital E.Stringer Voluntary Diplopia 38-43 S.Mayou Paralysis of External Rectus; Treatment of Muscle Grafting 44-45 P.Jameson Evans Some Observations on Squint Operations 46-49 Dr Gordon Napier Suitability of cases for Orthoptic Training 50-53 CH.Bamford Occlusion 54-57 K.Bastow Some Recent Methods used in an Attempt to shorten Orthoptic treatment 58-62 S.Jackson History of Orthoptic treatment 63-65 CL Gimblett Occasional Divergent Squint 66 S.Jackson Unusual cases of divergent squint treated at the Manchester Royal Eye 67 Hospital E.Stringer Divergent Strabismus and its treatments 68-69 K.Bastow Divergent Squint 70 J.Strickland Approach to the Phorias 71-104 Wing Commander Livingstone Certain aspects of the Evolution of the eye 105 I.Mann BOJ Volume 2, 1944 Some Observations on accommodative squint 13-15 M.Parsons Some Observations on experimental work on the relation of squint 16-20 to emotional disturbances carried out at the Oxford Eye Hospital B.Hare Our Failures 21-24 E.Stringer Graded Squint Operations 25-32 J.Foster, EC Pemberton, SS Freedman Prognosis of postoperative Diplopia in adult Squints 33-35 EC Pemberton Some notes on treatment of abnormal retinal correspondence 36-37 B.Hare Convergence
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 4 Objects
    4 Perceiving and Recognizing Objects ClickChapter to edit 4 Perceiving Master title and style Recognizing Objects • What and Where Pathways • The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects • Middle Vision • Object Recognition ClickIntroduction to edit Master title style How do we recognize objects? • Retinal ganglion cells and LGN = Spots • Primary visual cortex = Bars How do spots and bars get turned into objects and surfaces? • Clearly our brains are doing something pretty sophisticated beyond V1. ClickWhat toand edit Where Master Pathways title style Objects in the brain • Extrastriate cortex: Brain regions bordering primary visual cortex that contains other areas involved in visual processing. V2, V3, V4, etc. ClickWhat toand edit Where Master Pathways title style Objects in the brain (continued) • After extrastriate cortex, processing of object information is split into a “what” pathway and a “where” pathway. “Where” pathway is concerned with the locations and shapes of objects but not their names or functions. “What” pathway is concerned with the names and functions of objects regardless of location. Figure 4.2 The main visual areas of the macaque monkey cortex Figure 4.3 A partial “wiring” diagram for the main visual areas of the brain Figure 4.4 The main visual areas of the human cortex ClickWhat toand edit Where Master Pathways title style The receptive fields of extrastriate cells are more sophisticated than those in striate cortex. They respond to visual properties important for perceiving objects. • For instance, “boundary ownership.” For a given boundary, which side is part of the object and which side is part of the background? Figure 4.5 Notice that the receptive field sees the same dark edge in both images ClickWhat toand edit Where Master Pathways title style The same visual input occurs in both (a) and (b) and a V1 neuron would respond equally to both.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromostereo.Pdf
    ChromoStereoscopic Rendering for Trichromatic Displays Le¨ıla Schemali1;2 Elmar Eisemann3 1Telecom ParisTech CNRS LTCI 2XtremViz 3Delft University of Technology Figure 1: ChromaDepth R glasses act like a prism that disperses incoming light and induces a differing depth perception for different light wavelengths. As most displays are limited to mixing three primaries (RGB), the depth effect can be significantly reduced, when using the usual mapping of depth to hue. Our red to white to blue mapping and shading cues achieve a significant improvement. Abstract The chromostereopsis phenomenom leads to a differing depth per- ception of different color hues, e.g., red is perceived slightly in front of blue. In chromostereoscopic rendering 2D images are produced that encode depth in color. While the natural chromostereopsis of our human visual system is rather low, it can be enhanced via ChromaDepth R glasses, which induce chromatic aberrations in one Figure 2: Chromostereopsis can be due to: (a) longitunal chro- eye by refracting light of different wavelengths differently, hereby matic aberration, focus of blue shifts forward with respect to red, offsetting the projected position slightly in one eye. Although, it or (b) transverse chromatic aberration, blue shifts further toward might seem natural to map depth linearly to hue, which was also the the nasal part of the retina than red. (c) Shift in position leads to a basis of previous solutions, we demonstrate that such a mapping re- depth impression. duces the stereoscopic effect when using standard trichromatic dis- plays or printing systems. We propose an algorithm, which enables an improved stereoscopic experience with reduced artifacts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex
    biomolecules Article The Relationship between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Metabolites, Brain-Periphery Redox Imbalance, and the Clinical State of Patients with Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders Amira Bryll 1, Wirginia Krzy´sciak 2,* , Paulina Karcz 3 , Natalia Smierciak´ 4, Tamas Kozicz 5, Justyna Skrzypek 2, Marta Szwajca 4, Maciej Pilecki 4 and Tadeusz J. Popiela 1,* 1 Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 19, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Electroradiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kopernika 21a, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] (N.S.);´ [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (M.P.) 5 Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.K.); [email protected] (T.J.P.) Received: 2 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 3 September 2020 Abstract: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder whose course varies with periods of deterioration and symptomatic improvement without diagnosis and treatment specific for the disease. So far, it has not been possible to clearly define what kinds of functional and structural changes are responsible for the onset or recurrence of acute psychotic decompensation in the course of schizophrenia, and to what extent personality disorders may precede the appearance of the appropriate symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLES Evaluation of Spatial Working Memory Function
    0031-3998/05/5806-1150 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 58, No. 6, 2005 Copyright © 2005 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. ARTICLES Evaluation of Spatial Working Memory Function in Children and Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study KRISZTINA L. MALISZA, AVA-ANN ALLMAN, DEBORAH SHILOFF, LORNA JAKOBSON, SALLY LONGSTAFFE, AND ALBERT E. CHUDLEY National Research Council, Institute for Biodiagnostics [K.L.M., A.A.A., D.S.], Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 1Y6; Department of Physiology [K.L.M.], University of Manitoba, Bannatyne Campus, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3J7; Department of Psychology [L.J.], University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health [A.E.C.] and Child Development Clinic [S.L.], Children’s Hospital, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P5 ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI stud- suggest impairment in spatial working memory in those with ies involving n-back spatial working memory (WM) tasks were FASD that does not improve with age, and that fMRI may be conducted in adults and children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum useful in evaluation of brain function in these individuals. Disorders (FASD), and in age- and sex-matched controls. FMRI (Pediatr Res 58: 1150–1157, 2005) experiments demonstrated consistent activations in regions of the brain associated with working memory. Children with FASD displayed greater inferior-middle frontal lobe activity, while Abbreviations greater superior frontal and parietal lobe activity was observed in ARND, alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder controls. Control children also showed an overall increase in CPT, Continuous Performance Task frontal lobe activity with increasing task difficulty, while children DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with FASD showed decreased activity.
    [Show full text]