MEE10:97
COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS NETWORKS (ANALYSIS WITH VARIABLE RELAY POSITIONING)
Danna Nigatu Mitiku Onwuli Chinedu Lawrence
This thesis is presented as part of the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
Blekinge Institute of Technology October 2010
Blekinge Institute of Technology School of Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Abbas Mohammed Examiner: Prof. Abbas Mohammed
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Abstract
Signal transmission in Wireless Networks suffers considerably from many impairments, one of which is channel fading due to multipath propagation. Cooperative Communication is a technique which could be employed to mitigate the effects of channel fading by exploiting diversity gain achieved via cooperation between nodes and relays. To achieve transmit diversity, a node would generally require more than one transmitting antenna which is not too common due to the limits in size and complexity of wireless mobile devices. However by sharing antennas with other single-antenna nodes in a multi-user environment, a virtual multi-antenna array is formed and transmit-diversity is accomplished. Subsequently, radio coverage is extended without the need to implement multiple antennas on nodes and increased transmission reliability is achieved.
In this scenario, a network containing a sender, a destination and a relay is analyzed. Two cooperative communication schemes which include Amplify and forward and Decode and forward are employed with different combining techniques are investigated and results obtained from simulations with respect to variable relay positioning are presented.
Keywords: Amplify-and-Forward, Bit-Error-Rate, Cooperative Communications, Decode and Forward, Performance Analysis, Signal-to-Noise-Ratio, Wireless Networks.
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Acknowledgments
My heartfelt gratitude goes to God for his help and guidance in my daily undertakings and also my studies in Sweden.
Also not forgetting a father and a teacher, Professor Abbas Mohammed, who in every way offered his assistance and support. I deeply appreciate your thorough guidance and supervision to the thesis work. Thank you so much.
Many thanks to my parents Mihiret Seta and Mitiku Danna, my brothers and sisters, especially Liyuwork Mitiku, for their unparalleled support all through the years in my life. You are my rock.
I extend my profound gratitude to the entire staff at Blekinge Institute of Technology, especially Mikael Åsman, for their kind endeavours and support.
Finally, a big thank you to my classmates and friends, especially Esayas Getachew and Ermias Shibiru. I appreciate your friendship and the impact we had on each other – you all put the colours in my life.
Nigatu M. Danna
My gratitude and praise goes to God for his mercies and love in guiding and leading me to realise my goals. I would remain ever faithful in praise and worship.
I would also like to extend my warmest thanks to Professor Abbas Mohammed at Blekinge Institute of Technology for his supervision and support towards my thesis work. He was a real teacher and a father. Finally a big thank you to my family and friends for their invaluable encouragement and support all the way. Love you all.
Onwuli C. Lawrence
Table of Contents
List of Figures ...... i List of Symbols and Abbreviations ...... iii CHAPTER 1 ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Thesis Overview ...... 3 CHAPTER 2 ...... 4 Wireless Communications ...... 4 2.1 Introduction ...... 4 2.1.1 Bit-Error-Rate (BER) ...... 4 2.1.2 Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) ...... 5 2.2 Channel Impairments ...... 5 2.2.1 Path Loss ...... 5 2.2.2 Free Space Path Loss ...... 6 2.2.3 Noise ...... 7 2.2.4 Inter-Symbol Inteference ...... 9 2.2.5 Fading ...... 10 2.2.6 Multipath Fading ...... 10 2.2.7 Communication Channels ...... 13 2.3 Error Compensation Techniques ...... 14 2.3.1 Forward Error Correction ...... 14 2.3.2 Adaptive Equalization ...... 15 2.3.3 Diversity ...... 16 2.4 Diversity Techniques ...... 16 2.4.1 Space Diversity ...... 16 2.4.2 Frequency Diversity ...... 17 2.4.3 Time Diversity ...... 18
2.4.4 Polarization Diversity ...... 18 2.4.5 Multiuser Diversity ...... 18 2.4.6 Cooperative Diversity ...... 19 2.5 Signal Encoding Techniques ...... 19 2.5.1 BPSK ...... 19 2.5.2 QPSK ...... 21 CHAPTER 3 ...... 24 Cooperative Communications ...... 24 3.1 Introduction ...... 24 3.2 Brief History of Cooperative Communication ...... 25 3.3 Phases of Cooperative Transmissions ...... 26 3.3.1 Phase I: A Coordination Phase ...... 26 3.3.2 Phase II: A Cooperation Phase ...... 26 3.4 Application of Cooperative Communications ...... 29 3.4.1 Cognitive Radio ...... 29 3.4.2 Wireless Ad-hoc Network ...... 30
3.4.3 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ...... 30 3.5 Communication Model ...... 32 3.6 Channel Model ...... 33 3.7 Receiver Model ...... 33 3.8 Cooperative Communication Protocols ...... 34 3.8.1 Amplify and Forward (AAF) ...... 34 3.8.2 Decode and Forward (DAF) ...... 36 3.8.3 Detect-and-Forward (DtF) ...... 37 3.8.4 Selective Detect-and-Forward ...... 37 3.8.5 Coded Cooperation ...... 38 3.9 Combining Techniques ...... 38 3.9.1 Equal Ratio Combining (ERC) ...... 38 3.9.2 Fixed Ratio Combining (FRC) ...... 39 3.9.3 Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Combining (SNRC) ...... 40 3.9.4 Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) ...... 41
3.9.5 Enhanced Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Combining (ESNRC) ...... 43 3.10 Relay Positioning ...... 43 3.10.1 Triangular Arrangement ...... 43 3.10.2 Linear Arrangement ...... 45 CHAPTER 4 ...... 47 Simulation Results ...... 47 4.1 Amplify and Forward ...... 47 4.2 Decode and Forward ...... 48 4.3 Amplify and Forward (AAF) Vs. Decode and Forward (DAF) ...... 49 4.4 Relay Positioning ...... 50 CHAPTER 5 ...... 53 Conclusions ...... 53 CHAPTER 6 ...... 55 References ...... 55
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Cooperative Communication ...... 2
Figure 2.1: Inter-symbol Interference in Digital Transmission ...... 10 Figure 2.2: Multipath Propagation ...... 11 Figure 2.3: Illustration of reflection, refraction, scattering, and diffraction of a radio wave . 12 Figure 2.4: The additive noise channel ...... 13 Figure 2.5: Adaptive channel equalization ...... 16 Figure 2.6: Space Diversity ...... 17 Figure 2.7: Frequency Diversity ...... 17 Figure 2.8: Polarization Diversity ...... 18 Figure 2.9: Signal Constellation diagram for BPSK ...... 19 Figure 2.10: Signal Constellation diagram for QPSK ...... 24
Figure 3.1: The Relay Channel ...... 25 Figure 3.2: A basic two user cooperative communication network ...... 27 Figure 3.3: Illustration of multi-relay cooperative communication system ...... 28 Figure 3.4: Illustration of cooperative system with multiple sources and relays ...... 29 Figure 3.5: Cognitive Radio Operation ...... 30 Figure 3.6: Wireless ad-hoc network ...... 30 Figure 3.7: Wireless sensor networks ...... 31 Figure 3.8: Communication System Block Diagram ...... 32 Figure 3.9: The Channel Model ...... 32 Figure 3.10: Amplify and Forward ...... 35 Figure 3.11: Decode and Forward ...... 36 Figure 3.12: Equidistant Placement ...... 44 Figure 3.13: Relay Placed far away from source and destination ...... 44 Figure 3.14: Linear Placement (Relay Centered) ...... 45 Figure 3.15: Linear Placement (Relay close to source) ...... 45 Figure 3.16: Linear Placement (Relay close to Destination) ...... 46
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Figure 4.1: AAF with Different Combining Techniques ...... 48 Figure 4.2: DAF with Different Combining Techniques ...... 49 Figure 4.3: AAF vs. DAF ...... 50 Figure 4.4: AAF with Variable Relay Positioning ...... 51 Figure 4.5: DAF with Variable Relay Positioning ...... 52
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List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbol Description h , Attenuation in the channel a , Fading in the channel d , Path loss in the channel z , n Noise added in channel x n Symbol sent by station y n Symbol received at station y n Symbol estimated at station
γ Average signal-to-noise ratio σ Variance
N Noise Power S Signal Power ξ Power of the transmitted signal β Gain of the amplifying relay AAF Amplify and Forward BER Bit Error Ratio BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying CSI Channel State Information DAF Decode and Forward ERC Equal Ratio Combining ESNRC Enhanced Signal-to-Noise Ratio Combining FRC Fixed Ratio Combining LDPC Low Density Parity Check MRC Maximum Ratio Combining QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNRC Signal-to-Noise Ratio Combining
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction
In this chapter an introduction to the thesis work is given and an overview of the chapters’ contents is outlined.
1.1 Introduction
Transmitting different samples of the same signal over essentially independent channels is a method by which transmit diversity could be implemented in wireless communications to solve the problems of fading due to multipath propagation [1]. In particular, spatial diversity is generated by transmitting signals from different locations, thus allowing independently faded versions of the signal at the receiver. For some scenarios, in which time or frequency diversity might be difficult to exploit due to delay or bandwidth constraints, multiple transmit or receive antennas at the same terminal are often desirable for providing spatial diversity [2]. For example, the Alamouti space-time technique is a popular scheme that is widely used in spatial diversity applications where co-located antennas are arranged in such a way that the relative delay from the two transmitter antennas to the receiver antenna is negligible [3], [4]. However, this is not so practicable in mobile handsets due to size and cost limitations [5]. Cooperative Diversity seeks to overcome these limitations by creating a virtual multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) system where single-antenna terminals, ‘e.g.’ most handsets and nodes in wireless sensor networks, in a multi-terminal scenario can share their antennas [5] - [8].
Figure 1.1 gives a preliminary explanation of the ideas behind cooperative communication. It shows two mobile users communicating with the same destination. Each mobile has one antenna and cannot individually generate spatial diversity. However, it may be possible for one mobile to receive the others transmitting signal, in which case it can forward some version of “overheard” information of other users along with its own data. Because the transmission paths from two mobiles are statistically independent, this generates spatial diversity [9].
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Figure 1.1: Cooperative Communication
In such a system as the one seen in Figure 1.1, combinations of several relaying protocols and different combining methods are examined to assess their effects on performance. In this thesis, we examine the Amplify and Forward and Decode and Forward transmission protocols when used with several types of combining techniques. The best combination techniques in each protocol are then studied with different relay positions to investigate their effects on performance.
Note that in the figures throughout this thesis, smart phones are used to represent source and relay nodes; however, without loss of generality, this can be extended to any device that can be used in cooperative communication.
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1.2 Thesis Overview
This thesis presents a performance analysis of the effects of cooperative diversity in wireless networks with respect to two different cooperative communication protocols as well as the employable combining techniques.
Chapter 2 presents wireless networks in general as well as a brief outline of channel impairments, methods that could be employed to combat these impairments and signal encoding techniques which are used in cooperative diversity.
Chapter 3 introduces cooperative communications and presents the channel model, receiver model and outlines the cooperative communication protocols as well as the different combining techniques. The methodology of relay placement subject to the performance analysis is also described.
In chapter 4 the simulations are carried out and based on the presented results, a comparative analysis between the different protocols and combining techniques is done.
Chapter 5 gives conclusions on our findings based on the results of the simulations.
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CHAPTER 2
Wireless Communications
2.1 Introduction
The first inception of wireless communications was back in 1895 when Guglielmo Marconi transmitted a three-dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of three kilometres using electromagnetic waves [10]. Since then, wireless communication has gone through a remarkable evolution in terms of integrated circuitry and technological advances to the really complex networks which we have today. From satellite transmission, radio and television broadcast to the ongoing development of 4G for mobile communications all inspired by the never ending quest for higher throughput, higher reliability, higher data transfer and cost efficiency. Exploiting the technological development in radio hardware and integrated circuits, which allow for implementation of more complicated communication schemes, would require an evaluation of the fundamental performance limits of wireless networks [11].
A wireless network system can traditionally be viewed as a set of nodes trying to communicate with each other. However, from another point of view, because of the broadcast nature of wireless channels, one may think of those nodes as a set of antennas distributed in the wireless system. Transmission between these antennas suffers from much degradation which inspires considerable research on how to effectively combat these negative effects that impair signal transmission. Some of these channel problems will be outlined for a clearer understanding of the Cooperative Communication methodology [10], [11].
2.1.1 Bit-Error-Rate (BER)
The performance of a wireless channel is measured at the physical level by bit-error-rate (BER), block-error-rate, symbol-error-rate, or probability of outage. BER is defined as the percentage of bits that have errors due to noise, distortion or interference relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission. Calculating this is dependent on the signal encoding technique used as will be emphasised later in the respective parts.
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2.1.2 Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR)
Signal-to-Noise-Ratio is defined as the power ratio between a signal (desired information) and the background noise (unwanted signal), that is: