PUDUCHERRY Area in Sq.Km. 30 H YANAM DISTRICT No. of Taluks 1 S E Kilometres D 2 0 2 No. of Towns 1 A No. of Villages Nil R P S A E r e i v R G H H R A a a D a g d in N g e D r o r o u I N D I im A R From C d D i raks a v N hor A G e am r a D o R T ! To Kakinada A E H P YANAM R A Y A N A M Y A N A M Ga u t a m i G o d a v a r i R i v e r r e i v R i D r N a H v A a d o R G i t a m G a u A H Boundary, State / U.T./ District / Taluk..................................... S Headquarters: District............................................................. Urban area with Population size: II......................................... ! E Important Metalled Road......................................................... P River and Stream..................................................................... D R A Degree College ....................................................................... Engineering College ................................................................ E Hospital ................................................................................... District Headquarters is also the Taluk Headquarters. C o n t e n t s pages Foreword IX Preface XI Acknowledgement XIII History and scope of the District Census Handbook XIV Brief history of the district XVI Analytical Note 1-22 i. Physical features a. Location and Size 1 b. Physiography 1 c. Drainage 2 d. Climate and Rainfall 3 e. Natural Resources-Flora and Fauna 4 f. Agriculture 8 g. Animal Husbandry 12 h. Education 15 i. Health 17 j. Electricity and power 18 k. Industry 19 l. Transport and Communication 19 m. Banks and Credit Societies 22 n. Social Welfare 23 o. Major Social and Cultural Events in Yanam District 24 VII p. Brief Description of places of Religious, Historical and 24 Archaeological importance and places of tourist interest q. Major Characteristics of Yanam district 25 ii. Census - Definitions and Concepts 26 iii. Non Census Concepts 31 iv. 2011 Census findings 33 v. Brief Analysis of Primary Census Abstract : Table 1 to 35 35 vi. Brief Analysis of Town Directory Data : Table 36 to 45 49 vii Scope of Village and Town Directory 53 Town Directory a. Brief Note on Town Directory – Abbreviations used in Town Directory 65 b. Map of Yanam Municipality 69 c. Statement I – Status and Growth History 72 Statement II – Physical aspect and location of towns 2009 74 Statement III – Civic and other amenities 2009. 76 Statement IV – Medical facilities 2009. 78 Statement V – Educational, Recreational and cultural facilities 2009 80 Statement VI – Industry and banking 2009 84 Statement VII – Civic and other amenities in slums 2009 86 Appendix – Towns showing their outgrowth with population 90 VIII ANALYTICAL NOTE Analytical Note Physical Features Location and Size Yanam district with a geographical area of 30 Sq. km is the third largest among the districts of Union Territory of Pondicherry. It is situated on the east coast of the Indian Peninsula between 160 42’ and 160 46’ Northern Latitude and between 820 11’ & 820 19’ Eastern Longitude. The entire Yanam district has been bounded by East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh in all the four directions and lies to the northern side of River Godavari, the place where the River Coringa branches off from Godavari. Physiography The entire Yanam district is a low lying area with an average height of 2 to 3 meters above the mean sea level. It has no remarkable relief features as it is situated in a flood plain. It lies on the bank of Gautam Godavari in the south and the Goringa River in the east. During the cyclones and high tidal waves sea water engulfs the low lying areas i.e., Iskitippa and Adivipolam islands. Yanam District lies in the 4.3.6. physiogeographic region of India i.e. Godavari Delta. More precisely, its position, among the physiogeographic regions of India is in macro region of Coastal Plains and Islands, meso region of Eastern Coast and micro region of Godavari Delta. Geologically Yanam consists of alluvium of recent age. No mineral is found for economical extraction. The sands on the river bank consist predominantly of quartz, feldspars and muscovite mica. Few grains of monazite are also traced along the black streaks. Yanam is situated in the Godavari Delta which is one of the biggest deltaic regions in India. This is a flood plain area where the mighty Godavari deposits fertile alluvial soil. The eastern portion of the district has swampy land and while in the western portion it is cultivable land of alluvial soils. Traditionally the soil is grayish, black and clayey in texture with shallow black and brown alluvial sandy, clayey and halomorphic soil in which salt concentration is high. Few layers of sand, reform more than 0.3 mm thickness is intercalated with clayey soil and the rest is sandy. The nutrient content of the soil of Yanam is poor, viz., nitrogen and phosphorus are low and potash is high. The soil sub-order association of the district is Ustalfs - Tropepts (High base status of red loamy, red sandy and alluvial soils-Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of southern region). 1 There is no natural wealth worth mentioning for economical extraction in this district. Drainage & Irrigation Yanam receives irrigation water from Dowleswaram Head Works (Sir. Arthur Cotton Barrage on the River Godavari downstream Rajahmundri) through Kotipalla canal or North Bank canal. This canal runs towards east up to Pillanka, a small village near Yanam. From Pillanka water is brought to Yanam through a small canal popularly known as ‘French Channel’ built by an agreement entered in 1949 between the then French Government and the Government of India. This canal serves the irrigation as well as drinking water needs of the areas west of River Coringa. After merger with India, steps were taken to provide irrigation for about 560 Hectare of dry land in the eastern side of River Coringa by providing a new irrigation canal called ‘Adivipolam Channel’ from the tail end of Tallarevu South Channel and at the starting point of Nilapalli channel on the right side. The work was taken for execution by the Andhra Pradesh Public Works Department as a deposit work in 1964 and was completed and commissioned in June, 1966. The water from the channel is used for drinking purpose also. Yanam is a flood plain area where the mighty Godavari deposits fertile alluvium since long back. River Godavari originating from the Western Ghat and flowing towards east through Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh joining Bay of Bengal along Southern boundary of this tiny land. It immensely helps the irrigation system of Yanam through various canals. Apart from River Godavari, the River Coringa runs from north to south through Yanam joining Godavari also irrigates the area through its canals. River Gaderu forming the eastern boundary of the district is the other source to irrigate the fertile land. Canal irrigation system is the only source of irrigation practicing here and through which 338 hectares of land irrigated during the year 1999. Well irrigation is seldom practiced in Yanam. River Coringa: River Coringa is a branch of Gautami Godavari which runs along Yanam region for about 24 kms and dividing the town into two parts. It flows towards south till it joins the mighty River Godavari. From Pillanka the water of the Bank Canal is brought to Yanam through a small canal known as the Pillanka Kaluva or French Channel. In Yanam, ‘Pillanka Kaluva’ branches off into two channels, i.e. the Meraka Kaluva or Panta Kaluva and Pallapu Kaluva or Outa Kaluva. The former is a discharge channel and the latter is an irrigation channel. Merakakaluva and Pallapukaluva after flowing through Yanam join the River Coringa. 2 River Gaderu: It is a tributary of Gautami Godavari flows towards South forming the eastern boundary of Yanam and joins the mighty Godavari near Iskitipa Island. The Net Area irrigated by different sources during 2008-09 in the district is presented below: Sl. No. Source of Irrigation Area (in Hectares) 1 2 3 1 Govt. Canals 278 2 Tanks/Lakes - 3 Wells/Tube wells - 4 Water Falls - 5 Other Sources - Total 278 It may be seen from the table that canal irrigation system is the only source of irrigation being practiced in the Yanam district. Net area irrigated by canal irrigation system during the year 2008-09 was 278 hectares, as per the data released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Puducherry Climate Yanam experiences a climate which is characterized by high humidity. It experiences an oppressive summer season and a good rainfall. It enjoys the benefit of both the South-West and North-East monsoon. The average rainfall in a year is about 1,226 mm. The storms and depressions which form in the Bay of Bengal in the pre-monsoon month of May, and during September to November cross the East Coast, and affect the region, causing thunder-storms, heavy rain, tidal waves and strong wind. The climate is normally hot in Yanam district. From February, temperature starts rising rapidly till May which is the hottest month. Pre-monsoon thundershowers may at times bring welcome relief. The average temperature in summer months of March to May varies from 270 C to 370 C, while in winter months of November to February, it varies from 190 C to 270 C. This district is the second highest rain fed area of Puducherry Union Territory. It receives 47 per cent rainfall from the North-East monsoon and 53 per cent from South-west monsoon.