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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND

THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE

1891 "^""^'^ DATED'

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Cornell University Library PN 669.S74

Dictionary of medieval romance and roman

3 1924 027 096 530

Cornell University Library

The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027096530 A DICTIONARY OF MEDIEVAL ROMANCE AND ROMANCE WRITERS —

UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME

DICTIONARIES TO FAMOUS AUTHORS

In which the various Characters and Scenes are alphabetically arranged and described. Synopses of the Author's various works are also included.

DICKENS. A. J. Philip. THOMAS HARDY. With 2 Maps of Wessex. F. Saxelby. KIPLINQ. W. A. Young.

SCOTT. (Waveiley Novels). M. F. A. Husband.

THACKERAY. I. G. Mudge and E. N. Seaks. WILDE. Stuart Mason.

ZOLA. (Rougon-Macquart Novels). With Map. J. G. Patterson.

" Not much honour is generally gained by doing such work as is represented in these dictionaries. When, how- ever, it is done with the thoroughness and completeness shown by the compilers in this case, the work ought to be warmly acknowledged. It is a labour which will save much labour to others." Tke Scotsman. A DICTIONARY

OF MEDIEVAL ROMANCE AND ROMANCE WRITERS

BY LEWIS SPENCE AUTHOR OF "A DICTIONAEY OF NON-CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY," "THE MYTHS OF MEXICO AND PERU," "THE CIVILISATION OF ANCIENT MEXICO," ETC, ETC.

LONDON GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, Limited New York: E. P. BUTTON & CO. 9\So)o\o']o

First printed in August, 1913. —

PREFACE

The term " romance " is so wide in its modem acceptance, and so loose in its application, that it will be weU at the outset to attempt to formulate a definition of the word, which will also serve to define the scope of this work. Briefly, a romance may be described as a tale written at any period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, which deals with the age of chivalry. The narrower meaning of the word can only be applied to such tales of chivalry and love as were written in the " Eoman " (that is, in ). Jean Bodel, a French romancer who flourished in the twelfth century, sings " Ne sont que trois mati&res a nul home entendant, De France, de Bretagne, et de Eome la grant."

Thus the tales of , Arthur, and Eome (that is, of ancient history), alluded to in the verse, were held by Jean as the only themes which a contemporary poet might worthily sing of. But no such bounds can be set to the great Empire of Eomance by its modern students. Since Bodel's day its frontiers have been extended into regions that he did not know of. But it is necessary to exercise care in fixing its limits in order that territory which does not rightly belong to it is not included; in other words, that only those bodies of literature which have been evolved from it, have affinities with it, or are of the same genre or class, should be included. Thus, the Celtic prototypes of the Arthurian romance deserve inclusion, as do those Italian and Spanish tales which were adapted in the Peninsulas from the romances of Arthur and Charlemagne. The British Isles also produced a wealth of Arthurian romance of their own, and examples of this have been included. As regards the great Teutonic cycles of story, it has been thought well to include these. They are of the same genre, and, at least, as much romantic in spirit, as the subjects of the Matiere de Bretagne, or, at any rate, that part of it which emanated from France. Many of the Icelandic saga-stories have also been included for a similar reason. A dividing line has been drawn where the tale is either purely historical or mythological in its purport. Such examples must

be relegated to their proper sphere—that of pure myth : they have no place in a dictionary of romance. But wherever the elements or traces of myth have been observed in a romance, such a circumstance has not miUtated against its inclusion, and an effort has been made in each case to elucidate the mythological references and obscurities where these occur. Such being the scope of the work, the reader will look in vain through its pages for reference to such works as are included in the term " romance " in its more modern sense. Thus the "romances" of the school of Mile, de Scud6ry and the extravagant fictions of the later " romantic revival " are not vi PEEFACE represented. These are only romances inasmuch as they partook of the "prodigious " element of romance proper, and have nothing else in common with it. Moreover, such a lapse of time separates them from the older romances that they must be regarded as altogether a separate form of literature. Several of the articles will be remarked as more extended in scope than others. This applies to that on Guyot, whom I regard as important as being the probable originator of the Grail legend. The Morte d'Arthur I have also summarized at length, as being the greatest English example of the Arthurian legend, and a treasure-house of Arthurian lore. It is not claimed that every example which comes under the heads above outUned is dealt vrith. But, while I shall welcome all corrections and sugges- tions for a possible new edition, it will be found, I hope, that by far the larger number have been included, and that no outstanding romance has been altogether neglected. Many romances still remain in MS. in the seclusion of small Continental Ubraries, and to include some of these has been found im- practicable. But it is hoped that the work wiU provide a trustworthy book of reference on a subject which is yearly attracting greater attention, and that it will prove of assistance not only to the general reader, but also to the student of comparative literature and folklore.

L. S.

6, Stlvan Peace, EDmBUBCtE. A DICTIONARY OF MEDIEVAL ROMANCE AND ROMANCE WRITERS

ACCOLON OF GAUL. A loved ADLER. A companion of King by (q.v.), who gave Estmere (q.v.), in the romance of him the scabbard of Arthur's that name. He receives the credit , which prevented in the romance of successfully its owner from bleeding, however winning for King Estmere the sorely he might be wounded. By daughter of King Adland. reason of his possession of this THE FAIR. Chief sage of scabbard, he nearly succeeded in Ireland. Author of the Voyage of slaying Arthur. He died of the Maeldun (q.v.). wounds he received in combat with the Mng. AEDA. In Irish romance, of King Fergus mac Leda (q.v.). ACHEFLOUR. The mother of The lover and slayer of Vivionn. Percyvelle and sister of Arthur. He is mentioned in the tale of the Alluded to in the Thornton MS. Fair Giantess, to be found in the of the Grail legend. (Vide " Bho- Colloquy of the Ancients (q.v.). cadrans.")j AEI. In Irish romance, the death ADDANC OF THE LAKE, Evidently plain of the bull of AiliU (q.v.) and a water-spirit or monster. Al- Maev (q.v.). luded to in the Mabinogi tale of AGARAN. Alluded to in the Queste Peredur. It slays the inhabitants del Saint Graal as the nephew of of the palace of the King of the a hermit encountered by Lancelot. Tortures daily. Peredur receives a magic stone from a certain AGLOVALE, SIR. Knight of King damsel, by which he is enabled to Arthur, nephew to the Queen of see the Addanc whilst remaining Orkney, and brother of Perceval. invisible to it, and succeeds in He meets his death at the hands slaying the monster. of Lancelot in carrying out the punishment of Guinever. (Vide ADLAND, KING. Mentioned in the "Morted'Arthur.") romance of King Estmere as the father of the lady who wedded . A romance of the Charle- King Estmere (q.v.). He was magne cycle (q.v.) contained in an beset by two kings who desired MS. in the British Museum (King's his daughter. The solution of Library, 15 E. VI.) together with his dilemma was the death of one other of the Carlovingian tales. of the lovers at the hands of the It depicts the fusing of the Carlo- other. vingian sub-cycle proper, and of B AGR AIF

the allied feudal sub-cycles, and Paris, was defeated with great is in heroic pentameters, generally, slaughter, then retired to Arli. though rather irregular, running He was latterly slain by . into rhyme. The subject is a war AGRAVAINE, SIR. Son of the Queen of the against the Saracens of Orkney, brother to Mordred, under their king Agolant ; Charle- Gawaine, Gareth, and Gtaheris. magne, in order to give them battle, He plotted against Lancelot and having to cross Aspremont, by Guinevere, and was subsequently which is meant either the Alps slain by the former. (Vide " Morte or the. Pyrenees. The romance d'Arthur.") has left a deep impression upon Camelot. is Itahan Hterature, and was one of AGRETES. King of He Saint Graal the most popular stories of the alluded to in the Grand Josephes for . It exhibits a more as being angered at modern character when compared Christianizing his folk, and, pre- Christian with such poems as The Song of tending to become a Boland or Garin, and many marvels himself, grievously persecuted the are recounted concerning Aspre- converts among his people on the mont and its inhabitants. The departure of Josephes. For so with early adventures of Naymes (g'-f.), doing he was punished mad- and the love of a paynim queen and death. for him, as weU as the first exploits AGUIGRENONS, MARSHAL. In Grail

of , are dealt with ; but the romance. King Qamadex's general, poem is full of imitations and whom Sir Perceval fights with and elaborations of . overcomes in defence of a beau- In the great battle which is de- teous maiden, Blanchefleur. He scribed in the course of the ro- is sent to King Arthur's court, mance the Franks bestow a crush- where he is soon followed by King ing defeat on the Saracens, whilst Clamadex (q.v.). Hiaumont, Agolant's son, is, like AIDEEN. Wife of Oscar, a champion Roland by , vainly pressed of the (q.v.). She died of by a friend to sound his horn to grief after he was slain obtain succour from his father. at the battle of Gowra, and was buried Thus the story of Roncevaux is by Oscar's father, Oisin, simply reversed. At this battle on Ben Edar in Howth, where a dolmen Roland is dubbed knight by was raised over her. Charles, who girds his famous sword, Durandal, by his side. AIFA (Eefa). An amazonian ohief- From many accompanying cir- tainess, in early Irish romance. cumstances the date of the poem Skatha, a warrior-woman of the may be fixed about the middle Land of Shadows (perhaps the of the twelfth century. (Cf. Isle of Skye), made war upon her, Bekker, introduction to the Pro- in which campaign Cuchulain {q.v.) ven§al poem of Fierahras, Berhn, took a prominent part. He met Reinier, 1829.) Aifa in single combat, and suc- ceeded in vanquishing her by the AGRAMANT. (See "Orlando Inna- stratagem of arousing her fears " " morato and .") for her horses and chariot during King of Africa, invaded France to the encounter. Whilst she turned revenge his father Troyano, slain to view the imagined catastrophe by the Christians. He besieged which had overtaken them, she AIL AIN

was seized by Cuchulain, who Anubal (q.v.), with whose daughter fled with her to the army of Skatha, the latter had fallen in love, and with whom she cemented a truce. as the husband of Maev he took a She had a son by Cuchulain, whom foremost part in the Cattle Raid in after-years he slew unwittingly. of Quelgny (q.v.). Finally he was slain by Conall (q.v.). AILUL (1). « Edge of Battle," Father of Maeldun (q.v.). Encamping AILILL OLUM. King of Munster. with his king, during a foray He cruelly stole the love of the into foreign territory, near a Goddess Aine (q.v.), and in conse- convent of nuns, he had the quence met his death by means opportunity of offering his love of her magic arts, to one of thean as she came out to strike the midnight bell. In AIMERI DE NARBONNES. (Vide " due time she gave birth to a Garin De Montglane.") posthumous son, whom she named AINE. An Irish love-goddess. In Maeldun. AiUll was burnt, with Irish romance, the patroness of _ the church of Doocloone, by reavers Munster, daughter of the Danaan from Leix. Owel. She was loved by many a

AILILL (2). Brother of Eochy, High mortal, among whom are to be King of Ireland, alluded to in the noted Ailill Olum (q.v.), King of Cycle of Ulster. He fell sick by Munster, and a Fitzgerald. By reason of his great love for Etain, her the latter became the father of daughter of Etar, and wife of his the semi-divine wizard Earl Gerald, brother. Eochy went on a jour- the fourth Earl of Desmond, ney, and left Etain to care for the from whom many aristocratic ' sick AiliU, who avowed his passion families of Munster trace their for her. She made a tryst with descent. Her name is to be him in a house near Tara. But on found in Knockainey ("Hill of the night before it, Aihll was cast Aine"). tike the other Danaan into a deep sleep, and failed to deities, she was a goddess of the arrive at the appointed time. His earth, and she figures prominently apparition, however, visited the in Munster folk-lore. On one queen, and spoke of his illness, occasion, at the bidding of Earl departing wearily. In his sleep Gerald, she planted her hill with pease in a single night. On Mid- his madness for Etain had ' van- ished, and she on her part became summer Eve her peasantry would aware that she was once a goddess, walk round Knockainey, carrying and that the apparition who visited lighted torches of hay and straw. her was none other than Midar Then they would depart to their the Proud, her god-spouse of the own fields, waving the torches divine tribe of Danaan, with whom over their crops and cattle, that she afterwards disappeared. {Vide good luck might attend them the " Etain.") next year. D. Fitzgerald, in his Popular Tales of Ireland, in the AILILL In Irish romance, son (3). Revue Celtique, vol. iv., tells us of Laery (q.v.) ; treacherously that on St. John's Eve this annual slain by his uncle Covac (q.v.). ceremony was omitted, as a neigh-

AILILL (4). King of Coraiacht, hus- bour had died. That night, how- band of Maev (q.v.). He assisted ever, the torches blazed in greater Angus Og (q.v.) to besiege numbers, and at the head of the AIN ALE

procession walked the goddess and of the reproductivity of nature. herself. Again, it is related that In the stories of the Volsungs (q.v.), on a similar occasion some girls he transformed himself into a remained longer upon the hill to pike, and brought from the river watch the torches and to join in gold for Loki (q.v.) and Ram. the games. To these Aine sud- The story shows him to denly appeared to thank them for be the owner of a cap of darkness, the honour, and to request them the power of which he gave to

to return home ; as she required Siegfried (q.v.), whose treasure he the hiU to herself and her fairy guarded until after his death. company. These invisible beings several of the maidens perceived . The capital city of through a ring held up by the Galafron, King of Cathay. It was goddess. besieged by , King of Tartary, who had been an un- AINLE. Brother of Naisi {q.v.), men- successful suitor for the hand of tioned in the . AngeHca, Galafron's daughter. " obtained the assistance AJOUB. {Vide Florice and Blanch- of many , both pagan and fleur.") Principal Imam of the the peers of Charlemagne, great mosque. Urged by Mohady, among them Sacripant, King of Circassia, his religious brother, he perse- but to no avail, for Agrican suc- cuted Blanchfleur, and was killed ceeded in taking the city. Ange- in a duel by Florice, who defended her. lica, however, escaped. (Vide " Orlando Furioso.") ALAINS LE GROS. The youngest son ALDA. Sister of Oliver (q.v.), of Brons (q.v.), chosen byJosephes and the betrothed of Roland (q.v.). (q.v.) as the Keeper of the Grail. He was instructed by Josephes She first espied him from the walls of Viana, invested at the to take the net from the Grail time by Charlemagne, and, although table and cast it into a certain an enemy, greeted lake. Alains caught one great him courteously and kindly. hearing fish, which his hungry company On of his death at considered was insufficient to feed Roncevaux, she died suddenly of grief. them all. But Alains having prayed and shared it in three, all ALEINE. The niece of Gauvain or are suflSced. He was called in Gawaine. She is alluded to in consequence " The Rich Fisher," the Didot Perceval as inciting and all the Grail-Keepers after Perceval to take part in an him bore this name, " but they Easter tournament at the court were more blessed than he, being of King Arthur, from which he crowned Mngs, whereas he never had hitherto refrained. She sent wore a crown." The incident is him a suit of red armour; he described in the Grand Saint Oraal. entered the lists luiknown, over- threw all ALAIS. In the Charlemagne cycle, his opponents, and won a vacant wife of Eaoul of Cambray (q.v.). place at the Rovmd Table.

ALBERICH or ANDWARI. (Vide ALEXANDER THE GREAT. (Vide " " .") A dwarf who Roman d 'Alexandre.") guards a treasure, possessor of a ALEXANDER and DINDIMUS. The magic ring, symbolic of wealth letters of Alexander the Great ALE ALE to Dindimus, King of the Brah- endure endless torture." The mans, and his repUes, constitute third letter contains Alexander's an alliterative romance translated reply. He asks, " Why blame from the Latin about 1340-50. us ? Your account of yourself The unique MS. is housed in the is a miserable one, to be neither Bodleian Library, at Oxford. envied nor imitated. Ye are The general contents of the work, beasts, but we are men. We which is' fragmentary, relate how work hard and earn pleasure. that after Alexander had slain You dishonour your Creator, and Perseus, King of India, he came your deeds are but foohsh." Din- to the country of the Oxydracca, dimus rephes, " We are but the people of which are called pilgrims on earth. Your boastful Gymnosophists. Their king in- deeds only make you proud. The forms him that he has nothing to gold which you prize cannot gain by subduing them. 'Alex- satisfy thirst ; and we are wiser ander offers them peace, and pro- in treading it underfoot. You mises to grant them a boon, upon know not how you err, and it is which they ask him to give them a kindness to tell you. The everlasting life. He rephes that men who do not fear death deserve such is not within his power to to be struck down by Mghtning." grant. Next he sees wonderful Alexander concludes the corre- " trees which only grow during spondence by replying thus : Ye sunlight, and disappear into the are so set on an island that no darkness. These trees are guarded strangers can come to you. God by birds that spit deadly fire. has decreed for you misery in this His journey resumed, he arrives life, and pain in the hereafter." on the banks of the Ganges, a After the letters had ended, Alex- river impassable except in July ander erects a piUar of marble to and August. He sends mes- mark the farthest spot which he sengers across the river in a boat had succeeded in reaching. He with a letter to the king of that and his men then begin their country. This king is called Din- homeward journey. The two lead- dimus. The rest of the poem ing ideas, which are both theo- concerns five letters which pass logical, display the contrast be- between him and Alexander. In t'Wfeen the active hfe and the con- the first letter, Alexander asks templative fife—the European and Dindimus to inform him of the the Asiatic. Though the poem habits of his subjects. The second deals with India and attempts an letter, which is Dindimus's reply, account of the life of the Brahmans, outlines the customs of that there is Httle Oriental thought in people. Dindimus states that his its composition. A point of in- subjects Uve simple fives; they terest is the name of Dindimus never plough, fish nor hunt, five given to the supposed King of frugally, and die at a fixed age. the Brahmans. It should more They avoid lusts, eat fruits, drink properly be Dandamis, and is not milk or water, speak truthfully, really a proper name, but a title. never covet, nor make war. " Your gods," says he, " fikewise ALEXANDRE DE BERNAY. Some- Alexandre of Paris, a are evil,—each one presides over times called idols lead French poet of the twelfth century. some member ; your you into sins, for which you shall Little or nothing is known about — —

ALE ALG his life, and he is remembered face to his edition of the Roman simply by his Roman d'Alexandre, d'Alexandre, and more particularly an epic treating of the exploits Alexandre de Bernay et les Vers of Alexander the Great. This Alexandrines, contained in the poem is based largely on an Bulletin de la Societe de VEure, earlier one on the same subject, 1833. the work of Lambert - h - Gros, ALFASEM. King of Terre Poraine, occasionally styled Lambert-le- and alluded to in the Grand Saint Court ; but Alexandre de Bemay Graal as being converted and bap- employed a wholly different man- tized by Alain {q.v. ) . He is wound- ner from this writer, and is gene- ed through both thighs by an rally considered much his superior. angel for sleeping where the Grail He ehminated his predecessor's rests, and later dies. crudeness, and eschewed his multi- pUcity of assurances ; while he ALFRED OF BEVERLEY. An Eng- created for his use what is known lish author who flourished about nowadays as Alexandrine verse, the beginning of the twelfth cen- and indeed the term traces its tury. He made an abridgment origin to Alexander's invention. of Geoffrey of Monmouth's His- Apart from its literary worth, the toria Regum Britannice. He tells Roman d'Alexundre has consider- us that, hearing people talk of able antiquarian interest ; for British kings of whom he knew the matter which the author bor- nothing, he became ashamed of his rowed from Lambert was in turn ignorance, and with difficulty bor- gleaned in great measure from rowed a copy of Geoffrey's new obscure Byzantine romancers of history. Delighted -with, it, he the seventh and eighth centuries ; desired to possess a copy himself. while moreover, Alexandre is a But lacking the time to copy it discursive poet, and accordingly or money for materials for a full his pages illuminate the manners transcript, he made an abridg- and customs of his own time ment of it in the days of an im- the age of chivalry and the Cru- posed silence among the clergy sades. Many early manuscript probably at a period of contest copies of the poem are extant, the between the two rival archbishops Bibliothfeque Nationale alone pos- who took opposite sides in the sessing no fewer than twenty, and civil war in Stephen's reign (1141- this goes far to prove that the work 1154). Having curtailed Geof- enjoyed exceptional popularity frey's book, he determined to throughout the Middle Ages. As continue his work down to Norman regards recent criticisms thereof, times, and thus he produced a the best is one edited by M. N. chronicle which ends, Hke Turgot's, Michelant for the Literary Society the last from which he took ma- of Stuttgart, 1846. Besides the terial, with the year 1129. Alexandre foregoing, de Bemay (Cf. Aluredi Beverlacensis An- is credited with a poem entitled nates, sive Historia de Gestis Regum Athis et Prophylias, but the ascrip- Britannice, Libris x., ed. by Tho- tion is not weU supported, resting mas Heame, Oxford, 1716.) as it does merely on a line in the " first verse : Oez del savoir ALGARVA, SULTAN OF {vide Alexandre." "Plorice and Blanchfleur"), who Literature: Of. Michelant's pre- was instrumental in despatching ALG ALP

his physician Averroes to the aid ALISCANS, BATTLE OF, (Vide of Florice, who lay sick. " Arleschans, Battle of.") ALGOLUFRE. {Vide "Sir Ferum- ALONZO OF AGUILAR, DEATH OF. . bras " ) A fierce giant who guarded This romance tells how Fernando, the bridge of Mantribe for Laban. King of Arragon, desires to rid the He was killed by Eichard of Nor- mountains of the Moors, who mandy. refuse to accept his religion. He ALL (FitZe "Grettir Saga.") The chooses Alonzo of Aguilar to be unruly house-carl of Thorbiom his champion. With a thousand Oxmain {q.v.). Ill-treated and horse Alonzo reaches Nevada, but expelled by his master, he took before they can reach the ravine, service with Atli (q.v.), to whom they are detected by the Moors, he proved very useftil. who hurl rocks down upon them. Alonzo with a handful more es- ALICE. Daughter of Louis le De- capes into a field, but is killed from bonair and Queen Blancheflower, afar by bolt and javeHn. The in Carlovingian romance, and Moors then come down from their niece of William of Orange (q.v.). hiding-place, and take Alonzo's She was instrumental in bringing body and lay it upon the village about a reconciliation between green for all to view. her mother and uncle on the occasion of a serious quarrel be- ALORY. In Carlovingian romance, tween them. (Vide "Blanche- a Lombard standard-bearer of flower," and " Arleschans, Battle the Frankish army, who, in fight- of.") ing against the Saracens in Italy, took fright and fled. He was ALICE. (Vide " GarintheLorrainer.") stopped by (q.v.), Daughter of Duke MUo of Gas- reclaimed the day for the cony. King Pepin asked her who Franks. father if he desired that his daugh- ter should marry one of the ALPHAR. King of Aquitaine, father counts at his court, and gave her of Walthar of Aquitaine (q.v.). to Garin. The marriage was a very (Vide "Dietrich of .") happy one, and she only survived ALPHART'S TOD. A Bavarian poem her husband a few days. of the latter part of the thirteenth ALICE LA BEALE PILGRIM. Daugh- century, connected with the Saga- ter of Duke Ansirus (q.v.). She cycle of Dietrich of Bern (q.v.). married Alisander (q.v.), and be- The poem recounts how Heine acts came the mother of Bellongerius as herald from Ermenrich to " (q.v.). (Vide Morte d'Arthur.") Dietrich, bearing a declaration of ALISANDER, SIR. Son of Bondwin war. Alphart is sent by Dietrich (q.v.). His mother Anglides (q.v.), to keep watch for the enemy. after her husband's death, presents One of Ermenrich's heroes ap- him to Arthur. He then resolves proaches with eighty followers, of to avenge himself on Eang Mark of whom Alphart slays all but of Cornwall for his father's death eight. , a renegade from (q.v.). He marries Ahce la Beale Dietrich's army, attacks Alphart Klgrim (q.v.). According to Ar- and hes at his mercy, when Heine thurian romance, he is subse- rushes from behind a tree and quently slain by his father's mur- suggests that the contest should derer. (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") be discontinued. Alphart refuses. "

ALS 8 AMA

with the result that both attack time after the three sons perform him, and he is slain. (Cf. Deut- many exploits together, unaware sches Heldevhuch, 1866-78; Lud- of their connection. Perion comes low, Popular Epics of the Middle on a visit to the court of his Ages, 1865.) Scottish brother-in-law, who had also a guest, Lisuarte, King of ALSWID. (Fjde"Volsungs.") Son Great Britain, with his daughter of Heimar and Bekkhild (q.v.). Oriana. To her young Amadis He advised {q.v.) against acts as page. She succeeds in Brynhild {q.v.). gettiag Perion to knight him, AMADIS DE GAUL. The origin of and he repays the honour by his this romance is a matter of some prowess agaiost Abies, King of controversy. By most authori- Ireland. The young knight then ties the Portuguese Vasco Lobeira learns, as the tokens of his cradle is held to be the author, but at prove, that he is the son of Perion, all events the Amadis romances and accordingly he dubs as knight are genuinely Spanish in their his long-lost brother Galaor. The colouring, and tinged by a glow interest of the story now centres of Oriental fancy. The story tells around the fair Oriana, toward how Garinter, Bang of Brittany, whom he remains faithful. But has two daughters, one of whom she, deceived as to his constancy, marries Languines, King of Scot- writes him such cruel letters, land, and the other Ehsena, is that at the height of his renown beloved by Perion, King of Gaul. he renounces friends, arms, and To this latter pair is attributed fame, and goes off under the name the birth of Amadis, whose mother, of Beltenebros, the " Fair Forlorn," anxious to conceal his birth, to hve in seclusion upon an island launches him in an ark into a known as the Poor Rock, inha- stream, which carries him to the bited only by a hermit. The Scottish coast, where he is picked difficulty between the lovers is

up by the knight Gandales. The eventually overcome ; Lisuarte, foundling he named " Child of the quarrelliug with the hero, would Sea," and a parchment roll, which have married his daughter to a he finds around the babe's neck, brother of the emperor, had not declared him to be the son of a Amadis intervened by defeating king. There are also tokens which him. He carries off Oriana to in due time will disclose his the Firm Island, where both identity. The King and Queen achieve the " Arch of Lovers of Scotland become interested and the " Forbidden Chamber," an in the chUd, and, unconscious of enterprise to be achieved by only their relationship, order him to be the bravest of knights and the reared at their court along with fa,irest of ladies. (Cf. Nunez de the knight's son, Grandalin. Liao, Origem da Lingoa Portu- Meanwhile King Perion had gueza ; Cancionero de Romances, openly married Elisena. Antwerp, They 1555 ; Bouterwek, His- had another son Galaor, who had tory of Spanish Literature. There been stolen away from them by is anEnghsh translation of ^mac^js a giant named Gandalar, under by Southey.) whose instructions he became a mirror of chivalry. Perion had AMANGONS. King of Logres. Al- another son, Florestan. Some luded to in the Conte du Oraal. AMA AMY

In the wells and springs of Logres he directs Perceval to his castle. dwelt damsels who fed the way- Perceval is afterwards informed farers with meat, pasties, and that, being wounded and conse- bread. But Amangons wronged quently unable to mount on horse- one, and carried off her golden back, fishing is his only solace, cup, so that never more came whence the name appUed to him. damsels out of the springs to He is also known as the Keeper comfort the wanderer. The men of the Holy Grail, but how it of King Amangons followed his came into his possession is not evil example, so that the land grew definitely known, though con- waste. jecture would point to his being the descendant of Joseph. From AMANT, SIR. A knight of the Court Manessier we learn that Joseph, of Arthur. He was slain by Mark, " having converted the land, died King of Cornwall (q.v.). {Vide " " therein ; that the Fisher King "Morted'Arthur.") is of his seed, and that if God wills AMERGIN (1). A Milesian bard, son the Grail will never have its of Miled, mentioned in the myths dweUing elsewhere than with him." " of the Irish invasion. When he He is also known as The Maimed " first landed in Ireland with the King (q.v.), having been brought MUesian hosts he sang a strange to this pass by indulging in illicit pantheistic lay, probably expres- loves. In all the old French works " " sive of the esoteric and bardic of the cycle the soubriquet rich philosophy of the Celts. He is apphed to the Fisher. He is a uttered the first judgment which character in Wagner's well-known " was given in Ireland, to the effect Opera Parsifal." (Vide " Fisher that the invading must King.") not take the native Danaans by AMINADAP. One of the Grail- surprise, but should withdraw the Keepers and Kings alluded to as of nine waves from the length such in the OrandSaint Grail (q.v.). shore, and then return. As they did so, the Danaans raised a mist AMYS AND AMYLION. An English and tempest by their sorceries, romance of great length, believed whereupon the vessels of the to be of French origin. The tale Milesians were scattered. Amer- opens with the marriage of two gin, however, dispelled these by knights of Lombardy, who had means of an incantation, and the been from infancy fast friends. Milesians were about to land, when It happened that both their wives once more the tempest arose, and were on the same day delivered sank many of their ships. A of sons, one of whom is chris- number of the Milesians succeeded tened Amys, the other Amylion. in landing in the Boyne, and pro- These children become playmates, ceeded on their path of conquest. while as they grow older, they develop a striking similarity to AMERGIN (2). Father of Conall of each other. The Duke of Lom- the Victories (q.v.). bardy holds a festival, which AMFORTAS. The Fisher King. (Vide is attended by the two knights, "Grail, Holy.") By Chrestien he who bring with them their sons. is represented on Perceval's first The duke instantly becomes meeting with him as angling from attached to them, requests their his care, a boat steered by his companion ; fathers to leave them in AMY 10 AMY assuring them of his increasing the duke and his steward. Amyhon attention toward them. To this arrives, slays the wicked steward, request the fathers agree, and, thus winning the duke's favour, leaving their sons with the duke, who offers him Belisante and the they repair to their respective succession to the kingdom. Sir castles. Shortly afterwards the Amyhon returns to his castle, and two fathers die. Living in the informs Amys of his success. court, and receiving the same Amys then hastens to the duke's instruction, the two friends become court, where he is married to deeply attached to each other. Behsante. This event is followed Their education having been com- shortly afterwards by his succes- pleted, the duke knights them, sion to the duke's longdom. Sir and subsequently appoints Sir Amylion's wife meanwhile learns Amys to the office of butler, and from her husband the story of the Sir Amyhon to that of steward afifair. Her annoyance at her of the household. This latter husband's deception causes her to appointment, however, awakens reject him. He becomes afflicted the envy of the chief steward, a with leprosy as the result of a man of most malicious character. dream which he previously had, Soon after. Sir Amylion succeeds warning him not to fight in the to his father's estates. This cause of his friend. His repulsive parting naturally causes much appearance, combined with hatred sorrow ; and, making two gold for the deception practised upon cups, Amys presents one to his him prompts his wife to banish friend, while the other he himself him from the castle. All his retains. The steward, none the attendants but one desert him. less mahcious, quarrels with Amys. This faithful page, Childe Oneys, The duke's daughter, who by this and Sir Amyhon quit the castle. has taken up residence at the For three years the afihcted knight court, falls madly in love with and his page tramp the country. Sir Amys, and as the attachment Destitute almost beyond recogni- is mutual the steward, who learns tion, the hapless pair one day arrive of it, hastens to inform his master. at a city, and hearing of a generous The duke, enraged at what has duke who resides there, they become a scandal, immediately proceed in the direction of the summons Sir Amys, who untruth- castle. The page makes his ap- fully declares his innocence. pearance along with the rest, Hardly satisfied by this denial, the before the sergeant, who, sur- duke fixes a day on which the prised at his powerful build, steward and Amys must fight. asks to see his companion. This The duchess and Belisante stand done, the youthful Oneys is offered as pledges for Amys, who, fearing a position in the castle ; but, defeat, hastens to seek the aid of refusing to quit his master, he his friend. Sir Amylion gladly leaves the sergeant in a state of agrees to fight for the cause of surprise. The sergeant inune- Amys, and, exchanging their diately reports the incident to his armour, Amyhon proceeds to the master, Amys, who fiiUs the gold sceneof battle, while Amys remains cup with wine, commanding him with his friend's wife. The disguise to carry it to the afflicted man. which they both adopt completely Immediately Amyhon sees the deceives both Amylion's wife and cup, he produces his own, which AND II ANG

he had faithfully preserved, and ecclesiastic of the ninth century. compares the two, to find them The work by which he is remem- similar. The sergeant immediately bered deals with the history of relates the incident to Sir Amys, Italy from its shadowy dawn till who, thinking the si,ck man had the advent of the Lombards on stolen the cup from his friend the death of the Emperor Eouis II., Sir AmyUon, rushes upon the and is of the nature of pseudo- afflicted knight, and would have history. The reader will find it in slain him had not the page dis- the first volume of Antiquitates closed his master's name. At this Italice, edited by Muratori, and Sir Amys leads him into the castle, also in the third volume of where he is welcomed by Behsante. MonumentcB Ecumenim, edited by The same night the two friends Pertz. Nothing is known about dream of an angel appearing .Andrea's life save that for some before them, and commanding that time he was Canon of Bergame. the two children of Sir Amys ANDVARIS. {Vide "Volsungs.") A must be sacrificed and Sir Amylion dwarf in league with Loki (q.v.). anointed with their blood, in YARL. Vide " Frithjof which manner his leprosy is to be ANGANTYR, ( cured. The following morning the Saga.") The chief to whom Helgi knights relate their dreams, and {q.v.) sent Prithjof to wrest from finding them the same, decide that him the tribute due to the sons the two children must be sacrificed. of Bele. But the yarl had been Sir Amys succeeds in decoying his the friend of both Thorsten, - Bele wife from the house, while he kills jof's father, and of King presents, his children, with whose blood he to whom he had given anoints Sir Amyhon. Behsante not tribute. He welcomed the returns, and is informed of her son of his friend. husband's deed, but learning the ANGELICA. {Vide " Orlando Inna- reason of the sacrifice, she is con- morato " and " Orlando Furioso.") soled. Amylion is now restored to Daughter to Galaphron, King of youth and vigour. They return Cathay. She first loved Orlando, to the fatal room, and to their then discarded him for Rinaldo. astonishment find the two children She ultimately sailed for India awaking from a refreshing sleep, with Medoro, whom she married. little the worse. Amyhon bids ANGHARADLAWEURAWC. Alluded farewell to his hospitable comrade, in the tale of Peredur the Son of and, accompanied by Childe to Evrawc {q.v.) in the Welsh Mahino- Oneys, he arrives in his own land, gion. The name signifies " Ang- to find his wife on the point of with the Golden Hand," taking another husband. He im- harad probably bestowed upon her to mediately prevents the union, typify her Hberahty. Peredur banishes her from his lands, and pledges his faith that he will not places the faithful Oneys in charge speak a word to any Christian over them. He returns to his again until she come to love him. friend, and the two give up the re- After performing various adven- mainder of their hves to the cause tures he meets her again, and she of charity. (Of. Elhs, Specimens of declares her love for him, so that Early English Metrical Romances.) his self-inflicted penance comes to ANDREA. An Italian chronicler and an end. ANG 12 ANS^

ANGLIDES, DAME. Wife of Bondwin (q.v.), sovereign of the Danaans iq.v.) and mother to Alisander of Connacht, and parent of the (q.v.). She flees from the wrath of maiden, whose name was Caer. King Mark, who slays her husband Her father refusing to give her up, in her presence. {Vide " Morte he was besieged and taken prisoner d'Arthur.") by AihU and . But in vain, for his daughter had more ANGUISH. In Arthurian romance, power than he, as she took the King of Scotland. He was one form of a swan on the first of of those advised Arthur who to November every alternate year. withstand the Romans and refuse Angus Og, calling to her on the to pay their tribute, and assisted first day of her transformation, him in his war with them with was changed into a swan, and twenty thousand men. plunged into the lake. Then ANGURVADEL. {Vide "Frithjof together they flew to the Boyne Saga.") The wonderful golden- palace, luUing all who heard their sleep hilted sword inherited by Frithjof singing into a charmed which lasted three days and nights. (q.v.). It was made by the dwarfs, blazed like the Northern Lights, ANLUAN. In Irish romance, son of and upon its blade were uninteUi- Maga, brother of Ket. He accom- gible runes that dulled and paled panied Maev {q.v.), the Queen of in time of peace and reddened Connacht, on a foray into Ulster, fierce and fiery when the battle the famous Cattle Raid of Quelgny raged. {q.v.). But after the Ulster peace ANGUS OG (Angus the Young). In he was slain by ConaU {q.v.), and Irish romance and mjrth, the son his head produced to Ket on the of Dagda, supreme Danaan god, occasion of those warriors' rivalry and father of Maga (q.v.). He was in boasting. the Irish God of Love. His palace ANSIRUS, DUKE. was reported to be at New Grange, "The PUgrim," so called for his love of on the Boyne. It was said that holy travel. his kisses took the form of four He was the father of Alice, who married beautiful birds that hovered con- Ahsander {q.v.). {Vide "Morte tinually about his head, and by d'Arthur.") their singing inspired with love ANSEIS. {Vide "GarintheLorrainer.") both youths and maidens. His King of Cologne. He went with own passion was for a maiden a huge army to aid Hervi in whom he had beheld in a dream, defending Metz from the Saracens. and who, the Dagda and Boanna Hervi was killed and Anseis took faihng in their search for her, was possession of Metz, as he had at last found by Bov the Red (q.v.), driven off the invaders. He after- King of the Munster Danaans, at wards lost it, and Garin, son of the Lake of the Dragon's Mouth. Hervi, won it back. Unable to carry her off from her hundred and fSty companions as ANSWERER. , the Irish she walked the lake-shores, Angus Sea,-god 's {q.v.) magical sword, sought the aid of Aihll {q.v.) and which could pierce any armour. Maev {q.v.), the King and Queen of It was brought by {q.v.) from Connacht. These, however, " had the Land of the Living," i.e. the no authority over Ethal Anubal " ." AOI 13 ARI

AOIFE. The second wife of Lir, a (q.v.), offered herself in marriage to god of the Danaans, mentioned in Eglamour, but was refused. She the Irish invasion myth, and waited fifteen years in the hope of

cognate with the British , Celtic winning her desire ; but in the deity Llyr. lar's first wife had end was married to Degrabell (q.v.). borne him four children, and so ARGASTES. Son of King Helain, and jealous was Aoife of them that master of the black knights men- she took them to the court of tioned in the Queste del Saint Graal, Eong Bov the Red, and on the as observed by Lancelot tourneying journey requested her retainers to with a band of white knights in a slay them. They refused, and not meadow by a castle. They cap- possessing the courage to undertake tured, but afterwards released him. the deed herself, she cast a spell upon them, by which they became ARIDES OF CAVALON. Alluded to swans. (Fi(Ze "Lir, Children of.") in Manessier's portion of the I&ig Bov, horrified at her act, Conte du Graal, as oppressing a changed her into a demon of the damsel of Blanchefleur's (q.v.). air, and with discordant cries she He was overcome by Perceval, quitted the palace, and was seen who sent him to Arthur's court, no more. bidding him announce his arrival AONBARR. The magical horse of at Whitsuntide. Manaanan, son of the Irish Sea- ARIES, the Cowherd, in Arthurian god Lir (q.v.), which could gallop romance, foster-father of Sir Tor. sea. on land or (Cf . Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Book III. chap, iii.) ARAWN, Lord of Annwn (alluded to in the Mabinogion tale of Pwyll, ARIOSTO, The author of the cele- Prince of Dyfed {q.v.}). He was brated romantic poem Orlando the King of Annwn, or the Celtic Furioso (q.v.), was bom at Reggio Otherworld in its later mythological in Modena, in 1474. His father was aspect of a country adjoining the an officer in the forces of the Duke dominions of Pwyll, a Welsh of Ferrara, whose son. Cardinal princeling, and not as a land across d'Este, chancing to see a number of the misty ocean. It is doubtful the poetical effusions of the young if he can be identified with Arawn Ariosto, gave him a position in his ap Cynvarch, whom the Welsh household, and sent him on various triads celebrate as one of the three missions. In 1516, at the age of knights of counsel, or with that forty-two, Ariosto completed his Arawn mab Dewinoin whose grave great work, Orlando Furioso, in is alluded to in the verses of which he drew with a vivid and Beddau. vivacious pen the adventures of ARBRIORES. A Knight alluded to in various knights belonging to the court of Charlemagne, of their Gautier's portion of the Conte du and pagan foes. This wonderful and Graal (q.v.) as being overcome by entertaining work cost him no less Percival and sent to King Arthur. than ten years of arduous labour, ARDAN. Brother of Naisi (q.v.), an and was first pubhshed at Ferrara, Ultonian warrior. in 1516, in forty and afterwards in ARDANATA. Daughter of the King of forty-six cantos. Shortly after- Satyn (q.v.), who, according to the wards Ariosto joined the household romance of Eglamour of Artoys of the Duke of Ferrara, brother of ARL 14 ARL

his late master, and in 1522 was WilHam of Orange's men, and appointed to the governorship of Vivien falls wounded under a tree. Garfagnana, in the Apennines, a William, endeavouring to escape, brigand-ridden district. During finds Vivien dying. He gives him the three years he resided there he some consecrated bread, and when succeeded in reducing the province he passes, carries the lad's body to a semblance of order, his rank off on his horse. The death-scene and reputation assisting him con- of Vivien is most exquisitely siderably in this task. On his touching, and one of the most return to Ferrara he resumed Ufe tender and beautiful in romance. as an author and produced several Attacked, Wilham is forced to put theatrical pieces under his own down the body, but, returning, he direction. He died in 1533. His watches by it the whole night. talent for description was of a high Disguised in the body-armour of order, and his invention assisted a dead Saracen, he returns to him greatly in the weaving of Orange, where his wife Guibor original plots. In character-study fails to recognize him at first. and sketches he is not so successful, She counsels him to seek succour but this is compensated for by the from King Eouis, and dresses with sweetness and elegance of his her women in armour, to make the versification. The harmony of his Saracens beheve that Orange is poetry is incomparable, and every well garrisoned. WiUiam swears description is felt to be a picture. that he will not change his clothes He never attempted the epic style until he kisses his lady again. He of poetry, and even wrote at times reaches the French Court, where Uke an improvisaiore. But this is he is jeered at because of his rough practically concealed by the poHsh attire. He learns that his sister of his verse, and his irregularities Blanchflower, the queen, is about partake of the art which conceals to be crowned. Louis accords him art. At times he rises to a poig- an interview, and in sheer terror nant pathos which will bear com- of him grants his request to be parison with that of the most suppUed with an army. With gifted lyrists. His plays are only this force and with Reuouart, the mediocre, and are entitled La gigantic brother of his wife Guibor, Cassaria, I Suppo-^iti, and La he returns, and inflicts a crushing Galandra. He also wrote sonnets, defeat upon the Saracens. The madrigals, and canzoni. (Vide. rest of the romance is taken up " Orlando Furioso.") with the recital of the deeds of Reuouart, who, stolen from his ARLESCHANS or ALISCANS, BATTLE parents in early youth, was until OF. A romance of the WilUam this time a scuUion in the king's of Orange sub-cycle of the Charle- kitchen. He marries Alice, the magne Saga. It is a sequel to King's daughter, and his subse- Le Covenant de Vivien {q.v.), but quent adventures are detailed in was probably written by a different The Battle of Loquifer {q.v.). hand. The Saracens are being The romance of Arlesckans un- driven towards the sea by Vivien, doubtedly rests upon historical when the French espy a new tradition. M. L. Gautier holds enemy—the men of Gorant, that it represents the welding " homed in front and rear." The together of the defeat of William Saracens turn, and take many of of Aquitaine by the Saracens at ART 15 ART

Villedaigne in 793, and the defeat upon his sister unwitting of the of the Saracens by William I. of relationship. In a word, his myth Provence in 976. parallels the circumstances of a

Literature : Aliscans, Eecueil des hxmdred others. All the details Anciens Poetes de la France, vol. x. which occur in the career of a

1875 ; critical ed. by E. Wein- great mythological hero are repre- beck, 1903. An early MS. of sented in his story. He is prob- Arleschans was discovered in ably a British leader on whose in 1904. It was printed memory were grafted tales relating under the title La Cancun de to an ancient British solar deity, Willame (see M. Paul Meyer's his Round Table possibly repre- articles in Romania, vols, xxxii. sents the sun itself, and his knights xxxiv.). Wolfram von Eschen- the host which accompanies the bach translated Arleschans under luminary. the title of Willehalm (see the (See "Morte d'Arthur," "Ex- complete edition of his works by calibur," and the titles of the Lochmann, 5th edition). various Arthurian romances; " His- toria Britonum," " Historia Regum ARTHUR, KING. Son of Uther Pen- Brittam8e,"and especially " Arthu- dragon {q.v.). King of England, rian Romance," as to his histori- and Igraine {q.v.), wife of Gorlois, city. For Literature on the subject, a Lord of Cornwall, who subse- see that at end of the above quently married Uther. Given articles.) by Merlin after his birth to Sir Ector, he was reared by him, and ARTHURIAN ROMANCE, RISE AND on Uther's demise established his EVOLUTION OF. The historicity of right to the Kingship by drawing Arthur, his existence as a veritable an enchanted sword from a block personage, is a much-debated point. of stone. The circumstances of There are several theories as to the his Mfe will be found detailed at manner in which his myth grew length in the article on the Morte into prominence. One is that he d'Arthur. It is probable that was the Gomes Brittanice or Pro- Arthur was a sixth-century British tector of the Romano-Britons on leader or chieftain who bore the the withdrawal of the Roman not very common name of a forces from the island. Another British deity. The deeds of the would derive him from a Celtic god probably became confounded deity, Arturus or Actus, and would with those of the hero, and the make the alleged historical matter Historia Regum BrittanicB {q.v.) concerning him part of a mytho- for ever fixed the type of the logical process. It is probable romance and rendered the figure that the truth lies between these

of Arthur human, whereas in extremes ; that the figure of the earher Celtic times it undoubtedly Arthur of romance was derived loomed through a mythological from that of the sixth-century mist. Indeed its mythologic origin British commander who bore the is patent to the student in the name of the god, and around circumstances which surround the whom, as a hero of considerable story. Arthur's career begins in fame in his day, the attributes of darkness and mystery. He pos- the deity clustered and clung. sesses a magic weapon (Excali- The first historical notice we have bur). He begets a son (Mordred) of Arthur is in the Historia ART i6 ART

Britonum, ascribed to Nennius probably in an inchoate con- (c. 800). In its pages Arthur is dition, hawked about the country alluded to as " Emperor " of by jongleurs and minstrels when Britain, and his battles with the it was seized upon by Geoffrey Saxon invaders are described. The of Monmouth, who for ever placed exact region over which he held upon it that veritable stamp of sway is variously debated, Wales, which was to the South of Scotland and even be so often imitated but seldom Brittany being claimed by different surpassed, and which fixed it authorities, and natural objects for aU time as a world-story of bearing his name being encoun- the first magnitude. Geoffrey tered over the length and breadth maintained that he had received of Britain. The lack of direct the matter of his Historia Return allusion to Arthur in Bede and BrittanicB from a Breton or Welsh The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is source. This is generally doubted, scarcely an argument in favour of without much show of reason. his non-existence, as some authori- Some such source must undoubt- ties appear to think. The real edly have existed behind his Arthur may have been a leader of pseudo-history, as he certainly did importance, as his deeds are fre- not invent its basis, however much quently alluded to in Welsh legen- he may have elaborated it. A dary and semi-mythical literature, host of continuators, imitators, and it is not surprising that he is and authors of tales which threw unnoticed in the very scanty light upon the lesser known por- Saxon Uterature of the three or tions of Arthurian story pursued four centuries which followed his the subject. And the Arthuriad death. But it is almost certain became practically the only theme that the circumstance that he was of song and fiction in England of one name with a native deity and France, and ia great measure assisted to raise him to a pedestal in Italy and Germany for at least of heroship in the popular imagina- a century and a half. tion. It is not until the twelfth That the original matter of century that we have any definite Arthurian romance emanated from evidence that his story had Wales or Brittany is certain. It awakened interest in the minds of arose from Celtic myth, and is men. Whatever the amount of closely interwoven with the death- enthusiasm that accrued to it less tales of the Cymric deities. between the fifth and twelfth But it is more probable that the centuries, there is no mistaking impulses which went to the making the note of passionate admiration of Enghsh Arthurian romance struck by its chroniclers and came rather from Brittany than perusers of the latter era. The from Wales. Geoffrey of Mon- circumstances of Arthur's Ufe were mouth states that he merely on all men's Ups, and were matter translated from " a certain most of general discussion. His story ancient book in the British Lan- appealed to the martial and roman- guage," which " Walter Arch- tic spirit of the time, and probably deacon of Oxford, brought hither had a vogue in Britain greater from Brittany," and it is merely and more extended than that of ludicrous to discount the existence any literary subject-matter either of such a volume of lore or some before or since. The tale was traditional equivalent on the ART 17 ARU ground that it is not now extant, observe in the titles of the works and to allude to this source of the alluded to that two new subjects Historia JRegum BrittanicB as " one have by this time been added to of the great ruses of English the Arthurian story, the sub-cycle Literary History." of Tristan, (q.v.) and the Grail Regarding the evolution of story {q.v.). Later Arthurian ro- Arthurian Romance from a chrono- mantic effort includes the spread logical standpoint and dating a of the purely French romances of review of such from the probable the cycle into Wales, giving rise period of the historical Arthur's to new Welsh versions, and the death (which occurred in the first vogue of Malory's compilation. third of the sixth century), we are It would scarcely be untrue to say justified in concluding that heroic that the evolution of the Arthurian poems commemorating the struggle romances had ceased, with the between Briton and Saxon were echoes of the deathless works of in existence by the beginning of Tennyson, Swinburne and many the seventh century. The deve- other nineteenth-century poets lopment of the legend may be stiU ringing in the ears of the observed in Nennius' History of the present generation. £ntoMS, which dates from the eighth {Vide also articles on Arthurian or ninth century. By 1050 or Romance, for example " Grail," thereabouts the settlement of Nor- " Tristram," the articles on the mandy had in aU probabUity made several romances themselves, and the Arthurian stories known to the " Chretien de Troies," " Geoffrey Normans by reason of their close of Monmouth," "Walter Map," contact with Brittany, and these " Lancelot," " Gawain," etc., etc.) they carried with them to their Literature : Nennius, Historia

colonies in Italy and Sicily. The Britonum ; Geoffrey of Monmouth,

last quarter of the eleventh century Historia Begum Brittanice ; Pro- witnessed considerable hterary fessor A. Brown, The Bound Table activity in Wales, when a renais- before Wace, " Harvard Studies and

sance of national hterature was Notes," vol. viii. ; Dr. Lewis Mott, marked chiefly by the popularity The Bound Ta6Ze,Mod.Lang. Assoc,

of the work of the sixth-century of America, xx. 2 ; Skene, Four bards, of which several of the Ancient Books of Wales, Edinburgh,

Mabinogi tales are good examples. 1868 ; Fletcher, Arthurian Matter Geoffrey's works reflected the out- in the Chronicles, " Harvard Studies

burst in England, and he was and Notes," 1906 ; Alfred Nutt, followed by Wace, who translated Celtic and Mediaeval Bomance ; Sir his history into French, Marie de John Rhys, The Arthurian Legend,

Prance (who wTote c. 1150-1165), 1891 ; Jessie P. Weston, King Beroul (c. 1150), and Thomas Arthur and his Knights (" Popular (c. 1170), the last two of whom Studies in Mythology and Folk- wrote on the subject of Tristan lore "). For a good resume of the (q.v.). Then Chretien de Troyes subject see W. Lewis Jones's

(g-.i;.) followed with Erec, Cliges and King Arthur in History and Legend Le Chevalier de Charette, and finally (" Cambridge Manuals of Science the Conte du Graal (1182), and the and Literature "). prose romances such as the Lance- lot. In this subject he had been ARUNDEL. A kingdom ruled over preceded by Guyot (q.v.). We by King Jovelin. Tristram {q.v.) ASA l8 ATH

during his wanderings in that grieved mightily, but an angel land assisted Jovelin to rid it appeared to her, and announced of robbers and once more made that her name was written in the the throne secure. {Vide " Morte Book of life, and that she should d'Arthur.") become Joseph's wife. She sup- phed the angel with bread, but ASAL, King of the Golden PUlars, when he requested honey she in Irish Celtic Myth. He possessed could not supply it, so he brought seven swine which might be killed it miraculously from Paradise. The and eaten every night, yet which angel further blessed her seven were found alive every morning. handmaidens, and, Joseph arriving, (F«cZe " Turenn, Sons of.") Asenath was given him to wife. ASCAPARD. Vide " Bevis of Hamp- { ASKELDART. {Vide " of War- ton.") A giant whose Hfe was Guy wick.") knight. spared by Bevis at the request of A Saracen Josyan (q.v.). He became their ASMUND. {Vide "Grettir Saga.")

page and served them faithfully Father of Grettir ; husband of till Bevis gave up his estates, when Asdis. Ascapard went back to his pagan master. Saber killed him when he ASPERAUNT. {Vide "Sir Otuel.") rescued Josyan. A favourite adviser of King Garsie, who consulted him when he found " ASDIS. {Vide Grettir Saga.") himself in danger from the French Mother of Grettir ; wife of Asmund. army as to how he could punish ASENATH. A French Medieval Otuel and defeat the French. romance which relates how Ase- Asperaunt thought no headway nath, the daughter of Poti-pherah, could be made so long as Bioland Chief Priest of Egypt, was scornful and Ohvier were ahve and Otuel of men, and immured herself in still held his famous sword, a high tower to be without their Corrouge. reach. Joseph, being sent by ASTOLPHO. {Vide " Orlando Inna- Pharaoh to gather com throughout morato " and " Orlando Furioso.") Egypt in face of famine, sent for Son of Otho, King of England. Poti-pherah, who desired to give He was transformed into a myrtle him Asenath to wife. But Ase- by . He regained his former nath was sore vexed, and declared shape through , then that only the son of a King should travelled to LogistiUa. He took wed her. But she espied Joseph Cahgorant the giant prisoner in from her tower and repented of her his own net. He cured Orlando words. Joseph inquired what of his madness. woman had looked from the tower, and was told by Poti-pherah that ATHELSTAN. A pseudo-history in it was his daughter. Joseph, metre, of the reign of that king. hating woman as much as Asenath As the son of Edward the Elder, disliked men, announced that he Alfred's successor, he ascended would be "as a brother to her." the throne of England in the year But he refused to kiss her because 925. He was the first monarch of her idolatry to the gods of who exercised actual kingly power Egypt. At this she sought her over all the divisions of the Hept- chamber, and renounced the gods. archy. According to tradition, Joseph When departed Asenath he was not without opponents to ATH 19 AUB the crown of England ; these as- cester, where he died in 941. At pirants he is said to have cleared the express wish of the dying out of his way by successively monarch, Edmund, his brother, bribing his cup-bearer, a per- assuihed the kingship of the rising sonage of importance, to remove nation. them. Alfred, coveted the who ATLI (1). {Vide "Volsungs, Lay of throne, accused Athelstan of mur- the.") A monarch who married dering his brother, Prince Ethel- {q.v.). His thirst for gold wald ; but the mob to whom he led him to war against the sons of appealed assaulted him, dragged Giuki, whom he took prisoners. his mutilated body through the He slew Helge and cast Gunnar " lanes, and cried, Up with Athel- into a pit of vipers. He was slain " stan 1 His greatest enemy was in revenge by Gudrun and Niblung. Sigrig Dane, married the who ATLI (2), (See "Erithjof Saga.") Eadritha, the king's sister. By The fiercest of Yarl Angantyr's this union Sigrig, who was king vikings. Desiring to prove the over Northumbria, promised to reputed quahties of Frithjof's renounce the worship of and magic sword, Angurvadel, he en- form an alliance of peace with gaged that hero in combat. Frith- his brother-in-law. Such a treaty jof's blade cut his sword in twain, he never fulfilled. The spirit of his but his opponent thought him too god reclaimed his soul, and he brave to die, and became his friend. fear. fires " perished through The ATLI (3). (See Grettir Saga.") of Odin consumed him, and when Eldest son of Asmund and brother his warriors entered his chamber of Grettir. Mild and peace-loving, the final flames of the fatal fire he was treacherously slain by passed away. With Sigrig dead, Thorbiom Oxmain {q.v.), who thus Athelstan united Northumbria to avenged the death of his brother England. Anlaf, son of Sigrig, Thorbiom the Tardy {q.v.) at the opposed Athelstan. He visited hands of Grettir. York, while his brother Gunth- ATTILAorETZEL. King of the , forth journeyed to the court of and ally of Dietrich of Bern {q.v.). the Scottish king Constance. As " a result of their visits, the Scots AUBRY. (Vide Garin the Eorrai- and Welsh, who were, (according ner.") Son of Duke of Burgundy, to this romantic history), but nephew of the Lorrainers. He tributary nations to Athelstan, was one of the party who went to joined Anlaf and his Irish hosts. help King Thierry of Savoy. He The king, who had, meanwhile, was besieged in Dijon by Bernard, strengthened himself by forming but Bego reheved him. When various alliances with foreign Bego was wounded and unable to princes, prepared for battle. The fight, he sent out Aubry in his rival armies met at Brunnanburh place. He hated Bernard, but (938 A.D.), where Anlat and his was overthrown by him in the alhes were routed. The son of attack on Naisil. He and Garin Sigrig fled from the field, leaving went to the assistance of Huo in no less than five kings dead. The a fierce fight with the Bordelais, kingdom prospered under Athel- He fought bravely on the side of the Lorrainers in time of battle, stan's rule ; and, after laying the foundations of England's mari- and gave good advice to them on time greatness, he retired to Glou- several occasions. ;

AUG 20 AUC

AUCASSIN AND NICOLETE. A French Garin, attempts to storm the cantefable or romance partly in castle. Garin seeks his son, up- prose, partly in verse, dating from braids him for his craven indiffer- the thirteenth century, and one ence to their danger, and begs of the most beautiful examples him to take his place in the fight, of Mediaeval literature. It has for his presence will instil courage evoked the enthusiasm of some of into the people. Aucassin at first the best English writers of the last refuses, but for the sake of a pro- half century, notably Swinburne, mised interview with his beloved, Pater, and Lang, and it is admitted he dons his armour and saUies by hterary critics of eminence to forth. But Aucassin, obsessed possess elements of originaUty and with the thought of Nicolete, intrinsic lovehness which make allows himself to be taken prisoner. it at once one of the most intense Awaking from his day-dxeam as and deUcately fragrant love stories the soldiers are preparing to hang of the Middle Ages. In every him, he draws his sword, and page we catch the far-off, dreamy makes a wild dash for freedom. beauty which characterizes the Winning clear of the melee, he literary craftsmanship of theperiod, rides swiftly on, and encounters and, if the audacity, extravagance, Count Bougars of Valence. Taking and even puerihty of certain pas- him prisoner, he dehvers him to sages force us to smile, we are in his father, and demands the fulfil- turning the next page rapt by the ment of their bargain—^his inter- wonderfully human descriptions view with Nicolete. Count Garin, of passion and the intricate work- thinking the danger over, refuses, manship in words which we en- whereupon Aucassiu extracts a counter. By some critics an promise from his prisoner, that as Eastern origin has been ascribed long as he lived he would harry to Aucassin and Nicolete. The and make war on the Count of name, Aucassin, it is insisted, is Beaucaire. Leading his prisoner merely the Moorish Al Cassim, safely out of the castle precincts, and the " Saracen " birth of he sets him free. Aucassin is Nicolete is adduced as a further thrown into prison again, and one proof of the Oriental genesis of is left to wonder how he could

the tale. - It relates how Aucassin, not make his own escape while a noble youth, falls in love with freeing the Count of Bougars. Nicolete, a Saracen captive maid. Meanwhile Nicolete escapes from Count Garin of Beaucaire, en- her tower, and hides in the woods, raged at his son's choice, promises where she makes herself a bower him the noblest lady in the land of leaves and branches. The cry if he will break off the attachment. is raised that she is lost, or that This Aucassin refuses to do Count Garin has killed her. Au- whereupon Count Garin commands cassin is set free in honour of a Nicolete's guardian to send her great feast given by the Count, away, ere evil befaU her. So she to induce his son to become is imprisoned in an upper chamber enamoured of some other fair of her guardian's palace. While lady. But he shps away, and Aucassin seeks the solitude of his rides in search of Nicolete. Com- chamber and laments the loss of ing upon the bower in the woods, Nicolete, Count Bougars of Valence, he dismounts, and in doing so, who had a family feud against stumbles, and dislocates his shoul- —

AUC 21 AUC

der. Crawling in, he decides to containing the only copy of the spend the night, and lies bewailing famous romance. Sir Tristrem, the loss of his Nicolete. The doubtfully attributed to Thomas girl overhearing him, enters, and the Rymour {q.v.). It was dis- they embrace each other. Dis- covered in the Advocates' Library covering his hurt, she deftly sets at Edinburgh, by Ritson, the the bone, and bandages his arm. celebrated critic of antique poetry, Aucassin then mounts his horse, and forms part of a vellum manu- and placing Nicolete in front, script volume presented to the they set off in the direction of the hbrary in 1744 by Alexander sea. Boarding a ship with some Boswell of Auchinleck, father of merchants, they are driven by a James BosweU, Johnson's bio- mighty storm to a far country. grapher. It contains upwards of They dwell for some time at the forty poems and fragments, which mad court of Torelore, the en- are treated by Sir W. Scott in vironment of which mirrors all that his appendix to Sir Tristrem. is grotesque in the period of the The volume has been considerably tale. The castle of Torelore is mutilated by the excision of the seized by the Saracens, who bear illuminated initials, and the latter the lovers off to captivity. Au- part of the romance of Sir Tristrem cassin and Nicolete are placed in is lost. This work is connected different ships. A storm arises, with the name of Thomas Rymour and the vessels are scattered. because of the circumstance that Aucassin is driven ashore near Robert Manning, an English monk, the Castle of Beaucaire, where a native of Malton, in Yorkshire, he learns that his father and who translated into EngHsh verse mother are dead and that he is the the Chronicle of England by Peter heir. Nicolete is carried to Car- Langtoft, and who dwelt at the thage, where she is proved to be Priory of Brunne from which he the daughter of the king of that took the territorial nomenclature city. On the eve of her marriage of Robert de Brunne, refers to with a rich Paynim monarch, Thomas as the author of the she stains her face, and disguises Tristrem, as foUows : herself minstrel. as a Taking her " I see in song in sedgejmg tale viol, she manages to get a passage Of Erceldoun and of Kendale in a ship bound for Provence. Non tham says as thai tham wroght. in it semes noght Arrived there, she wanders about And ther saying That may thou here in Sir Tristrem ; country playing her viol, till the Ouer gestes it has the 'steem, she comes to the castle of Beau- Ouer all that is or was,

caire, where she discovers herself If men it said as made Thomas ; to Aucassin, and the romance ends Bot I here it no man so say. That of som oopple som is away."

. with their marriage. The tale has been frequently There is considerable diversity of edited, the best editions being opinion as to the exact meaning that of the late Mr. Andrew Lang of these lines. But it may be (1887), and Mr. BourdiUon (1887). regarded as establishing the fact A facsimile of the original and that Brunne was famihar with a only MS. was also edited by Mr. poem of Sir Tristrem that was Bourdillon, in 1896. held in universal esteem in his day, and that its author's name AUCHINLECK MS. A manuscript was Thomas. He also states that AVE 22 AWN

he heard no man say it as Thomas Sultan of Algarva, who was com- made it, which implies that he manded by his imperial master must either have heard Thomas to hasten to the sick-bed of Florice. recite it or have seen the original By his skill his patient was cured MS. It will be observed that he of his malady. couples the names of Erceldoun AVILION. Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") and Kendale. Warton thinks ( A mystic land to where the soul that these are the names of of King Arthur {q.v.), is wafted romances, and says he can find by maidens after his death, at no traces of the latter in ancient the hands of Mordred (q.v.). Here British poetry. Nor can Ritson he is healed, and here he rests find any trace of Kendale, but for evermore. It is probably a Sir JFrederick Madden, who regards Mediffival form of the Celtic the authorship of Thomas Ry- Otherworld across the sea. mour as fictitious, states that a passage in the unedited portion AVOWING OF ARTHUR. This early of De Brunne shows that Kendale's English romance relates an inci- Christian name was also Thomas, dent which occurred near Carlisle. and that he wrote a romance about King Arthur is hunting with Sir Playn, the brother of the giant Gawain, Sir Kay and Sir Baldwin, Skardyng the lord of Scarborough and all four undertake separate Castle. He does not give the vows. Arthur is to capture single- passage, which is unfortunate, handed a ferocious bear ; Sir Kay and he does not enumerate his to fight all who oppose him. The reasons for the beUef that the king is successfiJ, but Sir Kay Tristrem was not the work of a falls before a knight who is carry- native of Scotland. Scott had ing off a beautiful maiden. The deemed that theTmiremof Thomas victor, however, is afterwards the Rymour was famous and overcome in a fight with Gawain, popular on the continent. But and then ensues a significant he forgot or was unaware that contrast in the matter of beha- there was such a poet as Thomas viour. Sir Kay sustains his earher of Brittany. The first two lines reputation by cruelly taunting

of the poem read : the beaten knight ; while Sir " I was at Gawain, on the other hand, mind- With Thomas spak Y thare." ful of the claims of chivalry, is Scott thought the missing word studiously kind and considerate in the first line is " Ercildoun," towards his fallen foe. and it suits both the metre and the rhyme, as the third Une ends AWNTYRS OF ARTHURE AT THE TERN in the word " roune." Further, WATHELYN, THE. An Arthurian poem, probably of the the first line, used as a "catch- fourteenth century, but possibly line " at the bottom of the pre- of the fifteenth, written in stanzas ceding page, is conclusive on the of thirteen fines each, rhymed in point, as it includes the word " Ercildoune." For a summary a very intricate manner, and fnll of the alliteration of the Tristrem romance, vide one common to the metrical of the entries under " Tristrem." romances of the period. It is difficult to say " AVERROES. (Vide Florice and whether it should be claimed by Blanchfleur.") Physician to the Scotland or the North of England, —;

AWN 23 AWN and the dialect forms no accurate overtaken by darkness, and much solution to this question, for to their surprise the ghost of the throughout the Middle Ages there queen's mother appears to them. was Uttle difference between the Speaking of the torments to which speech of the southern Scots and it had been subjected, the appari- that of their neighbours across tion implores that prayers be the border. The poem is usually offered up for its soul ; and the considered Scottish, however, but queen and Sir Gawane promise the authorship is a debated point to do this, and thereafter they and the only hght thereon con- return to Carlisle. Here, in the sists in the fact that, in its style course of the evening, a knight throughout, the Awntyrs bears called Sir Galaron comes upon an exceedingly close resemblance the scene, and, claiming from the to another Arthurian poem, Oolo- king certain lands which the latter gras and Oawane, attributed some- had wrested from him, he offers times to Huchown of the Awle to prove his rights by fighting any Ryle and sometimes to one Clerk one of Arthur's henchmen in the of Tranent. Andrew of Wynton hsts. Sir Gawane is appointed to ascribes it to the former, saying confront him on the following day, in his Orygynale Oronykil of Scot- and in the fight which ensues land that Huchown both men are wounded. Sir Galaron getting back his territory in con- " Made the gret Gest of Arthure " sequence, and at the same time And the Awntyrs of Gawane ; being appointed a knight of the Round Table as a mark of the but WiUiam Dunbar, on the other king's admiration for his prowess. hand, in his Lament for the Ma- Nor is the staunch Sir Gawane for- karis, speaks of gotten, his royal master granting

him an estate in Wales ; while the " Clerk of Tranent eik he has tane That made the anteris of Sir Gawane." queen, remembering the injunc- tions of the ghost, orders mil- Now Wynton lived fuUy a centuiy lions of masses to be sung on its before Dunbar, and thus his testi- behalf. mony is the more valuable of the The Awntyrs possesses consider- two. Accordingly, then, Gologras able literary merit, the super- and Gawane may reasonably be natural element therein being accepted as Huchown's work, and well handled, and the tourney from this it may be deduced that described vividly. There are he too wrote the Awntyrs. several Mediaeval manuscript The scene of the poem is laid copies of the poem, and of these in the wilds of Cumberland, the most important are one Arthur having estabhshed his in the Bodleian Library, and Library, Court at CarKsle ; and the opening one in the Cathedral stanzas tell how the king, along Lincoln. with his queen Guinevere—or Literature : In Scottish Poems Geyenour as the poet calls her reprinted from Scarce Editions, go to hunt in the forest of Ingle- edited by John Pinkerton (1792), wood accompanied by their fav- the Awntyrs is given from the ourite knight. Sir Gawane. He Bodleian manuscript under the and the queen, while at a distance title of Sir Gawane and Sir Gal- from the rest of the party, are loran of Galloway; while the BAG 24 BAL

Lincoln version, which differs Scotland, edited by David Laing also articles " Clerk shghtly from the other, is contained (1822). ( Vide " in Select Remains of the Ancient of Tranent," Gologras and Ga- " Popular and Romance Poetry of wane," and Huchown.")

B

BAGDEMAGUS, SIR. Son of King at the affray at the king's marriage PeUinore, and a knight of the Baldwin was taken prisoner. He court of Arthur. {Vide "Moxte fought at the great fight between d'Arthur.") Fromondin and Rigaut, and was killed by Bego. BAGOMMEDES. A knight alluded to in Gautier's portion of the BALIGAND. {Vide " Siv Otnel.") A Conte du Graal as being discovered Saracen king who bribed , by Perceval hanging by his feet ambassador of Charlemagne, to from a tree, and released by him. lead the French troops into the He had been thus secured by Kay, Forest of Roncesvalles. Slain at and upon his return to Arthur's Saragossa by Turpin. court challenged Kay, and was knight, whose only hindered by Arthur from BALIN. An Arthurian given at length in slaying him. adventures are Book II. of the Morte d'Arthur BALAN. (Ficie "Morte d'Arthur.") {q.v.). " BALDOLF OF AQUILENT, ( Vide Sir . A mighty King of the Otuel.") One of Garsie's gene- , mentioned in the Irish

rals ; fought against the Chris- invasion myths. He was gene- tians. rally alluded to as " Balor of the Evil Eye," because if he cast his BALDWIN, SIR, Vide " Sir Otuel.") ( glance in anger upon any one, One of Charlemagne's knights that person was instantly de- who attended to the dying needs stroyed. When the Danaans {q.v.) of Roland at Roncesvalles. refused to continue their tribute BALDWIN THE FLEMING. {Vide to the Fomorians {q.v.), Balor " Garin the Lorrainer.") Count gave instructions to his captains of Flanders. He was persuaded to anchor their vessels to the by Droo of Amiens to ask his island of Ireland, and to tow it sister to marry Promont, not into the gloomy Fomorian Sea, knowing he had been defeated of which he was the lord. In the by Garin and had lost Soissons battle which ensued with the and other lands. On learning Danaans, Balor, who was now the truth he set out with a large aged, had his drooping eyeUd army to attack Cambrai, the raised by means of ropes and property of Huo, nephew of Garin. puUeys, and cast his baleful glance When the king summoned Fro- on Nuada, and other Danaan mont to answer for his misdeeds, chiefs, who were smitten down he also threatened Baldwin with by it. But Lugh, the sun-god the loss of Flanders. The royal- {q.v.), his grandson, stole near him ists were successful. Afterwards as the eyelid drooped momentarily BAN 25 BAR

and hurled at him a great stone, trissimi principis quondam domini which sunk through ." eye and brain regis Roberti Bruys . . Bar- and slew him. bour died in 1395, but it appears that, ere this, he wrote various BAN, KING. In Arthurian legend, an poems besides the epic on which ally, with King Bors, of Arthur. his fame rests. An historian who They assisted him against the Uved just after him, Andrew league of the eleven kings, and are Wynton, speaks in his Orygynale always mentioned as in close Gronykil Scotland of a lengthy entente with him. Ban was King of poem by Barbour, its subject the of Benwick, Bors of Gaul. genealogy of the House of Stuart. . In Irish romance, wife No trace of this work exists now- of McCuiU, a Danaan king. adays, yet Wynton's statement is quite credible withal, as in BANK, ELAINE DE. Daughter of Sir 1388, Barbour received a further Bernard of Astolat. She falls annual grant of £10 ; and this madly in love with Sir Lancelot points to his having completed {q.v.), but failing to win his heart some important piece of writing at she perishes. {Vide " Morte the time, while simultaneously it d'Arthur.") supports the idea that the missing BARBOUR, JOHN. A Scottish poet poem was concerned with the of the fourteenth century, remem- reigning dynasty. Another poem bered chiefly by The Bruce, an ascribed to Barbour is The Builc of epic poem of some fourteen thou- the most noble and vailyeand Con- sand octosyllabic lines, rhymed queror, Alexander the Great, first in pairs, which recounts the deeds pubHshed in 1580, and reprinted by

of the hero of Bannockbum, the Bannatyne Club in 1831 ; and King Robert the Bruce. The the ascription in this case is based exact date of Barbour's birth is on the similarity between the uncertain, but it is commonly poem in question and The Bruce, supposed to have been about while mainly for a Hke reason 1316. Entering the Church, he Barbour is credited with sundry became Archdeacon of Aberdeen further works notably Legends of in 1357, and subsequently enjoyed the Saints and the Legend of Troy, considerable favour from the King, the former a translation of Le- Robert II, becoming Clerk of genda Aurea, and the latter a Audit of the Royal Household, and rendering of Guido de Colonna's also one of the Auditors of the Historia Destructionis Troice. Exchequer. Again, in 1377, Bar- Whether actually Barbour's or bour received from his sovereign not, these minor writings need a present of £10, a considerable not be discussed here. As regards sum in those days—while in the The Bruce, it need hardly be said following year he was granted a that the original document is pension of £1 jper annum; and not extant but in the Advocates' it wotild seem that this was given Library, Edinburgh, there are two him in recognition of his achieve- manuscript copies, both of the fif- ments in Hterature, for, in the teenth century. So far as can be Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, the ascertained, the earhest printed edi- annuity is accounted for as being tion of the poem is one dated Edin- " bestowed on the poet qui com- burgh, 1616 ; but the poet, Patrick pilavit hbrum de gestis illus- Gordon, writing prior to this time, BAR 26 BAR

" cry refers to Barbour's Briice as the Than myoht men heir ensenzeis Soottismen cry hardely, 'old printed book," and indeed And ' ! thame ! On thame ! On thame On it is reasonable to suppose that thai faill ! Chepman and Myllar printed an With that so hard thai can assaill. all that thai mycht our-ta. edition thereof. Be that as it And slew And the Soottis archeris may, Barbour's epic was issued Schot amang thame so sturdely, of by the famous Poulis press Ingrevand them so gretumly. . . . Glasgow in 1648, while at least For thai that with thame feohtand two other editions were published weit Set hardyment, and strynth, and during the remaining half of the will. seventeenth century. In Scotland With hart and courage als thar- till. the poem enjoyed very consider- And all thait mayn and aU that able popularity till its phraseology mycht. To put thame foully to the flyoht." became outmoded, and in the main this popularity was merited. Like several of the early Scot- Barbour is often crude, and tish historians, Barbour confounds appears to have been easily con- King Robert the Bruce with his Bruce, tented with whatever he wrote ; grandfather, Robert de " but, if the rank and file of his known as the Competitor " ; lines were but mediocre, flashes of and numerous other deviations genuine poetry break out ever from fact are contained in his and again, and these flashes are work, yet despite this it is one the more delightful by reason of of the most valuable authorities a seeming absolute spontaneity on the Scottish War of Indepen- as if they had grown up Hke a dence. It has been pointed out flower. Take, for instance, this that Chaucer and Barbour are passage on the subject of liberty : distinctly similar in places, but it is unlikely that the EngUsh " A ! freedome is a nobill ! poet ever read his great prede- Freedome mayss man to haiff liking ! Freedome all solace to man giffia cessor in Scotland, or even heard

He levys at ess that frely levys ! of him. As to the writings which A noble hart may haiff nane ess influenced Barbour himseK in this Na ellys nooht that may him bless, relation it is possible to speak more Gif£ freedome fail : for fre liking Is yharnit our all othir thing definitely, for in many passages Na, he, that ay has levyt fre. the Scottish singer discloses an May nocht know weill the propyrto almost transparent debt to the The angyr, na the wrechyt dome French Roman d'Alexandre. And That is cuplyt to foule thryldome." this is interesting and important, And hke Scotland's other epic poet, showing as it does that, so early BUnd Harry, Barbour is never as the fourteenth century, Scot- languid, but on the contrary in- land was imbibing that French variably vigorous, whilehis descrip- teaching destined in later years to tions of martial actions are singu- leave an indehble mark on all larly vivid. This is true in par- her arts, notably her painting, ticuJaT of his long account of the engraving and architecture. Battle of Bannockbum, especially Literature: The best modern the lines describing the preliminary editions of The Bruce are one duel between Bruce and de Bohun, edited by Jamieson, Edinburgh, and again the closing passage 1830, and another issued by the which details the rout of the Scottish Text Society in 1894, English : annotated by Professor Skeat. (Cf. BAR 27 BAT

also article in the Scottish Anti- of their vessels, on the pretext of qvury and the Athencewm for showing him some merchandise. 1896, and a German work by Dr. They set sail, and Isembert, a Albert Hermann, Untersttchungen monster who had been a fish, but uber das 8cdttishe Alexanderbuch, who had been metamorphosed 1893.) into a more hideous shape by the fairies, tells Renouart that he is to BARROK. Vide " Sir Ferumbras.") ( be flayed alive by the Saracens. A giantess, wife of Estragott (q.v.). Renouart slays the monster, and, She used a scythe to mow down armed only with a great bar of the Christians, when she was wood, forces the Saracens to let defending the walls of Aigremor. him go and to return themselves She was killed by Charlemagne. to Baratron, their capital. A new BARUCH. Lord of the , Saracen army is placed under the mentioned in the Ulster cycle of leadership of one Loquifer, a the Irish romances as inviting fairy-giant, so called because he Fergus (q.v.) to a feast as he was is armed with a log. He and conveying and the sons Renouart agree to meet in of Usna to Emain . Fergus single combat, on which the issue consented, but on his return from of the war will depend. They meet the feast to Emain Macha, he in an island near PorpaiUart. found the sons of Usna slain, and Loquifer has in the hoUow of his Deirdre dead by her own act. club a fairy balm which imme- {Vide " Deirdre.") diately heals his wounds, and this circumstance assists him greatly BASCNA CLAN. In Ossianic litera- in the combat, which goes against ture, one of the two divisions of Renouart. God sends angels seve- the Fianna {q.v.). Its first leader ral times to assist Renouart, and was Cumhal, Finn's father, its at length he succeeds in depriving last Oscar, Finn's grandson. Loquifer of his club, so that the These clans were contiaually at giant's strength departs. Renou- war with each other for the supre- art slays him, and the devil carries macy, but in the Battle of Gowra off his soul. But the Saracens {q.v.), they were almost exter- attack William of Orange, and minated. (F»de"SgeimhSolais.") Guibor, his wife, faUs into the BATTLE OF LOQUIFER, THE. A hands of Tybalt, her flrst husband. romance of the WiUiam of Orange The Saracens are soon at the gates sub-cycle of the Charlemagne saga. of Orange. Here a single combat {Vide "WiUiam of Orange.") takes place between William and Gaston Paris did not suppose it Desrame, the father of Renou- to be earher than the end of the art. Wilham prevails, and Des- twelfth century. It details the rame's head is cut off. William mihtary prowess of Renouart {q.v.), hangs it to a pillar in his hall, the gigantic brother-in-law of Wil- and whilst there it ceases not to liam of Orange, and is singular in blow, to rain, to thimder and to having the sea for its chief scene lighten, till at last he has it taken of action. Renouart, with his down and cast into the sea. barons, is on the sands before Renouart, grieving over the slain, Porpaillart, when he. espies a goes to the sea-shore, where he is Saracen fleet in the roads. The met by three fairies, one of whom Paynim persuade him to enter one holds in her hands a purple veil "

BAU 28 BEA legend, in which are seen trees, flowery BAVE. In the Ultonian meads, robes, mantles, rivers, "The Cattle Raid of Quelgny {q.v.), daughter of the wizard fountains ; a second shows a car- buncle which changes days and Calatin (q.v.). Wishing to lead Cuchulain hours, the third a staff which Niam (q.v.) away from of contains the most delicate meats (q.v.), she took the form of one her and drinks. They bear Renouart her handmaids, and beckoned to Avalon, where he finds King forth to wander helplessly in Arthur, Gauvain and Roland (q.v.). the woods. Arthur, desirous of judging the hero's prowess, summons a monster, BEALCHU. A champion of Con- Chapalu, with the head of a cat naught, mentioned in the Ulster and the body of a horse, who is cycle of Irish romance. He dis- doomed to remain so until he can covered Conall (q.v.), bleeding to suck the blood from Renouart's death after his fight with Ket. heel. He does so, and regains Conall requested Bealchu to his human form. Renouart falls slay him, but he refused, and took deeply in love with Morgue him home and healed his wounds. (Morgana), and from their union His three sons, noting Conall's springs Corbon, a fiend who " did might, resolved to slay the hero nought save evil." Renouart, de- before he recovered. But Conall sirous of seeing his son MaiQefer, so contrived that they killed their who is a prisoner with the Saracens, father instead, after which he slew betakes him to Odieme, and all three, and took their heads to Morgue, jealous of the child, bids Ulster. Chapalu sink the ship. Renouart is wrecked, but succoured by the BEALM, KING OF. A character in mermaids, and awakes to the The History of Roswall and Lillian memory of his woes on the shore (q.v.). A friend of the King of opposite PorpaUlart. In this ro- Naples, he promises to receive mance we can perceive how the the latter's son Roswall, but is Mediseval poets were affected by deceived by Roswall's steward, the mythology of Greece, and who escorts the prince on the perhaps by Celtic folklore ele- journey. This person, posing as ments, with which we find inter- RoswaU, succeeds in receiving from mingled the fairy mythology of the Idng the hand of his daughter their own time. Lillian. The king does not sus- pect the steward, and enforces BAUCENT. The good horse of Wil- LUlian against her will to accept liam of Orange, in Carlovingian him as her husband. romance. On being addressed by MeanwhUe he had engaged Dissawar (Ros- his master in the midst of fight, wall's alias) as servant he raUied to his encouraging words. to his daughter. In response to The faithful steed was slain at the the discoveries of three Battle of Arleschans or AHscans lords soon after the marriage, the king (q.v.). orders the pretended prince to be put to BAUDWIN, SIR. Of Brittany. He death, and places the wronged dwelt m England under the guise of " Dissawar " in his rightful posi- a hermit. He was known among tion ; further consenting to the the Arthurian knights as a good marriage of his daughter and surgeon. (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") Roswall. BEA 29 BEN

BEATRICE. {Vide " Garin the Lor- see his brother again, he set out rainer.") Daughter of Duke Milo to hunt a boar in order that he of Gascony, and wife of Bego. might take the head to Garin, and She lived at BeUn very happily this resulted in his death. with her husband, and remon- BEKKHILD. {Vide " Volsungs.") strated with he left him when Sister to Brynhild, wife of Heimar on his last journey to visit Garin. {q.v.) and mother of Alsund {q.v.). She never re-married, although BELE, KING. Vide "Prithjof Saga.") advised to do so, and died, like her ( sister, a few days after Garin's Pather of Ingebjorg, Helgi, and death. Halfdan. BELISANTE. (Fic?e"Amys and Amy- BEAUMAINS, SIR. Brother to Sir lion.") Daughter of the Duke of Gawaine, and a knight of Arthur. Lombardy {q.v.) and wife of Amys. He went on a quest to relieve She was concerned in the Dame Liones {q.v.), who was treason which the steward brought captive to the Km'ght of the against Amys, and was the Red Laundes {q.v.). {Vide " Morte mother of the two children whom d'Arthur.") her husband sacrificed for the BEBO. Wife of lubdan {q.v.), a sake of Amylion. King of the Polk, mentioned Wee BELISENT. {Vide "Sir Otuel.") in an Irish Ultonian romance. Daughter of Charlemagne. Mar- BEDEVERE, SIR. A knight of King ried to Sir Otuel. Arthur. He was present at the BELLIANCE, SIR, LE ORGULUS. battle between Arthur and Mor- Brother to Sir Frol, who was slain dred {q.v.), and after Arthur's by Lancelot during the fight for death he caused a history to be Guinever at the stake. {Vide ' of event. ' written the ( Vide Morte " Morte d'Arthur.") d'Arthur.") BELLONGERIUS, SIR, LE BREUSE. BEDUERS. A knight alluded to in Son of Sir Alisander {q.v.). He is the Grail romance of Didot Perce- mentioned in Arthurian romance val, as taking upon himself the as having avenged both his father's Grail quest at the same time as and grandfather's death by kill- Perceval. He is perhaps identical ing King Mark. {Vide "Morte with Bedivere. d'Arthur.") OF. In BEGO. ( Vide "Garin the Eon-ainer.") BEN BULBEN, THE BOAR Son of Hervi, Duke of Metz. Irish romance, the transformed Reared at the court of Prance by step-brother and destroyer of Der-

Count Hardre, he was a fa- mot (g.f-). The legend runs : vourite of King Pepin {q.v.), and {q.v.), Dermot's father, gave his was a chivalrous knight, always son to be brought up by Angus ready to fight for any of his Og {Q-'"-)- His mother proved kinsmen who needed help. He unfaithful to her husband and displayed great courage on many bore a child to Roc, the steward occasions, both in single combat of Angus. One day his child, ^n and at the head of his forces. He fear of some hounds that were married Beatrice {q.v.), daughter fighting on the floor of the hall, of Duke Milo {q.v.), and lived ran between the knees of Donn. happily with her, but, weary to His stepfather then squeezed him BEO 30 BEO

to death and flung the body to the Saxons called their harvest month dogs. On discovering with Finn's Beo or Bewod, and we know that aid the cause of his son's death, gods of hght are invariably con- Roe, by virtue of a druidic rod, nected with fertihty and the transformed the body into a huge raising of crops. Grendel, as the Uving boar without ears or tail, peruser of the myth in the ap- is and bade it bring Dermot to his pended synopsis will observe, in one of his death . The beast then rushed from the gloomy demon the hall, and roamed about the most dread forms. He is akin to forests of Ben Bulben till the fatal the night-dragon, the Sphinx, the day when it slew Dermot. Dragon of Wantley, and the throttling snake Ahi. Slain, his . An Anglo-Saxon epic dam comes to avenge him. She poem of great antiquarian and is merely his prototype, as is the philological interest. The events later dragon encountered typifying which are described in it are the night-forces first conquered referred to the middle of the fifth by the sun, and then victorious century, and the lay itself was over him. Like all mythical mon- perhaps brought to England by sters this pair are the guardians Teutonic settlers from their original of a great treasure, and when, like home in Germany. The MS. in Herakles, Beowulf lies dying of the Cottonian library is the only the dragon's venom, he beholds one known to exist, and that was in the lustre of the gained hoard unfortunately seriously injured by the splendour of the gates of the fire in 1731. It is in two portions setting sun. Beowulf was a mighty which exhibit obvious signs of warrior and saved his country from having been written at different defeat by the Swedes. At a feast periods and by different hands, of victory a wandering minstrel and is certainly a copy of an older sang of how he had come from manuscript, executed about the the court of Hrodgar of Jutland, beginning of the eighth century. King of the Skdoldungs, whose That the poem is of the antiquity realm was being devastated by the ascribed to it appears probable monster Grendel, descendant of the from the admixture of Christianity daughters of Cain and evil demons and paganism which its text iq.v.), and he called upon Beowulf contains, and it would seem from to slay the giant. Promising his

this circumstance that it must aid , Beowulf, after a trial of strength have originated at a period when with Breka (g'.D.) set out with fifteen the elder Teutonic faith was in noble for the castle of King process of ehmination. There can Hrodgar, who received them with be little doubt that Beowulf is joy. Beowulf was so confident of one of the great army of Sons of victory that he laid aside his the Light, Sun-heroes, or Men of armour, deciding to fight Grendel

the Sun, whose business it was to with his hands . At midiiight Gren- wage eternal war against the del entered the hall where Beowulf powers of darkness until they lay among his warriors, and after themselves fell before the shaft a fierce struggle Beowulf defeated that flies in gloom, or were slain him, the monster escaping only by by the night-dragon. He comes leaving his arm, wrenched out at to land in the traditional sun-boat the socket, in the hero's grip. as a child. We find that the Highly was Beowulf honoured BEO 31 BER next day, and great rejoicings flame of its breath devastated the took place, but that night there land, and Beowulf, despite the came out of the sea another remonstrances of his friends, re- monster—Grendel's mother, who solved to attack it. He had a came to avenge her son. She three-fold shield made, and set out slew many of the Skioldvmgs, and with Wichstan (q.v.) and ten other Beowulf, learning at morning of warriors. A dreadful struggle took the havoc she had wrought, vowed place between Beowulf and the to seek out and slay her. He dragon, till at last the smoke and dived to the bottom of the sea, fire from the monster's mouth encoimtering many dangers, and cleared momentarily, and his com- in the hall of the mer-woman's panions saw Beowulf in the dra- palace, where Grendel lay dead, gon's jaws. They all sought refuge Beowulf slew her, after a fierce save Wichstan, who went to his fight. Laden with gifts and master's aid, so that finally Beo- acclaimed as a mighty hero, Beo- wulf was able to slay the dragon, wulf returned to his own country. though he was poisoned by its There he passed many years in fangs and knew himself doomed. peace, till the Frisians raided He bade Wichstan bring the Gothland, and King Hygelak was treasure out of the dragon's cave slain in a punitive expedition to as the king's last gift to his Friesland. Hygelak's son Hardred people, and presently he died. (q.v.) was but a child, and while He was buried on a height named

lus mother Hygd mourned for her . Hronesnas. He was so beloved by husband the barons quarrelled his people that they refused to take among themselves till the queen the treasure his death had won roused herself from her grief, and for them, placing it in his grave. calling a meeting of the notables It is obvious that this poem did advised that Beowulf be elected not originate in or the king, as Hardred was too young North, but probably in Sleswig, the to rule. The assembly cheered, names of the various characters but Beowulf refused to deprive being purely Saxon. It perhaps Hardred of his rights, saying that relates to veritable occurrences in rather would he act as regent the history of our Teutonic fore- till the young king could govern fathers ere they yet left their for himself. This Beowulf did original land of Angeln. faithfully, but soon after attaining BERGTHORA. Vide " Burnt Njal.") sovereign power Hardred (q.v.) ( Wife of Njal. Her bitter enmity was slain, and the Gothic AUthing with Hallgerda, Gunnar's wife, unanimously elected Beowulf King, brought about her own and her which office he now accepted. He husband's fiery defeated those who raided the death. country, the last being the Swedes BERNARD, SIR. Of Astolat, Father to " Eadgils,"), after which he {vide Elaine de Banke (q.v.), Tirre and peace, wisdom, reigned in and with Lavaine. He is especially known for about forty years. Then the for his hospitality to the Knights land was laid waste by a dragon, of the Round Table. (Vide roused to wrath and grief by the " Morte d'Arthur.") loss of a gold pot stolen by a " fugitive slave from the treasure BERNARD OF NAISIL. ( Vide Garin that the monster guarded. The the Lorrainer.") A crafty un- BER 32 BEV

scrupulous man. He began life many satirical sonnets and other as a monk, and being nearly killed verses in terza rima, among which at the battle at Verdun was are eulogies upon Aristotle and on hidden in the same monastery. the Plague. He had a struggle with Garin for BERNIER. (Vide " Raoul of Cam- the golden cup at the king's brai.") The Squire of Raoul of marriage, and another fight with Cambrai. He was a natural son Garin when Galopin's message of Ybert, a lord of Vermandois. came to him . He had a great hatred Raoul sacks the convent of Ber- of the Lorrainers , and fought against nier's mother, Marsent, and incurs them on every possible occasion. his implacable enmity, being finally slain by him. This brings about BERNI, FRANCESCO. A satiric poet a feud, which is later patched up, of Florence, near which city he was at which Charlemagne is highly bom about the year 1490. He displeased, insults Bemier, and is remodelled the Orlando Innamo- overthrown. He is affianced to rato of Boiardo {q.v.) in a free and the daughter of Red Guerry, one lively style, and so characteristic of his principal enemies, and is was the light and elegant mockery then reconciled to him. Charles, of his verse, that his countrymen the emperor, takes Bemier's wife attached to it the appellation of prisoner, and gives her to another, hernesque. Bemi was of noble but Bemier regains her. Guerry, but not opulent family, and re- repenting of his friendship with ceived a post in the ApostoUc Bemier, treacherously slays him. Datary, employment in which was uncongenial to him. He made BEVIS OF HAMPTON. An EngUsh many enemies by his biting satires, romance of the thirteenth century. and though he made much pre- Some romances represent Bevis tence to a love of hberty, did as a son of Ogier the Dane (q.v.). nothing to enfranchise himself Like Arthur or Tristrem he is bom from the condition of dependence to greatness, he is a match for in which he remained for the any number of men who may whole of his Ufe. He was incorri- assail him, is the victim of gibly lazy, and his chief pleasure treacherous letters ordering him was dozing in bed. As he refused to be slain, is imprisoned in a to poison the Cardinal Ippohto at dragon-haunted dungeon, but the request of that Churchman's escapes once more into the light cousin the Duke Alessandro de' —^passing from obscurity to fight Medici, he was himself poisoned and gloom to fight again. Lici- a few days afterwards, probably dents in his myth are common to in order to ensure that he would those of Odysseus and the Hindoo not betray the illustrious instigator legend of Logedas Raja. Like of the crime. Under his hand Odysseus he returns in traveUer's everything was transformed into attire to the home of his lady-love, ridicule. Like Ariosto, Bemi and is known by his horse fike treated chivalry with a degree of Ogier. The writer of Bevis was mockery, and if he has not obviously destitute of imagination, travestied the tale of Boiardo, he but the nature of the material has indulged in inextinguishable which he sought to mould into a laughter at the absurdities he has story is none the less evident, for himself created. He also wrote the adventures of the hero are BEV 33 BEV obviously superimposed upon the king charged him to take Bevis ancient matter of the sun-myth. prisoner. In good faith Bevis The romance tells how Guy, Earl set out, not even providing himself of Southampton, spent his youth with sufficient food, but on the in defending his territory, which way he was entertained by a was exposed to foreign invasion, palmer who turned out to be the and late in life married a daughter son of Saber. Saber had gone to of the King of Scotland. She had the Isle of Wight, hating the rule a lover, Sir Murdour, and hated her of his dead master's successors, and husband. She sent for her lover had defended the island against and with him made a pact to get them. He had sent his son dis- her husband into the forest, on the guised as a palmer to try to find pretext of procuring some game for Bevis and bring him back to help her, where Sir Murdour met him them. Bevis did not reveal him- and brutally killed him. She had seK to Terry, but said he knew one son, Bevis, whom she dishked Bevis, and would relate this news also, and to get rid of him after to him and that Saber would get first trying to get his uncle Saber help as soon as possible. Bevis to kiU him, she had him sold as a then went on to Damascus, and slave and sent "into Heathen- the magnificence of Bradmond's esse." He arrived at the court palace impressed him. But the of Ermyn, a Saracen King, who, sight of the people preparing a taking a fancy to the clever boy, sacrifice for an idol enraged him completed his education, knighted so much that he seized it and him and made him his chamber- cast it to the ground, thereby lain. He proposed to Bevis to rousing the indignation of the marry his daughter Josyan, but populace, who tried to seize him. this offer Bevis dechned. Brad- He made such good use of an mond. King of Damascus, sent ordinary sword, however, that he Ermyn a proposal for Josyan's forced his way to the king and hand, threatening if she did not showed him the letter. Brad- marry him, that he would ravage mond, after complaining to Bevis her father's country. Incensed at of his sacrilege, ordered his men to this threat, Ermyn prepared to put him in a dungeon inhabited by fight, and Josyan armed Bevis, two dragons which devoured those gave him a very swift horse called cast to them, and he pretended Arundel and a famous sword called that ErmjTi had arranged this Morglay. Bevis returned victor- punishment. Bevis slew the mon- ious, and was greatly honoured, sters, but for seven years he was and Josyan paid him every atten- kept in the dungeon on most tion, indeed, made violent love wretched fare. Josyan had mean- to him. But it was only when while married Inor, King of Moun- she promised to renounce paganism braunt, being told that Sir Bevis that he avowed his passion for her. had gone to England and had Two knights whom Bevis had married. Bevis escaped, and befriended and who saw Josyan having armed himself and taken and Bevis together and heard a good horse, he rode out to the their conversation went to Ermyn forest/ After many adventures of and told him all. They suggested a knight he met told him to the king to send Bevis with a Josyan's marriage to Inor, so he letter to Bradmond, in which the went to find her. Disguised as a BEV 34 BEV palmer he arrived at her tower they soon arrived at Cologne. and heard her praying, and his The Bishop of Cologne was Bevis's own name was not forgotten. She uncle, and was much interested in gave dole to poor pilgrims daily, hearing his adventures. Josyan so Sir Bevis went next morning and was christened as also the pagan was fed by her and spoke of his giant. Sir Bevis's next adventure travels, and when she asked him was with a dragon which he MUed, if he knew anything of a Sir taking its head back to Cologne. Bevis, he said he was a friend that The grateful Bishop of Cologne had been sent in search of a horse gave Bevis a hundred knights to called Arundel. The queen then accompany him to England to took him to the stable, and when- avenge his father, and leaving ever she saw him mount the horse Josyan in care of Ascapard, Bevis she recognized him. The pair, re- set out. He landed near Southamp- united, wished to set out together ton, and sent a messenger to Sir at once, but were advised by Murdour to the effect that a Boniface, Josyan's confidential knight of Brittany had arrived chamberlain, to wait till the king with one hundred men who were came back from hunting and wiUing to offer him service if he pretend that Bevis had come from desired. If not, they would assist Syria, and that his brother had his rival. Bevis had taken the been defeated by King Syrak, name of Sir Jarrad, and under his and had no means of sending assumed name heard a very garbled for help. This ruse succeeded, version of his own history. He and the king set out with all his offered to go to the Isle of Wight men to Syria to rescue his brother. in the interests of Sir Murdour Sir Bevis then donned the best agaiust Saber. He had no sooner armour he could find, mounted joined Saber, than he sent word Arundel, and with Boniface they to Sir Murdour of his real name made their escape to a cave. and purpose. Meanwhile Josyan While Sir Bevis was out hunting was being persecuted by the one day Josyan was attacked in attentions of a German earl, Sir the cave by two Uons. They Mile. To save herself she promised killed and devoured Boniface, but to marry him, and on the night of instead of hurting Josyan, they lay their wedding strangled him with down with their heads in her lap. her girdle. For this, she was con- When Sir Bevis returned and demned to be burned. Prior to found what had happened, he this she had sent a message to Sir rejoiced in the knowledge of Bevis to come to her help. He Josyan's chastity, and, killing the arrived in time, and he and Uons, they left the cave and con- Ascapard rescued her at the stake, tinued their journey. They soon subsequently returning together met a great giant called Ascapard, to the Isle of Wight. A great whom Bevis overcame. At Jos- battle then took place between yan's request, he made him their Sir Bevis and Sir Murdour. Sir page. Seeing a ship bound for Murdour was slain by Bevis, with Germany they went on board, the assistance of Ascapard, and but some Saracens objected to this decided the struggle. The their presence. Ascapard drove countess threw herself down from them out, and carrying Bevis and a tower and was killed. The Josyan on board, set sail, and Bishop of Cologne came to marry ,

BEV 35 BIO

Josyan and Bevis, and Bevis got ' made an ointment which disguised back his own territories, and was her, and she remained with Saber then made earl-marshal by the for seven years till accidentally king. The king's son begged they came to the town where Sir Sir Bevis to give him Arundel, but Bevis was, where they were happily Sir Bevis dechned, and Edgar united and her children joined tried to steal the horse, but it them. King Inor met Sir Bevis kicked him so severely that he in single combat, but by the help died. The king ordered Sir Bevis of his famous sword, Morglay, Sir to be hanged for this. But the Bevis slew him. Bevis put on barons objected, and in expiation Inor's armour and entered the Sir Bevis proposed to leave Eng- garrison at Mounbraunt and con- land and hand over his estates to quered that country and converted Saber. He left the country im- it to Christianity. After this mediately with his wife and Saber's wife arrived to tell them nephew, Terry. Ascapard, turn- that Edgar of England had de- ing traitor, thought that he would prived their son Robert of his fare better now with his old master, estates and given them to a so he hastened to King Inor at favourite, Sir Bryant of Cornwall. Mounbraunt and got from him a Sir Bevis set out with a great company of Saracens to help him army, and having inflicted much to take back Josyan to the king. damage upon Edgar, that monarch Josyan became the mother of to obtain peace, offered his only twin sons when she was alone in daughter to Mile, son of Bevis, the forest, and at this juncture and through this marriage Mile

she was carried off by Ascapard. became King of England . Josyan When Bevis and Terry came back Bevis and Sir Guy went back to they found the two babes, and Ermonry first, where Sir Guy guessed what had happened. They reigned as King, and Bevis resumed left the children, one who was to his sway at Mounbraunt. be called Guy, to the care of a " BIBUNG. ( Vide Dietrich of Bern.") forester, the other to be called He styled himself the unconquer- Mile, to a fisherman, and both able protector of Queen were christened. Bevis and Terry {q.v.). went on to find Ascapard and BIORN(l). {Vide "Grettir Saga.") Josyan. On their way they The chief of Thorkel's men and entered a tournament and gained enemy of Grettir. Having fled the prize the wealthy daughter — from the bear that ravaged the of a Duke. As Bevis was already land he was mocked and jeered married thiey arranged she should at by Grettir, and, therefore, in remain with him till he found his revenge he cast his enemy's cloak wife and then marry Terry. Sir into the bear's den. Both men Saber meanwhile had a dream. had promised to keep the peace Emebrough, his wife, interpreted while they dwelt with Thorkel, but dreams, and she concluded from upon landing in Norway they it that some misfortune had over- met, and Biom was slain. taken Sir Bevis. Saber set out with twelve knights encased in BIORN (2). A daring fellow who armour under pilgrim's dress, and harboured Grettir, and urged him he soon overtook Ascapard, and, to give the dandy Gisli (g.v.) a killing him, rescued Josyan. She lesson. BIR 36 BLA

BIROG. In Irish romance, a Druid- after which, Biterolf and Dietheb ess who by her magic brought continue their way homeward. Kian {q.v.) and EthHnn {q.v.) The poem contains over 13,000' together. lines, and is undoubtedly con- nected with the Nibelungenlied BISCLAVARET. (Vide " Weie-Woli, cycle. It is written in doggerel Lay of the.") verse, and is perhaps by the same BISHOP OF " COLOGNE. ( Vide Bevis author as Klage. Its chief value of Hampton.") Uncle of Sir Bevis. is that it presents to us aU the In gratitude to Bevis for dehvering leading characters of the Nibelun- the people of Cologne from a genlied with others of the cycle, dragon, he suppUed him with a hun- such as Walther, often in con- dred knights when he went to nection with details which seem England. Afterwards he, himself, to belong to a lost portion of the went there to perform the marriage original cycle. ceremony between Bevis and BITEROLF, Josyan. YARL. Father of Diet- heb (Emenrick). (Vide " Dietrich BITEROLF AND DIETRICH. {Vide of Bern.") " Dietrich of Bern.") BJORN. (F4cie"FrithjofSaga.") The BITEROLF AND DIETLIEB. A poem of sworn companion of Frithj of after great length and tediousness, be- the death of the latter's father, haved by Gervinus to, belong to Thorsten. the end of the twelfth century. BLACK SAINGLEND. Cuchulain's The legend, in brief, is as follows : (q.v.) last horse. When the Ulster Biterolf , a gaUant knight of the hero was fatally struck by Lewry capital of Toledo, hearing wonder- (q.v.), it broke away from the ful stories about King Etzel's chariot. ('s) court, secretly leaves his BLAI. In Irish Ossianic romance, the wife, Diethnt, and his son, Diet- Danaan mother of Oisin (q.v.). lieb, to go in search of it. In his BLAISE. absence, the son grows up, and, Alluded to in the Didot Perceval " in Hke maimer, sets out in search as the Master " of " of his father. In crossing Bur- Merlin, resident in Ortoberland." He alone gundy, he is attacked by King could tell Merlin the use of the " Gunthar, but is victorious. On Grail. He writed down these reaching Etzel's court, a fight things, and by his writings occurs between father and son, we know them." The their relationship being unknown. whole passage is one of much obscurity. A mutual recognition takes place, In the romance of Merlin and they proceed homewards, along (Auchinleck MS.) he is alluded to with an army sent by Etzel to as a holy hermit who avenge the outrage perpetrated tried to keep Merlin's mother and by the Burgundians on young aunts from wrong-doing, and when Dietheb. Gimthar meets them Merhn, the offspring of Satan, was with a host of vahant guests, bom as the fruit of their sin, baptised invited under pretext of a tourna- him ere his infernal ment. They fight together, and parent could intervene. the mock battle turns into a real BLAMORE, SIR DE GANIS. Brother one, which remains indecisive. to Bleoberis (q.v.). He was one A general reconciliation follows, of the knights taken by Lancelot BLA 37 BLE

to Benwick, which they ruled over their mother Hermengard takes for a time. (Vide " Morte her away. A reconciUation is, d'Arthur.") however, brought about between them through the mediation of BLANCHFLEUR or WHITE FLOWER. the holy Alice, the queen's In Arthurian legend the beauteous daughter. damsel whom Sir Perceval defends against CHmadex's {q.v.) marshal, BLANCHFLOWER. {Vide " Gaiin oi Aguigrenons {q.v.). She favours Sir Lorraine.") Daughter of King Percevalwithheramorous embraces Thierry of Savoy {q.v.). She was the night before the onslaught, betrothed to Garin at the age of but withholds them the next day fifteen years, which event was in order to urge him to greater followed by the death of her prowess in the contest. father. She arrived in Paris, when the Lorrainers and Bordelais met " BLANCHFLEUR. ( Vide Florice and to settle their dispute, and was Blanchfleur.") Daughter of Topase much admired by Pepin {q.v.), the daughter of the Duke of who through the advice of the Ferrara. She was friendly with Archbishop of Rheims {q.v.), Florice, son of Felix, King of married her. Her first love was

Murcia, from infancy, and gave present at the wedding . She after- him a mystic ring. Florice was wards assisted the brothers, Bego banished for his love of the and Garin, who plotted against Christian maiden, and she was the king. She once went on an sentenced to death, but was errand of peace to Garin. shipped to Alexandria instead, BLANID. Wife of Curoi, King of there to be sold as a slave. But Munster, mentioned in the Ulster Florice discovered her there, partly cycle of Irish romance. She con- by means of the ring she had given ceived a violent passion for Cuchu- him, and they were happily united. {q.v.) and requested him to There are several versions of the lain abduct her from her husband's tale, which is told by Boccaccio dwelling. Knowing that Cuchu- in his Filocopo. lain was in hiding hard by, she BLANCHE-FLEUR. (Vide "Guy of sent him word to wait until a Warwick.") Daughter of Reig- certain stream should grow white. nier, Emperor of Germany. A She poured the milk of three cows tournament was held in her honour, into the brook, and on this signal in which Sir Guy took the prize. Cuchulain attacked the abode of Curoi, slew him, and carried ofiE BLANCHEFLOWER. In Carlovingian Blanid. Fercartna, the Sennachie of romance, sister of WiUiam or bard of Curoi, followed them, Orange, and Queen to Louis Le and waiting until the party had from Debonair. On his return gained the edge of the cHfE of the Battle of Arleschans or Ahscans Beara, seized Blanid, and' leaped against (q.v.) to plead for succour with her into the depths below. the Saracens, she mocks WiUiam " bred for his sorry array, but he puts BLEHERIS. A poet bom and Gautier her to shame, tearing the crown in Wales," alluded to by from her head, seizing her by the de Denain, one of the continuators Troyes, as his hair, and abusing her foully. He of Chretien de for stories of Gawaxn, is even about to behead her, when authority the BLE 38 BLI

and believed to be identical with time of my childhood fabricated the Bledhericus mentioned by a whole book about WUHam Giraldus Cambrensis, as famosus Wallace, and herein he wrote down illefahulator, and the Breris quoted in our native rhymes—and this by Thomas of Brittany as an was a kind of composition in authority for the story of Tristan. which he had much sMU—^all that passed current amongst the people BLEOBERIS DE GANIS, SIR. Brother in his day. I, however, can give to Blamore, and cousin to Sir but a partial evidence to such Lancelot. He is for a while, writings as these. This Henry according to Arthurian Romance, used to recite his tales in the Duke of Poictiers in Benwick, the houses of the nobles, and thereby duchy of which is given him by he procured food and clothing." Lancelot (Vide "Morte {gt-v.). Major was bom in 1469, so Harry's d'Arthur.") birth must have been considerably BLIANT, SIR. A noble knight and anterior to that, but hardly any- defender of Lancelot {q.v.), whom thing is known definitely about he harbours during his insane his hfe. On the 1st April, 1490, period. as the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer 0/ Scotland show, he BLIHOS BLIHERIS. A person alluded was granted a small pension by to in the Gonte du Graal, as being James IV., then resident at Stir- conquered by Gauvain or Gawain, Ung. The amount was only eigh- and as recounting to Arthur's teen shilhngs per annum, but, Court the tale of the wandering though this figure appears diminu- damsels sprung from those ravished tive, if not actually ridiculous, it by King Amangons {q.v.). " So must be borne in mind that the long would they wander tiU God purchasing value of such a sum gave them to find the Court, was much greater in the middle- whence joy and splendour would ages than now. The last payment come to the land." They were of Harry's pension recorded in the regained by Arthur's knights. treasurer's books is in 1492, and BLIND HARRY. A Mediaeval Scot- as James was invariably generous tish poet. His name is sometimes towards poets, and usually paid a spelt Hary, while occasionally he pension very regularly up tiU the is styled Henry the Minstrel. He time of the annuitant's death, the lived in the fifteenth century, but year in question was probably he is iucluded here because the that in which Blind Harry died. work by which he is remembered, Moreover, he is mentioned by a long poem, entitled Schir William Dunbar in his Lament for the Wallace, which recounts the deeds Makaris, composed in 1507, so he of that hero, is based largely on must have been dead by that time. traditions handed down orally Major's statement that Harry since Wallace's own time, that is was bhnd from his birth has often to say, the end of the thirteenth been questioned, and with good century. reason ; for the poem of Wallace One of the earhest trustworthy is not the output of an illiterate Scottish historians, John Major in man, but rather the work of one his Historia Majoris Britannice, who had received a fairly good " teUs that There was one Henry, education, as good at least as blind from his birth, who in the that of the average ecclesiastic of ;

BLI 39 BLI

the period. Indeed, Harry's verse John Comyn and Simon Eraser. frequently suggests obligations to Again, the poet represents his Chaucer, and proclaims the author hero as receiving a visit from the to have been acquainted with Queen of England at a time when

the Arthurian legends, and the no such person existed ; while not

tales of ancient Greece ; while content with this, he even depicts although, to repeat, the poem is this mythological queen as enam- based chiefly on tradition, Harry oured of Sir William. Numerous also utihsed several Latin authori- other examples might be given of ties. He acknowledges this re- Harry's perversion of fact, and, peatedly, laying particular stress in short, it is clear that he allowed on his debt to his own family to flower at large

" the Latin buk, round the Ufe of his hero ; while Qiihilk Maister Blair in his time it is natural, besides, that the undertuk " name and fame of Wallace should And the person cited thus has have gathered about them many always been assumed to .have been extravagant legends during the one Arnold Blair, a chaplain to two centuries between Sir William's Wallace, who wrote a biography own time and Harry's. of the latter. Blind Harry is hardly in the fore- Harry's epic is written in ten- front of the Mediaeval Scottish syllable lines of heroic verse, and poets. He is by no means the as regards its historipal value, this equal of his predecessor, James I., has been much impugned, but nor yet of his mighty successor, perhaps unduly so, for the poem WiUiam Dunbar, and even his corroborates nearly all that is best passages can hardly be ranked known about Wallace from other beside the finest in John Barbour's sources. At the same time, the Bruce. Nevertheless, the general minstrel was distinctly a hero- level of excellence in Wallace is worshipper and not a mere chro- fully equal to that in the last-

nicler, and he crowds the life of named poem ; and, whatever Scotland's Uberator with endless Harry's Hmitations, his verse is valiant deeds of which other always manly and decisive. Vigour writers have nothing to say. For seems to have attended him pe- instance, he relates that Wallace rennially, and it is impossible to defeated Edward I. at Biggar conceive him hesitating, or search- long before the memorable Battle ing for the right word, the right of Stirling Bridge in 1297, and of phrase. On the contrary, spon- this event there is no trace in taneity characterises his work history. True it is that, in 1303, throughout ; while it abounds in the Scots won a victory over the very vivid descriptions—descrip- English at Roslin, and perhaps tions so vivid, indeed, that their Harry's statement is a confusion existence supports the contention with this event, the supposition that the poet was not bUnd all his being the more reasonable inas- Hfe. much as the poet's chronology is In the Advocates' Library, Edin- there is complete manu- usually inaccurate ; but then, burgh, a there is no proof that Wallace script copy of Schir William took part in the fight at Roslin, Wallace, dated 1488, the scribe the Scottish forces having been who wrote this being one John commanded on that occasion by Ramsay. As the whole poem was ;

BLI 40 BOD copied so early as this—at least Harry was debated by Professor four years before the poet's death Walter W. Skeat in The Modern —it may be assumed that it was Language Quarterly of November, very popular during his hfetime 1897. and the mere fact that Harry BLIOCADRANS. Mentioned in the was universally known by his Conte du Oraal as the father of Christian name, while his surname Perceval. He of the twelve knights has not come down to posterity, of the land of Wales alone sur- likewise points to his having been vived, so eager were they for an idol of the people in his own tournaments and combats. He day. Nor did his reputation die goes forth to a tourney held by with him, and it should be noted the King of Wales against the folk that Bums, in one of his letters, of the Waste Fountain, in which he speaks of Wallace with great is slain. His wife, who has borne enthusiasm, saying it was one of a son, Perceval, pretends a pil- the first books he read in boyhood grimage to St. Brandan in Scot- with real delight, and adding that land, but removes to the Waste it left an indehble mark on his Forest, far from aU men. Here memory. A fine tribute was this she brings up Perceval, warning to the old poet, while further him against men in armour, who, homage has been offered him in she tells him, are " Devils." {Vide the shape of many editions of his " Perceval.") works. Carlyle's friend, David BOANNA. (The river Boyne), in Irish Laing, in his preface to Oologras romance. Mother of Angus Og Gawain mentions having seen and {q.v.). an edition of Wallace printed by BOCTUS SIDRAC. {Vide the first Scottish press, that con- AND ducted by Chepman and MyUar, "Sidrac") during the reign of James IV. BODEL, JEAN. A French poet of Such an edition, however, is not the thirteenth century, remem- known to exist nowadays,' and bered mainly by his drama of perhaps Laing was in error. Be St. Nicholas and an epic poem, that as it may, Harry's poem was Les Saisnes or Song of the Saxons certainly printed again and again {q.v.). Arras was his native town, during the sixteenth and seven- and there he hved for a number of teenth centuries, while notable years, gaining his Uvehhood—as editions of recent years are one was the fashion among poets of edited by John Jamieson in 1820, the Middle Ages—by acting as a and another pubhshed by the herald. He appears to have early Scottish Text Society in 1885-86. acquired considerable fame, and Literature : Despite the scanty to have been a jovial and reckless

materials therefor, Blind Harry's character ; yet it would seem that Hfe has been repeatedly written, a strain of piety ran through his notably by David Irvine in Lives nature, for it is recorded that, of the Scottish Poets, Edinburgh, about the year 1269, he com- 1810. The merits of Wallace are menced making preparations to discussed by T. F. Henderson in follow a body of crusaders to the Scottish Vernacular Literature, and Holy Land. It is possible, of by J. H. Millar in A Literary course, that it was not reUgious History of Scotland ; while the ardour which prompted him to question of Chaucer's influence on this step, and that he was simply ; —

BOD 41 BON called upon to accompany the hterary value. It treats of one troops in his official capacity of Charlemagne's campaigns, and but be that as it may, his project the writer is thought to have was suddenly cut short by a gleaned his information largely terrible misfortune, unmistakable from early poems current in his signs of leprosy now showing day but now lost. Bodel 's descrip- themselves on his hands and face. tion of the threefold territory of

In accordance with the law of the romance is frequently quoted : time he had to cut himself off " Ne sont que trols matiferes k mil from all his relations and friends, homme entendant, De France, et de Bretagne, et de but his townsfellows, moved by Rome la grant." pity, procured him admittance to BOIARDO, MATTEO MARIE. Count a lazar-house at Meulan. He was of Scandiano, a famous ItaUan poet, thus rescued from that life of was bom at Scandiano in Lom- wandering which was the sorry bardy 1430-94, and educated at fate of so many lepers, yet the the Court of the Duke Borso incarceration to which he was d'Este, and was subsequently made doomed henceforth was scarcely Governor of Reggio (1478), then less terrible, and how deeply he of Modena (1481), and once more suffered is shown by his poem, of Reggio, shortly before his death, ies Conges, in which he bids a which occurred on 21st December, touching farewell to his old asso- 1494. The greatest of his poems ciates at Arras, aUke the rich who is the , based had patronized him, and the gay on the Charlemagne cycle. With fellows with whom he had frater- a freshness and splendour of fancy, nized in the taverns. Bodel is he portrays the loves of Orlando supposed to have spent the rest and the fair Angelica in a manner of lus days entirely at Meulan, and which gives the work perpetual it was probably in that uncon- popularity among lovers of fan genial atmosphere that he penned tastic poetry. Between 1545 and the majority of his extant poems, the date of the editio princeps these inclucHng a series of Pastorals (1495), the poem appears to have besides the things cited above. been much relished, for it had Save for Les Congds, however, passed through no fewer than the writer's work is by no means sixteen editions. From then, and tinged with the melancholy which not until 1836, when Panizzi would naturally imbrue the pro- pubUshed an excellent edition, it ductions of a dweller in a lazar- was unpubUshed. It has been house ; and, indeed, St. Nicholas, translated into most of the lan- which is based on a story in The guages of Western Europe. Apocrypha, contains several roUick- {Vide "Dietrich of ing tavern scenes, each of them BOLFIANA. drawn with unflinching reaUsm, Bern.") She was presented in Ermenrich to and being obviously based on the marriage by King personal experience and observa- Wittich {q.v.). tion of the author. The piece is BONDWIN, SIR. Brother to King especially interesting, moreover, Mark {q.v.) and father of Ahsander as being one of the first miracle {q.v.). He was treacherously dispersed his plays in French hterature ; while slain by Mark, who as regards Les Saisnes, this has dependents. {Vide "Morte considerable historical as well as d'Arthur.") —

BON 42 BRA

' other things, and a pictur- BONIFACE. ( Vide ' Bevis of Hamp- among ton.") Confidential chamberlain esque incident during his quest is to Josyan at Mounbraunt. He that related in which a young assisted her and Bevis to escape damsel offers him her love, and from Inor, and was devoured by on his refusal threatens with twelve two lions when he was hiding other damsels to throw herself Josyan. from a tower. Bors, although full of the milk of human kindness, BOOK OF LEINSTER. An Irish manu- thinks they had better lose their script of the twelfth century souls than he his. They fall from containing among other romances the tower, Bors crosses himself, The Cattle Raid of Quelgny (q.v.). and the whole vanishes, being a BOOK OF THE DUN COW. An Irish deceit of the devil. His brother's manuscript of about the year corpse, shown him, is also proved 1100 A.D. In it the Legend of to be a figment of the imagination. Tuan mac Carell [q.v.), the story Then a hermit and a knight, of the reappearance of Cuchulain Calogrenant, would fain stop him, (q.v.), and The Voyage of Maeldun and Bors is compelled to draw {q.v.) are given. in self-defence, but a voice tells BORGHILD. First wife of him to fiee, and a fiery brand comes Bors (q.v.) and mother of Helgi (q.v.) from heaven between them. voice and Hammund (q.v.). She follows the command of the sea, poisoned Sinfjotli (q.v.), in con- directing him towards the sequence of which her husband where Perceval awaits him. After destroyed her. (Vide "The Lay the accompUshment of the quest of the Volsungs.") and the deaths of Galahad and Perceval, Bors sets sail for Britain, BORS, KING. (Vide " Ba.n:') and comes to Camelot where all

BORS, BOHORS or BOORT. A famous are glad to welcome him ; he knight in the Arthurian cycle tells the adventures of the Holy associated with Sir Galahad and Grail, which, according to the Lancelot in their quest of the story, were written down and kept Holy Grail. During this sojourn in the Abbey of Salisbury. he is exhorted by a hermit to BOV THE RED. King of the Danaans abandon the quest unless he can or Immortals of Munster, and free himself from sin. He con- brother of the Irish deity, Dagda. fesses and receives absolution from He figures in the mythical Irish the holy man, and until the quest " Book of Invasions," and was be finished he abjures all nourish- deeply skilled in magic and en- ment save bread and water. He chantments. He it was who found achieves several notable feats, the dream-maiden of Angus Og such as that of overcoming Priadam (q.v.), who had fallen sick of love the Black, who is the champion of for his visionary mistress. He the oppressor of a castle, which had in his service a goldsmith once belonged to a lady whom Bors named Len, who gave their name reinstates in her ownership. He to the Lakes of KiUamey, once refuses her hospitahty neverthe- known as Locha Lein. less. On the morrow, he goes to " " the rescue of a very fair maiden," . ( Vide Orlando In- whom he saves from her would-be namorato " and " Orlando Pu- ravisher. He reheves his brother. rioso.") Daughter to Amon, and ;

BRA 43 BRA

sister to Rinaldo(g'.'W.)- She formed into it in a short space. He informs an attachment for Rogero. She Matholwch that it was brought slew Pinabello for decoying her into from Ireland by Llasas Llaesgyfne- Merlin's cave. Three kings, and wid and his wife Kymideu Kymein- Marphisa, were unhorsed by her. voU when they escaped from the She married Rogero. white-hot iron house in that BRADMOND KING OF DAMASCUS. country. Matholwch is conver- (Vide " Bevis of Hampton.") sant with the rest of the story Quarrelled with Ermyn because how one day he was sitting by a he could not get Josyan as wife, lake when a giant made his appear- but was defeated. He kept Bevis ance followed by a still greater bearing a prisoner for seven years in woman, and a cauldron Damascus. on his back ; how the woman was soon to give birth to a fully-armed BRANDILES, SIR. A frequent visitor warrior ; how these people became to the Court of Arthur. (Vide a pest in Ireland, and how they " Morte d'Arthur.") with their offspring were im- BRANWEN, DAUGHTER OF LLYR. prisoned in an iron house which

A Welsh romance included in Lady was made white-hot ; and how Charlotte Guest's Mabinogion (q.v.) the man and his wife alone and originally found in the four- escaped, and came to Britain, teenth century manuscript known where, Bran assures him, they have as The Med Book of Hergest. It multiplied, and bred a race of is connected with the story of mighty warriors. In this tale we Pivyll (q.v.) by the third in the are for the first time introduced series, that of Manatvyddan (q.v.). to the family of Llyr, who, with It tells how Bran the Blessed, son that of Don and Pwyll, make up of Llyr, with his brother Mana- the four branches of the Mabinogi. wyddan and his half-brothers The tale of the cauldron has Nissyen the peacemaker, and undoubtedly been interpolated by Evnissyen the mischief-maker, are the story-teller as one which might seated one day on a rock by the quite possibly be told by an Irish sea at Harlech. They observe visitor, and may be equated with thirteen ships draw near the coast, an incident in the Mesce Ulad, a one of which lands Matholwch, tale of the Ulster heroic cycle. It King of Ireland, who has come to has no real connection with the crave the hand of Branwen, Bran's story of Branwen. Matholwch sister. Evnissyen, angered at his takes Branwen to Ireland, and all consent to Branwen's marriage not prospers for a twelvemonth, when having been asked, mutilates the the matter of the outrage on the horses of Matholwch, and the horses is revived, and Branwen Irish king, deeply offended at the is ignominiously buffeted into the outrage, departs in his ships, but kitchen-quarters, where she is returns on being assured that thrashed every morning by the Bran knew nothing of the affair, butcher. This goes on for three and that he is willing to make years, and as all communication ample amends. Bran, noticing is cut off between Ireland and that Matholwch's mood is still Britain Branwen cannot convey heavy, gives him a magic cauldron her sad condition to her brother. which has the property of resusci- At last she contrives to rear a tating any dead warrior thrown starling, which carries a letter to ;

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Bran. He sets out for Ireland, left of the inhabitants on Bran's his men by ship, he himseK wading departure. This tale, it has been through the oceanwlthhis musicians pointed out, bears analogies to on his back. Matholwch and his the Gudrun and Nibelung cycles, men retreat across the Shannon and it is probable that the which the Britons cross, using Brythonic inhabitants of Wales Bran's body as a bridge. The received it, or the outlines of it, Irish surrender, but Bran will not from the Danish folk in Ireland, come to terms until they promise or those Danes who settled in the to build for him a house large peninsula of Gower in Wales. enough to hold him, a thing not But, probably only the form is before accomphshed. They resolve Teutonic, not the matter. {Vide to make the house a trap, and The Mabinogion, edited by Alfred men are concealed aroimd it in Nutt.) bags. Evnissyen, however, dis- BRASTIAS. {Vide " Ulfius.") covers this, and kills them all BREA. The death-field of Finn singly. Peace is on the point of {q.v.), the Ossianic hero. being concluded in the great hall, when suddenly Evnissyen casts BRECON. In Irish romance. Great- Branwen's child on the blazing grandfather of Miled, father of fire. A dreadful slaughter ensues, Ith {q.v.). His name is mentioned and the Irish make use of the in the Milesian invasion of Ireland. cauldron of regeneration, until BREKA. A Gothland warrior men- Evnissyen, concealing himseK tioned in the legend of Beowulf among the Irish slain, is thrown {q.v.). Before Beowulf set out for in and bursts it, breaking his own Jutland to fight Grendel, Breka heart in the effort. Seven of the proposed that he and the hero Britons escape, along with Bran, should fight the monsters of the who is wounded by a poisoned sea, to prove which of them was lance. He requests the seven to the better man. King Hygelak cut off his head and to bury it in {q.v.) to give a gold chain to the the White Hill (the site of the victor. Breka returned to shore Tower), in London, with the face first, receiving the gold chain, but towards France. He tells them when Beowulf came he brought on the way back of the various with him the dead body of a hardships that they will endure whom he had slain in the sea, thus before they arrive at London proving himself the greater warrior. how they will feast for seven Hygelak gave him his own sword, years at Harlech, while the birds Nagling. of Rhiannon wiU sing to them, and that at Gwales in Pembroke they BRENNOR, SIR. An evil knight and wiU rest eighty years, until one of an oppressor of the Knights of them opens a door looking upon the "Round Table." He was Cornwall. On landing in Britain, slain by Sir Tristram {q.v.). {Vide Branwen, thinking of the misery "Morted'Arthur.") she has unwittingly caused, dies of (1). In Irish romance, the a broken heart. Bran's head is Danaan {q.v.) representative sent eventually buried in London. to parley with the natives on the Ireland, we are told, was re- occasion of the entrance into peopled by the offspring of five Ireland of the People of Dana. pregnant women, all that were He was slain in the Battle of .

BKE 45 BRI

Moytura, .which settled the ques- Cote Male-taile. (Vide " Morte tion of the superiority of the d'Arthur.") People of Light. . In Irish romance, the chief BRES (2) (2). Son of a Danaan woman of the three sons of Turenn (q.v.). Eri, by an unknown father. BRICCRIU. (Sumamed "of the He was elected King of the Poisoned Tongue.") A chief of Danaans in place of the muti- Ulster, alluded to in the myth of lated Nuada of the Silver Hand Cuchulain in the Ultonian cycle {q.v.). He failed, however, to of Irish romance. On one occasion uphold his people's superiority. he invited the heralds of the Red In addition, he laid heavy taxes Branch (q.v.) to a feast, and upon them, and refused hospitality instigated them to strife upon the to chiefs, nobles, and harpers. vexed question as to who was the This refusal in the end cost him most renowned warrior in Ireland. his kingship, for the poet Corpry The assembly selected ConaU, (q.v.), being despicably housed in Laery, and Cuchulain, and a demon the royal Court, spread abroad a named " The Terrible " was sum- satire upon his host, and Nuada moned to decide the order of came into his own again. Bres precedence. He gave it as his then sought his mother, from whom opinion that the most courageous he learned that his father was man of the trio would best deserve Glatha, a Fomorian king. Her the title of champion, and pro- lover had left with her a ring, and posed that he who would cut ofE had bidden her give it to the man his (the demon's) head to-day and whose finger it fitted. This was submit to having his own head Bres, and together they sailed cut off on the morrow would prove for Glatha 's home. recognized He himself the bravest. Cuchulain the ring, gave his son an army decapitated the demon, who at for the re-conquest of Ireland, and once seized his head and dis-

. sent him to seek further aid from appeared. On the morrow he the greatest of the Fomorian appeared in his usual shape to kings, Balor. Then ensued the claim the right of beheading second Battle of Moytura, between Cuchulain, who placed his head the Fomorians and the Danaans, on the block, but the demon in which the latter were decisively bade him arise, and acknowledged victorious. him champion of Erin. BRES (3). Son of Balor. In the Tale of the Quest of the Sons of Turenn BRIOS. Alluded to in the Conte du Graal, persuading Percival (q.v.), Lugh {q.v.) is said to have as to advanced from the west, his face join in the tourney held by Arthur shining like the Sun. Bres won- at the Castle Orguellous, as he must dered why that day dawned on the havethe prize of Knighthood before west, tiU he was told that " yonder coming to the Castle of the Fisher light came not from the sun, but King. Percival visits his castle from the face of Lugh." and carries ofE the prize unknown BRISIN. An enchantress, who plays BRIAN (1), SIR. An evil knight who in Annuncia- through his wickedness is deprived an important part the of his authority over the Castle tion of Galahad, and the allure- Pendragon, which Sir Lancelot ment of Lancelot (q.v.). (Vide " afterwards presented to Sir La Morte d'Arthur.") 6RI 46 BRU

BRITAN. According to Irish story Lambor, he is pursued to the sea- the chief of one of the three sur- shore where he finds and enters viving Nemedian famiUes (vide Solomon's ship, where he discovers " ") after the Fomorian the Grail sword. With this he iq.v.) victory. Tradition has it slays LamboV. But this use of that he settled in Britain, and the holy weapon was accompanied hence the name given to that with great woes, for no wheat country. grew within Britain, nor fruit trees bare, nor was fish found in the BRITOMARTE. {Vide "Sir Ferum- waters. BruUlant feU dead as a bras.") Eefused to help Floripas punishment for using the sword. to release Roland and Ohver from the dungeon at Laban's palace, BRUNAMONT. King of Maiolgre and was killed by her in con- (Majorca). A pagan monarch who sequence. arrived with 10,000 men to assist the Saracens against the army of BROCELIANDE. A magic forest in Charlemagne in Italy. Corsuble, Brittany connected with Arthurian a Saracen Emir, offered him his romance. There it was that Merhn daughter Glorianda who was be- was enchanted by Nimue or trothed to Karaheut, King of Viviana (q.v.), Lady of the Lake, India {q.v.), but the latter monarch and imprisoned underneath a great succeeded in gaining her. {Vide stone. Wace (q.v.) actually tra- " Ogier of Denmark.") velled to the spot to " verify " its " " " legends. The name Broceli- BRUNHILD. ( Vide Nibelungenhed ande " is often employed as typical and " Volsunga Saga.") A valkyr of the mise en scene of romance, or warrior-maiden, who was im- and as symbolic of the dim prisoned by Odin the Scandinavian unreality of legendary scenery. deity, in a castle on Isenstein surrounded by flames. In the BROIFFORT. Ogier's horse, which Volsunga Saga she is awakened he had won in the Saracen wars, by Sigurd, who pledges troth and which was renowned for its with her, only to forget her by swiftness. Vide " Ogier the Dane.") ( reason of a magic draught. He BRONS, BRON, or HEBRON. In again penetrates the flames in Grail romance brother-in-law of the shape of Guimar, for whom he Joseph, whose sister Enygeus he succeeds in wnning Brunhild. married. They have twelve sons, She quarrels with Gudrun, the wife about whom they are greatly con- of Sigurd, and is instrumental in cerned and demand of Joseph what having him slain. In the Nibe- is to be done with them. Joseph lungenlied she is won for Gunther prays before the Holy Grail: by the wiles of Siegfried, who beats eleven of them will marry and her in sports, she having agreed to one remain single—this one is marry the man who can conquer her Alain (q.v.), to whom descended at her favourite games. She quar- the custody of the Holy Grail. rels with Siegfried's wife, Kriem- hild, and compasses his death. BROWN BULL. {Vide " Cattle Raid The myth of her of Quelgny.") imprisonment is probably originally a nature-myth. BRUILLANT. Mentioned in the She is the sun-maiden who sleeps Grand Saint Oraal as an enemy of the charmed sleep caused by the Lambor (q.v.). Fighting with prick of the thorn of winter. 6RU 47 BUR

BRUNSTEIN, KING. A character in BULL FIGHT OF GANZUL, THE. the romance of Samson (q.v.), This tale is one in which the who succeeded to the throne of dexterity of the Moorish cavaliers Salem after the death of his in the bull fight is described. brother, Rodgeier. He also is King Almanzor of Granada sum- slain by Samson. mons the Moorish Lords to a bull BRUT D'ANGLETERRE or LI RO- fight in honour of the Baptist's MANS DB BRUT. A chronicle of feast. Eight lords go into the British pseudo-history, written by ring and are defeated. Then come Ganzul, the Alcayd6 of Agalva, Richard Wace (q.v.) in French, of succeeds the early twelfth century, and and the poem tells how he based upon the famous British in fighting and killing three bulls, being History of Geoffrey of Monmouth one of them, Harpado, enormously strong and fierce. (q.v.) under Historia Begum Bri- tannice. The British histories are NJAL. Icelandic ro- generally supposed to have been BURNT An mance dating from the eleventh called Bruts from Brutus, the century. Njal was the most great-grandson of ^^neas, who esteemed and beloved man in is represented in them as the Iceland. He dwelt at Bergthors- first king of the Britons. But it knoll, and his ability in law was is more probable that the meaning praised by everybody. His gentle of the word is " repute " or disposition surrounded him with " rumour," in the sense of the friends, but chief among expression " bruit " or news. The tnany those Gunnar of Lithend, the subject-matter of the poem practi- was most famous warrior in Iceland. cally coincides with that of the These two vowed lifelong friend- Historia Begum Britannice {q.v.). ship, a vow which they kept in Literature : Li Bomans de Brut, spite of many difficulties, for edited by Leroux de Lincy, 2 Gunnar's wife, Hallgerda and vols., 1835-38. Njal's, Bergthora, were at ceaseless WALL, SIR. Vide BRYANT OP CORN ( feud with each other, slaying and " wicked Bevis of Hampton.") A counter-slaying house-carles and Edgar, King of Eng- favourite of freemen belonging to each. This the origin of the land, who was enmity arose through HaUgerda Edgar and cruel strife between telHng Bergthora, who was then Sir Bevis. her hostess, that she had thieves' BRYER, SIR. (Vide "Sir Ferum- fingers, Bergthora retahating by bras.") Duke of Brittany. A referring to HaUgerda 's murdered French Peer, one of the twelve husbands. Gunnar was drawn sent as a delegate to demand into much strife on his wife's Roland's Uberation. He was killed account. In famine time she stole in a sally he made from Labans' from the store of the avaricious palace when he was imprisoned Otkell, for which theft Gunnar there. gave her a blow on the face. BUDDVAN. (F«c?e "Gododin.") Son This insult she never forgot. By the angry of Bleidovan the Bold. He was a dint of Njal's wisdom Cymric warrior and was slain in husband suffered no loss. But the court's the battle of Cattreath. "His Otkell, unsatisfied with armour has beenthoroughlywashed decision, sought to slay Gunnar, however, with his fawning in his gore." himself, BUR 48 BUR friend Skamkell, falling at his aid when they sought his protec- enemy's hands. Then the cunning tion from Yarl Hacon of Norway, Mord learnt that Njal had warned for, being falsely accused of screen- his friend not to slay twice in the ing a felon, Hrapp, who was con- same stock. He, therefore, advised cealed in Thrain's ship, Hacon Thorgeir who sought Gunnar's would have put them to death. death, to incense Otkell's son, an But the king made atonement to honest and peace-loving youth, Njal's sons for all they had against their enemy. Their end suffered unjustly, and they became was accomplished. Gunnar thrust his friends. Kari went home with his bill through the youth's body, them to Iceland, and they wedded and was accordingly banished from their sister Helga to him. Now aU Iceland for three years. But his Thrain's household, which included love for his home swelled so Hrapp, all save his son Hanskuld, greatly within him as he set hated Njal's household. Insulted out for another land, that he and reviled by their three enemies, was unable to leave Lithend. Njal's sons and Kari slew Thrain Mord, Thorgier, and Sigurd the and Hrapp, granting mercy, how- White then plotted his destruction, ever, to Grani. For this slaying which they accomphshed in his Njal paid the blood-money, and own home. With his bow-string having made friends with the broken, and with a scanty supply generous-minded Hanskuld, took of arrows, Gunnar bade his wife him back to BergthorsknoU as his twist two locks of her hair into a foster-son. Elected the priest of bow-string. Remembering the White-ness, Hanskuld married blow he had given her, she only HUdegunna, the beautiful but laughed, and left him to his hard-hearted daughter of Kosi. death. Gunnar's elder son Hogni But Mord hated Hanskuld as a then took upon him the manage- rival priest, and when his father ment of the farm, while the hated was dying he had promised him Hallgerda was driven by her to revenge upon Skarp-hedinn mother-in-law, Rannveig, to seek a their great loss of money in the home elsewhere. She, therefore, Gunnar murder case. He, there- went to live with Thrain her son- fore, set to work upon the destruc- in-law and took her son Grani tion of his enemies . Making friends with her. Hogni was destined with both by lying tale-bearing to avenge his father's death, for he incensed Njal's sons and Kari one day as he laid his hand upon against Hanskuld, and with them Gurmar's war-bill it sang so loudly fell upon him. For this foul that Rannveig knew that this son murder the sorrowing Njal sought was the chosen avenger. With to pay a large fine and thus the aid of Skarp-hedinn, Njal's to keep the peace. But with son, Hogni slew Thorgeir and mutual insults Plosi and Skarp- three of the other suitors, Mord, hedinn refused the money however, receiving his hfe at a decision. Then Hanskuld's father- great price of money. Grim and in-law gathered together a large Helgi, Njal's sons, went sea- company, including Grani, and roving about the Orkneys. Here set fire to Bergthors-KnoU. Njal, they fell in with Kari, a viking, Bergthora, Skarp-hedinn, Grim who generously succoured them and Helgi's little son were all in their need. He again lent his burnt, while Helgi, seeking to CAE 49 GAL

escape, was slain by Flosi. Kari, and the burners. Flosi fared home, however, did escape, and with the did penance there, and received now satisfied Mord as pleader absolution from the Pope's own

sought redress for the burning. hands . Then he returned to Swine- But the case dwindling into a feld, his home. Driven by storm question of contempt of court on on his enemy's shore, Kari yet the part of Mord or his opponent, sought Flosi's assistance, and Kari and his men laid about was kindly received and cared them in the court, where several for. The two foes then became persons were slain. The Thing friends, and some time after then settled the question, and sent Helgi's death Kari married Hilde- into banishment or outlawry Flosi gunna.

CAER. Daughter of Ethal Anubal, father and his twenty-seven sons, Prince of the Danaans of Con- any one of whose weapons would naught, loved by Angus Og (q.v.), bring to his death in nine days and mentioned in the Irish mythi- the man who was but grazed by cal books. She Uved, year about, it. This hideous monster was sent in the form of a maiden and a against Cuchulain (q.v.), and swan, and upon calling to her, hurled at him its eight and twenty Angus found himself transformed spears which he, however, caught into a swan. He joined her, and on his shield. But as he was all who heard the rapturous music about to lop off the spears the uttered by the swan-lovers were clan threw him down and ground plunged into a deep sleep lasting his face in the gravel. Fiacha, for three days and nights. son of Firaba, an Ulster exile, indignant at the unequal combat, CAERLEON (near Carhsle). A town then cut off their heads, when mentioned in the Morte d'Arthur Cuchulain hacked the creature as the chief seat of Arthur's to pieces. But again was a mon- court. ster loosed against the Hound of CAIAPHAS. Alluded to in the Grand Cullan. This was the posthu- St. Ctraal as the jailor of Joseph of mous three sons of three daughters, Arimathea (q.v.). He permitted bom at a birth, of the wizard Joseph to starve, but Christ Calatin. These Maev (q.v.) had supphed his necessities. Caiaphas sent through Ireland and Alba was latterly set adrift in a boat. He and as far as Babylon to learn is, of course, the Caiaphas men- the magic arts, that she might tioned in Scripture as the High revenge herself upon the Ulster Priest of the Jews. hero. Then did the children of Calatin fall upon the mind of CAIRBRY. In Irish romance, son Cuchulain and conjure up horror, of Cormac mac Art (q.v.), and despondency and apparitions of High-King of Ireland. Father of war. And in the form of Niam Sgeim Solais (q.v.). (q.v.), the Sorceress Bave (q.v.) CALATIN CLAN. A noisome mul- bade the warrior arouse himself tiform creature composed of a to rescue Ulster. CAL 50 CAR

CALAYNOS THE MOOR. This Spanish fought a battle with Arthur in the tale is believed to be one of the "Isle of Minau" (Man?), and most ancient, and certainly was was slain. But Gildas, true to among the most popular of all his saintly character, pardoned the ballads in the Cancionero, or Arthur the slaying of his brother. Spanish Booh of Romances. Calay- The incident is described in the nos, wishing to win the favour of Mdbinogion story of Kulhwch and a maid of Spain, offers her gold Olwen. The Ldfe also relates the and riches. These she refuses story of the abduction of Guine- and asks for the heads of certain vere by Melwas, King of the peers—Ronald's and Ohver's. Summer Country (see Chevalier The ballad then narrates how de la Gharrette), who carried her Charlemagne is met when at the to Glastonbury, where he was chase by a Moor, who brings besieged by Arthur. But strife defiance to every lord on behalf between the kings was avoided of Calaynos. A knight. Sir Bald- by the good ofi&ces of Gildas. win, takes up the challenge, and (Cf. Rhys, Arthurian Legend.) fights Calaynos, who strikes him " down. Then another knight, Sir CARADY, Count of. {Vide Gu- Ronald (uncle to Sir Baldwin), drun Lay," first division of, under heading " Hagen.") rescued on seeing his kinsman fall, caUs He Calaynos to combat. They fight Hagen {q.v.) and his three girl companions from the coast where and Calaynos is killed. the griffin H had carried them. CARADOC OF LLANCARVEN. A The count had suffered loss at Welsh author of the twelfth cen- the hands of Hagen's father, King tury, alluded to by Geoffrey of Sigebant, and wished to keep Monmouth in the epilogue to his Hagen as a hostage, but the latter Historia Begum Britannice (q.v.), fought and conquered the count, as " my contemporary." To him and carried him to Ireland, where Geoffrey leaves the task of writing he became reconciled to Sigebant. " kings the deeds of the who CARAHIES. The brother of Gau- in from the succeeded Wales " vain. His adventures are given his history closes date at which at length in Gautier's portion of period in which he flourished. to the the Conte du Oraal, but are of no hinted at by Geoffrey, The work importance in connection with the written, is not now if it was ever GraU legend. extant, and one which bears the name of Caradoc, and the date, CARCHELOIS, CASTLE OF. According 1156, is generally regarded with to Grail romance, situated in the suspicion. It is hkely, however, March of Scotland. The inmates that the Latin Life of Gildas, attack Sir Galahad and his com- found in the twelfth century MS. panions, but all are slain by him. in the library of Corpus Christi On Sir Galahad expressing con- College, Cambridge, is his. It trition to a priest, he is told they presents several aspects of the are aU heathens, and that' he had Arthurian legend, which are not done a good deed, as the three to be found in Geoffrey's work. knights who had held the castle In its pages Gildas is alluded to had ravished their sister and done as a contemporary of Arthur. His their father, Coimt Ernous, to brother Hueil, King of Scotland, death. —

CAR 51 CHA

CARDUEL. Famous as the spot A white hart, accompanied by where Sir Perceval demanded four stags, led Joseph's band knighthood of King Arthur, and across a great water, all except from where the Eed Knight Chanaan, who crossed later in a whom Sir Perceval defeated fisherman's boat. Enraged that carried ofE King Arthur's cup for the Graal refused him sustenance, the fifth time. (Vide " Sir Percy- Chanaan slew twelve of the band. velle.") After death his grave burst out in " fiames which might not be quench- CARTAGE OF NIMES. ( Fiie Charroi ed till the coming of Lancelot. de Nimes.") " CASTLE DANGEROUS. ( Vide Morte CHANSONS DE GESTE, The old d'Arthur.") The home of the French epical poems, written in Knight of the Red Laundes (q.v.), the dialect of the north, or langiie an oppressor of good knights. d'dil, and having for their subject- matter the adventures and pseudo- CATHEAD. A druid who was over- history of Charlemagne, and his heard by Cuchnlain (q.v.) to say that the youth who should take twelve peers. They are the oldest up arms upon that day he spoke examples of elaborate verse in with the would become Erin's champion, any modem language, exception of Enghsh and Norse, but would spend a short life and the last to become known to (c/. Achilles). He prophesied modem critics. Homogeneous that Deirdre (q.v.) should be the and well-marked in character, fairest woman in Ireland, that date in time from the she should wed a king, and that they eleventh to the thirteenth century, through her ruin should fall upon with a few stragghng examples in Ulster. He figures in the Ulto- the fourteenth ; but the forms in nian cycle of Irish myth. which we possess most of them CATHELOYS. Alluded to in the are comparatively late and un- Grand Saint Graal as one of the original. They " stand in a real, Kings and Keepers of the Grail. positive, ancestral relation to all is CATTLE RAID OF QUELGNY, THE. modem Hterature ; there some- A famous Irish poem, in which thing of them in all the poetry of Cuchulain (q.v.), the great Ulster Europe." hero, figures. (Vide "Maev.") Designated matiere de France by the trouvere Jean Bodel (q.v.), they CELIDOINE. In Grail romance, son are intimately connected with of Nasciens and ancestor of Sir the pseudo -history of that country, Galahad and Lancelot. It is re- even as the Arthurian cycle, lated of him that he knew the called matiire de Bretagne by the " stars in their courses," and was same singer, deals in part with in Lancelot's vision sur- seen the mythi-history of our own rounded by stellar bodies, and that island. More racy and more ro- streams issued his body, nine from mantic than the romance pure and representing nine descendants, of simple, they were in the aggregate whom seven were kings and two less human, and the softer pas- knights. In romance " he was sions are less insisted upon in the first King of Scotland " (sic). their pages. The style is simple, CHANAAN. A companion of Joseph, to suit a mixed audience and the alluded to in the Grand Saint Graal. necessities of vocal interpretation. CHA 52 CHA and thus dramatic subtlety is the numerous chansons, which seldom achieved. There is a circle round the figure and court strong family resemblance in the of the aged emperor are written. hterary machinery employed in Three principal subjects may be all these tales, and this is also the enumerated around which the case as regards their psychology. various chansons appear to cry-

The theory that they owed their stallise : the deeds of Charle- origin to the fabulous Chronicle of magne himself ; those of Garin, Archbishop Turpin of Rheims, which includes the exhaustive the warrior-priest of Charlemagne, sub-cycle of WiUiam of Orange is now discredited, as that monk {q.v.), and the doings of the here- is known to be later in date than ditary princeHngs and peers of the majority of the chansons. Charles's period, and those of his Another discarded hypothesis is enemies, such as Ogier the Dane. that which would refer their Of these poems, M. Leon Gau- origin to earHer ballads on the tier has pubhshed a list of no same theme. But not a trace less than one hundred and of such ballads has been dis- ten, the average length of covered. which is probably six thousand Singularly complete in form, the lines each, without later additions older poems are written in batches and interpolations. Of this enor- of Hnes varying from one to mous body of verse about half several score, each of which de- the total number dates from the rives unity from an assonant twelfth century, the most es- vowel-rhyme. These are known teemed examples being Aliscans as or tirades. Later, this Aspremont, Battaille Loquifer, assonance was discarded in favour Charroi de Nimes, Covenant Vivien, of rhyme, the entire ending Garin the Lorrainer, Huon de with one rhyme-sound. StiU Bordeaux, Ogier, Eenovart, Moniage later, the decasyllabic line gave Quillaume, Song of the Saxons, and way to the Alexandrine ; but the Voyage of Charlemagne (all of the substitution of rhyme for which see). By far the larger assonance, and of the twelve- portion of the remainder date syllabled for the ten-syUabled line not later than the thirteenth were all the mechanical changes century, and of these the most admitted by the chansons in the outstanding are : Enfances Vivien, space of three hundred years. Fierahras, Garin de Montglane, In these poems the character of , and the Charlemagne, as has been pointed Departement des Enfants Aimeri out in the article which deals with (q.v.). The Song of Roland dates his personahty, plays a part which from the end of the eleventh scarcely can be designated heroic ; century. but he is ever the head and front Most of this immense body of of Christendom against the verse remains unprinted, and no Saracens, if at home he is capri- very systematic attempt has been ciously savage and tyrannical and made to embody it into a corpus. not a httle pusillanimous. His A few of the poems are in Pro- peers are the more romantic ven9al, but all attempts to refer figures—Roland, OUver, Naymes, the entire cycle in its original Ogier, WiUiam of Orange ; and condition to that language have concerning one or other of these signally failed. The great mass —

CHA 53 CHA of the work is entirely anony- genius of Boiardo, Pulci and mous. Here and there in the Ariosto was called to clothe their MSS. we encounter names which dry bones with sweet flesh, and may be those of the authors or make resound a new music which copyists or of the jongleurs who was to the magnificent sea- sang their productions. The surge of their heroic laisses as the chansons of Richard the Pilgrim horns of to the clamour Les Chetifs, Antioche, and Jeru- of trumpets in the day of battle. satem, were refashioned by Graindor Full bibliographical notes wiU be of Douai. Garin the Lorrainer found at the end of each article was the work of Jehan de Flagy, deahng with the numerous chan- and the Song of the Saxons that sons de geste noticed in this work. of Jean Bodel (q.v.). Aden6s CHAPEL PERILOUS. {Vide " Morte le Roi remodelled parts of Ogier Mentioned in the quest and other chansons. There are d'Arthur.") of the Holy Grail, when Lancelot other names—^the shadows of sha- (q.v.) enters the chapel to meet dows—Bertrand of Bar sur Aube, with the body of King Evalach Raimbert of Paris, Pierre de Rieu, Gerard d'Amiens, Brianchon, (q.v.). Nicolas of Padua, Gautier of CHARLEMAGNE, Carolus Mag- Douai, GuiUaume de Bapaume, nus, or Karl der Grosse, the Huon de ViUeneuve, Herbert de greatest of Prankish Kings, and Dammartin—of the owners of the first Teutonic monarch to which nothing is known except have conferred upon him the the name. dignity of Roman Emperor. He " They lived their golden day. was the elder son of Pepin the They sang—and passed away." Short, and succeeded, on the death But those of them who wrote of his father in 768 A.D., to a assisted in the erection of a kingdom which extended from palace of song, fantastic and the Low Countries to the borders precious, into which the literary of Spain. On the death of his Europe of to-day is entering as brother Karlmann he seized Bur- upon a splendid inheritance. gundy, Alsace, and Provence from On the coming of the romance his nephews, and later plunged proper, degradation followed, and into a war against the Saxon the chansons de geste were forced tribes dweUing between the Rhine, into the market-place and the Weser, and Elbe, which continued scullions' hall. But many of the for a generation. Lombardy, better examples continued their Switzerland, and Bavaria soon hold on the upper ranks of society. acknowledged the Frankish rule, Reading came into fashion, and and thousands of hostile Saxons the chansons, once invariably sung were forced to submit to Christian or declaimed, were transferred to baptism. Charles intervened in written books. Here and there the affairs of the Spanish Moors we discover romance invading by assisting the Abbasside faction the domain of the chansons, against the Ommiad Caliph of from which the romance-writers Cordova, but was recalled from were not disinclined to borrow. the peninsula by the great in- But gradually they dropped out surrection of Wittikind on the of pubHc favour, as did their Rhine. It was on the way back themes, until such time as the from Spain to quell this revolt CHA 54 CHA

that the ambuscade of his rear- chronicle many , of the circum- guard took place at Eoncesvaux, stances of his reign. In these he by Basques of the Pyrenees, and is depicted as a ferocious and not by "Saracens," as related in capricious tyrant, gulhble and the Song of Roland (q.v.) and irascible, ever ready to hearken to elsewhere.- Successful in campaigns traitors, and act upon their against the Slavs of the Elbe and advice with unrelenting harshness Oder and the Huns, Charles was even where his own family are hard pressed by the apostasy and concerned. His heroism is dubious, revolt of the Saxons, and the and in many of the chansons he is invasion of Aquitaine by the drawn as pitifully deficient in all Saracens in 793. Three years manly qualities. In others, how- later the celebrated KaroUne ever, an impressive picture is Books, inveighing against heresy afforded, which exhibits him as and idolatry, were pubUshed after a venerable, white-bearded poten- the Council of Frankfort, and in tate, surrounded by a glittering 800 Charles was crowned King of court, the defender and champion the Romans for assisting and of the Cross, and the deadly foe countenancing Pope Leo III. On of heathenesse. Which of the the dawning of the ninth century portraits as outhned by contem- the inroads of the various pagan porary history or the chansons is races dweUing on his frontiers the more correct, it would probably indicated to the emperor the be fruitless to inquire. The pro- necessity for remaining strictly babiUty is that both contain a on the defensive, and he cemented portion of the truth, and that by peace with them. In 811 he fusing the two accounts we can crowned Hlodowiz, his only re- procure something like a picture maining son, as emperor, and of the real Charlemagne—a man thenceforth gave himself up to and monarch of his age, with all good works and devotional exer- its rude virtues and its ruder cises. He died at Aix-la-ChapeUe passions. " on Jan. 28, 814, and was buried (Vide Chansons de Geste," and there. His life, by his secretary, the various romances alluded to in Eginhard, depicts him as simple, that article.) desirous for the promotion of learn- CHARLEMAGNE CYCLE. (Vide ing, affectionate in family affairs, "Chansons de Geste.") and deeply rehgious. He was undoubtedly the most powerful CHARLES THE CRETE, LYFE OF. monarch of his time in Europe, Is a translation by William Caxton a wise legislator, and he ruled his from French histories. It de- extensive empire with justice and scribes how Charles inherited the liberal-mindedness. He possessed kingdom of France on the death a keen sense of his duty as the of his father Pepin. His brother, defender of Christendom, strongly who also would have shared with menaced in his day, and is to be him the sovereignity of that vast regarded as the relentless foe of empire, died, thus leaving Charles the heathendom by which he was supreme master of his inheritance. surrounded. His labours for the Church of A very different picture is Rome were unceasing during the drawn of him in the chansons de whole period of his illustrious

geste (q.v.), which purport to reign ; and at a very early date :

CHA 53 CHA after his ascension to the throne to Charles, and one of his faithful he was chosen Emperor of Rome knights, accuses his uncle of by Pope Leo III. (a.d. 800). sneering at him. The emperor According to Turpin, Charles was in his rage strikes his nephew on over eight feet in height, stout the cheek with his glove. Roland and broad-shouldered, and large of immediately draws his sword limb. He wore a beard a foot Charles orders his nephew to be long, and his complexion was fair, seized : his knights hesitate to his eyes bright and sparkling. His execute their royal master's orders, waist measured eight feet in cir- but Ogier, a faithful , inter-

cumference. For strength he had poses and brings , about a recon- no equal. He could Hft an armed ciliation. knight with one hand ; he was Pierabras, a Saracen chief, who hberal td aU, just and merciful, continuously harassed the Chris- and careful in his language. tians, sends a challenge to the Charles had his sons taught court of Charles. OUver, a brave reUgion and science, and his knight, accepts it, much to Charles' daughters were trained to use the displeasure. The duel, which is needle, and in the duties of the of a very sanguinary nature, lasts home. Churches were built at for some considerable time. The his command and endowed Saracen chief, nevertheless, dis- with imperial liberahty ; he was plays a noble chivalry equalled by never idle, but fond of study. his valorous opponent. Oliver The weKare of his subjects was loses his sword. The French jealously guarded and commis- knights would have rushed on sioners were sent to study and ; but Charles holds them report on the state of his kingdom back, while the cool Saracen offers and the laws of other nations. to pick up the fallen weapon for The Saracen nations were his his rival. Oliver, however, refuses greatest foes, and his whole reign the chivalrous advance. Their of thirty-three years was marked shields are next destroyed, followed by repeated excursions into pagan by the loss of their helmets. lands for the purpose of crushing Oliver's horse is slain under him, their heathen spirit. By these and the sanguinary battle is con- acts of Christian valour he met tinued on foot. Charles threatens with the approval of the whole to destroy every church in the Cathoho world. land, should Ohver lose his hfe, The siege of Jerusalem by the while the wounded combatants Saracens causes him to hasten to engage in a sportive conversation. the aid of the patriarch of that Finally the Saracen is brought to city. With a huge army he enters the ground. He then discloses a the Holy Land and puts the Sara- plot laid by his accomplices, and cens to flight. The thankful patri- a formal truce is declared between arch presents the imperial de- the heroes. No sooner is the Uverer with the sacred crown of treaty sealed than OUver and num- thorns, and also a piece of the bers of French knights are carried Holy Cross, with the holy napkin away to a dungeon. Floripas, a and other relics. With these beautiful maiden, hears their cries, sacred treasures he returns to his and offers to rescue them pro- people, and, by their aid, performs vided they grant her a request : this many miracles. Roland, nephew Ohver pledgesto do, and thedamsel CHA 56 CHA straightway releases them. Flori- Charles destroys the idols of his pas heals Oliver's wounds with a enemy, but Salancadys, an image magic draught. Charles about which he had overlooked, drops a this time sends Roland and six symboHc key as a sign of Christian other on an embassy to conquest and victory over its the treacherous Balan, who, on the worshippers. The Saracens are other hand, despatches fifteen next routed at Argolant ; Gascony knights to demand the release of is invaded, and under disguise Fierabras. Charles' messengers Charles marches to Ageime, a meet with Balan's : Maradas, town which he captures, but the chief of the rival embassy, Pampelima, who had previously challenges the French paladins : promised to observe the order of the result is that all the Saracens baptism, refuses to submit to it, are slain but one. Roland, pur- and consequently is slain by sues his mission, and on arriving Charles. at the court of Balan, presents The King of Navarre, who had him with the heads of his ambas- also defied the Frankish monarch's sadors. Much iU luck befalls rule, receives a crushing humUia- Charles and his army during these tion. A battle between Roland incidents, and he very prudently and Ferragus takes place ; the orders a retreat. As he does so, latter is slain : the former soon he sees Richard approaching in his after dies. Charles laments over direction. Richard, who is an the loss of his faithful knight, and ally of the emperor, informs Charles orders Ganelon, who is beheved to how and where his noble knights have incited the duel, to be put to are imprisoned. Charles disguises death. {Vide " Roland and Ferra- himself as a merchant, and fol- gus.") The emperor, in great lowed by a similarly attired host sadness of heart, retires to Aeon, sets out for Martrible, a town where he dies at the age of 72 which he reaches, and slays its years, leaving behind him three defender Galafre. He enters the sons and the same number of captured city and cuts down the daughters. aggressive giant Ampleon. The Charles is buried with great Saracens then release their pri- magnificence in a tomb over which soners, and Ganelon and Fierabras is set a figure of himself crowned are highly commended for their and seated on his throne. valorous assault of the city. The Caxton, in his Lyfe of Charles, giant's children are baptized. divides his biography into three On hearing of this defeat, Balan, books. The first treats of the in his rage, smashes the image of emperor's youth. The second por- the god Mahoun, and hurries off tion relates the duel between to encounter the vaHant emperor. Ohver and Fierabras. The third The two warriors meet in combat, part deals with the conquest of and Balan is defeated. He re- Spain by Charles, of the treason nounces paganism. of Ganelon, and of the emperor's Saint James appears to Charles death. in a dream and bids him go and . (See " Ogier the Dane.") conquer GaUcia. Its Saracen defender, Pampeluna, is captured CHARROI DE NIMES. (The Cartage by a miracle, as is the town of of Nimes.) A romance of the Lucerne by a similar miracle. William of Orange sub-cycle of the ,

CHA 57 CHA

Charlemagne saga. (F*«?e" William WiUiam reveals himself, and of Orange.") It is by far the attacks the Paynim. His knights, most vigorous and remarkable concealed within the barrels, poem of the series. It tells how which he has brought into the town, WiUiam of Orange took Nimes by rush forth from their hiding- " the mounted car," how he con- places and make great slaughter. quered the city of Orange, and WiUiam kills Herpin with a blow had Guibor baptized, whom he of his fist. He seizes the Mng, and took from " King Tybalt the casts him from a tower, and the " Slavon (who in other romances town is taken. Trogus Pompeius " figures as a Saracen "), and teUs of a simUar strategem, by married as his wife. WiUiam re- which King Comanus took Mar- proaches the King (Louis) for his seiUes, and mentions a like device ingratitude, as the monarch has at Treves in 1017. Jonckbloet gifted almost all his inheritances attributes the taking of Nimes to away, and has taken no thought WiUiam I. of Provence. of him who has done such deeds for Prance and the throne. For CHATELAINE OF VERGI, THE. A him there is no gift of honour, his French romance, probably of the men die of hunger, his hair is twelfth century. In high favour white, and he is xinprovided for. with the Duke of BurguMy, in Louis offers him the lands of the days of this story, was a noble orphans and widows, but WiUiam and brave knight. Secretly he scorns to Usten to such proposals. cherished, and was cherished by, The king then offers him a fourth his master's niece, the Chatelaine of his kingdom, and William is of Vergi. In the shades of night about to retire in disgust at the they met and told o'er their tale of weakling's meaningless proposal, love ; but the lady made covenant when Bertram advises him to ask that none should know their a fief which none would dispute sweet secret. Now, the duchess with him, to wit, Spain (meaning yearned after this knight, and, as those provinces of Southern France he refused her love, falsely accused at that time in the hands of the him to the duke. Exile from his Saracens). The king consents. native land and from his sweet WiUiam coUects thirty thousand friend now awaited the knight, poor knights without estates. At or he must break his covenant Puy the host faU in with a viUein with the chatelaine. Urged by leading a cart on which is a barrel the duke's promises of secrecy, fiUed with salt. Gamier, a knight, he therefore opened his heart to observes that with a thousand his lord, who witnessed that night such barrels the French could take the tender meeting of the lovers.

Nimes . WiUiam seizes aU the carts But the duchess had noted with barrels, and oxen in the fields on what favour her husband treated which he can lay hands, and the this despiser of her love, and by knights attire themselves in the her woman's wiles drew the secret garb of peasants. Thus disguised, from her trusting lord. Death, they enter the city as merchants however, he told her, would imme- from Canterbury. WiUiam is diately ensue, were she to breathe brought before the king of the a syUable of the tale. She now Saracens, who mocks him, and a sought an opportunity to humi- certain Herpin puUs his beard. liate her servant. This occasion '

CHE 58 CHR

came at the Feast of Pentecost. the sake of strategem to ride in a The duchess showed the chate- cart used to convey prisoners to laine that her secret was known, execution, hence his nickname of whereupon the unhappy lady "The Knight of the Cart." In sought the tiring chamber, and this romance the Queen is repre- having bewailed her betrayed love, sented for the first time as the tightly clasped her arms over her lady love of Lancelot, and, accord- breast and died. Dead her ing to Chretien's own account, he knight found her there, and learn- got the material of his poem from ing the truth from a maiden who Marie de Champagne, who was had lain at the foot of the bed probably deeply versed in the love- ^ imperceived by the heart-broken lore of the Courts of Gallantry of / chatelaine, found death upon his her day. See the edition of Qire- own sword. The maiden sped tien's works by Dr. W. Forster to the duke and showed him what (vol. iv.). It is obvious that a had happened. Without a word myth of considerable antiquity he sought his wife and smote her underhes this romance, probably on the head with the knight's own evolved from an incident in which sword. The dancing and mirth the wife of the sun-god or " Son were changed to weeping, while of the Sun " is abducted, and taken the duke told o'er the sad tale of to the Land Whence no one Re- these lovers. And nevermore he turns (the west, or place of the smiled, but took the Cross and setting sun), by a son of its became a Knight Templar far monarch, or, perhaps the monarch from his own land. himself. This land is also alluded to as " the Summer Country," CHEVALIER DE LA CHARRETTE, possibly Somerset. LE. (Knight of the Cart.) A CHILDHOOD OF WILLIAM. (See romance written in French by " Enfance GuUlaume.") Chretien de Troyes in the latter " part of the twelfth century, but . (See Lir.") completed by another hand. The CHRETIEN DE TROYES. Sometimes matter it contains has been trans- styled Chrestien or Cretien, a ferred almost Uterally into the French poet of the Middle Ages, prose Lancelot. It is the first possibly the originator of the piece of hterature which deals Grail poems. His name indicates with the adventures of Sir Lancelot that he was a native of Troyes, a du Lac. It tells how Guinevere small village in Champagne ; and is abducted by Meleagaunt, son it is commonly supposed that, of the king of a land whence no like the majority of mediaeval man returns, and in these dramatis troubadours, he was a herald by pro- personcB we can descry the same fession. Nevertheless, his career, figures who appear in the Latin and even the date of his birth, Life of Cfildas, preserved in a are wrapped in mystery, but he twelfth-century MS. in the Library himself records that he was a of Corpus Christi College, Cam- proteg6 of Philip Augustus, Count bridge, in which Guinevere is of Flanders and Vermandois ; and, alluded to as having been ab- as that nobleman is known to have ducted by one Melwas. She is perished in the Crusade of 1191, rescued in Chretien's poem by this gives an idea as to the period Lancelot, who is compelled for at which Chretien lived and wrote. ;

CHR 59 CID

The count appears to have been a A good edition of Chretien is generous patron, and it was at his that annotated by Professor Wen- request, in fact, that Chretien deUn Poerster, 1884-87. This, composed his Conte del Qraal, however, does not contain the which treats of the exploits of Sir Conte del Oraal, but that poem Percival. This romance was aug- has been issued separately under mented after the poet's decease the editorship of Potvin, 1866-71. by various other writers, notably The poet's fame has never been Manessier, Gilbert de Montreuil, confined to his native land, and he and Wauchier de Denain, and their became familiar in Scandinavia act in so doing suggests that at a very early date, perhaps soon Chretien enjoyed great popularity after his own time, while most of in Prance. Nor was Philip Au- his works have been translated gustus the only person of high into a number of different lan- degree who favoured him and guages. A Welsh version of Ywain encouraged him to write ; for he will be found in Lady Charlotte also won the patronage of Marie, Guest's Mabinogion, 1902 ; while Countess of Champagne, and she sundry German versions are con- it was who suggested to him his tained in Deutsche Glassiker des

Chevalier de la Charette, a poem Mittelalters, 1888 ; and a collec- concerned with the adventures of tion of the Scandinavian ones was Sir Lancelot. Other Arthurian made by Kolbing in 1872.

poems which he wrote are Erec et Literature : Consult Gaston Paris, Bnide, Le Chevalier au Lion or La Lfitterature Frangais au m6yen Tvain, and Cliges ; and at the Age, 1890; Willmotte, L'Evolu- beginning of the latter he states tion du Boman Frangais aux En-

that he had also done a version of virons de 1160, 1903 ; and Boro- Tristram and Eseult, but unfortu- dine. La Femme et VAmour au nately no trace of this work XII' Siecle d'apres les Poemes de survives. In the same place Chretien de Troyes. " Chretien speaks of his renderings (Vide also Conte del Graal " into French verse of Ovid's Ars " Romailee, Origin of," etc.) Amatoria and Metamorphoses, and, though the bulk of these also are CID, POEMA DEL. Rodrigo Diaz, lost now, a fragment of the latter Count of Bivar, sumamed Cam- is embodied in a versified transla- peador (champion) (1040-1099), tion of Ovid made in the fourteenth was the subject of numerous century by Chretien Legonais de ballads before the epic which bears St. More. his name was written. This piece It is quite likely that Chretien has come down to us in a mutilated utihzed the works of writers now condition, consists of 3744 lines, lost, but it is equally probable and is regarded as dating not that he based his art on traditions earher than the middle of the sung by minstrels ; and be that as twelfth or later than the middle it may, the fact remains that of the thirteenth century—accord- sundry manuscript copies of his ing to one MS. The Gd is a tales, only preserved in the Biblio- national hero both of history and theque de I'Arsenal, are mani- romance, but it is only in the latter festly the earliest manuscripts aspect that he concerns us here. enshrining stories of Arthur and His epic may, however, be in- his knights. dicated as a good example of how CID 60 CID a historical figure may become meet the enemy, whom he speedily semi-mythical. The Poema del overcame. The young hero sent Cid has close literary affinities with the five captive Mngs to Ferdinand, the French Chansons de Geste, but who, as a reward for his bravery, is more deeply infused with natural gave him Ximena, who had craved feeling and is more " living " than this boon of the king. They were the Song of Roland or the adven- married in Valencia. When Fer- tures of WiUiam of Orange. This dinand and King Ramiro of Arra- is probably to be attributed to the gon disputed Calahorra, the Cid circumstance that it was com- was chosen as champion against posed nearer to the hfetime of its Martin Gonzalez, and, being vic- subject than the chansons in- torious, Ferdinand thus obtained stanced. The hkenesses are ap- the territory. When the counts parent in the royal ingratitude of Castile saw how Rodrigo daily shown to the Cid (compare Ogier increased in honour they conspired the Dane), and in the vaiznting and with the Moors against him. But hard fighting which colour the Ferdinand detected their treachery entire poem. The basis of its and sent Rodrigo to expel the m.etre, according to Professor traitors. Don Garcia's mfe im- Comer of Prague, is ballad octo- plored Rodrigo to befriend her syllables fuU or acatalectic, ar- husband, so the Cid gave her a ranged as hemistiches of longer letter to the King of Cordova, line, but it may reasonably be who bestowed Cabra upon Don questioned if any regular metrical Garcia. But the conspirator, form was intended by its author. ungrateful to the King of Cor- The poem tells how Rodrigo dova, made war upon him, until loved and was beloved by Ximena, Rodrigo took the city. When daughter of Lozano, Count of Ferdinand died, in his will, he Gormaz, who, with Diego, the divided his dominions among his father of Rodrigo, excelled all sons and daughters. To Sancho the knights at the court of Fer- he gave CastUe, to Alfonso he gave dinand I. of Castile. Gormaz, Leon, and to Garcia Gahcia, and envious of Diego's superior repu- part of Portugal; to Donna Ur- tation at court, provoked a duel raca he gave Zamora, and to in which the old Diego was Donna Elvira the city of Toro. vanquished. Diego demanded This division caused a war between from his son the blood of the the brothers, in which Sancho offender. In the combat between sought to unite the three kingdoms. honour and love the former pre- When King Don Sancho of vailed, and Gormaz fell. Ximena Navarre and King Ramiro of could no longer listen to the voice Airagon entered Castile, which of love ; she demanded vengeance was then held by the King of on Rodrigo, now in despair at Zaragoza, Rodrigo the Cid led losing her affection. But no their armies. Don Sancho rode champion could be found to meet right bravely through the battle, " " him . Five Moorish kings appeared calling out Castile ! Castile ! in Castile : devastation and death and charged the main body so accompanied their progress. The fiercely that he broke their ranks. youthful Rodrigo threw himself Thereafter King Don Garcia of upon his steed Babieca, and at Galicia took by force from Donna the head of his vassals went to Urraca, his sister, many lands. CID 6i CID

When Sancho heard of this he said, Sancho went to Burgos, taking "My brother has broken the oath he with him his brother prisoner. made to my father and disinherited Thereupon Donna Urraca be- Donna Urraca, my sister." So he sought the Cid to intercede with consiilted Rodrigo, as Ferdinand Sancho for her brother. Alfonso had advised him. The Cid urged having fled from Leon to King him to meet Alfonso at Sahagen. Alimaym.on of Toledo, Sancho But Alfonso refused to join forces captured the citadel. Bent on with him, as he would not go conquest, Sancho now sent the against the will of his father. Cid to Zamora, bidding Donna Sancho afterwards passed through Urraca yield up the city to him. Alfonso's country, taking many But she refused to give up what lands in Galicia. Then he marched her father had bequeathed her. into Portugal, and besieged his Persisting, Sancho besieged Za- brother Garcia at Santarem. mora, until VeUido Dolfos, under There he would have been van- pretence of showing how to win quished had not the Cid gained Zamora, slew Don Sancho for the victory for him against Garcia, breaking the oath which he made capturing Gahcia and Portugal. unto Ferdinand his father. Sancho next requested Alfonso to When Alfonso arrived at Za- yield up Leon to him. Alfonso, mora he pitched his tents at however, prepared to defend his Santiago, and took counsel with kingdom from the usurper. Don his sister Urraca. The Leonese Pedro Ansures commanded King and the Galegos came to Zamora Alfonso's army, and the Cid up- and received him as their king. held Don Sancho's standard. In Then the Castilians arrived, and this onslaught great was the the men of Navarre. All kissed slaughter on either side, but the Alfonso's hand in homage, save courage of the Cid prevailed. Rodrigo the Cid. This incensed Alfonso again attacked his brother the king, who inquired the cause at Vulpegera, fighting for the of such disloyalty. Rodrigo kingdom of Leon. This time the arose and said, " Sir, all whom you Leonese had the victory, for the see here present suspect that you Od was not in the field, and Don caused your brother Sancho's Sancho fled. While the Leonese death. Unless you clear yourself were sleeping at break of day in of this I wiU never kiss your hand Vulpegera, the Cid arose early and nor receive you as my king." took them unawares. Alfonso Alfonso took the oath in the Church fled to Carrion. Sancho was cap- of St. Gadea at Burgos before tured by thirteen knights, but the his sisters Urraca and Elvira, Cid galloped after them without and all his knights. When he had his lance, and cried, " Give me my cleared his name of the imputa- lord, and I wiU yield up yours." tion the Cid rephed, " If you gave But they refused him, until he command that such a thing should challenged them, saying, " Hand be done may you die by the hand of me but a lance, and I will rescue a villain whom you trust." From my lord from all of ye." They that day forward Alfonso bore no comphed ; then he attacked them love toward the Cid. Rodrigo, so bravely, slaying eleven and after despoiling Logrono, Navarre, leaving only two aUve, that he and Calahorra, besieged the castle rescued the king. Thereafter of Faro, and took it. Alfonso CID 62 CID now commanded the Cid to do with food in Burgos. But Martin battle with Ximen Garcia de AntoUnez, a good Burgolese, sup- Tiogelos, the bravest knight in pHed the Cid and all his company Navarre. They fought for three with bread and wine abundantly. castles, and Eodrigo being vic- " Campeador," said he to the Cid, torious, AUonso gained them. The " I have incurred the king's dis- Cid's next combat was in Medina pleasure, but when you regain the Celi with a Moor called Furos, royal favour Alfonso will have whom he slew. Alfonso now set me for his friend." Rodrigo to demand tribute from Having left the kingdom of theKings of Seville and of Cordova. Alfonso,theCid entered the country War was then being waged between of the Moors. He stormed the Almocanis, King of Seville, and castle of Castrejon, slaying eleven Almundafar, King of Granada. men who defended the gates, and Five CastUian counts aided Al- gaining great booty. He in- mundafar, who boldly entered formed Alfonso of the conquest. Seville. Rodrigo overcame them, Rodrigo next attacked Alcocer, taking them prisoners. In three sayiQg, " Lay on, knights, by days he set them free, then re- God's mercy the spoil is our own." turned with great honour to Three hundred Moors were slain, Seville. Almocanis paid him the and the Cid entered the castle tribute due to his king, and gave in triumph. Alcamin, King of him many gifts, so that the Cid Valencia, sent three hundred horse- departed enriched for Castile. men to bring Rodrigo to him aUve.

Thereafter King Alfonso went Great numbers joined them ; but against the Moors, and Rodrigo when three himdred lances charged being sick abode at home. While every man slew his Moor. " Smite the king was going through Anda- them, knights, for the love of lusia, the Moors assembled, and charity," cried the Campeador. besieged the castle of Gormaz. " I am Rodrigo, the Cid of Bivar." When the Cid recovered strength Seeing that the Moors had MUed the he confronted the Moors at Toledo, horse of Alvar Fanez, and that bringing back several thousand his lance was broken, the Cid went prisoners. Rodrigo 's enemies to his aid. He gave him the charged him with broken faith. horse of an alguazil whom he Alfonso beUeved these slanderers, slew, sajdng, " Mount, Minaya, so he sent for the Cid to meet him for you are my right hand." Thus between Burgos and Bivar. The remounted, Alvar Fanez fell upon Cid would have kissed Alfonso's the Moors so fiercely that they hand, but the Mng withheld it, began to give way. Then the Cid, saying angrily, " Rodrigo, quit seeing King Fariz, made towards my land." The Cid spurred his him, smiting down aU who were mule, vaulted into Ms own pro- in his way. Two blows failed, perty, then replied, " Sir, I am but the third went through his not in your land, but my own." cuirass, and wounded him, so that Albeit Alfonso ordered him out of he fled. With that blow were the kingdom without delay. The the Moors vanquished. As a gift, king even decreed that no man Rodrigo sent thirty horses to should give Rodrigo a lodging, so Alfonso, who pardoned Minaya, he took up his abode on the sands. but still withheld his favour from All were forbidden to supply the Cid the Cid. Now, Don Ramon of CID 63 CID

Barcelona vowed to capture the Pedro captive, and defeated Abe- booty of the Gd, and to slay him nalfange, who fled. Rodrigo re- in the pine-forest of Tebar. But turned to Zaragoza, tarried for a Rodrigo charged his Frenchmen few days, then set out for Castile, on horseback so vaUantly that with great riches, full of honour, every man was unseated. King was welcomed by Alfonso, who Pedro of Arragon now came out gave him the castles of Duenas, against him, but the Cid took Orcejon, Hia, Campo, Gana, Bervi- the castle of Monzon in his sight. esca, and Berlanga. Next he won Xerica, Onda, and In these days King Tq,hia Xlmenar, besides all the lands of reigned in Toledo, but was so Borriana and Murviedro. After cruel that all men desired his he had plundered all that country death. The Muzarabes therefore he returned to Tamarit, where exhorted Alfonso to win Toledo Zulema of Zaragoza then was. from the King of Badajoz, who While the Cid was absent besieging then maintained it. When at- the castle of Estrada, which he tacked he retreated, but Alfonso took by force, Zulema and his pursued him, despoiling his coun- brother Abenalfange, King of try for four years. Alfonso fought Denia, together with Count Ramon, Abenalfange, but the Christians stormed Almenar. Rodrigo has- were defeated, and Diego, son of tened to the rescue, and after much the Cid, slain. Thereafter Abe- bloodshed, he was victorious. For nalfange was defeated by Alvar this conquest Zulema honoured Fanez. Toledo being still uncon- Rodrigo greatly, giving him power quered, aU Christendom placed in all his dominions. Now, Bang itself under the banner of the Cid. Almofalez invited Alfonso to a After fifteen days' siege Rodrigo feast in the castle of Rueda. entered the city in the year of Suspecting treachery, Alfonso held Christ 1085. Valencia was being back, although Don Sancho, Don besieged by the French under Nuno, Don Gonzalo, and fifteen Count Ramon, but at the Cid's other knights, entered. There- request he departed. Again upon the Moors threw down great Ramon attacked the Cid, who stones and kUled them all. To this time took a thousand prisoners. avenge this villainy Alfonso sent Next Rodrigo besieged Liria, the for the Cid. Rodrigo, however, people paying him two thousand refused to return to Castile until maravedis. When Ali Abenaxa Alfonso had granted just and besieged Aledo, Alfonso besought lawful rights to every subject. the Cid's aid. The Moors de- Alfonso consented, and the Cid parted, flying, even before Rod- stormed Rueda, capturing Almo- rigo arrived. The Cid's enemies falez and his accomplices, whom told the king that his delay was he sent to Alfonso for justice. intended, so Alfonso took back the Zulema and the Cid next entered Campeador's lands, then sent for Arragon, plundered the country, his wife and daughters. Alfonso then returned to Monzon with attacked Valencia, demanding great booty. Abenalfange's coun- tribute formerly paid to the Cid. try was next attacked, and the Feeling dishonoured, Rodrigo castle of Moriella destroyed. King marched against the king, sack- Pedro of Arragon aided Abenal- ing Logrono, and Alfaro then fange, but the Campeador took returned to Zaragoza. Now CID 64 CLA

Alfonso saw his error in having for in all things he serves me listened to evil counsellors. So better than thou." Two brothers, once more he besought the Cid coimts of Carrion, had resolved on to come to Castile. Rodrigo, a marriage with the daughters of however, tarried at Zaragoza, after the Cid, to obtain possession of which he took Valencia. King his wealth. In a wild, moun- Yahia escaped in woman's ap- tainous desert they stripped the parel, but was afterwards slain by garments from the ladies, bound Abenaif. But this traitor to his and beat them till pain choked their lord was cast into prison by cries, then departed with the Rodrigo. Thus the Cid pos- money. A trusty servant de- sessed all the castles and fortresses Uvered them from their wretched in Valencia. The Campeador now situation. The Cid demanded sent Alvar Fanez and Martin justice, and the king helped Antohnez to Castile to visit him to obtain it. Rodrigo Ximena, Elvira, and Sol, the Cid's insisted on a combat, so champions wife and daughters, and to present were chosen, a duel fought, but Alfonso with a hundred horses. the dishonoured counts were This magnanimity overcame the spared their fives. The Cid's last king, who made Rodrigo Lord of exploit was the capture of Sagun- Valencia, and restored his wife and tum, after which he died at Valen- daughters. cia in the seventy-fourth year of Three months had Ximena been his age, in 1099. He was buried in Valencia when King Yucef of in Castile, at the convent of St. Morocco besieged the city. " My Peter of Gardena, in a tomb wife and my daughters shall see which was honoured by emperors me fight," said Rodrigo the Cid. and kings. There rests the noble Ximena's heart failed her, but her Ximena, and under the trees before husband reassured her. Alvar the convent Hes the faithful horse Fanez took three hundred horse, Babieca. went out, and lay in ambush. Four CLAREL. {Vide "Sir Otuel.") thousand went out with the Cam- A Saracen king, taken prisoner by peador to meet fifty thousand. As Charlemagne's knights, but Hbe- the Moors were contending with rated. afterwards took Ogier Rodrigo, Minaya sprang from his He prisoner. fought Otuel in ambush to succour him, and He single slain scattered them, Yucef escaping. combat and was by him. Great joy had Ximena and her daughters when Rodrigo came CLARICE. (FJrfe"FloriceandBlanch- riding in. Holding up a bloody fleur.") A slave in the service of " sword, he cried, This is the the Amiral of Babylon. She was way that we conquer the Moors." Blanchfleur's companion, and after Besides King Yucef's tent the Gd Florice had entered the castle, sent two hundred horses saddled contrived to bring the lovers and bridled to Alfonso, who was together. She married her master, greatly pleased. But Garcia Or- who proclaimed her queen. donez spitefully said, " It seems there is not a man left in the land CLARIODUS. A romance written of the Moors, that the Cid can about the year 1550, or perhaps " thus do his pleasure ! Alfonso somewhat later. Like many sternly rephed, " Hold thy peace, Enghsh romances, it is derived ;

CLA 65 CLE from a French original. The and declaring that unless he story, however, in a great measure signified his willingness to make concerns England. The hero restitution he would defy him " with himself is the son of the Earl of fire and blood." The knight,

Esture, or of the Asturias ; but however, added that he was his lady-love, Meliades, is the authorized to leave the decision daughter and heiress of PhiUppon, of their claims to the issue of a King of England, and the most single combat, and was prepared material incidents and adventures to meet with any knight who are connected with the court of would appear on the king's behalf. that monarch. There is a French Clariodus tenders his services, prose version of this romance, and after being knighted by the but the two stories differ. Soon king, enters the lists with his after the days of King Arthur, adversary. With this incident the there reigned in England a worthy romance is continued by a Scottish king named PhiUppon. He es- hand. Clariodus defeats the poused a lady belonging to a very- knight. Beyond this the tale high family of Gascony, and the consists of mere repetition, saving only issue of the marriage was a that the wedding of Clariodus is daughter named Meliades. The described. king had a brother, Thomas de CLARISSE or CLARISSANT. (Mont- Langarde, who was much younger pelUer MS.) Is mentioned in Ar- than himself, but of an evil dis- thurian legend as being the sister position. Wiien PhiUppon had of Gauvain, a dweller in the Magic grown old he solicited the aid of Castle. Her lover is Guireome- his friend, the Count of Esture, lant, whom Sir Percyvelle fights. to assist him in the government of his people. The count repairs CLAUDIUS. Alluded to in the Grail to England, accompanied by his legend of the Queste del Saint son Clariodus, and is made the Graal {q.v.), as one of the mes- king's Ueutenant, while his son sengers who carried a message Ukewise meets with the monarch's from Bors, Perceval, and Galahad favour. There are four gentle- to Arthur's court. train, whose men in the count's CLEENA. A maiden of the Danaans recur in the names frequently in Irish myth, who dwelt in the of narrative. Two of course the Land of Youth. She fled from Bruslaut and them, Amadour de there with a mortal, Keevan of sons PaUxes, were his sister's the CurUng Locks, who, on their of Scotland, and the third was arrival in Glandore Bay, went to The named Richard de Mataint. hunt in the neighbouring woods. of Wales, GuiUaume de fourth was Cleena, left behind, heard the lay Forest. of a minstrel of her own country, in love Clariodus falls madly which lulled her to sleep, and a with MeUades. One day a knight, mighty wave catching her up from enters attended by six squires, the seashore bore her back to the palace, delivers a message the and land of her youth. The spot is setting from the Due de Jennes ; known as the " Wave of Cleena." forth that, during the said duke's minority, PhiUppon had, without CLEGES, SIR. An old EngUsh ro- cause and without reason, seized mance of the fourteenth century, upon the post of Claire-Fontaine, probably an adaptation of the CLE 66 COL

Gliges of Marie de France. It is overcome by Sir Perceval, and tells how Cleges, in the days of is sent, along with his marshal King Arthur's father, beggared Aguigrenons (q.v.), to Arthur's himself by hberahty. But when court. his fortunes were at a low ebb CODRE. Le, The twin daughter of he and his wife, Claris, would not one of the " two knights " re- despair. On Christmas Eve, when ferred to in the Lay le Fraine all was merry-making, he grieved {q.v.) and sister to Le Fraine. She that he could not as of yore feed soon after her birth lost her sister, " both free and bond," but his who suffered desertion at her spouse cheered him, called him to mother's hands. She was brought his frugal meal, and bade him be forward as bride to Sir Guroim glad in honour of the day. So (q.v.), which marriage was after- they made merry, played with wards annulled, on her husband their children, and on the morrow discovering his former lover to went to the church. On returning be her sister. She. subsequently home he knelt beneath a cherry married a neighbouring lord. tree, and thanked God for all his trials. Arising, he observed COLBRAND. (Vide " Guy of War- that the tree was green, and was wick.") A Danish giant, slain by covered with cherries. TraveUing Sir Guy in single combat. as a poor man, staff in hand, he COLDRAN. Amiral in the Saracen and his eldest son carried the Army. (Vide " Guy of Warwick.") fruit to King Uther at Cardiff. The porter would not grant them COLGREVANCE, SIR. A Knight of admittance unless they gave him a the Round Table. He was on one third of what they would receive occasion severely wounded by Sir from the king. The usher made Lionel for interfering in a quarrel a similar bargain, as did a steward. between him and his brother. Sir Uther, dehghted with the un- Bors {q.v.). Latterly, however, seasonable gift, promised the he met his death at the hands of poor man whatever he might ask. Lancelot, in connection with the Cleges then requested that he scandal concerning Queen Guin- might give twelve heavy strokes ever (q.v.). (Vide " Morte to his enemies in the palace, and d'Arthur.") dealt out a fitting punishment COLIDES. A knight mentioned in to those who had barred his pro- the Conte du Graal as warring gress. Returning to the haU, he upon the Dame of the Castle of found a harper to whom he had Maidens, who was dehvered from once been kind singing his praises. him by Saigremors. The king was reminded by his song of his old knight. Cleges COLLOQUY OF THE ANCIENTS. A then disclosed himself, and re- collection of Ossianic tales welded ceived suitable raiment, and the into one about the thirteenth and gift of Cardiff Castle. The last fourteenth centuries. The Collo- part of the MS. is wanting. quy opens by introducing us to the Fian heroes, Keelta and Oisin, CLEMADEX, KING. In Grail ro- who with their eight warriors mance, alluded to in connection each met for the last time at the with the damsel Blanchfleur (g'.v.), dun of the chieftainess Camha to ^vhom Sir Perceval shields. He talk over the glorious past. Oisin :

COL 67 CON

then returns to the Fairy Mound the Fians. It is related in the of his mother, Blai {q.v.), and Ossianic cycle of romance how, Keelta eventually falls in with St. cornered by the Fians at Cam Patrick and his monks at Drum- Lewy in Munster, he surprised derg. The saint and his company Finn as he rested after the hunt, listen, enchanted, to some hundred and clasped him in his arms from fairy tales, interspersed by lyrics, behind. Finn asked him what he related by their strange visitor required to release him, and he whUe St. Patrick on his side repUed that he desired to enter baptizes the heathen warriors and his service. The request was gives absolution to many more of granted, and Conan became one their comrades. of the champions of the Fians. COLOGRENANT. A knight mentioned CONAN MAC MORNA. A champion in the Queste del Saint Graal as of the Fianna (q.v.). He is de- having been slain by Percival. scribed in the Ossianic cycle of In the Conte du Graal he interposes Irish romance as being a scoffer between the quarreUing brothers, and derider of aU that was lofty Boort and Lyonel, and pays for and noble. It is related of him his interference with his life. He that while hunting he with others is the same as Sir Colgrevance (q.v.) of the Fians entered a stately alluded to in the Morte d'Arthur. palace which they found empty, CONALL OF THE VICTORIES. A and where they sat down to feast. Fomorian chief, first alluded to in Soon, however, the walls shrank the Irish myths as a hostage to to the size of a fox-earth, and the aware Conary (q.v.). At the Battle of heroes became that they Hostel he cut his way to Teltin, had been lured to their destruction where he found his father, Amer- by the enchantment of the fairy gin, at his house. He was covered folk. Conan, devouring the viands with a hundred and fifty wounds. on the table, was oblivious of the danger, could not stir Later he is found under the curse and from of weakness placed by Macha his chair. But two of the Fians, seeing his plight, pulled (q.v.) on the men of Ulster. He him from avenged the death of Cuchulain the seat, to which his skin stuck. by the slaughter of Lewy (q.v.). To ease his pain they placed a He made a missle or " brain black sheepskin upon his back, ball " from Ume mingled with the and it grew there, and he wore it brains of Mesgedra, King of Lein- tiU his death-day. He slew Lia- piratical invader, ster, whom he had slain. It was gan, a at the placed in King Conor's treasure- Battle of the Hill of Slaughter by house at Emain Macha, where Ket a stratagem. He told him that a hero stolen behind (q.v.) found it, and using it as a had him, and sHng-stone, nearly slew with it jwhilst he looked round, decapi- Conor himself at the ford of tated him with one blow of his Athnurchar in Westmeath, but sword. Conor recovered, although the CONARY MOR. In Irish romance. stone remained in his forehead. High King of Ireland, whose For further details of Conall's figure predominates in a special " brain-ball, see Conor." legend-cycle. The introductory CONAN MAC LIA. An outlaw of tale to his history is that of the Ireland, who was at enmity with immortals (q.v.) and Etain CON 68 CON

(q.v.). Etain's mortal husband, revolt against the Fomorian Eochy {q.v.), in revenge for the monarch. theft of his wife by Midir, de- . Son of Cuchulain and stroyed the Fairy Mound of Bri- Aifa. (Vide "Cuchulain.") He Leith, and thus brought down the arrived from the Land of Shadows ill fate that attended his great in a boat of bronze, and, landing grandson, Conary Mor. Conary in Ulster, was ordered by the left his three foster-brothers after king to leave the country. He game a with them on the Plains refused, and overcame the cham- of Liffey, and followed to the sea- pions who were sent against him, shore a flock of marvellously tiU at length Cuchtilain, his father, beautiful birds. These took the was himself despatched to deal form of armed men, whose leader, with the invader. They fought, Nemglan, protected him, and in- and in the combat the boy's feet formed him that the birds belonged sank deep into the stone of the to his father and his were kin. shore, whence the Strand of Foot- His geise or taboos were made prints has its name. Cuchulain, known to him, and Nemglan told on the point of drowning, thrust him in what manner to approach the Gae Bolg weapon (q.v.) into Tara. Thus he was proclaimed Connla's body, inflicting a mortal King of Erin. His reign was good, wound. Seeing the rimg he had happy, and prosperous, until the given his mistress Aifa on the time of his undoing, the Danaan lad's finger, Cuchulain knew him folk eventually luring him to the to be his son, and presented him breaking of his geise. While rest- to the most famous warriors of ing with his retinue in Da Derga's Ulster before he died. The story hostel, he was attacked by the is recounted in the Yellow Book hosts of Ingcel, the exiled son of of Lecan, but several other forms the King of Britain and the three of it exist. reaver foster-brothers. Dying of CONNLA'S thirst after the fury of his fighting, WELL. (Well of Know- and finding the river that flowed ledge.) (F«(fe"Sinend.") through the hostel dried up by CONOR MAC NESSA. Son of Fachtna the magic of the reavers' wizards, and Nessa. It is stated in early he sent the warrior , Irish myth that he was proclaimed (q.v.) to fill his cup. After much King of Ulster in preference to searching the water was obtained, Fergus. The mighty hero Cuchu- but too late, as when Mac Cecht lain was bred at his court, and returned he found Conary slain received the arms of manhood at by the reavers. But to the mouth his hands. He plays some con- of the bodyless head of the King siderable part in the legend of the cup was raised, and the head Deirdre (q.v.), and suffered under thanked Mac Cecht for the deed. the debihty curse of the Ultonians. (Vide "Macha,.") CONN. One of the children of Lir Numerous Chris- tian (q.v.). conceptions have crystaUized around -the legend of his later CONNAN. A King of the Pomorians, years. He was wounded at the a mythical folk of Ireland. He ford of Athnurchar by a brain-ball was killed in by the missUe made from the brains of Nemedian chief, Fergus, in a battle King " Mesgedra. ( Vide Conall of which resulted from the latter's the Victories.") The bolt was ;

CON 69 CON

permitted to remain in his head. Herzmoere and Engelhard. A Remarking one day to his arch- number of his productions have druid that the sky had become been revived during modem times, overcast, he was informed by the and some of his smaller pieces will priest that nature was lamenting be found in Erzahlungen und the death of the Son of God which Schwdnke des Mittelalters, edited was taking place on a hiU many by Lambel (second edition, 1883) thousands of miles away. Infuri- while Der Trojanerkrieg was issued ated that such a being should at Stuttgart in 1858 along with suffer at the hands of wicked men, annotations by Roth and KeUer, Conor drew his sword, and shout- and Partonopier und Meliur was ing, "Thus would I serve His published at Vienna in 1870 under enemies," he fell upon the neigh- the editorship of Bartsch. bouring trees, and cut and hacked CONSTANTINE. Emperor of Rome fiercely at them. But the brain- and father of Viatdur {q.v.) who ball in his forehead became commanded his daughter to heal loosened with the exertion, and he Eglamour (q.v.) after his encounter fell and expired. " with the dragon. ( Vide Eglamour of Artoys.") CONRAD or KONRAD VON WURTZ- " BOURG. A German poet of the CONSTANTINE. Sir. ( Fi«ie Roland second half of the thirteenth and Ferragus.") A Knight of century. He is occasionally styled Rome. He was sent by Charle- Priest Conrad, but whether he magne to fight Ferragus, and was was in holy orders is not slain by him. definitely recorded, while even CONSTANTIUS. {Vide " Roland and the date of his birth is uncertain, Ferragus.") Emperor of Constan- and very little is known about his tinople. The Christians appealed career. Considering his name, it to him for help against the per- may reasonably be supposed that secution by Ibrahim, and he was the greater part of his hfe was directed by an angel to apply to passed in or near Wurtzbourg, but Charlemagne, in order that the it would seem that he also lived Saracens might be defeated. Char- for a while at Strassbourg, while his lemagne paid a visit to Con- later years were spent at Basel, stantinople, and was offered many and there he died in 1287. In gifts, although he only accepted a some degree he was a disciple of fewrehcs,in the presence of which Gottfried von Strassbourg, and, wonderful miracles took place. like him, he strove to introduce greater variety into the rather CONTB DEL GRAAL. One of the " " monotonous metre in vogue among Quest versions of the legend of most narrative poets of his era. the Holy Grail {q.v.) and an Conrad was a voluminous writer, extensive compilation of over and he left behind him two poems 60,000 verses of poetry, written of enormous length, Der Trojaner- between 1180 and 1240. Verses

krieg and Partonopier und Meliur ; 1283 to 10,601 were composed by but these can hardly be said to the twelfth-century French poet, contain his best work, and he is Chretien de Troyes {q.v.), who really seen to better advantage states that he took the story from in some of his shorter and less a book given him by a Count ambitious efforts, notably Die Philip of Flanders, who was Regent CON 70 CON of France in 1180-81. The rest have been cured of his malady. of the compilation is by different It transpires that the damsel is hands. Chretien's portion tells Perceval's cousin. Perceval re- how Perceval was reared to the turns to Arthur's court, when a life of a forester by his mother, hideous woman appears, and de- who had sought the shelter of the nounces him for not asking about woodland. Meeting one day with the mysteries. She tells of adven- a band of knights and their tures perilous at Castle OrgeUous retainers, he follows them, despite and Montesclaire. Gauvain or the entreaties of his mother, to the Gawain goes to Montesclaire to court of King Arthur, where he rescue an imprisoned damsel, Gifles becomes an habitxie, and gains a to the Castle OrgeUous, and Perce- certaLu celebrity. Setting forth val to seek information concerning upon the career of a knight-errant, the Grail. The adventures of he meets with Gonemans, who Gauvain are fully detailed. Per- trains him in all manner of ceval wanders for five years in a knightly exercises. He assists state of mind bordering upon Blanchefleur, an oppressed damsel, godlessness, when at last on a the niece of Gonemans, with whom Good Friday he chances to meet he sojourns for a space. Faring with a band of pilgrims. These forth once more, he comes upon remonstrate with him for riding two fishermen, whom he asks for armed on that holy day, and he shelter. He is directed to a turns aside to confess to a hermit, neighbouring castle, wherein he who proves to be his uncle. From beholds an old man stretched upon him he learns that only the sinless a couch, who gives him a sword can ask concerning the GraU, and bearing an inscription to the effect that he has sinned in abandoning that it will not break except in his mother, thus causing her the direst peril, and a lance death. The adventures of Gau- dripping with blood. At supper vain are reverted to, in the midst a damsel enters bearing "a Grail," of which the tale breaks off. The the supernatural light from which first continuation of the legend is extinguishes that from the candles. by a poet Gautier, who continues Awakening in the morning, he the adventures of Gauvain, who discovers that the castle is deserted in a certain castle sees lance, and, mounting his horse, enters sword and Grail, asks concerning the forest, where he encounters a them, but falls asleep whilst damsel weeping over a dead knight. listening to the reply. On the She explains to Perceval that the next day he wakes to find what fisherman who had directed him had been a wilderness blossoming to the castle was none other than because of the proximity of the the old man who had presented GraU. But he is cursed by the him -nith the sword and lance, and peasantry for not having whoUy who had at one time been wounded succeeded in his quest. Perceval through both legs by a spear, an now returns to the Fisher King, injury which prevented him from asks the necessary questions, but taking any other exercise than is told that he must first weld fishing, whence he was called the together the Grail sword, now Fisher King. Had Perceval asked broken. He mends it all except the meaning of the mysteries he a small rift, and is greatly honoured had beheld, the Fisher King would by the Fisher Eling. The poem is COR 71 COR

then continued by Maneasier, who CORNWALL. Duke of, He warred recounts how Perceval slew Parti- with Uther Pendragon (q.v.) and nans of the Red Tower, who had was defeated and slain by his forces. killed by guile Goon Desert, Uther coveted his wife, Igraine brother of the , Fisher King, in (q.v.)s and assumed her husband's revenge for the death of shape to win her. Espinogre. On beholding the CORONEMENT DU ROI LOEYS. (The head of Partinans, the Fisher King Crowning of King Louis.) A ro- is made whole, tells Perceval that mance of the WiUiam of Orange he is his uncle, and makes him his sub-cycle of the Charlemagne saga. heir. Gerbert then takes up the (Vide "WiUiam of Orange.") Char- tale, and teUs how Perceval, having lemagne before he dies wishes to forsaken Blanchefleure, slays a have his son Louis crowned. witch who had murdered her uncle Louis is so fearful of the royal Gomumant, and returns to the duties, however, that he dare not damsel, whom he espouses. He is accept the honour. His father in told in a dream that one of his anger threatens to make a monk descendants would deUver the of him. Hernaut of Orleans Holy Sepulchre. The nature and counsels three years' delay, but origin of the Grail are described WiUiam of Orange, seeing through in these continuations. (Vide his treacherous design, kills him " " " Grail," Parzival," Peredur," with a single blow of his fist. He " Sir PerceveUe.") then takes the crown and places CORBENIC. Castle, mentioned in it upon Louis' head. Charlemagne Arthurian legend as the Castle gives his son lengthy and good where the Holy Grail was kept. advice, and tells him to trust in It was guarded by two Hons, and WiUiam and Bernard of Breban, Lancelot was fain to enter, trusting his brother. WilUam, however,

rather to ' his own strength than asks the dying monarch for leave that of his Creator. In conse- to go to Rome on a pilgrimage. quence he is struck dumb by a He sets out with forty knights, fiery wind, and remains so without and finds the Holy City besieged food or drink for the space of by the Saracens, France itself fourteen days. being also invaded. The issue of the war is staked on the result of a CORMAC (I). Son of Art, King of combat between Wilham and King Ireland. He is supposed to have Corsolt, the champion of the been imbued with Christian ideals Saracens. Corsolt bids a feast be before the coming of St. Patrick prepared beforehand, as he will to Ireland, and refused to be soon slay the Frenchman. Corsolt, buried in pagan ground. in the combat which ensues, cuts of Ulster. CORMAC (2). King He off WiUiam's nose, and cleaves of married Etain Oig, daughter his horse in two. WiUiam cannot no Etain, but as she bore him reach the giant's head, and Corsolt children save a girl, he divorced stuns him with a mighty blow. her. {Vide "Etain Oig.") The Saracen attempts to carry CORMAC (3). Son of Conor Mac him off on the crupper of his horse, Nessa. He revolted against Conor but William strikes him such a for his treatment of the sons of blow as renders him insensible, and Usna {q.v.), and assisted Maev in then shears off his head. He her invasion of Ulster. next mounts the giant's horse, and COR 72 cov returns to the French, who offer CORPRE. In Irish romance, a poet battle next day, in which King who obtained wretched hospitaUty Galafer, the Saracen, is overcome, at the court of the Irish King but offers to release a certain King Bres {q.v.). In return for his Gaifer if he is spared, with thirty treatment he dethroned the un- thousand of his men. To this popular monarch by a scathing William agrees, and WiUiam is satire. about to marry the grateful CORSAPIAS. An old knight who Gaifer's daughter when a messenger set out in search of Nasciens arrives announcing Charlemagne's (q.v.) as guardian of his wife, death, and that Louis is menaced Flegentyne. He is mentioned in by Richard of Normandy. Re- the Orand Saint Graal. nouncing his nuptials, William hurries back to France, where he COSTROYE. (Fi(fe"SirFerumbras.") learns that Louis is concealed in A Saracen amiral, who when going the crypt of St. Martin's Qiurch. to the bridge of Mantribe with a Arrived at Tours, where Louis is convoy of provisions, was over- in hiding, he proceeds to St. taken by the ten French peers Martin's Church, where he is from. Aigremor and killed. advised by Walter, a clerk, to slay COVAC. Younger son of Ugainy, an aU the clergy, as they are traitors. Irish long. Envying his brother The clerk fetches the young king, Laery (q.v.) his kingdom, he pro- WiUiam slays Acehn, the son of cured the assistance of a druid Richard of Normandy, for refusing in order to gain the throne. Laery homage to the King, and beats the suspected treachery, and therefore clergy out of the minster. Richard would never see his brother, unless himself cUngs to the altar. WiUiam armed. So by the druid's advice fells him with a blow of his fist, Covac feigned death, and was shaves his head, and strips him. visited by the king, whom he They are, however, outwardly stabbed to the heart. Having reconciled. Louis is reinstated, also murdered one of his nephews, and WiUiam spends six years in he mounted the throne. conquering the land for him. Richard, taken prisoner in an COVENANT VIVIEN, LB. A romance ambush, dies in prison. WiUiam of the WiUiam of Orange sub- hastens back to Rome on receiving cycle of the Charlemagne Saga. news of the invasion of that city Vivien, the nephew of William, on by Guy of Almain, whom he slays. receiving knighthood, registers a M. Jonckbloet infers from the solemn vow never to flee before circumstances of this romance, that the Saracens " more than a lance- though there was a conspiracy length." A great Saracen armada against the crowning of Louis le appears near Aliscans or Arleschans Debonair, in the poem now under (probably Aries Champs or the notice there has been welded Fields of Aries, but identified by with it an account of the enthrone- others with AUs Camps, Elysian ment of Louis d'Outremer, whose Fields, a famous cemetery outside faithful defender was William of the waUs of Aries). Vivien and his Poitiers. comrades attack the invaders, Literature : Jonckbloet, Guil- although these are a hundred to laume d'Orange, one. The Christians are over- 11'- 12'- des et Slides, 1854. matched, and Vivien, who is ;

cow 73 CRY wounded, f permits one of his had horse's ears. The instrument, friends to ride to William of on being performed upon in the Orange for assistance. The king's haU, sang the words, messenger, Gerard of Commarchis, " Labra the Mariner hath two reaches Orange, of which city the horse's ears." The secret being romancer draws a beautiful and out, Labra, who was king, cared vivid picture. WiUiam is dis- nothing more for his deformity mayed, but Guibor, his wife, who which had before galled him much. has nurtured Vivien from child- Craftiny was also instrumental in hood, encourages him. Ten thou- curing Labra's dumbness. sand men are brought together. CREDNE. In Irish romance, the GuichardjVivien's younger brother, artificer of the Danaans (q.v.). desires to follow the host, but is Along with Goban the Smith and refused permission. But he cuts Luchta the Carpenter, he kept himself a great staff, fetches a repairing the weapons of the charger out of the stable, and Danaans during their battle with foUows William without weapon or the Fomorians (q.v.). armour. Guibor sends after him, and he goes forth once more armed CROWNING OF KING LOUIS. (Vide and knighted. He meets fifteen " Coronement du Roi Loeys.") Saracens, kiUs three, and finally reaches WiUiam. Vivien, wounded CRUDEL. King of Great Britain. four times, remains in possession He threw Joseph and his son with of the field with thirty or forty Josephes, together many prison for men. He has his wounds dressed, other Christians, into and meeting his uncle WiUiam, forty days, and forbade food to be strikes him under a misapprehen- given them, but they had the sion. They recognize each other. life-sustaining Holy Grail with For the continuation of the matter them. They were ultimately de- his of the romance, mie article " Arles- Uvered by Mordrains and chans. Battle of." brother-in-law Seraphe with their host. COWARD KNIGHT. The, A knight " alluded to in the Comie del Graal CRUNDCHU. (Vide Macha.") (q.v.) (Manessier's portion) as CRYSTABELL. Daughter of Sir being afraid to attack the ravishers Prinsamour (g'.'y.),a count of Artois, of two damsels. Perceval attacks and for whose sake Sir Eglamour them, and the Coward Knight is (q.v.) undertook three adventures. drawn into the struggle, and quits She was the mother of Degrabell himself manfuUy. He subsequently (q.v.), begotten of Sir Eglamour. bears himself equally well at a Her father subsequently banished tournament in the company of her from his court. Her son was Perceval, who, because of his stolen from her by a griflSn, which courage, gives him the title of carried him into Israel. She " Le Hardis." eventually arrived in Egypt, where CRAFTINY. A harper in early Irish she hved for a while under the romance, who cut down a willow guardianship of her uncle, the king tree to make a harp. The tree of that country. She afterwards chanced to be that to which King married her son, as the result of Maon, called Labra the Mariner, a tourney given by her uncle had confided the secret that he but discovering her husband's cue cue 74

real identity,' her marriage was friendship with Ferdia {q.v.), which revoked. Later, at another tourney was to have a tragic ending. for the same purpose, in which Skatha, making war with Aifa Eglamour took part, she discovered {q.v.), the mightiest of the warrior- him to be her long-lost lover. women of the world, did not wish They and their son return to Cuchulain to tax his fighting Artois, where they are married. powers, still immature, and there- The latter subsequently married fore gave him a sleeping potion. Aradanta. (See the romance of This should have lasted for twenty- " Sir Eglamour of Artoys.") four hours, but the hero awoke after one hour and scattered death upon CUCHOLAIN. The most heroic figure the host of the enemy. Finally, in Irish romance, and the great Aifa inciting Skatha to single com- Ulster warrior who dominates the bat, Cuchulain accepted the chal- Ultonian cycle. Son of the solar lenge for himself, and by his victory god Lugh (q.v.) and Dectera (q.v.), made an end of the war. Aifa he had also a reputed father, then became his friend and lover, Sualtam {q.v.). For his child-hfe, and before he departed for the vide " Setanta." Soon after he had court of Conor he gave her a ring received the name of " the Hound which he bade her fit upon the of Chilian," he overheard , finger of their son, should they have his maternal grandfather, divine one, and send him to Ulster. that on that day he who should Cormla {q.v.) was to be the name take up arms would become the of the boy, iDut neither his hneage most famous in deeds in Ireland. nor his name was he to reveal. Cuchulain then asked King Conor This secrecy brought about the {q.v.) that he might take the arms death of this only son at the hands of manhood, a request which was of his father. Cuchulain's first immediately granted him. The exploit after his pupilage with men of Ulster now asked him to Skatha was with the sons of take a wife, but , daughter {q.v.), whom he slew and of Forgall, alone pleased him. So whose heads he fastened to his he set out in his chariot for her chariot's rim. Returning in his father's dun, to learn that she battle fury with sixteen swans and would not marry him until he had two stags yoked to his chariot, he slain his hundreds. He therefore was met by naked women of sought through black forests and Emania, became ashamed of his desert paths, through quagmires battle fury, and after several and seas, the Land of Shadow and plunges in vats of cold water he the Warrior-goddess Skatha. He regained his natural mood and passed the Plain of lU-Luck, aspect. Upon the next day he crossed unaided the Bridge of won Emer, having slain Forgall Leaps, and presented himself to and many of his men and hundreds the warrior-goddess. For a year of the host of ForgaU's sister. For and a day he dwelt with her, the manner in which he gained the learning all manner of feats, championship of Ireland, vide and lastly the use of the Gae " Briccriu." But the name Cuchu- Bolg {q.v.), a most deadly weapon. lain stands out in the most gigantic With this he was to do much havoc hnes in the famous Cattle Raid of among his enemies. During this Quelgny {q.v.). Single-handed, and time of training he sealed a great unaffected by the curse of Macha cue 75 cue

(q-v.), he harried and slew by to find their debihty had passed hundreds the host of Maev {q.v.). from the men of Ulster, and, his Then he made a compact with the battle-frenzy coming on him, he queen that he would cease to completely conquered the host of harry her host if she sent against Connacht and its queen, sparing, him but one champion at a time. however, her life. For with Fergus, Each warrior he would meet at who had kept his promise to fly the Ford of Ferda. Even Fergus from Cuchulain when required, challenged his old pupil. But the men of Leinster and Munster Chichulain pretended to run from had gone out of the battle. One him, Fergus having promised to do day, tired with the hunt, Cuchulain the same when required. After lay down to rest, and in his sleep the capture of the Brown Bull had a vision of two maidens who {q.v.), the Morrigan, a goddess of alternately beat him. For a year war, appeared to Cuchulain as a and a day afterwards he lay sick king's daughter and offered him until an unknown man l?ade him her love. He refused it, and was seek the face of his vision and beset by her in his fight with Loch learn its meaning. Here he heard (q.v.), and through her means was of the love that , the Pearl wounded several times by this of Beauty, wife of Mananan Connacht champion. She after- (q.v.) the sea-god, bore him. For wards became his friend. Then the story of this amour, vide worn and despondent with his "Fand." Full of the desire of hard fighting, he beheld his father revenge, Maev set the posthumous Lugh, who bade him sleep for three sons of three daughters of three days while he kept the Ford. the wizard Calatin against Cuchu- After the allotted time he arose lain. He was then tended in his refreshed, to deal still greater despondency in a solitary glen by death and destruction on the Niam (q.v.) and other princesses, invaders. For, while he rested, until urged by Bave (q.v.),in Niam's the boys' corps of one hundred form, he went forth to battle. and fifty sons of the chieftains of At the touch of his Hps the wine the Ulster princes, had marched that Dectera gave him turned to against the Maevian army, only blood ; at the ford upon the plain to be annihilated. Champion after of Emania he beheld a maiden champion went down before weeping and washing bloody gar- him, and the Clan Calatin (q.v.) ments and arms, his own ; and had been hacked to pieces when he partook unwillingly (for he was Ferdia, the last and mightiest of breaking his geis or taboo) of the the warriors of Maev, urged by the roasted dog offered him by the fear of satire, went unwillingly three crones, Calatin's daughters. against his companion of the His end was at hand ; near to Skathan days. After three days Slieve Ford, south of Armagh, he of sore wounding on both sides, met his foes, and, thrice requested Cuchulain, by the use of the Gae by a satirist to give him his spear, Bolg, conquered, and Ferdia fell. he fell at the third return of it, by Then the mighty warrior, over- the hand of Lewy (q.v.). Having wrought by his efforts and over- drunk at the loch-side and bathed powered by grief at the death of his wounds, upright against a his old friend, lay in a death-like pillar he died, by the sword of swoon for many days. He awoke the son of Curoi. His vast figure ;

CUL 76 DAN

reappears in the twelfth century them royally, closing the gates of Book of the, Dun Cow. Here he is his house, and letting loose a summoned from hell by St. Patrick huge hound for the protection of to relate its horrors to the pagan the mansion. The boy Setanta Laery mac NeiU, King of Ireland. {q.v.), whom the company ex- Laery accepted Christianity and pected, arrived at the house of Cuchulain is granted heaven. We Cullan, and, being attacked by the see in Cuchulain a typical solar monstrous hound, slew it. Cullan hero. We are informed at once was grieved that his guardian was that he is the son of the sun-god. killed, and, seeing this, Setanta His youth, like that of Arthur, offered to train up one of his Tristram, and other similar cham- whelps to perform the same duty pions, is passed in obscurity, as its sire, and meanwhile to under- during his zenith of power his take that duty himself, from which battle-fury is greatest, and at circumstance he was afterwards length he weakens, and is slain known as Cuchulain, that is " the with comparative ease. He does Hound of CuUan." {Vide " Cuchu- not, however, exhibit the character- lain.") istics of a culture-hero as do some CUMHAL. In Irish romance, chief sons of the sun. He does not of the clan Bascna, and son of introduce the arts as does Quetzal- Trenmor, husband of Muma of coatl in Mexico, nor does he remedy the White Neck, and father of abuses or undertake gigantic tasks Finn. He was slain at the Battle Hke Hercules. But the essential of Knock, fighting against the characteristics of the sun-hero Clan Moma. are in his case ever abundantly present. (Vide Miss E. Hull's CUROI. In the Ultonian cycle of

Cuchullin Saga, 1898 ; Standish Irish romance, father of Lewy, O'Grady, Silva Oadelica, 1893 husband of Blanid, the E[ing of L. Winifred Faraday, The Cattle Munster. He was slain by Cuchu-

Raid of Cualnge, 1904.) lain who abducted his wife. ( Vide " Blanid.") CULLAN. A smith of Quelgny in " Ulster, who figures in the Cuchu- CYV WLCH THE TALL. ( Vide Godo-

lain myth . He invited King Conor din.") A Cymric warrior slain at and his followers, and feasted the Battle of Cattraeth.

DA DERGA. (Vide " Conary.") DALAN. In the Irish legend-cycle of Conary Mor (q.v.), the druid DAG. Son of King Hogni (q.v.) and who revealed to Eochy (q.v.) that brother to Sigrun (q.v.). (Vide Etain (q.v.) was in the " Lay of the Volsungs.") In the Fairy Mound of Bri-Leith. revenge for his father's death he slew Helgi (q.v.) with the aid of DAMAN, In Irish romance, a Fir- Odin's sword. bolg, father of Ferdia (q.v.).

DAGONET, SIR. Jester to King DANAANS, THE, i.e. the people of Arthur and his knights. (Vide the goddess Dana, frequently " Morte d'Arthur.") alluded to in Irish romance, were DAN 77 DAN one of the three Nemedian families hand of flesh and blood by the who survived the Fomorian vic- art of Diancecht {q.v.), was re- tory. They returned at a later crowned. Bres then sought re- period to Ireland. According to venge, and the Danaans groaned Tuan mac Carrell {q.v.), they came under the Fomorian Balor until " out of heaven," and later tradi- Lugh {q.v.) appeared to deliver tion has it that they sprang from them. In the second Battle of four cities, Fahas, Gorias, Finias, Moytura the powers of darkness and Murias {q.v.). In each of and brute force, represented by these cities at the foot of the the Fomorians, were crushed by throne of a great sage they learned those of science and poetry in the science and craftsmanship, and shape of the Danaans. In their from each they brought away a turn the Danaans were conquered magical treasure. From Falias by the Sons of Miled {q.v.) in the came the Stoneof Destiny (Lia Fail) Battle of Teltown, and withdrew {q.v.), from Gorias the invincible for good into the realm of faery. sword of Lugh of the Long Arm, The interpretation of the Danaan from Finias a magical spear, and myth is the conquest of hght and from Murias the Cauldron of the intellect over duhiess and stupi- Dagda. Thus armed, as the Book dity, impersonated by the Firbolgs, of Invasions tells us, the Danaans and, lastly, over the Fomorians, were wafted into Ireland in a the powers of " evil " or darkness. magic cloud and appeared in The chief Danaan gods and Western Connacht. Here they goddesses were the Dagda, Dana were found by another Nemedian or Brigit, his daughter, Angus surviving family, the Firbolgs, in Og and Midir the Proud, his sons, the fortified Moyrein camp. Bov the Red his brother, Lugh, and Bres, ambassadors each, one Fir and his son Mananan, the from the Firbolgs, the other from Morrigan and Aine. To the bard the Danaans, examined the they were the embodiment of weapons of either, the light sharp- power and beauty, of science and

pointed spears of the latter, the poetry ; to the peasant, gods of heavy and blunt spears of the earth, upon whom depended his former. The new-comer then pro- agricultural and pastoral welfare. posed that Ireland be divided And this latter conception of them, among and protected by the as it has endured longer than the Firbolgs and the Danaans. But druidic, so is it most probably Sreng's people would not agree the older. Again, in their con- to the proposal, and the first flicts with each other and with Battle of Moytura ensued. Under mortals, they are accessible to Nuada of the Silver Hand {q.v.) death, while it is by magical the Danaans prevailed, and the powers they conquer their mortal Firbolg King, mac Cecht, was foes. slain. Then the victors allotted Connacht to the conquered, and DANE MONT. In Carlovingian ro- took possession of the remaining mance, son of the Saracen Emir Irish territory. Nuada being Corsuble. Irritated that his sister " maimed, Bres {q.v.) was chosen Glorianda should be so hght," king, but was satirized out of his as to go to behold her lover, throne by the poet Corpre {q.v.), Karaheut of India, fight with and Nuada, now provided vdth a Ogier the Dane, he interrupted DAN 78 DAR

the combat. He was afterwards have been written by some Greek slain by Ogier. {Vide " Ogier the about the time of Nero, whilst Dane.") Dares may be as late as the twelfth century. Dictys, the full DANKWART. {Vide " Nibelungen- title of whose book is Ephemerie lied.") Brother of Hagen. He Belli Trojani, is the longer and fought against the treacherous the better written. But Dares Huns, and, single-handed, he was the more popular of the two mowed his way into King Etzel's in Mediaeval times. Dares com- court, and informed Hagen and mences his De Exidio Troj(B with Gunther of their danger. the episode of the Golden Fleece. Pachtna, in Irish DARA. Son of Coming to the matter of Troy, romance, owner of the Brown Bull Dares runs quickly through the {Vide " Quelgny.") of Quelgny. incidents of the slaughter of Patro- DARES AND DICTYS. Dares Phry- clus and the battle at the ships, gius and Dictys Cretensis, two and tells of the plot of Palamedes authors, supposed to be con- against Agamemnon. The Greeks temporary with the siege of Troy, are usually worsted, as behoved whose apocryhal accounts coloured the spirit of an author who all Mediaeval conceptions of that probably wrote for the delectation event. Dictys, a companion of of princes who imagined themselves Idomeneus, was supposed to repre- sprung from the loins of those who sent the Greek side, whilst Dares, builded windy Eium. Agamem- priest of Hephaestus, supported non petitions for a three years' the Trojans. These works exist truce, which is granted by Hector. at present in Latin prose only. This is speedily leaped over, and But it is highly probable that the fortunes of war having gone Dictys was originally a Greek against the Trojans, they in turn forgery. An introduction to sue for a three months' armistice. Dictys, which is presumably the For twelve days the combatants older, purports to be a letter from engage in giant strife, when in Lucius Septimius to one Quintus turn the Greeks crave a thirty Aradius, who states that the book days' cessation of hostUities. had been written by Dictys in Hector's death at the hand of Punic letters, which Cadmus and " fierce Achilles " is then described. Agenor had introduced into Greece, Palamedes succeeds in supplanting and that certain shepherds dis- Agamemnon as Polydeuces, and covered the manuscript written on conducts the war with spirit. hnden-bark paper in a tin case in Achilles, desirous of espousing Dictys' tomb at Gnossos, that Polyxena is told that he can gain their superior turned the Punic her by directing his efiforts towards letters into Greek, which had the estabhshment of peace. He always been the language of the abstains from fighting, and another work, and gave the MS. to Nero. battle takes place at the ships, the Dares, on the other hand, purports hero of which is Troilus. Agamem- to be introduced by Cornehus non attempts to placate Achilles, Nepos to Sallustius Crispins, and but to no purpose. Troilus makes to have been translated by the great havoc among the Hellenes former from MS. in the hand- in another battle, but is at last writing of Dares which he dis- slain through Achilles wounding covered at Athens. Dictys may his horse. The death of Achilles DAR 79 . DEC

by ambush in the temple of years in exile. Owing to the Apollo—the vulnerable heel being cruelties and insults which Pedro ignored—is followed by those of had heaped upon members of Ajax and Paris. The Amazons French Royalty, including his wife. appear and defeat the Greeks Queen Blanche, he received no heavily. The war ends with the assistance from the French, but treacherous admittance of the Edward the Black Prince took up Greeks into Troy, and the Trojan his cause and marched into Spain emigration in twenty-two ships. with a considerable army, when The work possesses no hterary Henry was defeated at the Battle merit, and is actually an attempt of Nejara. After the Black Prince to differ from Homer for the left Spain in 1368, Henry, with political reasons alluded to above. some of his followers, among It was from these works that whom was the famous Dugueschn, Chaucer derived his ideas of the encountered Pedro at the head of Tale of Troy, and also through a large army, which soonhad to give the medium of Guido delle Co- way to the Frenchmen. Pedro lonne's Romance of Troy (8toria della escaped with a few men, and took Guerra di Troja). This work was shelter with a knight, who betrayed translated by Eydgate, who called his hiding-place to Henry. Henry it the Troie Boke, in 1420, and entered his room, and in insulting printed by command of Henry terms called on him to step VIII. in 1513. Dares and Dictys forward, which Pedro fearlessly was also the groundwork of a new did. The brothers grappled hke compilation in French on the hons, the Frenchmen looking on, subject of Troy, written by Raoul and as they swayed in deadly le Feure, chaplain to the Duke of wrestle, one breathing triumphant Burgundy, in 1464, and partly fury and the other despair and translated into English prose in mortal hatred, Pedro had the 1471 by Caxton under the title vantage of Henry, who fell under- of the Recuyel of the Histories of neath him. A page of Henry Troy. caught Pedro by the waist, thus DARK, THE. In Irish romance, a helping the fallen man, who Druid, who sought in vain the stabbed his brother to the heart, and " the fiercest soul that ever love of Saba (q.v.), and in revenge turned her into a fawn. dwelt in the bosom of a Christian fled." Pedro's head was then cut DAYRE. Vide " Florice and Blanch- ( off and his body meanly buried. fleur.") A slave in the service of The ballad which describes his the Amiral of Babylon. He enter- death is often quoted by Cervantes tained Florice in his quest of in Don Quixote. Blanchfleur. By his counsel Florice managed to gain admit- DEBILITY OF THE ULTONIANS. {Vide tance to the amiral's castle. "Maeha.") This curse fell upon the Ulster warriors during the DEATH OF DON PEDRO. A romantic Cattle Raid of Quelgny {q.v.). poem of Mediaeval Spain, which tells how Don Pedro, the hero of DECTERA. In Irish romance, mother many atrocious and tragical stories, of Cuchulain {q.v.) and daughter of was driven out of Castille by his Cathbad the Druid. She dis- natural brother, Don Henry of appeared from the court of Conor Transtamara, who had spent many mac Nessa with fifty young female DEG 80 DEI

companions. After a lapse of bad, the King's Druid, foretold : three years a flock of birds settled " The infant shall be fairest among on the fields of Emain Macha, and the women of Erin, and shall wed laid waste the crops. The King a Mng, but because of her, shall Conor and his courtiers went out death and ruin come upon the to drive them ofli, but the birds Prince of Ulster." Conor sought only fled a little way, and at each to avert this doom by sending the flight lured the party further on, child Deirdre with her nurse until they ultimately brought them Levarcam to a sohtary dun in a to the magic mound of Angus on great wood. Here she was visited the river Boyne. Night fell, and by the king, who intended to wed the king despatched Fergus to her when she was of marriageable find a place for repose. The age, nor did she see any other scouting party came upon a man save Cathbad. One winter's splendid palace, where they were day, however, near the approach greeted by a youth of noble mien, of her bridal mom, she beheld on accompanied by a lovely woman the window upon the white snow and fifty maidens. Fergus recog- the blood of a newly-slain caK and nized the ladies as Dectera and a raven lapping it. Such, she told her missing maidens, and the her nurse, was the man whom she

youth as Lugh the sun-god. King wished to wed : with hair black Conor, on hearing this news, as the raven's wing, cheek red as summoned Dectera to him, but the blood of the calf, and skin she sent him her new-bom son white as the snow. She had Cuchulain. pictured Naisi, a member of the Red Branch, one of Conor's house- DEGRABELL, SIR. Son of Eglamour hold. Levarcam then, upon the (q.v.) and Crystabell (q.v.), plays entreaties of Deirdre got access an important part in the romance her to Naisi, who at last, conquered oi Eglamour of Artoys (q.v.). Along by the woman's beauty, with his mother he was banished and her prayers to be saved from Conor, from the home of the latter's fled with her to Scotland. Here father, Prinsamour (q.v.). He was her lover took service with stolen from his mother by a the King of the Picts, griffin, and subsequently discovered but when the latter beheld the beauty of Deidre, by the King of Israel, who acted he wished to take her as his foster-father. He mis- from Naisi, so Naisi and his takenly married his own mother, two brothers who had accompanied which marriage was, on the same him escaped with Deirdre day, revoked. He subsequently and Levarcam to shelter discovered his father and married in Glen Etive. Years had Ardanata. passed, and Conor had been kept in knowledge of Naisi and the DEIRDRE. Daughter of Fehm. In maiden. Then, at an invitation the chief of the preliminary tales brought him by his bosom friend, to the Irish romance of the Cattle Fergus mac Roy, to return to Raid of Quelgny (q.v.), it is Ulster, where aU would be well, related that Ulster an lord, Fehm, the fugitive, though Deirdre fore- invited King Conor to a feast. saw evil, left his hiding-place for During the merrymaking a mes- Ireland. Here they were met by senger brought word of the birth of Baruch of the Red Branch, and a daughter to the host. Then Cath- Fergus was invited to a feast DEI 81 DER which he unwillingly attended. she stood behind Owen in the So, protected by his two sons, the chariot, flung herself against the party arrived at Emain Macha, rock and died. It is said that the and were received into the House two yew trees above her and of the Red Branch. Conor did Naisi's graves met and intertwined not see them, however, but he above the church of Armagh. sent for inquired Levarcam, and DEOCA. (The "Woman of the for told him, aU. Deirdre, she South.") In Irish romance, a had lost her beauty. Trendhom Princess of Munster, who asked the was then sent to spy upon tairgnen, to whom she was be- sons of at their Usna. Arriving trothed, to give her as a wedding lodging, bolt bar he foimd and gift the famous children of Lir, fast, to and therefore he cUmbed who by the enchantments of their an upper window, whence, spell- step-mother had been changed bound by the beauty of the maiden, into four wonderful singing swans. he beheld Naisi and Deirdre Their guardian hermit refused them pla3dng chess, the others and to the chief, when the " man of the talking, their arms, or cleaning North " seized them violently by for rest. preparing But Trendhom their silver chains. But in the discovered, Naisi struck was and presence of Deoca they assumed out his with chessman. eye a their human, not their Danaan, Then Conor sent his guards to form, and the princess now gazed fetch the sons of Usna, who had upon four withered, white-haired, his maimed messenger. Buino, miserable beings. Lairgnen fled of Fergus, the son however, drove from the place, but the hermit them back at the sword's point, administered baptism ere they off great but was bought by a died, and sorrowed for them until gift His of lands from the Mng. he himself was laid in the grave. brother lUan then defended the Red Ranch, but was slain by DEPARTURE OF THE SONS OF " Conor's two sons. So Naisi and AYMERY. {Vide Enfances Guill- his brothers protected themselves, aume.") until by the spells of Cathbad they DERMOT OF THE LOVE-SPOT. were seized and brought to Conor. (Dermot O'Dyna.) The typical The king had promised his druid lover of Irish legend. He was to do the captives no hurt, but the son of Donn (vide "Ben Bul- when they were bound he called ben. The Boar of "), and his foster- upon man after man to slay them. father was Angus Og {q.v.). A None responded, save Owen, son folk-tale relates how he got the of Duracht and Prince of Femey, love-spot. With his companions who with one sweep of Naisi's Goll, Conan, and Oscar, he entered sword, shore off the heads of the a hut for a night's shelter after three brothers. Then Deirdre hunting. Here dwelt an old man, dwelt a year with Conor in Emain a young girl, a wether, and a cat. Macha, but all that time she As the Fianna sat down to eat, never smiled. Asked by the king the sheep jumped upon the table, what she hated most, she rephed, and only Goll managed to fling " Thou thyself, and Owen, son her off, but was with the others of Duracht." So Conor sent her finally trodden upon by the to Owen for a year ; but she, animal. Then the man sent the being tormented by the king as cat to tether it, which it did. The G DER 82 DER wether was the World, the cat was invited. Toward the end of Death. Again, at night the girl the year of feasting, however, he lay down in the same room with was awakened thrice by the baying the huntsmen and repelled each of a hound. Next morning with of them as they approached her. sword and sling he started o£E to She was Youth, but she put the learn the cause of the baying, and love-spot on Dermot's forehead, on Ben Bulben in Sligo met Finn and henceforth no woman could and some of the Fiaima. They behold him without loving him. A were not hunting, but were being of follower of Finn {q.v.), he was hunted by a boar, and thirty looked upon as the most sprightly their number had been slain by and untiring and the boldest of the beast. Dermot then addressed the Fianna. Many a deed he had himself to the contest, when Fimi done for Finn, but his unwilling informed him that he was under theft of Grania (q.v.) outdid in geis not to hunt pig, and related MacCumhal's estimation all his the story of the murder of Dermot's previous services. The story of half-brother, and his identity with purpose was that rape runs thus : Grania, the this boar. Finn's daughter of the High King Cormac now clear, and after a hard defence mac Art, was betrothed to Finn, Dermot and his destined slayer but had set her love upon Dermot. fell together. But before he died She therefore sent a sleeping he prayed Finn to use his magical draught by the hand of her maid powers and revive him with water. to Finn and the rest of the After much delay and dropping of wedding party, save the Fianna the water through his fingers as he chiefs, ^ter seeking courtship came from the weU, Finn at last from Oisin (q.v.), but unfruitfully, brought it, but too late. The as she had guessed, she turned to Fianna chiefs then covered the Dermot. He would not elope body with their cloaks, and re- with her, but she made it geis or turned to Rath Grania, Finn unlucky for him to refuse, and leading Dermot's hound. Grania they left Tara by a private wicket- immediately understood, and gate in her bower. On the way swooned on the rampart of the he again sought to escape his fate, palace. But the People of Dana but to no purpose. Finn set out bore away the corpse on a gilded in pursuit, and Dermot defended bier, and into the lifeless body himself by his own strength and Angus Og sent a soul that Dermot ability and by the aid of his might be able to talk with him foster-father. All over Ireland each day. The framework of the they were pursued, and peasant tales of Naisi and Dermot are tradition calls the dolmens there identical, but the earlier tale is " Beds of Dermot and Grania." simpler, more heroic, richer, and But after sixteen years of outlawry more beautiful. Deirdre's love peace was made through Angus for Naisi is not so much an all- Og, and Dermot returned to his sacrificing passion as a deep devo-

patrimony and to prosperity. He tion : while Grania loves, not so had four sons and a daughter. sweetly as masterfully. Both have Grania, however, wished to feast fascination, but the one maiden at her palace the two best men in is mediaeval, whilst the other Ireland, Cormac and Finn. Dermot appears quite nouveau Steele of the had a misgiving, but the party twentieth century, and not a little DES 83 DID

"neurotic." Again, the older mences with the enchanter retail- story has a nobler, though a more ing how he constructed the Table painful, ending, while the latter Round, Christ having made the revolts us with the heartless first one, Joseph of Arimathea the return of Grania to Finn. Dermot second, and Merhn the third. He is of that class of hero who, Hke tells also about the wealthy Fisher' Achilles, is invulnerable save at King, who is old and infirm, and one point. The myth of Dermot may not be healed nor made well and Grania somewhat recalls the until a holy knight comes to ask general features of that of Tristan concerning the Grail. The adven- and Ysolt. Dermot is plainly a tures of Sir Perceval, who is the solar hero. In many world-myths son of Alein le Gros, are then taken the light and darkness are half up at the point where his father brothers, who end in slaying each dies. The Holy Grail tells Alein other. Again, it is noticeable, as to send his son to King Arthur's in the case of Sigurd, that Dermot Court, where he attains the adven- receives a " soul," so that Angus ture of the Perilous seat, learns Og might be able to talk with ham about the Fisher King and the each day—that is, the sun returns Grail, and vows to seek them. daily, and cannot be regarded as Many knights make the same vow. ' ' dead." The gilded bier on which Perceval then undertakes adven- the Danaan folk bear Dermot's tures much the same as those in corpse away is, of course, the Gautier's portion of the Conte del gunset. Graal, especially those at the Chessboard Castle and the Stag- DESA. In Irish romance, foster- hunt. He comes then to the father of Conary Mor {q.v.). High Fisher King's castle, and sees a King of Ireland. lance and a silver plate and goblet DEWY-RED. In Irish romance, the in which was the Eord's blood. horse of Conall of the Victories. He would have inquired concerning At the slaying of Cuchulain (q.v.) them, but fears to offend the the steed tore a piece out of king, remembering the command Lewy's (q.v.) side, and Conall laid upon him to be incurious. In thereupon cut o£E his head. the morning all the inhabitants of going DIANCECHT. In Irish story, the the castle have gone, and on Danaan physician who restored to forth he is abused. After more incident of Good Nuada of the Silver Hand {q.v.) adventures, the the other his lost limb and thus his throne. Friday occurs, as in Grail romances. MerUn then " Dictys.") DICTYS. ( Vide Dares and arrives and tells Perceval to go DIDOT PERCEVAL. This romance is to his grandfather, which lie does, so called because the only MS. and asks concerning the Grail. of it discovered belonged to the The king regains his health, and well-known collectbr A. F. Didot. certain enchantments of Britain It lays great stress on the malady come to an end. Perceval is " of the Fisher King {vide Grail "), informed about the lance with and has been called " an incon- which Eongus pierced Jesus' side, gruous jumble of hints from and the Grail. The Holy Ghost Borron's work." Its intention was tells Brons the secret words which undoubtedly to provide a sequel Christ on the cross whispered to to Borron's poems. The tale com- Joseph, but these are not included. DIE 84 DIE

faithful retainer, Brons is then carried off by angels, by , a Attila, and Perceval, who has been in- took refuge at the court of large structed in the mystic expressions, eventually returning with a remains behind. force to regain his crown. The chief incident is the meeting of DIETHER. {Vide " Dietrich of Bern." Hildebrand with his son Hadu- Son of Dietmar {q.v.) and brother brant, whom he had left behind to Dietrich. , to take care of his mother. Hadu- " DIETLINDE. {Vide Nibelungen- brant, having heard rumours of lied.") Daughter of Rudiger, Mar- his father's death from mariners, grave of Bechlarn, and Gotelind. refuses to beheve in his identity, She receives with affectionate ser- and the fragment concludes with vice Kriemhild {q.v.) on her journey an unfinished combat between son to wed Etzel {q.v.). Later, with and sire. We next find Dietrich her mother and Rudiger, she helps referred to in an Old to lavishly entertain the Burgun- ballad entitled Ermenrichs Tod, dians on their way to Etzel's in which the ancient Gothic King court. Ere they leave she is is introduced as Diet- betrothed to Giselher {q.v.), the rich's mortal foe. Defeated by youngest brother of Kriemhild. Dietrich, Ermenrich shut himself DIETMAR. Uncle to King Samson up in a certain stronghold with Dietrich came up with {q.v.), who assisted the latter to 350 men. secure the throne of Salern. him with only eleven men at his back. The Gothic monarch, Brother to Ermenrich DIETMAR. amused at such a puny investment {q.v.), husband to Odilia {q.v.), and of his fortaliee, threw the gates father of Dietrich {q.v.). {Vide open, when Dietrich and his com- " Dietrich of Bern.") panions rushed in and succeeded DIETRICH OF BERN, SAGA-CYCLE in slaying Ermenrich. In subse- OF. A body of semi-traditional quent poems of the Dietrich cycle, matter, the central figure of which we find the hero undertaking all is Theodoric, King of the Ostro- manner of martial deeds, most of goths, who conquered Italy in the which appear to be placed in the fifth century. In the course of period of his sojourn at Attila's ages the facts concerning Theo- court. He slays a formidable ogre

doric became so altered by tradi- who dwelt in its vicinity ; accom- tional processes as to be almost panies the Huns in their warlike

unrecognizable. The oldest ver- expeditions ; espouses Herrat,

sion of the saga is that found in Attila's niece ; leads twelve Hun- a fragmentary collection known as nish warriors to Worms to do battle (c. 700), copied with an equal number of Teutonic

by two monks of Fulda early in warriors ; and conquers the Bur- the ninth century. It related how gundian heroes, Gunter and Dietrich or Theodoric was expelled Hagen. In the from his kingdom by Otonier, of Heinrich der Vogler we read in whom we recognize , how one Sibecke plots with Ermen- the Vandal monarch who ruled rich (in this tale the uncle of over Italy in the fifth century, Dietrich) against Dietrich's Ufe, and who was in reality dethroned but the hero, warned of his danger, by Theodoric. This early version escapes. Here for the first time, details how Dietrich, accompanied perhaps, we find Dietrich connected DIE 85 DIE with Bern {i.e. Verona in the date. A number of lesser poems north of Italy), where it is stated have crystallized around the saga, that Ermenrich, disappointed at among which the , the failure of his conspiracy, Das Eckenlied, Sigendt, and marched upon that city, but was (all of which see) may be alluded to. defeated by Dietrich with great All these were grafted together loss, Witege, a follower of Diet- under the title of Das Heldenbioch rich, goes over to Ermenrich, and {q.v.) by one Kaspar von der Roen, surrenders to him the fortress of and published by him in 1472. . But Dietrich, with a In many such German myths new army of Huns, defeats his Dietrich, by reason of his popu- uncle, who shuts himself up in larity, has replaced the original Bologna. Dietrich's forces are too hero. Such are the tales of his few to invest the city, and he victory over the giants Ecke and returns to the court of Attila. Fasolt. It is not necessary to In his Babenschlacht (Battle of see in the conqueror of these gods Ravenna), Vogler continues his or demons of the storm (the account of Dietrich's adventures. remnants of a dying mythology) a Its central incident is the deaths of mythical being or hero-god, but the hero's brothers and the two merely Dietrich as a popular sons of Attila. In the Nibelun- hero who had replaced the original genlied (q.v.) and the Thidrekssaga " giant-Mller " or true hero-god. {q.v.), based upon it, strangely Most of the poems of the cycle are enough we encounter Dietrich silent concerning Dietrich's death, taking part in the incident of the but tradition recounts that he was slaughter of the Burgundians, or, carried off to Hell by Satan. rather, standing aside as a mere Later romances describe his dis- spectator, whilst his friends slay appearance into a desert, there to each other. His follower, WoH- combat with dangers until the hart, however, involves his com- Day of Judgment, or into a hollow rades in the broU, and all perish mountain, whilst in popular belief save old Hildebrand. Dietrich he has Joined the band of Odin's avenges their fall by dehvering Wild Huntsmen. In the Dietrich the surviving Burgundians to their saga-cycle we behold the entire enemies, who slay them in an process of the manufacture of a effort to discover the treasure of legendary hero from a once living the . In the Thidreks- monarch concerning whom there saga {q.v.), Siegfried {q.v.) is is trustworthy historical data. brought into contact with Dietrich, Theodoric the Ostrogoth by reason who worsts him by craft. Prob- of his romantic seizure of Italy and ably it was inevitable that the the general circumstances of his two great heroes of romance life appealed to the men of his should be regarded as contem- own Germanic race as the beau- poraries. In the Biterolf und Diet- ideal of a hero-king and so wide- lieb, an Austrian poem of the early spread did his popularity become thirteenth century, Dietrich and that, like that of King Arthur, twelve of Attila's warriors defeat his figure collected around itself Siegfried and his picked heroes, poems, incidents, and lesser epics and a similar combat is the motive which in the first instance had no of the Bosengarten zu Worms, an connection with either his historical Austro-Bavarian poem of the same or legendary personality. DIE 86 DIE

DIETWAR. The Emperor of Rome see that the heedless girl comes to (Romaburg). A legend belonging no danger through her rashness. to the Amelung cycle of romance. The hunt grows very exciting, and This illustrious emperor, desirous passing through a narrow glen of marriage, sends an embassy to Miimie wounds a fine stag. Draw- King Ladmer of Westenmer to ask ing another arrow from her quiver for the hand of his daughter. she hastens after her dogs, which Ladmer is overjoyed at such an had pursued the wounded animal. honour, and begs that Dietwar Suddenly the hounds set up a would come to Westenmer and hideous howl, and rush out of see the princess. To this proposal the thicket. The hunters reaUze Dietwar readily consents, and after their danger, and dreading an an adventurous passage, he arrives attack from a dragon, hasten up at his destination, accompanied the hill-side. Minnie, in her fool- by one hundred of his bravest hardiness, awaits the monster, warriors. Ladmer, after receiving which appears from between the his guest with aU courtesy, told bushes, hissing dreadfully and him how dehghted he would feel trampHng everything that ob- to have Dietwar as a son-in-law, structs its path. Arrow after but, the king added, the princess arrow the princess shoots at the herself must choose who she would dragon, but these only rebounded have as her husband, nor would he from its scales. At last, Minnie constrain her against her wiU. A turns to go, when she trips over a feast is given in Dietwar's honour, branch. Dietwar and his men and dressing himself in similar rush forward, and the dragon apparel to that of his men, he is advances. Dietwar attacks it with easily recognized by the princess, a spear. But its assailants are whose duty it was to offer the devoured one after another. The wine to her father's guests. She fight becomes desperate. Diet- fills his goblet first. After the war's sMU is useless against its guests had retired Ladmer asked his scales, and the monster tears his daughter's opinion of her admirer. breast with its talons. At last, She thought him very noble, but thrusting his spear down its throat added that she would not be satis- he succeeds, after a terrible struggle, fied until she had learned of his in overcoming the dragon. The ways, which must be pleasant in hero falls in a faint to the ground, her sight. The next day a hunt is the dying dragon above him. arranged, and the princess implores He is released and brought back her father that she might be per- to the castle, where he hes in a mitted to join in thechase. Know- critical condition. The poison ing her to be very fond of the from the dragon's claws has entered sport and skilled in the use of the his wounded breast, and his life bow he willingly gives his consent. is despaired of. No leech could But Dietwar thinks her un- save him. But coming to the maidenly, and whispers amongst bedside one morning the princess his friends that he would prefer to poured some liquid from a bottle confine his searchings for a wife into his wound, which lessened to the limits of his own country the pain. For several days the than wed one so mascuhne in her dose is repeated, and he grows sport. But, however, it becomes quite well again. The princess his duty,^along with the rest, to then told him that the magic DIN 87 DIU

liquid was given to her by her author did not have before him mother when she died, that it was the Nibelungenlied as we know it,

to be used only on those she loved. but an earlier version ; and this They grow strong in love, while probably constitutes its greatest King Eadmer inwardly rejoices. value, as by its aid we are enabled The occasion of their wedding is to discover several of the dis- marked by a feast, where in the crepancies between the older MS. centre of the table is placed as an and that in our possession. The ornament one of the dragon's teeth. Klage is a lament for those who Dietwar and his wife soon after have fallen in the terrific strife return to Rome to enjoy their in Etzel's palace described in the married hfe amongst his subjects. Nibelungenlied. It tells of the But the romance tells us they Uved search among the dead in the for four hundred years, during house of slaughter, their obsequies, which time they have forty-four the journey of Etzel's minstrel children, of whom one son, Sigeher, Swemmelin to the Rhine to give alone survives them. the tidings to Queen Brunhilt, DINADEN, SIR. Knight of the Round and the final parting from Etzel Table, brother to Sir Lancelot. of Dietrich and his wife Herrat. He was the composer of " The Dietrich, desirous of sparing his Lay of King Mar." {Vide " Morte niece Gotehnde, Rudiger's wife, d'Arthur.") directs his friends not to mention the terrible event which has DITHORBA. In Irish romance, happened, but to say that he and brother of Red Hugh and Kimbay. Riidiger will soon follow. The He was slain by his niece Macha messengers deliver the false tidings. (q.v.), refused to yield to him who Gotelinde and her daughter are the sovereignty of Ireland. doubtful, and at length Swemme- Dithorba's five sons were expelled lin tells the truth. Gotehnde and from Ulster, and resolved to old Queen Ute die soon after regain the kingdom from Macha. hearing the news. BrunhUt sur- But she followed them into the vives, and is prevailed upon by forest where they were in hiding, her vassals to have her son crowned. overpowered them by her mes- Etzel, after parting with Dietrich, meric influence, bound them, and, becomes insane. Dietelint, the placing them upon her back, young margaravine, is taken under returned to her palace. Under Dietrich's protection, who promises supervision they built the her to find her a husband. Bishop Irish city of Emain Macha. famous Pilgrin desires to have the story DIU KLAGE. A continuation of the written out in Latin letters, " that Nibelungenlied {q.v.), which as a men should deem it true." A whole is regarded as being more writer. Master Konrad {q.v.), then modem than the " Lied." It is Commenced to set it down in ascribed by some critics to a writing. period so late as the fourteenth century. It is artificial in con- DIU KRONE. A German Grail poem ception, inartistic in form, and by Heinrich von dem Tiirlin. " inferior to the poem to which it {Vide Grail, Holy.") It repro- professes to be an addition. It is duces a lost French original. It obvious, however, as stated by possesses many paralleUsms with Grimm, that in writing it the those of Wolfram and Chretien, DIU 88 DOD for example, the tournament for knights and dames, and a youth the hand of Tiebaut of Tingaguel's enters who lays a sword before daughter, the episode of the two the old man. Gawain is offered sisters and the combat with Mehans drink. He refuses, but his two de Lis. The father is named companions accept, and soon after Leigamar, the eldest daughter fall asleep. There enter two Fursensephin (Fleur sans epine), maidens bearing hghts, followed the youngest Quelbelpluz, where by two knights bearing a spear, the author has mistaken a French and two other maidens with a phrase signifying the damsel's great dish of gold and jewels. beauty for her name. The name After them comes the fairest of the castle is Karamphi. The woman ever made by God, and wounded knight Eohenis and his with her a maiden weeping. The lady, Embhe, deprive Gawain of spear is laid on the table beside his horse, after which the incident the great dish, in which are three of the Castle of Wonders and the drops of blood. The fair woman enchanted bed are dealt with. bears a box in which is bread, The plucking of a flower from an whereof she gives a third part to enchanted garden at the bidding the old man. Gawain recognizes of a damsel named MancipiceUe in her Gansguoter's sister, and (the OrgueiUeuse of Chretien) and asks her what these marvels mean. the meeting with Giremelanz At once the entire company rise follow. Giremelanz challenges from the table with a great cry of Gawain, and Arthur's court comes joy, the old man tells Gawain that to the Castle of Wonders to the dish he has seen is the Grail, witness the combat. The cham- and that by his question Gawain pions are reconciled, and Gireme- has dehvered from long waiting lanz marries Gawain's sister. Ga- and suffering many both dead and wain sets forth in search of the living. The old man and his com- Grail, and wins several talismans panions are really dead, though which will aid him in his quest. they do not seem to be so, but He comes to the sister of the the lady and her maidens are magician Gansguoter (Klinschor living. They partake of food in Wolfram), who tells him that aimually with the old man because if he wishes to behold the Grail, of their purity. Gawain receives he must not be overcome by as the prize of his valour the Grail sleep, that he must not drink sword, which wiU help him in excessively, and that as soon as every danger. After him no man he sees it and its accompanying shall see the Grail, and he must damsels he must ask concerning ask no more concerning it. At it. He meets with many adven- daybreak the old man ceases tures and marvels on his way to speaking, and vanishes with his the Grail castle, and after a space whole court, leaving only the lady meets with Lancelot and Calo- and her maidens. Gawain releases creant, who inform him that Kay, Kay, and returns to Arthur's attempting to enter the Grail court. castle, has been cast into prison. DIURAN THE RHYMER. (Vide The three knights then come to the " Maeldune.") castle. In a splendid hall lies an old man who watches two youths DODINEL. A character in Manes- playing chess. The hall fills with sier's portion of the Conte del DOL 89 EBE

Graal (q.v.), whose lady-love is and his brother, and that the aid delivered by Perceval from a of the Fiaima was sought against felon knight. the rest of the Danaan folk, for thrice yearly their chieftains had DOLOROUS, CASTLE. Connected in had to do battle with their fairy Arthurian legend with Sir Perceval foes on the green in front of the (or PercyveUe), and as the spot brugh. Each of the eight and where two of the Knights of the twenty warriors had once a thou- Round Table lost their wits. sand followers, but all these were

DONN (1). In Irish romance, son of now dead, and therefore the of Midir the Proud (q.v.). He is warriors had sent one the mentioned in the Colloquy of the maidens in the form of a fawn to Ancients {q.v.), as entertaining seek the aid of the Fianna. After Finn and Kelta and five other a year of successful fighting, the champions at the Brugh of Sheve- assailants were compelled to make namon. These were hunting one peace and to give hostages. day at roused Torach when they a DONN (2). "Father of Dermot " (q.v.). beautiful fawn and chased it as DROO. {Vide " Garin the Eorrainer.") far as Slievenamon. Here it Amiens, friend of Fro- vanished underground, and night Count of mont. He heard from Fromont fatting with snow and storm, they the story of Garin and Blanch- sought shelter in the wood. Enter- flower, which he treated with con- ing a great illuminated hall of a tempt, but went to Baldwin the noble mansion or brugh, they and persuaded him to beheld twenty-eight warriors and Fleming allow his sister to marry Fromont, as many beautiful maidens. After concealing the true story. feasting on the best of wine and viands they were informed that DURANDAL. The wondrous sword their hosts were Donn mac Midir of Roland {q.v.).

EADZILS. (Legend of Beoumlf.) stabbed him in a fit of passion, Brother of Eanmund {q.v.) son of and was himself slain immediately Ohtere, King of Sweden. After by Wickstan {q.v.). the murder of King Hardred {q.v.) EBEL. Sir, In Arthurian romance, and the death of Eanmund, Eadzil knight to Bang Hermance of the fled back to Sweden, and soon Red City {q.v.). {Vide "Morte after succeeded his father on the d'Arthur. Swedish throne. He then led a ") large army into Gothland to EBER DONN. In Irish romance, a avenge Eanmund's death, but was leader of the Mlesian invaders of defeated and slain. Ireland. He exulted so fiercely in EANMUND. (Legend of Beowulf.) the hope of putting the defenders Son of Ohtere, King of Sweden, of Ireland to the sword that the against whom he rebelled. He Danaans, or original inhabitants, subsequently fled to the court of raised a tempest by enchantment King Hardred {q.v.). Resenting a which sank his ship and many reproof from the young king, he others of the Milesian host. —

EBE 90 ECK

EBER FINN. In Irish romance, a before him, for his armour glows leader of the Milesian invaders of like fire. Hildegrand, seeing him, Ireland. He was slain by Eremon, remarks that a quieter garb would first Milesian King of Ireland, in be more suited for an interview a contest for the crown. with his lord. Ecke makes reply that three renowned queens desire ECKE, THE LAY OF. A poem of to behold Dietrich, and have sent the Heldenhuch {q.v.), which opens Ecke as their messenger, who will with three heroes—^Fasolt, Ecke use force, if need be. Hildegrand his errand is useless and Ebenrot—sitting together in answers that ; the town of Cologne, relating deeds his lord only fights with those who of valour. The talk is chiefly come on horseback, and advises about Lord Dietrich of Bern, who him to quit Bern. After some all agree to be the bravest man more parley, he informs Ecke that of his time. But Lord Ecke is Lord Dietrich is from home jealous of the praise bestowed on journeying through the forest to- the Knight of Bern, and inquires wards Tyrol. Continuing his way, if he is not as brave and worthy Ecke has an encounter with a of esteem as Lord Dietrich. Ecke centaur, which he kills. Coming resolves to go in search of this upon a wounded man, he asks who vaUant hero, fight him, and so has left him in such a pUght, and gain equal renown, or else lose his is told it was the Prince of Bern. own life. He goes on to describe After hearing some more tales of his own deeds of valour, and how the knight's courage, which inflame it would cast more distinction on his ardour, he binds up the man's him to slay one such as Dietrich woimds, declares he will avenge of Bern than a dozen of weaker him, and proceeds on his way. strength. Three queens were Ecke at last meets Dietrich in a

sitting by, listening to the talk ; dark valley, and gives him his

the greatest, Queen Seburk, be- message ; he also praises his own wails her fate at not having seen armour, and tells Dietrich he has this famous lord, and wishes Ecke a chance of winning it. The latter

success in his quest ; at the same rephes that, if his sword is so time, promising him the wonderful sharp as to hurt giants, it is use- breastplate that had belonged to less for him to strive against so King Otnit of Lombardy, on con- formidable a foe. Ecke is bitterly dition that, if he find and over- disappointed at his unwillingness come the Prince of Bern, he will to fight, and upbraids him with spare him. Ecke promised to cowardice. Dietrich replies that bring back Dietrich, or lose his he will not fight, for he (Ecke) has life. An old man warns of Ecke done him no harm ; but, if he the dangers of his quest, which must fight, to wait till it is day- caution the headstrong youth light. Goaded by Ecke's taunts, ignores. He is promised, in re- Dietrich dismounts, and they en- ward, the love of any of the three gage in combat. In the end Ecke queens he may choose. The best is killed. Dietrich, sorely grieved, horse in the land is offered him, laments over the death of so brave which he dechnes, and sets off on and rash a hero. foot, fully armed, and wearing the The Ecke is a continuation of famous breastplate. On entering Sigendt {vide "Dietrich of Bern"). the town of Bern, the people fly The lay was a very popular one, ECK 91 EDD

but, in its present shape, wo Teutonic romantic cycles ; for appear to have only a late rehash example, early poems relating to of the originals. the Volsunga Saga and the Nibelun- genlied. The Edda throws great ECKEHART. A trusty friend of light on the mythology of the Dietrich of Bern (q.v.), and a lover Scandinavian race, but here we of adventure. As a figure in the will treat of such of its contents as Rose Garden (q.v.) Battle, he is have a bearing on the later conspicuous. He fought with Teutonic romance-cycles, and will Dietrich against King Waldemar omit further reference to the purely (q.v.). mythological matter it contains. . (Knowledge or Poetry.) In Some of the poems contained in Irish romance, the only son of the the Edda are little more than three sons of Dana or Brigit, the lyrics, presenting as they do per- supreme Danaan goddess. haps an idyll of a single scene. Others, again, give an abstract of ECTOR, SIR. In Arthurian romance, an entire history^ as in the case the foster-father of Arthur. He of the Prophecy of Gripir, in which received him immediately on his the whole history of the Volsungs birth on the recommendation of is summarized. The Edda con- Merlin, and brought him up with tains poems belonging to the his own son Kay, or Kai (q.v.), following heroic cycles : Weland afterwards Arthur's seneschal. It the Smith, Sigurd and the was upon Arthur succeeding in Mbelungs, the Ermanric cycle and drawing out the magic sword from the Helgi lays, all of which are the anvil placed in the great dealt with under their several church of Eondon that he revealed headings. The versions of these to him that he was not his father. stories as given in the Edda are Consult the Morte d'Arthur, First in many respects divergent from Book, chapters iii. and v. that in which they appear in later EDDAS, THE. Two Icelandic collec- times, and each of these cycles is tions of matter deaUng with the made up of several poems which divine and heroic mythology of represent more or less the several the Scandinavian race. (1) The portions of the later sagas. For " Elder " or " poetic " Edda was example, the Lay of Gudrun, a brought to hght by the Icelandic portion of the prototype of the bishop, Brynjulf Sveinsson, about Volsimg story, leaves the details 1643. It was at first attributed of that saga very much in neglect, to the historian Saemund (c. and shows up the grief of Gudrun 1050), but is now considered as the in contradistinction to that of work of other hands. The thirty- Brunhild in the Volsunga Saga. five poems which it contains are In short, the Edda may be said to anonymous, and older than the assist the theory that the first MS. which contains them, which is stage of epic is ballad, and that of the thirteenth century. It is not only do structural changes take known as the Codex Regius, and place in such compositions in the is preserved in the Royal Library course of generations, through at Copenhagen. Most of the political and other reasons, but poems it contains date from about that popular taste demands such the tenth century. It includes alterations. (2) The "Younger" " prototypes of many of the later or prose " Edda was compiled ;

EGL 92 EGL

by the historian Snorre Sturluson He enters the forest of the (1178-1241). It also contains giant, and slays three harts by the many references to the old Scan- aid of a hound which his love dinavian mythology, but the bestowed upon him. He then Skaldskaparmal a portion of it, is meets the giant. The encounter a treatise on the art of poetry. lasted two days, at the end of The work was first discovered in which the knight stabbed the MS. in 1625. It is preserved in giant through the heart. He then three MSS., one a fine copy at cut off his head, and departed with Upsala. In it Snorre explained the trophy to the court of the the mythical references available count. Prinsamour now orders for the poetry of his day, the out- him to bring from the distant land look of which was naturally very of Satyn the head of a prodigious diSerent to that of the makers of boar, whose tusks were of excep- the elder Edda. Practically nothing tional length, and which had is touched upon in it which deals devoured a large number of with the matter of romance. knights. He is successful in slay- ing the monster, and towards the EGLAMOUR OF ARTOYS, SIR. A close of the conflict the noise of mediaeval EngUsh romance of the boar attracts the attention of French origin. The commence- Edmond, King of Satjm, who, on ment of the poem refers to the learning the cause, hastens to period when the country of Artois the scene of combat. The king, was a self-dependent state. During dehghted with the victory, im- its independence a native count mediately offers to the victor the Sir Prinsamour reigned over that hand of his daughter Ardanata. country. He made his court a This offer the knight poUtely but

training school in the art of firmly refuses ; but the princess, chivalry, and his daughter Christa- who had instantly fallen in love bell became the centre of admira- with the stranger, decides to wait tion. She is especially adored by in the hope of gaining him. Sir Eglamour of Artoys, who, Hardly had this taken place, when although a poor knight, aspires there appears before them a pre- very nobly to win her. The vious claimant to the princess. princess, in return, encourages This lover is the giant Manas, Eglamour to approach her father. brother to Sir Maroke whom Eglamour does so, but the prin- Eglamour had slain, and closely cess's father, aware of Eglamour's allied in friendship to the dead poverty, and anxious that his boar. Immediately he espies his daughter's position might rather slain friend and learns the story be elevated than lowered, rejects of the tragedy, he assails Eglamour, indirectly her suitor's appeal but is slain by him. Bearing the but adds, that he will grant his two grisly heads, and wearing a ring wish and the lands of Artois, if which Ardanata had bestowed he fulfUs three adventures. The upon him, the brave knight enters count then directs Eglamour to the capital of Prinsamour. But defy the giant Sir Maroke, by the count, who stiU hoped for hunting in the latter's preserves, Eglamour's death, showed but after which he must return with little pleasure at the knight's a trophy. The young knight de- victories. Crystabell, on the other parts on the first adventure. hand, displays much dehght at ;

EGL 93 EGL her lover's conflicts, and welcomes meanwhile is carried to Israel, and his return with joy. The lovers, is discovered by the king of that anticipating the easy accomphsh- country, who names the child ment of the third feat, now give Degrabell. He receives a good way to the impulse of their pas- education, and becomes in pro- sions. A few weeks of tranquility cess of time an accomplished soon pass, and once more Eglamour knight. Sir Eglamour returns sets off to complete the last ad- with the dragon's head to Artois, venture, leaving with his mistress to learn the whole extent of his the enchanted ring. This time misfortune. After depriving the he is directed towards Rome, for heartless Prinsamour of his lands the purpose of kilUng a powerful and driving him to his castle, dragon, which had long ravaged Eglamour sets out on a visit to the neighbourhood of that city. the Holy Land, where during This final enterprise is hkewise fifteen years he distinguishes him- successful. The dragon faUs after self against the unbehevers. At a stubborn fight, but not before this time the King of Israel, wounding Eglamour with his anxious that his adopted son poisonous claws. Eglamour then should marry, sets out together deprives the slain monster of his with Degrabell, whom he had tail, wings, and head. He falls iU lately knighted, to visit the King as a result of the poison, and Con- of Egypt, who, as the former knew, stantino the Roman Emperor keeps possessed a beautiful niece. The him under the care of his daugh- latter king willingly consents to ter, Viatdur, who soon through the union of his niece to the her remedies restores the victor to former's adopted son, and as a health. This project having lasted consequence the wedding takes longer than the previous adven- place—a union in marriage of ture, raises hopes in the count mother and son. Hardly were the as to the death of Eglamour. festivities over, when the bride But Crystabell gives birth to a boy. casts her eyes upon the shield of Such an event puts to an end all Degrabell, which bore a grifiSn Prinsamour's high hopes for his holding in its talons an infant

daughter ; and vowing vengeance, wrapped in a scarlet mantle. She he banishes her from the land. immediately bursts into tears, and She and her infant son are placed relating the whole story, is at once in a vessel Avithout mariners, sails, released from the unnatural union. oars, or rudder, and abandoned to The King of Israel, however, still the winds and waves. The vessel maintains that his niece should brings her to an uninhabited marry, and acting accordingly he island, where a griffin carries off announces a tournament. The her son, who is enveloped in a challenge brings together the best scarlet mantle and who wears a knights of which the surrounding golden girdle. The hopeless countries could boast. There also mother, who has remained in the arrives Sir Eglamour, but only as vessel, arrives on the shores of a spectator. The conditions of the Egypt, where she is discovered and fight make it necessary for tha conveyed to the king, who for- victor to overcome Degrabell tunately turns out to be her uncle. but the latter proves too powerful Here she remains under his for the contestants. This causes guardianship. Her infant son no little alarm to the king, who, EIS 94 ELI

observing Eglamour, requests hiiri) latter's search for the giant Grim " as a last resort, to enter the lists. (q.v.). ( Vide Dietrich of Bern.") This the latter does, but very ELEVEN KINGS, THE. Who allied reluctantly. Degrabell is however themselves against Arthur, as they overcome by this last rival, and suspected his royal birth. They the king, in accordance with his were King Brandegoris of Strang- promise, offers his niece to the gore, the Duke of Cambenet, King victor. Crystabell then comes Clariance of Northimiberland, the forward, and on observing the new- King of the Hundred Knights, King comer's shield finds thereon the Lot of Lothian and Orlmey (q.v.). representation of a ship of gold, King Urience of the Land of Gore, containing a lady and an infant King Idres of Cornwall, King surrounded by waves. These Cradelmas, King Agwisance of armorial bearings lead her to dis- Ireland, King Nentres, and King cover the victor's identity. Egla- Carados. They were defeated by mour is delighted at their reunion, Arthur in a great battle with the and amid general rejoicings their assistance of King Ban and King marriage takes place . They return Bors (q.v.). to Artois, to find that the count having fallen from his tower was ELIDUC, THE LAY OF. A French dead. Ardanata's constancy is romance written by Marie de rewarded by her marriage to France (q.v.), and according to Degrabell. her, of Breton origin. EUduc stood high in the favour of his EISIRT. In Irish Ossianic romance, suzerain, the King of Brittany, a bard to lubdan. King of Faylinn, and upon that monarch's absence the abode of dwarfish race. a He from his realm, was his lord's heard of the folk in Fomorian justice and seneschal. But Ulster, and, taunting the king jealous tongues accused Eliduc of concerning the size of the inhabi- meddling with the royal affairs, tants of the respective kingdoms, and he was banished from the was for his insolence. imprisoned court. In vain he prayed the He was freed the understanding on king to name his offence. With that he would seek out this land ten followers he therefore set out^ of giants, which he accordingly accompanied for some distance by did, and arrived at Ulster, whence Guildeluec, his wife. In her hands he returned with the king's dwarf he had placed his fief, and to each iEda. The people of FayUnn were other husband and wife had sworn terrified at the sight of ^da, and fidehty. Eliduc then sailed across lubdan was so taunted by Eisirt to the realm of Totenois, and, that he resolved to visit Ulster hearing that the King of Logres, himself. (Vide " lubdan.") near Exeter, was sorely pressed by an importunate ELAINE. Daughter of King Pelles lover of his fair daughter, and mother of Galahad, son of took service with the old man. Learning of the Lancelot (q.v.). She is despised enemy's entrance and exit through by Queen Guinevere {q.v.), because a certain wood-path, of her love for Lancelot. [Vide he trapped him and " Morte d'Arthur.") freed the kingdom of his assaults. The old king greatly rejoiced in EL6EGAST. A dwarf friendly to- his new knight, and after a year's ward Dietrich (q.v.) during the service appointed him seneschal ELI 95 ELI and constable of his realm. But home, and laid her in his cloak the young princess had not seen upon the altar. Hither he came this knight, and therefore sent daily to mourn her death. But his her chamberlain to ask him to wife, grown suspicious, sent a visit her. EUduc and Guillardun, varlet to follow her lord. The the maid, loved with an unspoken fellow returned to relate how he love. But the princess desiring had seen the knight enter the to learn if her father's seneschal chapel and mourn loudly. Guil- returned her love, sent him a girdle deluec, thinking it strange that her and a ring. These he took from husband should so grievously her chamberlain, put the one about lament the death of the hermit his body, the other upon his finger. whom he had so often visited in For a year the lovers exchanged previous years, followed her varlet gifts, embraces, and sweet words. to the woodj'entered the chapel with Then having put an end to the him, and beheld the fair maiden invader's war, Elidue fared Brit- upon the altar. And she too wept tany-wards to the succour of his for sorrow that such a lovely lady king. For this monarch, being should be laid in the dust, and sore beset- by a strong enemy, forthwith understood her' lord's diligently sought for tidings of his lamentation. As she gazed upon lost seneschal. Learning of his the princess's beautiful fq.ce a whereabouts, he prayed him by weasel scampered across the body their former love and his oath of and was immediately slain by her fealty to return to Brittany. varlet's staff. Then its com- GuiUardim having set a term to panion, finding that it could not his absence, EUduc then crossed rise, hastened distractedly to the to his home, where all, and espe- wood and brought back a vermeil cially his wife, welcomed him with flower. This she put in the dead rejoicing. He vanquished the foe, weasel's mouth, when he rose to but ever he went sad and thought- his feet. Guildeluec immediately ful. Care sat heavy upon Guil- commanded her varlet to seize that deluec's heart, nor could she learn flower. She then put it in the what ailed her lord. As promised, maiden's mouth, who after a time he returned upon the appointed awoke, and told the, dame her day to the land of his love. Wait- story. And learning that EUduc ing without the city, he sent his was no felon who had deserted chamberlain to tell the lady of his her, she was much comforted. arrival. She attired herself for The wife, desiring to take the veil, the journey, and entered with prayed her husband to loose her Ehduc into his vessel. But a of her marriage ties, and to install storm arose. Dismayed and in her as abbess in a new-built church terror, one of the company advised near that chapel. EUduc then EHduc to cast the lady overboard^, wedded Guillardun, and together for on her account had God sent they Uved for many years in His tempest. The unfortunate peace and happiness. After some Guillardun then learned that her time the knight built a church lover was already wed, and beside his castle, entered into the straightway fell into a death-like service of God, and set his wife swoon. Then the sorrowing under Guildeluec's care. Mes- knight, upon reaching land, bore sages were exchanged from monasr her to a chapel in a wood near his. tery and convent, and all three ELI 96 ENG

lovers died in peace and salva- sneers at the others for following tion. a younger brother. William de- clares that he is in reaUty the ELIEZER. Son of King PeUes, al- head of the family, and that he luded to in Queste del Saint the will vouch for the fortunes of all. Graal (q.v.) as master of the white He is at last persuaded to go by knights whom Lancelot encounters Aymery, and obeys his father, but in tourney with of black a band declares that when he is a knight knights who take him prisoner. he wiU conquer Spain to endow {Vide "Argastes.") his brothers. The rest of the poem is occupied with details of ELLIDE. {Vide " Frithjof Saga.") the early prowess of WiUiam, The dragon-hke ship of Frjthjof. armed with a great staff, his love- Golden-headed and with open jaws, passages with Orable of Orange, its under part scaled with blue and and his rescue of Narbonne, be- gold, its tail twisted and of silver, sieged by the Arab King Tybalt, its sails red-bordered and black, Orable's husband. it would sMm the calmest seas when its wings were outspread. ENFANCES VIVIEN. (The Childhood Aegir, the sea-god, had given this of Vivien.) A romance of the ship to one of Frithjof's ancestors WiUiam of Orange sub-cycle of as a reward for having befriended the Charlemagne cycle. {Vide him unknown. "Wilham of Orange.") In this romance WiUiam's nephew, Vivien, ELSUNG, YARL. (Earl) of Berne is introduced. He bears a strong (Verona), who refused King Sam- resemblance to Roland {q.v.). The son's {q.v.) demands. He was story of his childhood, as told in consequently assailed and slain by this poem, is later than the other Samson, who died through a branches of his story, which belong wound which Elsung inflicted. to the sub-cycle of William of EMER. Daughter of Forgall. {Vide Orange, and does not agree with " Cuchulain.") them in its circumstances. He is exchanged for his father, Garin ENFANCES GARIN DE MONTGLANE. of Anseune {q.v.), of the race of " {Vide Garin de Montglane.") Aymery,- who has been taken prisoner by the " " ENFANCE GUILLAUME. (The Child- Saracens at Roncevaux. Garin teUs his wife hood of William.) A romance of by messenger not to give the WUham of Orange sub-cycle of up the boy, who is seven the Charlemagne cycle. {Vide years old. A faroUy council is held, and WiUiam "William of Orange.") It tells how of Orange Aymery of Narbonne has seven proposes that he should go. In the Covenant sons, for the four eldest of whom Vivien {q.v.), the sequel to the emperor sends, promising that this romance, the further events in after a few years' service he will the life of the hero are enrich them. WUliam the younger recounted. son, refuses, as he wishes to carve ENGUERRAUD. {Vide "Garin the out his own fortune. His brothers Lorrainer.") Knight of Courcy, Guibert, Hemaut, Bevis and sent by Fromont to the court, to Gueiin wish to accompany him, complain of Aubrey giving his but Bernard, the eldest son, de- land to Rigaut to fight against the sires to serve the emperor, and Bordelais. ,

ENY 97 ERE

ENYGEUS, ENYSGEUS, or ANYSGEUS. Discreet as beautiful, she at first Alluded to in Robert de Borron's refused to listen to him. Eventu- romance of Joseph of Arimathea ally, however, the king overcame {q.v.), as the sister of Joseph and her scruples, and tiU death those wife of Brons (q.v.). She follows lovers kept their secret. But their him to far-off lands. It is com- day of reckoning did not fail to manded by a voice from the Holy come. The lady learning that the Ghost that a certain seat at the king would wed her upon her common table of the Grail com- husband's death, prepared a speedy pany must not be filled up until end for her lord. He and his she have a child by Brons, who master were to hunt in her domains shall fill it. to be bled together for their health, and to bathe at the same time. EOCHY (1). Son of Ere, King of Her husband's bath, however, she the Firbolgs, in Irish romance, and was to fill with boiHng water. All husband of Taltiu {q.v.). this was done. The evil day

EOCHY (2). King of Ireland. arrived. The king and the lady, The nobihty of Ireland urged awaiting the seneschal's approach, him to take a wife, and refused sat on his bed in a loving embrace. to bring their own spouses to They had set a maiden to watch the assembly at Tara until he for his coming, but he, being im- had done so. He wed Etain, patient, thrust by her and came daughter of Etar (q.v.), but Mdir upon the lovers clasped in each the Proud (q.v.) came to him at others' arms. Thinking only of Tara, and challenged him to a his dishonour, the king jumped game of chess. He permitted into the bath prepared for the

Eochy to consider himself the lady's husband ; while he, divining better player, and, having agreed all, thrust his faithless wife head with him that the stakes should first after her lover. be at the pleasure of the winner, ERC. ICng of Ireland, and enemy defeated him, and carried off of Cuchulain (q.v.). At the last " Etain. (Vide also AiUll.") battle of that hero. Ere seized one of his spears, and wounded his EPONOGRIS, SIR. Son of the King celebrated horse, the Grey of of Northumberland (q.v.). He Macha, to the death. was constantly in love, but does not loom very large in EREC, SIR. One of the five knights

Arthurian romance . (Vide" Morte —Gauvain, Sagremore, Beduers, d'Arthur.") Hurgains—^with whom Sir Perceval makes a solemn covenant that he EQUITAN, THE LAY OF. A romance will not sleep twice on the same of Brittany, written by Marie de spot until he had discovered the France (q.v.). Equitan was King whereabouts of the " rich " fisher, of Nantes, and, fond of pleasure, . the keeper of the Holy GraiL he would often put his business into the hands of his seneschal. EREMON. The first Milesian King Now this lord had a very beautiful of Ireland, said to have been con- wife, for whom the king fell sick temporary with King David. He of love. Equitan, therefore, went was the elder of two brothers, ahunting in his woods. After the but after the victory of the chase he found an opportunity to Milesians over the Danaans, Eber unbosom himself to the lady. his brother refused to obey him, H ERI 98 ERM

and war ensued, in which Eber covery to himself. Arrived at the was slain. emperor's court, Tralabas turns traitor, and proposes to the em- ERI. The mother of King Bres (q.v.), press that the earl should be in Irish romance, and a woman of assassinated. She rejects the pro- the Danaan folk. The father of posal with scorn, pledges Tralabas Bres was unknown when the not to mention the matter to any- Danaans chose him for Mng. one else, and desires to see the But Nuada of the Silver Hand earl next day in the chapel at (q.v.) being made king in his Mass. On leaving the chapel the stead, Bres went to consult his earl asks an alms of the empress, mother Eri as to his course of receives a valuable ring, and conduct, who told him that his returns home. The emperor, father was a King of the Fomorians called away to war, leaves his wife called , and through the in the care of three noblemen who, representations of that monarch unable to gain her love, resolve to he received aid from the Fomorians, besmirch her good name. She is who oppressed Ireland sorely for thrown into prison, and on the many years. emperor's return he credits the ERIC, YARL. {Vide " Gunnlaug scandal trumped up against her. Saga.") Co-ruler of Norway with She is sentenced to be burned ; his brother Svein. but if a champion can defeat her accusers she is set hberty ERIN. Wife of the Danaan King to be at and her honour cleared. The Earl Mac Grene (q.v.). The poetical of Thoulouse privately undertakes name of Ireland is taken from the her quarrel. the dative case of her name. He appears at emperor's court in the guise of ERLE OF THOULOUSE, THE. An a monk, and receives permission Enghsh metrical romance, written to act as her confessor. He pub- in the reign of Henry VI., probably lishes the fact of her innocence, by Thomas Chestre, or rather but the knights accuse him of being adapted by him from a French or bribed to make the announcement. Breton lai of the same name. On this he challenges them to It teUs how Diocletian, the Em- combat, overthrows them, and the peror of Germany, has a rupture empress is declared innocent. The with Barnard, Earl of Thoulouse, earl then openly avows himself in concerning boundaries of territory. his true character, and a solemn Although dissuaded by his beauti- reconcihation ensues. The em- ful consort from taking the field, peror appoints him his seneschal, the emperor meets Barnard in and only Uves three years after battle and is worsted by him. this event, when the earl is re- Among other prisoners the earl warded for his faithful love with takes is Sir Tralabas of Turkey, the hand of the empress. whom he adopts as a companion. They talk of the charms of the ERMENRICH. [Vide "Dietrich of empress. The earl waxes curious Bern.") Brother to Dietmar(g'.v.), to see her, and offers Tralabas his and husband of Swanhild {q.v.). freedom if he can succeed in His attitude toward the court of guiding him to the emperor's Dietrich was for a time friendly ; court, and obtain for him a sight but his weak nature led him to of her without jeopardy or dis- place too great a trust in his ERM 99 ESP advisors, who subsequently drove ERTHAI. {Vide " Gododin.") A him to commit errors which could Cymric chief slain in the battle at never be effaced. Listening to Cattreath. " In the van was, loud

the treason of his marshal Sibich as thunder, the din of targets. . . . {q.v.), he was constrained to slay When the tale shall be told of the his three sons, Friedrich, Eegin- battle of Cattraeth, the people will bald and Randwer. This did not utter sighs, long has been their

complete his crimes ; but told by grief because of the warrior's Sibich that his wife desired his absence, there will be a dominion death, he trampled her under the without a sovereign and a smoldng hoofs of his horse. This act was land." followed by war. His noble friend ESCORANT. A king alluded to in of Bern became the target of the romance of the Qiieste del Saint his vengeance ; and though he Graal{q.v.). On Perceval, Galahad, damaged the prestige of his op- and Bors arriving in his kingdom ponent, he afterwards regretted he casts them into prison, thinking having been led into strife by his them to be sorcerers. They are advisors ; but was never able to miraculously fed by the Grail. At reaHze their purpose. Escorant's death Galahad is made ERMYM. (Vide "Bevis of Hamp- king of his realm. ton.") A Saracen king, who be- ESCOS. A monarch alluded to in friended Bevis. When he found the romance of the Grand Saint that Bevis wished his daughter to Graal {q.v.) as having given his become a Christian, he quarreiUed name to Scotland. The Grail com- with him. They were afterwards pany pass through his kingdom. reconciled. Ermyn became a ESPINOGRE. A notable alluded to Christian, and gave his crown to in Manessier's portion of the Conte Bevis' son, Guy. del Graal {q.v.) as besieging Goon ERNEBOROUGH. {Vide "Bevis of Desert {q.v.) in Quiquagrant. Goon Hampton.") Wife of Saber. She Desert made a sally and slew him. interpreted his dreams, and once Espinogre's nephew swore revenge. went abroad to ask Sir Bevis to Donning the armour of one of come back to England to help Goon Desert's knights, he slew him. Saber. ESPLANDIAN. A romance current throughout Spain during the middle ERNIS. {Vide " Guy of Warwick.") ages. It tells Amadis of Emperor of Greece. He was be- how Gaul {q.v.) and his wife Oriana of sieged by the Soudan, but was the Firm Island had in their keep- relieved by Sir Guy. ing the wicked enchanter Arche- ERNOUS, COUNT. AnoblemanaUuded lous. One day the prisoner's wife to in the Queste del Saint Oraal entreated Amadis to set her hus-

{q.v.) as the Castle Carchelois in the band free. This he did ; but not March of Scotland. He was slain without great misgivings. Soon by his three sons, who were in after the news of his friend Bang turn despatched by Galahad. Lisuarte's captivity reached the When dying he urged Galahad to island, and in deep despair Amadis go to the assistance of the Maimed regretted having set Archelous King and to undertake other free, as he attributed the mis- adventures. fortune to the enchanter. Hardly —

ESP 100 EST had the dismayed Amadis time to prince was a captive therein. The consider the situation when a huge youth believed this monarch to be mountain of fire approached the King Lisuarte, and the castle the island. As it came nearer it wicked Archelous's stronghold. He appeared to break, and to the proceeded on his way heedless of astonishment of all a monstrous the kindly hermit's advice, and on eagle arose from the flames and arrival at the castle encountered floated towards them. As its huge a giant sentinel. This monster he wings touched the shore the en- speedily vanquished, and was chantress Urganda appeared. She about to enter the stronghold when explained that their son Esplan- Archelous confronted him. En- dian must undertake a mission of raged at the stripling's audacity, revenge, and ere questions could the evil enchanter ran towards be put to her she had mysteriously him and a desperate struggle carried the youth off. Wafted ensued. At last the young knight across the smooth ocean on a obtained an advantage, and with beautiful ship, Esplandian was a thrust of his sword he slew the thrilled with joy at his new life. enchanter. Next came Archelous's At last he touched an island and nephew to avenge his uncle's, going ashore he saw it to be death ; but he too was slain. barren. A vast tower crowned Arcobone, the mother of the slain its topmost height. He found the enchanter, attempted to use her massive structure deserted, and, on evil powers on the knight, but his looking around, he caught sight of a magic sword preserved him, and sword firmly embedded in a stone. at his command she led him to As he attempted to grasp it, the where the prisoner was lodged. air was rent by the hideous howl He came upon his kinsman and of a dragon which quickly coiled released him. As they reached its body around him. A grim the shore the fleet of Matroed, struggle ensued, neither man nor eldest son of Arcobone, had beast giving way. The earth anchored. Matroed advanced and shook, and the castle rocked under engaged Esplandian in combat, the weight of their bodies. But both warriors being well matched. Esplandian with one hand free was As the sun began to wane, the at last able to reach the magic pagan, sorely wounded, appealed sword the enchantress Urganda to the knight to allow him to die had given him. It started out at in peace. A holy man arrived, his touch, and soon with its aid and as Matroed expired he im- he laid the dragon dead. Esplan- plored his blessing. The strong- dian quitted the tower and pro- hold of Archelous was razed to ceeded to the shore, the light of the ground, the land freed from the blade guiding his footsteps as pagan custom and the fleet of he went. On reaching the beach Matroed destroyed. a boat awaited him, he stepped on board and the frail craft brought ESTMERE, KING. A Scottish him to a rugged country. As he romance. The date of this wandered toward a castle which epic, which enjoyed a national he had perceived at a distance he reputation, appears to be obscure. met with a hermit who advised We possess one fortunate clue him to avoid it. The old man if a clue it be—in the general further told him that a great assumption that a portion at EST lOl EST least of the romance was composed host to bring forth his daughter. during the sovereignty of the Adland warns the visitors that Saracens, or Moors, over a part another suitor—the Spanish king, of Spanish territory. Taking the had recently Journeyed to his latest date for a basis, we can safely court for the same purpose, and assume that the Moorish race lost being refused because he was not its prestige over its Spanish pos- a Christian, threatened vengeance. sessions about the year 1491. The daughter appears, and in- Some critics seem to have at one stantly falls in love with Estmere, time confused this romance with who is, however, restrained by her the Tale of the King of Estmore- father from taking her away. land's Marriage to the Daughter of They nevertheless swear to be true the King of Westmoreland, men- to each other. King Estmere and tioned in the Complaynt of Scot- his companion commence their land, 1549. But latterly such a return journey. They have not view seems to have been weakened proceeded far, when a messenger by the belief that the tale belongs from Adland's court overtakes to the ancient romance of Kyng them, advising Estmere to return Horn (q.v.). The legend has not and defend his kingly friend against come down to us in its original an inroad of the Spanish king. condition. This short epic is He doubts the advisabihty of admired for its simpHcity of style acting upon the request. But and action. The tale commences prompted by his ally, they dis- at the home of the light-hearted guised themselves as Moors, and adventurer, King Estmere. Over decide to return and defend the a social horn of ale, he is advised good king and his daughter. They to marry by his bosom friend arrive in the guise of Moorish Adler. The good-natured host re- harpers, to find the enemy in phes to the effect that he would charge of the castle, and the leader find it difficult to marry happily, paying court to the disheartened since he is not easily satisfied. king's daughter. Estmere, playing His friend, however, determines on his harp, succeeds in enticing to pursue the matter. He re- the beautiful girl from the pre- members having heard of a King sence of the Spanish king, who in Adland and his beautiful daughter, his rage scoffs at the disguised and suggests that his host might harper for his conceit and offers visit the king, and succeed, if to try the instrument. The ruse possible, in winning His Majesty's is successful in luring the Spanish daughter. This suggestion meets suitor to come towards Estmere, with Estmere's approval, and they who, seeing his opportunity, slays subsequently depart on the matri- him. The loyal followers of the monial mission. Arriving before dead chief immediately assail the Adland's palace, they are ques- two harpers. A desperate struggle tioned on their religious tendencies. ensues, and by means of the magic Admitting, however, that they are power they possess Estmere and Christians, Estmere and his em- his companion win the day. King bassy are ushered into the pre- Adland, seeing the defeat of the Sa- sence of King Adland, who racen king and his army, does not heartily makes them at ease. hesitate to hand his daughter over Disclosing the purpose of his visit, to Estmere, who marries her. They Estmere prevails upon his royal return to England soon afterwards. —

EST 102 ETH

ESTMERE, KING. The principal sent blew Etain into the drinlring- character in the romance of that cup of Etar, the wife of an Ulster name (q.v.). He is possessed of a chieftain. The butterfly was simple and pleasing manner, taking swallowed, and Etain was bom Hfe lightly. He seriously decides, daughter of Etar, and as such she through the advice of his friend wedded Eochy, High King of Adler, to marry. His method of Ireland. For her remaining his- accompUshing his object is very tory, see " Midir." wittily expressed in the romance. ETAIN OIG. In Irish romance, After succeeding in marrjdng the daughter of Etain (q.v.) and wife daughter of King Adland (q.v.)— of Cormac, King of Ulster, in the but not before he had slain his article concerning whom her story opponent, the Spanish king is related. he returned to his home, to resume his peaceful manner of living. ETAR. The mortal mother of Etain ESTRAGOTT. {Vide "Sir Ferum- (q.v.). bras.") A huge Ethiopian in ETERSKEL. In Irish romance, King Laban's service. He kUled Sabaryz of Tara, whose cowherd protected at Rome. and brought up Messbuachalla, ESTROIS DE GARILES. Alluded to whom the king discovered and in the Queste del Saint Oraal {q.v.) married. as one of the three messengers ETHAL ANUBAL. Father of Caer who bore tidings from Galahad, (q.v.). Perceval, and Bors to the court of King Arthur. ETHLINN. Daughter of Balor, King ESTUYT OF LEGIERS. (Vide "Sir of the Pomorians (q.v.), in Irish Otuel.") A knight of Charle- romance. As her father had been magne's, who seized a firebrand informed by a druid that he would and threw it at Otuel in anger at be slain by his grandson, and as his insulting words when he gave EthUnn was his only child, he his message at the court of imprisoned her in a lofty tower in Charlemagne. Tory Island, in the charge of twelve matrons, who were for- ETAIN. Second wife of Midir the bidden to teU her that such beings Proud. Her beauty evoking the as men existed. Balor stole a jealousy of his first wife, , magic cow belonging to Kian (q.v.), she was by her turned into a who determined to be revenged butterfly and blown from the upon him, and, disguising himself palace by a magic tempest. Tossed in woman's garb, gained access to hither and thither through Ireland, Ethlinn. From their intercourse after seven years she was blown sprang three infants, whom Balor through a window of the fairy ordered to be drowTied. But one palace of Angus, on the Boyne. fell from the napkin in which the He could not release her from the trio were carried to their death, magic of Fuamnach, but during and was taken by the Druidess the day she fed in a beautiful Birog to its father Kian, and bower upon honey-laden flowers, became the great Lugh (q.v.). and at night in her natural form gave Angus her love. Fuamnach, ETHNE. The daughter of EUe, however, learned of her hiding- steward of Angus, in Irish romance. place, and the tempest she now She was a beautiful handmaid of ETL 103 EVA the daughter of Mananan the sea- Like Persephone, Ethn6 must con- god, who had sent his child to be sume no faery food, no nurture of brought up in the Brugh na Boyna. Hades, or she is lost. Persephone But while the other Danaans lived ate and became the wife of Pluto, on Mananan's magic swine, she and the young com, like the took no nourishment. It was then Xilonen of the Mexicans. But discovered that her moral nature Ethne does not eat in the Chris- had been awakened in her by the tianized legend, which is tanta- brutal desire of a chieftain of the mount to saying that she did in Danaans to possess her by force, the pagan version. and she therefore took no faery COCH. youth food. Mananan and Angus, how- ETLYM GLEDDYV A services to Peredur ever, brought back from the East who offered his two magic cows with a never- as a guide, alluded to in the of Peredur the Son failing supply of milk. Upon this Mabinogi story Peredur arrives at the she fed, as the animals had come of Evrawc. Achieve- from a sacred land. One day she court of the Countess of her three went down with her mistress and ments, and overthrows learning the other maidens to bathe in the hundred knights, but Etlym, he resigns Boyne, but after arraying herself that she loves Accompanied by she discovered that she had lost her to him. Peredur comes to the her Veil of InvisibiUty, and there- Etlym, Mourning, slays two out fore her home and companions. Mound of Wandering up and down, she came of the three hundred knights whom guarding the serpent to a church, and told her story he finds kills the reptile, and gives to a monk, who brought her to there, the magic stone which he St. Patrick. By him she was Etlym sending him baptized. But as she was praying finds at the spot, lady-love. in the church one day she heard back to his voices afar off calling her name. ETZEL. (Vide " Attila.") Attempting to reply, in her emo- tion she fell into a swoon, and EUDES. Uncle of only pine regained her senses to (q.v.). He renounced Christianity away with grief at the loss of her for Mohammedanism, to the Danaan kindred to whom the chagrin of his nephew. strange voices belonged. She died upon the breast of St. Patrick, EVALACH THE UNKNOWN, In and, through the last rites ad- Grail romance, a Saracen lord. ministered to her by the saint, Expresses his disbeUef to Joseph was received into heaven. The in the mystery of the Immaculate church was henceforth named Kill Conception and the Trinity. Ethne. The word " kill " usually Evalach has a vision in which means in Irish place-names the appear three equal tree-trunks, Latin cella, a monastic cell, shrine, wMch, though three, are yet truly or church. In this pathetic legend one, and also of a room with a we can see the yearning of the secret door of marble, through early Irish Celtic Christians after which a child passes without the old pagan religion with its opening it. A voice tells him radiant and mystic environment, this is a type of the miraculous its beautiful women of the Dana, conception of Christ. He is ulti- and their careless immortality. mately converted. EVR 104 FAM

EVRAWC. Father of Peredur, al- blood, however sore he may be luded to in the tale of Peredur the wounded. Morgan le Fay, Ar- Son of Evrawc (q.v.), in the Welsh thur's sister, purloined the scab- Mahinogion. He was slain in com- bard and presented it to Sir bat along with six of his sons, Accolon, palming off a forged leaving Peredur and his mother scabbard on her brother. We without protection. find a like weapon in the possession sword was EVRIC. A Milesian farmer dweUing of Sir Galahad. The companion in on the shores of Erris Bay, who Arthur's faithful adventure, and at the befriended the swan-children of many an of death he delivered it to the Irish sea-god Lir {q-v.). point Bedivere, with orders to cast it Their story is supposed to have been handed down by him. into a certain lake. Hesitating to lose so fine a weapon, Bedivere EXCALIBUR. Otherwise caUed prevaricated thrice with the king Mirandoise, or in Welsh legend as to having cast it into the lake, Caledvwlch, and in some instances but Arthur was not to be deceived, CaUbum, the sword of King Arthur. and prayed him to do as he had The weapon is a magical one Uke been requested. At last he cast the of Odin thrust into the the weapon into the mere, and roof-tree of the Volsungs, or the espied a hand and arm arise from Durandal of Roland, and the Eady the waters, seize it and disappear, of the Lake, who is its guardian, after brandishing it three times. is on a par with Thetis the mother Spenser calls ExcaUbur Morddure, of AchiUes who presents her son probably " the biter." (Faerie with armour which renders him Queene, II. viii. 21.) invulnerable. The scabbard of this sword is even more wonderful EYLIMI, KING. (Fif^e "Volsungs.") than the weapon it holds. Merlin Father of Hjordis (g.v.) who wedded tells Arthur that it is worth ten Sigmund (q.v.). He was subse- of the blade, for so long as he quently slain by King Ljnigi (q.v.) carries the sheath he wiU not lose while defending Sigmund (q.v.).

FACHTNA. In Irish romance, the FALCON. A horse possessed by giant King of Ulster, husband of Dietrich of Bern (q.v.). Nessa father of and Conor (q.v.). FALIAS. One of the four cities FAFNIR. (Vide "Volsungs.") Son whence the Danaans (q.v.) of of Hreidmar, and brother to Otter Irish romance sprang. From this (q.v.) and Regin (q.v.). In his city came the Lia Fail, or Stone of lust for treasure he slew his father Destiny, which roared beneath a to obtain Otter's skin, which con- rightful king, and which is now tained a treasure of gold rings. part of the British throne in He eventually developed into a Westminster Abbey. dragon and was slain by Sigurd. FAMONGOMADAN. A giant leagued FAIR MANE. The foster-mother of with Cildadan against King Geena mac Luga (q.v.) and of Lisuarte, whose daughter Oriana many of the Fianna. he demanded. Beltenebros even- FAN 105 FAD

tually slays him and his giant son were all the works of Plato and Basagante. Aristotle effaced he could restore them with greater elegance. He FAND. The Pearl of Beauty, wife declared that Christ's miracles of Mananan the Irish Celtic were nothing to wonder at, as he sea-god, sought the love of who could perform deeds equally as Cuchulain {q.v.). She quarrelled marvellous. The magician took with her hushand, and in conse- about with him a dog which was quence her kingdom was hesieged supposed to be possessed of a devil. by three demons who threatened Melancthon describes Faust as it with destruction. She offered " a disgraceful beast and sower of her love to Cuchulain in return for many devils," who studied magic his help against the invaders. at Cracow. Weiher mentions that Cuchulain defeated them, and Faust was found dead with his dwelt for a month with Fand, after neck wrung, after the house in which he departed, having ap- which he resided had been shaken pointed as trysting-place on earth to its foundations by a terrific din. the strand of the Yew Tree. Faust personified the old spirit Emer, Cuchulain's wife, heard of of mediaeval magic as Luther the tryst, however, and arrived at personified the Protestant reUgion. place of assignation with fifty the The person around whom the maidens armed with knives, with magus-legend clustered was one the intention of slaying Cuchulain. Johann Faust, who from 1516 to perceived their approach from He 1525 resided with his friend the afar, and sung to Emir of the sur- Abbot of Maulbronn, where the excellences of his mistress. passing Faust-kitchen and Faust-tower Fand offered to give him up, but still exist. He was forced to flee Emer protested on her part that from Wittenberg because of his she should be the deserted one. magical practices, and after many Mananan the sea-god then ap- wanderings, ended his life in a peared to his unfaithful spouse, village of Wiirtemberg. He has offered to take her back, and and nothing in common with John she departed with him. Mananan Fust, the printer of Mainz, with shook his cloak between Cuchulain whom, without any historical Justi- and Fand, so that they might fication, he became latterly identi- meet nevermore a beautiful — fied. simile of the power for estrange- The oldest Faust-book appeared ment and division possessed by the in Frankfort in 1587. In 1590 it Cuchulain, on the departure sea. was translated into EngUsh, and sorrowed long, refusing of Fand, almost immediately afterwards and drink, till the druids meat appeared the Ttagicall History bestowed upon him a draught of of Doctor Faiistus, by Christopher forgetfulness. Marlowe, who simply dramatized FAUST or FAUSTUS. A sixteenth- the popular legend after the manner century legend mentioned by Saxo- of his time, throwing into its dark Grammaticus, is first alluded to by shadows, however, the brilliant Trithemius, who, in writing to Ught of a rich poetry and deep Johann Winding, describes Faust religious fervour. Transformed by as "a fool rather than a philo- the genius of Goethe, the legend sopher," who fled rather than con- took the shape of a great world- front him. Faust boasted that drama, in which the deepest FAY io6 FER

philosophy is combined with the he was informed that his wife most unerring worldly wisdom, had borne him a daughter. Cath- and the tragic notes of human woe bad the druid prophesied to the and passion are blent with a rich assembly that the child should mysticism and romantic fervour. grow into a wondrous fair woman, In Goethe's Faust the old and and that she should wed a king, the modem world meet, and the but that because of her ruin and whole tragedy of man is set forth desolation should come upon with unrivalled power, pathos and Ulster. The nobles then resolved skill. to put her to death, but Conor the forbade them, and said he FAYLINN. In Irish romance, the king woiJd himseK espouse her when home of a diminutive race called she came of fitting age. This "the Wee Folk," who appear to child was Deirdre. have been of the Elfin tribe. Its " King was lubdan {q.v.). {Vide FELIX (1). Prince. {Vide Floriceand "Eisirt.") Blanchfleur.") Ruler over Murcia, FEDELMA. A prophetess in Irish husband to the Queen of Murcia, romance, who dwelt in the fairy and father of Florice. He was moim.d of Croghan. She prophesied noted for his cruelty and unscru- to Queen Maev the defeat of her pulous behaviour. During his foray into Ulster. conflict with the Mngs of Portugal and Gahcia he slew the innocent FEIREFIZ. Alluded to the m Perse, on pilgrimage with Topase Parzival of Wolfram von Eschen- to the Holy Land. He appointed bach as the son of Gahmuret by a Mohady, a zealous priest, as tutor heathen Eastern queen, Belakane, to his son Florice. At Mohady's and thus half-brother to Percival instigation Fehx sent Blanchfleur or Parzival. to the slave market of Alexandria. FELICE. (Vide " Guy of Warwick.") FELIX (2). Alluded to in the romance Daughter of Rohand. In the words of the Orand Saint Graal {q.v.) of the poem she was very "fair, as Governor of Syria. He took courteous, wise and learned." She Evelach {q.v.) with him, and held behaved in rather a haughty and him in high honour, until one day capricious way to Sir Guy, and Evelach became angry with Fehx's had been married only a short son, slew him and was forced to time when her husband left her fly- and went on a jiilgrimage to the Holy Land. Her only child, FELIXMARTB OF HYRCANIA. A Raynbum, was stolen. She dedi- slayer of giants. cated her life after that to good FERCARTNA. Bard of Curoi, King works, and did not see her husband of Munster. He leapt over a again (although he once came to precipice with Blanid {q.v.) Curoi's the castle and received hospitaUty wife, who had treacherously unrecognized) until he was dying, brought about the death of her hus- when he sent for her. She only band through her lover CuchulaLn survived him fifteen days. {q.v.).

FELIM. In Irish romance, son of FERDIA. In Irish romance, son of Dall, and father of Deirdre {q.v.), Daman the Firbolg, and friend to a lord of Ulster. Whilst the king Cuchulain. He joined Queen and his nobles were visiting him. Maev in her foray against Ulster. ;

FER 107 FER

In the battle which ensued, Maev Gonsalez the way to liberty, and suggested that he should engage offered to accompany him on his Cuchulain, who had vanquished journey, as she feared her father's all the other heroes of might. At anger. Gonsalez kissed her and first he would not, but she taunted they both proceeded to the forest, him so sorely that at length he where they met a priest, who tried consented. The combat between to stop them, as he knew them them lasted four days, and on the both, and threatened to report fourth day. Cuchulain, after a their flight if they did not pay him strenuous combat, slew him with a ransom. The Infanta beckoned the Gae Bolg, or belly-spear. to the priest to enter the wood, where she held him fast, while FERDINAND GONSALEZ, COUNT, Gonsalez picked up the priest's THE ESCAPE OF. This romance, javelin which lay on the grass and related in a Spanish historical pressed it through his body to the ballad of the tenth century, is ground, spearing him Mke a boar. considered by many modern They left him to die and continued critics to have been of an entirely their way on the priest's horse fabulous origin so informed is it until they met a troop of men who with the spirit of romance and turned out to be Gonsalez' own adventure. Ferdinand's wife soldiers. The ballad ends with Sancha, daughter of Garcias, King their arrival in Castille, accom- of Navarre, was a woman of great panied by the horsemen with their courage and resource, and through shining pennons and bright . her clever strategy she was enabled (Vide Chronica Antigua de Espana to effect her husband's escape from Lockhart, Spanish Ballads, 1823.) prison on two occasions. The FERGUS (1). In Irish romance, a of ballad describes the capture the Nemedian chief who slew the Count of Castille who was bound Pomorian Conann. " hand and heel " and thrown into FERGUS SIR, A knight of King a dungeon by order of King (2), Mark, and a friend of Sir Tristram Garcias. A Christian knight of (q.v.). (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") Normandy, fighting against the Moors, was riding through Navarre, FERGUS MAC LEDA. In Irish ro- and hearing of the capture of mance a sub-King of Ulster, who Gonsalez he bribed the jailer of the delighted in exploring the depths prison to let him see the count. of the lakes and rivers of Ireland. He succeeded in having an inter- At the bottom of Eoch Rury he view with him, and afterwards encountered the Muirdris, or river- attended a feast given by the king horse, the terror of meeting which on account of having made a so strongly affected him that his prisoner of "the doughtiest lord face was twisted awry. No in Spain." There he met Garcias' monarch with a blemish might daughter, and teUing her that rule in Ireland, and, to save his Gonsalez had loved her for long, feeUngs, those about him per- he urged her to liberate him. mitted no mirrors to enter his During the night when all her palace, so that he was unaware of maids were asleep the Infanta rose, his true condition. On one occa- and going to the jailer she bribed sion he struck a handmaiden, who him with gold and jewels to set retorted that he would be better his prisoner free. She showed employed in striking the monster FER io8 FER

who had brought about his defor- Romans repulsed many assaults. mity. On hearing this Fergus but Ferumbras showed conspic- called for a mirror, and, perceiving uous abUity and would probably the blemish, took his sword, dived have conquered without the help into Loch Rury, and rose again the Saracens gained by the with the Muirdris's head in his treachery of Ispres, who com- hand. Throwing the bloody manded the principal gate. The trophy on the bank, he indicated news of the distress in Rome to the spectators that the blemish reached Charlemagne, who sent had departed, and with a lofty Sir Guy of Burgundy to its aid, smile upon his face, sank into the but he could do nothing without depths and disappeared. assistance. Enraged at Laban, Charlemagne went to the neigh- FERGUS MAC ROY. In Irish ro- bourhood of Aigremor, where mance, of Fachtna half-brother Laban had encamped, and began King of Ulster, whom he iq.v.), to ravage the country. A battle succeeded. He took to wife his followed in which the Saracens brother's spouse, Nessa, who wed suffered severely. Ferumbras then him on condition that he per- offered to fight any of the Chris- mitted Conor, her son, to reign tians in single combat, and Ohvier for one year. At the end of that accepted the challenge. After a period the people demanded that severe struggle Ohvier won, and he should retain the throne, to Ferumbras acknowledged himself which Fergus consented. He was vanquished, and embraced Christi- sent by Conor to invite Naisi and anity, being afterwards baptized Deirdre (q.v.) to return, and whilst by Turpin. Meanwhile, Roland guiding them home, was asked by and Ohvierhad beentaken prisoners Baruch, Lord of the Red Branch and carried to Laban, who would (q.v.), to a feast, with consequences have slain them, but Floripas disastrous to Naisi and Deirdre. advised him to keep them as FERUM6RAS. This romance is a hostages for Ferumbras, and they translation from the French, dating Were thrown into a dungeon. By from the beginning of the fifteenth the help of Floripas, they were century. Its theme is that of drawn up out of this and concealed strife between the Saracens and in her apartments. Twelve dele- the Christians. Laban, King of gates from both contending parties Babylon, persecuted the Jews and met to arrange an exchange of drove them out of the Holy Land. prisoners. Sir Guy proposed a Having learned that treasure of trial of strength, and all the great value, intended as a present Saracens were lalled. The French to himself, had been taken from a knights carried back their heads ship by the Romans, he vowed he to Laban at Aigremor, who would would destroy Rome in revenge. have killed them, had not Floripas He set out with a large army, requested she might take charge accompanied by his son Ferum- of them till the best form of bras. King of Alexandria, and punishment had been decided. Floripas his daughter. They She then took them to Join the besieged Rome, which was de- others in her apartments. Flori- fended bravely by Sabaryz, until pas told them she wished to marry by strategy an entrance was made Sir Guy, and become a Christian, and Sabaryz was killed. The to which request Sir Guy agreed. FIA 109 FIN

and they were betrothed. She which flourished in the reign of then gave the knights armour and Conor mac Ort in the third arranged how they could attack century a.d. It was divided Laban and take the castle. Laban mainly into the Clans Bascna and escaped, and attempted an assault, Moma (q.v.), which were con- but was driven back. He then tinually fighting with each other cut off all supply of provisions, for supremacy. Under the cap- and blockaded the castle. Flori- taincy of Cuchulain, the Fianna had pas, however, had a magical girdle to perform several feats of strength, which prevented the wearer feehng courage, coolness, and agility hunger. This was lost, and their before they were received into the

position became desperate. Richard order ; and the candidate had to of Normandy salUed out to find be versed in the Twelve Books of Charlemagne and get help, which Poesy, and to be himself a bard. he did eventually, and after some This order was practically exter- adventures, and nearly losing his minated in the Battle of Gowra life, which was saved by Ferum- (q.v.), fought as the result of the bras, Oiarlemagne arrived at refusal of King Cairbolg (q.v.) to Aigremor, and a battle took place pay to the Fianna tribute for the which resulted in the total defeat marriage of his daughter Sgeimh of the Saracens. Laban was un- Solias (Light of Beauty) (q.v.). horsed, and refusing to be baptized, FINCHOOM. In Irish romance, was executed. Floripas married Dectera's sister, foster-mother to Sir Guy, and haK of Spain was Cuchulain (q.v.), mother of Conall. given to them as a dowry, and the remainder to Ferumbras, and (of the Fair Eyebrows). Charlemagne returned to France. In Irish romance, a daughter of Maev (q.v.), offered as wife to FIACHA. In Irish romance, son of Ferdia (q.v.) if he would fight Firaha. He joined the host of Cuchulain (q.v.). Maev in the foray against Ulster. When the men of Erin sent the FINEGAS. Sage and druid, from Clan Calatin {i.e. the children of whom Finn (q.v.), the Irish Ossianic Calatin, the offspring of a wizard hero, learnt science and poetry. who with his twenty-seven sons FINIAS. One of the four great formed one being) against Cuchu- cities whence the Irish mythical lain, the Clan Calatin succeeded Danaans (q.v.) are said to have in overthrowing him, and ground sprung. From this city these his face in the gravel, but Fiacha deities brought a magic spear. with one stroke cut off their FINN MAC CUMHAL. In Irish ro- twenty-eight hands, after which mance, Captain of the Fianna Cuchulain hacked them into frag- (q.v.) and the centre of the ments. He gave to Fiim a magic Ossianic tales. His father, Cum- spear, which, when its naked blade hal, chief of the Clan Bascna was laid against a man's brow, (q.v.) had been slain at Castle- fiUed him with a courage which Knock, by the rival clan Morna, rendered him invincible. and his mother, and Murna of the FIAL (Feeal). In Irish romance, White Neck, granddaughter of the sister of Emer {q.v.). Danaan King, Nuada of the Silver FIANNA. An Irish military order fre- Hand (q.v.), succeeded in saving quently alluded to in Irish romance him from the Moman sword. She FIN no FIR gave him to two old women to be to swear allegiance to Finn as brought up in the wild wood. their captain, a command which Demna was his name, but from was obeyed first by GoU mac the fairness of his skin he was Morna and then by aU the rest. known as Finn (the Fair One). During the leadership of Finn the His first success for his outcast Fianna rose to a glorious eminence clan was to slay Lia (q.v.), the in the land by their mighty deeds, Fiannan Treasurer, and to hand an eminence which later grew over the Treasure Bag to the tyrannical, and from which they Clan Bascna. Then he prepared were hurled at the Battle of Gowra. himself for the position of his But neither annahst nor poet gives father's son by learning science a clear account of the death of and poetry from Finegas, who Finn. Conformable to his Danaan dwelt on the Boyne. This druid ancestry, his passing is shadowed had been unable, until Finn became in a cloud ; while a popular tradi- his pupil, to catch the Salmon of tion has lulled him and his great Knowledge that lived in a pool of companions to a dreamless sleep the river. When he did succeed in an enchanted cave whence they in catching it, he told Finn to shaU arise in the hour of their watch while it cooled, but not to country's need, hke Arthur, Barba- eat it. He had, however, burnt rossa, and Charlemagne. his fingers, as he turned the spit, of and put one of them to his mouth, FINTAN. In the Ossianic cycle hke Gwion Bach and Siegfried Irish legend, the , which Finegas {q.v.) (q.v.). Seeing this, Finegas bade him eat the salmon, and Finn was bade Finn {q.v.) eat, who was with of the filled with the wisdom of the' ages. then fiUed the wisdom GoU mac Morna was captain of ages. the Fianna, when Finn, a stranger, FIONUALA. (F*t?e "Children of Lir.") sat down among the king's warriors and the Fianna in the FIRBOLGS. In Irish romance, one Great Assembly at Tara. To the of the three Nemedian {q.v.) sur- king he told his name and hneage, viving families, after the Fomorian and took service with him. Shortly victory on Tory Island, who after this Cormac promised him returned, according to later tradi- - the leadership of the Fianna if he tion , to Ireland. Their name signi slew the fire-blowing demon that fies " Men of the Bog," to account came yearly to set Tara in flames. for which title there is a legend Finn, therefore, possessed himself which states that, oppressed in of the magic sword of Fiacha Greece by their masters, they set {q.v.), and as the dream-lapping sail for Ireland in coracles made music of the demon's harp began out of the bags in which they to bewitch him he placed the blade were required to carry soil from against his forehead, when the the valleys to the hUls to make the battle fury came upon him. The latter arable. Nennius, on the gobhn, perceiving that Finn was other hand, states that they came uncharmed by his music, fled to from " Spain " or the liand of the Sheve Fuad, whither Finn followed. Dead. They invaded Ireland in The demon was slain and his head three groups, the Firbolg, the Fir- borne back to Tara. Then the Danaan, and the GaUan. They king gave orders to aU the Fianna personified dulness and stupidity, FIS III FLO

and in the first Battle of Moytura clouded, which showed that his readily gave ground before the love was in danger, and through light of intelligence, represented the advice of Salim (q.v.) he set by the Danaans {q.v.). off in pursuit of Blanchfleur, who , FISHER KING. {Vide " Amfortas.") had been shipped to Alexandria, to be sold as a slave. His journeys FLEGENTYNE. Mentioned in the are very vividly depicted in the Grand Saint Qraal as wife of romance, and through the plotting Nasciens (q.v.). She set out in of Dayre (q.v.) and the weakness search of husband, accom- her of the porter to the Amiral of panied Corsapias by the old knight Babylon, he succeeded in securing and his son Helicoras. At the his mistress. The amiral threat- bidding of Christ she sets out with ened to put him to death, but Mordrains, King Label's daughter, after much explanation befriended and their households for Britain, in him, and, through the advice of the order to be avenged upon King two lovers, became a Christian. Crudel, has thrown Josephes who They married and returned to (q.v.) and many other Christians Murcia, when Florice assumed the into prison. The captain of the crown. The story is told by ship on which they have embarked Boccaccio in his Filocopo. lusts after Flegentyne, and is carried off by a devil. On arriving FLORICE AND BLANCHFLEUR. A in Britain great is her joy that so romance, perhaps originally of she nearly dies, swooning twelve Spanish origin. Probably many times. She dies on the same day tales were written around the as her husband Sarraquite and original conception, and we find (q.v.). what is evidently a later Spanish FLORICE, SIR. Son of FeUx, King version, Flores y Blancaflor (1512), of Murcia (q.v.), one of the two and French versions, Histoire Amo- leading characters in the romance reuse de Flore et tfe Blanchefleur, of Florice and Blanchfleur (q.v.). traduite de I'Espagnol (1554), Born at the same time as Blanch- Florimint et Passerose (c. 1565). fleur (q.v.), whom he loved, their The adventures of the lovers make intimacy caused his tutor Mohady the principal subject of Boccaccio's (q.v.) to prevail upon his father Filocopo, and he also employs the for his banishment. He was sent plot in the fifth novel of the to the court of the King of tenth day of his Decameron. But Montorio, where he completed his he admits (1. 1, p. 6, ed. 1723) education. But he could not rest. that the story existed long before. Being possessed of a mystic ring Flores and Blancaflor are men- given him by Blanchfleur, he was tioned as illustrious lovers by forced to enter into many adven- Matfres Eymengau de Bezers, a tures for her sake. The first poet of Languedoc, in his Breviari outward proof of his love toward d'Amor, dated 1288. her was the rescue of his lady, Perse, heir to the throne of a who had through the treason of noble emperor, possessed of rich Mohady and Ajoub (q.v.) been domains in Italy, being desirous sentenced to death. An illness to marry, his loyal subjects anxi- followed, and through the skill of ously awaited his happy choice. Averroes (q.v.) he was preserved Topase, the daughter of the Duke from death. Again his ring of Ferrara, and niece to the Duke FLO 112 FLO of Milan, was the bride-elect. The young lives, and an attachment two imperial houses, approving almost amounting to love deve- the union, hastened the marriage. loped. Mohady, a Saracen The young couple met, and loved priest, preceptor to the young at first sight, so the nuptial bond prince, seeing that his pupU had was consecrated by the benediction imbibed the Christian faith of his of the Pope. As they were anxious foster-sister, conspired to separate for the birth of a child, a super- the two comrades. The Mollah stitious Spaniardadvised thenewly- succeeded in convincing Felix of wedded pair to implore Saint the expediency of removing James to intercede on their Florice, at which the young prince behalf. Out of gratitude Prince was heart-broken. The father Perse promised to perform a sent his son to Montorio to coni- pilgrimage to the shrine of this plete his studies, so that his saint, in Compostella. The follow- superior rank might be upheld ing night Perse and Topase were with becoming dignity. Blanch- alarmed by the vision of an angel, fleur gave her lover a ring con- warning them of many calamities taining a taUsman, which would attending their journey. Ignoring foretell when danger threatened. the dream, they resumed their One day Mohady caught Florice ill-fated visit to Galicia. Having in the act of breathing a prayer to traversed the battle-ground of the the God of the Christians for the kings of Gahcia and Portugal, just safety of his lover. The Mollah before the weary pilgrims entered informed Felix of the necessity Gahcia, they rested awhile on the for taking stringent measures, fringe of a forest. The Saracen and prayed Ajoub of the great Prince Felix swooped down upon mosque to concoct a plot for the slumbering pair, slaying Perse, destroying Blanchfleur. As the and taking Topase captive. Felix, unfortunate girl was accustomed surprised at her beauty, sent to feed the poultry, Ajoub artfully Topase to his queen. About the contrived to poison the food, then same age as Topase, Murcia readily accused Blanchfleur of poisoning sympathized with the young the fowl placed before him. The mourner in her grief, and a strong wicked Ajoub influenced the judges bond of friendship was soon formed. and was jubilant at the sentence The two princesses were dehvered of death which was passed upon on the same day of a boy and a the innocent Blanchfleur. Mean- girl. Murcia named her infant while, at Montorio, the young son Florice, and Topase gave to prince displayed his prowess her daughter the name of Blanch- against two Moorish kings. But fleur. Weakened by sickness, suddenly observing his talisman's sorrow, and remorse, her life was briUiance clouding he hastened to ebbing fast away. When the two Murcia, arriving just in time to children were brought before see Blanchfleur being led to her Topase, the dying mother had just death. On learning her fearful power enough left to baptize her phght he challenged her guilty daughter with her tears, then, accuser to mortal combat. Ajoub uttering a faint scream, she ex- enlisted his son's aid, who entered pired. the lists in his stead, while The boy and girl grew up side Blanchfleur, veiled in black, was by side, Murcia guiding their unable to perceive her supporter. FLO 113 FLO

Florioe vanquished his adversary, aid of the porter. Blanchfleur was then, being assaijed by Ajoub, passionately fond of flowers, and he proved victorious in this second it was the duty of the porter to duel also. A slave confessed supply them. Gazing at the having been accomplice to Ajoub, hampers of flowers one morning, thus proving Blanchfleur's inno- the man thought his accom- cence. Ever fearing treachery pUce might reach the lady's towards his lover, the young chamber in one of them. This prince contracted a fever. His novel scheme delighted Florice, physician Averroes, procured who immediately placed himself through the influence of the Sultan within one. After covering Florice of Algeria, relieved the worst with leaves the porter despatched symptoms of the malady, but the hamper to Blanchfleur's room. insisted on Blanchfleur's presence The basket proving heavy for the for his patient's recovery. Felix, two carriers, they set it down angry at the idea of the lovers' before the apartment of Clarice. reunion, deported the unhappy The young prince, hearing soft girl to Alexandria, to be sold as footsteps coming towards him, a slave. His queen, indignant at sprang out, beheving the girl to be such ignominy, reproached Felix, Blanchfleur. The friendly Clarice,

but without avail . Florice , despite reahzing Florice's purpose, led him his illness, set out in pursuit, the to her companion's chamber. The magic ring again warning him of meeting of the long-separated her danger. On learning that lovers, in which they gave vent Blanchfleur had been sold to the to their pent-up feelings, showed Amiral of Babylon, he became the depth of their mutual passion. frantic with rage. While enter- Clarice promised to help the tained in the city he received a ring devoted pair to escape. One morn- from his host which would procure ing the amiral was surprised to him the assistance of a trustworthy find Clarice in attendance instead burgess named Dayre. This of Blanchfleur. Being told that wealthy man then proceeded to his servant was ill, having passed a teU Florice that his quest was in restless night praying for the vain, because the fortress of the safety of her master, he felt amiral was impregnable, being satisfied, and rejoiced at such guarded by many soldiers. But devotion. But next morning the passion of Florice over- Blanchfleur was still missing, so shadowed all obstacles, and he the enraged amiral rushed to her determined to attack the castle of chamber, and there learnt the marble in which his lady love was cause of her neglect. The lovers imprisoned. Dayre, admiring the were put on trial, and realizing enamoured youth's brave heart, that death would be the verdict, devised a clever plot. He advised they resolved to die together. Florice to gain the favour of the This devotion caused the amiral porter, and to pretend he was an to revoke the stem decree, and architect examining the tower, so release them. Florice revealed his as to build a similar edifice in his high rank, and the amiral ordered native land. Florice straightway the two lovers to marry, then sent proceeded to the palace with his the young adventurer back to his servant SaHm, and so well did he dominions. After converting the succeed that he soon enlisted the Saracen Amiral of Babylon to FLO 114 FOU

Christianity, Florice departed for pole at this distance from him Murcia, on hearing of the death of until his aim became perfectly his father, where he succeeded to sure. Then with a missile from the throne. his sling he smote the queen " fatally in the centre of the forehead. FLORIPAS. ( Vide Sir Ferumbras.") Daughter of Eaban. She be- FORGALL. In Irish romance, the wily friended the Christian knights, Lord of Lusca, father of Emer. even drowning her old governess, He fell lifeless in leaping from and MUing the gaoler, Britomarte, the rampart of a dun or building because they refused to help them. to escape Cuchulain (q.v.), who She fell in love with Sir Guy of sought, and finally won, his Burgundy before she ever saw daughter as his wife. him, became a Christian and SONS AYMON. romance married him. She helped the FOUR OF A of the Charlemagne cycle. Their Christian knights to take her names were Renaud, Richard, father's castle and gave them her Alard, and Guichard. They come magical girdle to keep them from to court, are knighted the king, starving. Charlemagne gave her half by bid for favour tUl they incur of Spain as her marriage portion. and his wrath. Renaud quarrels with FOLLAMAN. In Irish romance, the Charles's nephew Bertolis, whom he youngest son of the Ulster King, slays. After this the brothers leap Conor (q.v.). He led the ill-fated upon , a favourite horse, boy corps against the host of and gallop to their father's castle. Maev (q.v.). But Aymon favours the outraged FOMORIANS. In romance, the pri- king, and consequently casts his of meval inhabitants Ireland. sons adrift. During their long Gross, cruel, monsters, misshapen wanderings, they suffer extreme driven of the they were out north privation, which bring them to the people of seas by the Partholan feet of their mother, who attempts (q.v.) the ; they conquered Neme- to shield them. But their father dians (q.v.) on Long Island ; under again banishes the brothers. They their leader Balor (q.v.) they faU into the hands of Yon, King cruelly oppressed the Danaans of Bordeaux, whom they assist in (q.v.), until in the Battle of second his war with the Saracens. Yon Moytura they were completely marries his sister to Renaud, and routed by them. The Fomorians lets him build a strong castle were not a people, but they named Montauban on a rock over- represented the fierce powers of looking the Garonne. Charles evil, as the Danaans the enlighten- hears of this, and is furious. He ing strength of knowledge. sets out to avenge his nephew's FORBAY. In Irish romance, son of death, and besieges the castle. Conor mac Nessa (q.v.). Having Siege after siege takes place, discovered that Maev (q.v.) was during which much blood is spilt. wont to bathe early every morning Yon betrays the brothers, but in a pool near to the landing-place they retain the castle, while Renaud of her island home, he measured endeavours to make peace. Charles the distance from the bathing- is obdurate. The stronghold is

place to the mainland. Returning impregnable ; but within food to Emania he practised shooting becomes scarce. Everything with a sling at an apple fixed on a worth eating has been devoured, FRA "5 FRA

and now Bayard is bled to keep FRAGARACH ("The Answerer"). them alive. At last a joust between In Irish legend, a sword that could Renaud and Roland is to be the pierce any mail. It was one of the deciding point in the conflict. magical gifts brought by Lugh The combat is indecisive, a truce {q.v.) from the Land of the Living. is called, whUe Roland is helped into the castle by his opponents. FRAINE, LAY LE (or. The Adven- Charlemagne is angry at seeing ture of the Ash). An English them apparently on the best of translation from the French of terms, and determines that the Marie de France. Once there lived siege be resumed. Renaud en- two wealthy knights, friends from counters Charles, whom he over- infancy, who had married about comes, but lets him go unhurt. the same time. One' lady gave Mangis, the wizard, steals the birth to twins, an event which royal crown, and throwing Charles her husband communicated to his into an enchanted sleep, carries friend. The messenger's reception him within the castle. The amazed was cordial enough, but he was king wakes to find himself a surprised at the knight's lady's prisoner, and is again approached manifest disgust. So he hastened

to make peace ; but without avail. back to inform his master of the Renaud lets him go free, saying, curious attitude displayed by his " When it pleases God and you, friend's wife. Soon afterwards we shall be friends." The broilers this unjust lady was delivered of hold out and succeed in capturing twip daughters. Thereupon she Richard of Normandy, and, send- contrived a plot to destroy one of ing word to Charles, threaten their the infants. Soliciting her mid- prisoner's Hfe if peace is not forth- wife's aid, she implored her to coming. But the king heeds not declare that only one child had the threat until his knights rebel been born. The horrified midwife against his inflexibility. Peace is refused to comply with such an at last restored, the prisoner is inhuman request. So a trust- released, and Renaud promises the worthy servant proposed to con- king to undertake a pilgrimage to ceal the infant, and reheved the Jerusalem. In poor attire he unnatural mother of her unde- deserts his castle and wanders to sired burden. She bestowed great Cologne, to find a cathedral in care on the upbringing of her construction. By way of pious other daughter. After the mother exercise he joins the band of had placed a ring on the child's hodmen whom he assists. They finger, the serving-maid laid her become jealous of his marvellous tiny charge, wrapped in a rich strength and slay him. They mantle, under the porch of an cast his body into the river, but abbey at nightfall. Early the it floats miraculously, shedding following morning the abandoned an unearthly light accompanied infant was discovered by the by angelic chants. The bells of porter of the abbey, who hastened the cathedral ring of themselves, with the foundUng to his wife. the sick are cured, and the hero is Hearing of the discovery, the transfigured into a saint. abbess claimed the child, and educated her in the Christian FRACHRA. One of the children of faith. She named her protigie Eir (q.v.). Fraine (meaning ash, under which FRA ii6 FRI

tree she was discovered), and FRAINE, LE. The twin-daughter of under her strict guardianship the one of the " two knights " referred deserted daughter blossomed into to in the Lay le Fraine {q.v.) womanhood. Sir Garoun, a young and sister to Le Codre. She at knight possessed of rich lands, her birth was deserted by her hearing of Fraine, went to the mother. Discovered by an abbess abbey so that he might win her. she became an imnate of her Captivated with her beauty, he rehgious house. She subsequently resolved to enter into the religious fled with Sir Garoun (q.v.), whom order of the abbey to be near the she afterwards married. maiden. Never doubting his honesty of purpose the abbess FRIAR BACON. A sixteenth-century granted his request, and he soon Enghsh romance concerning the won the heart of Fraine, who famous alchemist, printed entire agreed to elope with her lover, in the Miscellanea Antiqua Angli- taking with her the mantle and cana. The traditional compila- ring. Sir Garoun carried her to tion is entirely destitute of fact. his castle, where they lived in Friar Bacon, reading one-tiay of perfect fehcity. His knights, ob- the many conquests of England, serving that Fraine was not bethought himself how he might his legal wife, and pointing out make the island impregnable, and that he must bring forth an himself famous. After much study heir to the baronage, urged him to he resolved to make a brazen head, forsake her. Accordingly he visited which should speak, and also to a neighbouring knight, who pro- wall all England about with brass. mised Garoun his daughter's hand, Assisted by Friar Bungay, a the wedding to take place at his noted magician, he formed a head own castle. The guests arrived, of brass, shaped like a man's, so and Fraine bore her sorrow pa- that it might speak. They con- tiently. The feast was attended jured up a spirit to learn the gift with the utmost formahty, and, of speech. Satan appeared, and strangely enough, Fraine's young asked them what was required. rival, named Le Codre, was ob- " Know," said Friar Bacon, " that served to bear a striking resem- we have made an artificial , head blance to her. The bride's mother, of brass, which we desire should on going to inspect the bridal speak. As we are imable to confer chamber, discovered, to her horror, speech, we therefore solicit your the incriminating mantle, which aid." The devil replied that only Le Fraine had placed upon the God could enlighten them. "Liar," bed. Thereupon she disclosed the cried Friar Bacon, " I know that relationship between them, en- thou dost dissemble, and therefore Mghtening the guests, curious as to inform me directly, or we wiU the cause of the interrupted cere- imprison thee here on earth during mony. Sir Garoun claimed his our pleasure." Thus threatened, former love, directing the priest to Satan consented, and told them dissolve his newly-formed bond that " by the application of a with Le Codre. Thus Le Fraine continual fume of the six hottest was restored to her rightful posi- simples " the head would move, and tion, and was wed Sir to Garoun. in one month would speak. But if Her twin-sister subsequently they were not within hearing when married a neighbouring lord. it spoke, all their labour would be "

FRI 117 FRI lost. Being satisfied, the two magi- head broken and lying on the cians allowed the spirit to depart. floor. Friar Bacon asked if it The learned friars prepared the had spoken. " Yes," quoth Miles, simples, made the fume, and " it spoke, but to no purpose. watched continually for the head I'll teach a parrot to speak better to speak. Three weeks elapsed, in less time." " Out on thee, ! so that they felt weary, and fain villain, thou hast undone us both " would rest. Friar Bacon called exclaimed Friar Bacon. First

' ! '" his man Miles, and entreated him it said, Time Is " Hadst to watch whilst they slept, and thou called us then, we had been to call them if the brazen head made for ever," said Friar Bacon. spoke. Soon they were fast asleep, " Then half an hour after it said, and Miles was alone with his ' Time Was,' " continued Miles. charge. To keep awake. Miles " Why didst thou not call us " " got a tabor and pipe and burst then ? asked Bungay. Because into song. Suddenly the head I thought it would have told me " spoke these words : Time Is." some long tale, and then I meant Deeming this insignificant. Miles to call you," answered Miles. let the friars sleep on. " Thou " After another half an hour it brazen head, after all my master's cried, ' Time is Past,' and made labour dost thou requite him with such a noise that ye awakened." " two words 1 " cried he. I know Friar Bacon was so enraged that Time Is, and that you shall hear." he would have beaten Miles, had So MUes sang a song conveying not Bungay restrained him. As a the moral that there was a time punishment, he struck him dumb for everything. " I hope we for a whole month. Thus the scholars know our time, when to great work of these learned men get drunk, when to kiss our was overthrown by this simple hostess, and when to pay the fellow. reckoning—that time comes sel- On another occasion, when the dom," pursued he. After half an King of England was carrying on hour had passed, the head again a war in France, Bacon, in response " spoke these words : Time Was." to a summons, hastened to effect Miles stiU scoffed, and in scorn the capitulation of a city for his sang another song, telHng how the royal master by setting fire to head was once a kettle, now the state house of the beleagured spoiled by Friar Bacon. "I know town, without ever approaching Time Was, and I know that which the walls of the fortress. The existed when Time was. Unless city consequently fell. you speak wiser I will not disturb So great was his skill in the art the slumbering friars." Thus of magic, that he was able to Miles talked and sang until another bring to hfe the ghosts of departed half-hour was gone. Then the warriors. On one occasion while brazen head spoke again these displaying one of these scenes, he " words : Time Is Past," and revived the persons of Pompey and therewith fell down with a crash. Julius Caesar, who fought a battle A terrific din followed, accom- before several spectators. He panied by strange flashes of fire, raised the ghost of Hercules, which frightened Miles, and awoke whom he commanded to crush a the two friars. When the smoke venomous dragon. The battle of vanished, they beheld the brazen Troy was, on another occasion, —

FRI Ii8 FRI

faithfully represented. Hector his thane, Thorsten, died, and the with his Trojans, and Achilles Princes Helgi and Halfdan then with his Greeks came into deadly shared their father's throne. But

combat at his bidding : Hector Frithjof entered upon his rich was slain and the Trojans fled. inheritance of Framnas, and of the In settling disputes he excelled. three great treasures of Thorsten A quarrel between three brothers his wonder-bright sword Angur- who fought over their deceased vadel {q.v.) with its strange runes father's estate was ended by his that dulled in peace and flamed in sMU. Having the body of the war, the arm-ring of Wayland father exhumed, he ordered the Smith, and Ellide (q.v.) the dragon- three sons to shoot at it as they ship. After the death-feast of his would at a target, and to him father he came over the sea to whose arrow went nearest the the grave-mound of King Bele to heart the estates would be given. ask the ruling brothers for the The two elder brothers did as the hand of Ingebjorg their sister. friar directed, but the younger But Helgi sneered, and in angry of the three hesitated, saying that contempt the rejected suitor sun- his veneration for the body of his dered with his sword the gold and father whom he loved was too brazen shield of the dark prince. great to permit of his treating it Then he returned to his ship home- so. The lands were awarded this wards. Frithjof, however, had a faithful and reverent son. At rival, and this was the old and last, after many years of magical mild King Ring, a widower. He practice. Bacon resorted to a life too was refused his suit, and there-

of seclusion ; and, after a brief fore came to give war to the retirement, died. princes. Helgi then shut up Inge- bjorg in Baldur's temple, which FRIAR RUSH, (German Bausch.) no Northman would profane, and A house-spirit, sent from the sent Hilding to persuade Frithjof infernal regions in the seventeenth to lend his aid against King century to keep the monks and Ring. Deaf to the entreaties of his old friars in the same state of wicked- tutor to help King Bale's sons, he ness they were then in. He gained was moved by Ingebjorg's admittance as a scuUion, and tears. He therefore cUmbed into Baldur's played the monks divers pranks. grove, fearing nothing for The legends of this roysterer are having " profaned it. Then, of German origin. " Friar Rush after three days, he returned to his old play- probably represents the spirit of inebriety. fellow to tell her that Helgi had refused his offer. All men were FRITHJOF SAGA, THE. An Ice- flow against him for his sacrilegious landic semi-historical romance, crime, and for punishment he was probably of the eighth century, bidden to wrest from Yarl Angan- committed to writing about the tyr the tribute due to the sons end of the thirteenth century. of King Bele on pain of perpetual Frithjof was the son of Thane exile. Unable to pursuade Inge- Thorsten, the friend of King Bele bjorg to go with him, he set out of Norway. He played with the for the island ruled over by little Princess Ingebjorg, and with Anga,ntyr, despite the attempt of her was sent to the sage Holding Helgi to engulf him in the storm tiO learn wisdom. King Bele and raised by the sea-witches Heyd and FRO 119 FRO

Ham (q.v.). Before reaching the gave no sign of recognition, but castle he overcame the Viking Atli Ingebjorg blushed and paled. (q.v.), but spared his life on account Twice Frithjof had his enemy's of his fearlessness, and became his life in his hands. But the old friend. He was welcomed by man had recognized him from the Angantyr, his father's friend, who first, and had thus tested his faith. had given presents, not tribute, to Finally the generous king thrust King Bele, and was rewarded with his sword into his own breast and a purse of gold. Remaining with died. But Frithjof, before wedding the yarl until spring, he then sailed with Ingebjorg, sought forgiveness for seven days Framnas-ward, to from Baldur, who vouchsafed him find it razed, burnt, and in ruins, a vision of a temple. According and to learn from Hilding that to its design Frithjof built a temple King Ring had conquered and to the god, was forgiven by him had wedded Ingebjorg. Then mad- through the high priest, made

ness seized upon Frithj of, and he Ingebjorg his bride, and took in became dangerous to friend and friendship the hand of her surviv- foe aUke. In the temple of Baldur, ing brother, Halfdan. In this where the midsummer feast was saga we have another of those being held, Frithjof challenged legends obviously superimposed the shrinking Helgi to single upon the universal conception of combat, when noticing Ingebjorg's the sun-myth. Following the armlet upon the arm of the general scheme, the hero, obscure image of Baldur, he tugged it off. at first, gradually rises into noto- But the force of the wrenching riety, wanders for a period, is overbalanced the god, and he fell attacked by madness, and finally into the fire. Immediately the weds in peace the beautiful maiden temple took fire, which spread to he has sought so long. In each the grove, which soon was ablaze. of these steps we note those of In holy terror Frithjof sought the the sun on his path—his obscurity sea, and was chased with ten war- at first, but promise of greatness, ships by Helgi. Bjom, however, his climbing to power, his wan- had bored holes in them on the dering, his dangerous and dizzy previous night, and all aboard height at noon, and his final rest were drowned save the dark king. and peace at sunset. Frithjof and his men then became successful vikings, but after three FROL, LA ORGULUS, SIR. Brother years he turned Ellide, his ship, to Sir BelUance. In defending to the Northland. Attired as a his wife against some knights he beggar, and bent with seeming age, was slain by Sir Lamorak (q.v.). he sat upon the bench without the (F*de " Morte d'Arthur.") hall of King Ring, who was cele- brating the -tide feast. But FROMONDIN. (Vide "Garin the a bluS warrior seeking to make Lorrainer.") Son of Fromont, a jest of the beggar, Frithjof caught brave knight who was knighted him and turned him head over in order to fight at a Certain heels upon his feet again. Then tourney. Rigaut fought him, un- the king bade him throw off his horsed him, and took him prisoner. disguise, when he revealed himself Fromondin afterwards fought with as a young and noble warrior, Huo of Cambrai and beat him, but richly dressed. The royal host granted him his life ; Bernard )

FRO 120 GAI

later stabbed Huo to Fromondin's (vide "Horant") who came with indignation. him to King Hettel and formed the embassy sent to King FRO MONT. {Vide "Garin the Lor- one of Hagen (vide " Hagen and Hettel "). rainer.") Son of Count Hardie He also took part in the struggles {q.v.), one of Pepin's counsellors. described in " Gudrun " (q.v.). He was at one time very friendly with the Lorrainers, but he quar- relled with Garin, on account of FUAMNACH. Wife of Midir the his intended marriage to Blanch- Proud (q.v.), who took as his flower (q.v.), and Garin never could second bride, Etain (q.v.), whose forgive Fromont for not keeping great beauty and grace evoked the his promise to punish the murderers jealousy of Fuamnach. So by of Bego (q.v.). Towards the end magic art she transformed her of his hfe Fromont met with many rival into a butterfly. misfortunes, and lost many of his kinsmen and his lands in fighting FURION. Nephew to Archelous with Garin. (q.v.) ; was slain by Esplandian FRUTE OF DANELAND. (Vide" Gn- (q.v.) after his conquest over drun Lay.") One of Horant's men Archelous.

GAE BOLG. In Irish romance, a (q.v.). Instead of returning to her terrible weapon, thrown with the he became attached to Herzeloyde, foot. If it entered into an enemy's who was attracted to him by his body it filled every part of him prowess at a tournament, and with its barbs. The thrust of this whom he married on condition sword was taught by Skatha (q.v.) that he might go tourneying every to Cuchulain (q.v.). month. Hearing that his old lord Baruc was in danger, he hastened GAHERIS (1). Nephew to King to him and was slain. Arthur (q.v.). (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") GAIMAR, GEOFFREY. Translated GAHERIS SIR. Son of King Lot, (2), Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia brother of Gawaine and Gareth, Regum Britannice into Anglo- a knight of the court of Arthur, Norman verse shortly after it was sometime friend of Sir Tristram. written. This he did at the request He was killed by Sir Lancelot in of the lady to whose household he the rescue of Guinevere the from was attached, Constance, ' ' wife of stake. ( Vide ' Morte d'Arthur. ' Ralph Fitz Gilbert, a powerful GAHMURET. The father of Parzival baron of the North in Stephen's or Percival, alluded to in Wolfram time. The copy of Geoffrey from von Eschenbach's Parzival (q.v.). which Gaimar translated was ob- He went to the East, took service tained through a Yorkshire baron, with Baruc, and won the love of Walter Espec, from Robert, Earl the heathen Queen Belakane, to of Gloucester, to whom the original whom he promised to return, and work had been dedicated. Gaimar by whom he had a son Feirefiz continued the British Chronicle ;

GAL 121 GAL

by adding a metrical history of year and a day, and longer if need the Anglo-Saxon kings. Wace's be. After the queen had taken Brut caused Gaimar's book to fall leave of Lancelot, and Arthur had out of request, and only a portion vainly tried to force a shield on of it is now known to be extant. Sir Galahad, the questers set off He also translated Havehk the together and pass the first night Dane (q.v.) from the French. at Vagan's Castle. After five days Sir Galahad comes to an abbey GALAAD. Son of Joseph, of the where he finds King Bagdemagus Castle of Galafort. Joseph hears and Ywain and the rest. The a voice from heaven which calls abbey contains a shield which no on him to beget a son. knight save the destined one may GALACIAN. A Saracen King alluded take and go unslain or unhurt. to in the romance of Ogier of Sir Galahad proves to be the right- Denmark. Sadone {q.v.) knocks ful knight, and takes possession of out three of his teeth for opposing it. King Bagdemagus would fain the freedom of Ogier. have taken it, but is overthrown GALAHAD, SIR. Son of Lancelot by a White Knight, who admits famous in Arthurian legend for his Sir Galahad's rightful ownership. success in the quest of the Holy One of the first of Sir Galahad's GraU. With him are associated allegorical adventures, as re- Sir Perceval, Bors, and Lancelot. counted in the Quete del Saint It is recorded that after the quest Qraal, appears to be that his soul leaves his body, and is he draws near a tomb in an borne heavenwards by angels, abbey graveyard, whence issues a whilst his body is buried. voice telUng him not to approach His first appearance seems to and drive it out. But he does so,

have been at the Round Table. and smoke in man's form emerges ; He is hailed to the " Seat Peril- on opening the tomb a dead " ous on which this was written : knight's body is found lying " This is Galahad's seat." Queen therein. This is cast out. These

Guinevere is told of the advent of things are a symbol : the hard the new knight, and her ladies ex- tombstone signifies the " hard- claim, "He shall end the wonders heartedness of the world " (the of Great Britain, and through hardship which Jesus Christ had

him the Maimed King shall be in this world) ; the dead body healed." Sir Galahad, among all those dead in sin. The smoke was the knights, is the only one who a devil who fled from Galahad successfully draws the sword from because he was a virgin. the block of red marble on which The next day Sir Galahad sets is written that none may draw out accompanied by MeUans {q.v.), it save " the best knight in the a youth who had begged to be world." Lancelot refuses to essay allowed to serve him, and whom the venture, exclaiming that " the he had knighted. They separate wonders of the Holy Grail are at a cross-road. MeUans takes the about to begin," although Gawain, left-hand road in spite of warning, Perceval, and others try, and comes to a tent where hangs a signally fail. On the morrow, at golden crown, seizes it, meets a King Bagdemagus's suggestion, strange knight who overthrows all the questers, Galahad first, and had slain him but for Gala- swear to maintain the quest for a had coming to the rescue and GAL 122 GAL

overcoming first one, and then a blow as knocks him out of the second assailant. Melians is taken saddle. He is brought to the ship to an abbey to be tended, and learns wherein are Perceval and Bors by that the two knights who almost a damsel, who accompanies them overpowered him were his pride in until, fourteen days' sail from taking the left-hand path, and his Logres, they come to a desert isle covetousness in carrying off the off which is another ship, on which crown of gold. Galahad then is written (according to the enters a hernaitage to pray, and Morte d'Arthur) that those who hears a voice bidding him proceed would enter should see they were to the Castle of Maidens and rid it full of faith. The damsel then of its many evils. He encounters tells Perceval she is his sister, on the way seven knights whom he daughter of King Pellehem. They must overcome. Such was the enter the ship and find a rich bed custom of the castle. He forces with a crown at its head, and at them to fight, and an old priest its foot a sword six inches out of brings him the keys of the castle. the scabbard, its tip a stone of He finds therein numberless all the colours in the world, its maidens, and learns that the handle of the bones of two beasts, former lord of the castle had been, the serpent Papagast, the fish with his son, slain by the seven Orteniaus ; it is covered with a knights who had striven before- cloth whereon is written that only hand to carry ofi his daughter. the first of his line would grasp She foretold that as they had the sword. Perceval and Bors gained the castle for a maiden's both essay vainly. Galahad, on sake, they would lose it through being asked, sees written on the a maiden, and be overcome by a blade that he only should draw single knight, whereupon they who could strike better than the determined to make prisoner every others. The damsel tells the story

maiden passing that way. Gala- of the sword as foUows : When had deUvers the captives, and puts the ship came to the kingdom a daughter of the former duke in of Logres there was war between possession of the castle. He learns King Labor, father to the then that the seven brothers have Maimed King, and King Urlain, been slain by Gawain, Gheriot, heretofore Saracen, but newly and Ywain. Sir Galahad, after baptized. Once Urlain, discom- wandering about a while adventure- fited, fled to the ship, and finding less, encounters Sir Lancelot and therein the sword, drew it and Perceval, who attack him, not slew King Labor (according to knowing his arms (shield). He Birch-Hirschfeld's text. Labor overcomes them and hurries off, slays Urlain with it). That was being ashamed to have fought the first blow struck with the with his friends, whom a recluse sword in the kingdom of Logres, recognizes and informs him of their and there came from it such pesti- identity. Lancelot starts in pursuit lence and destruction in the land " of The Unknown Knight." of the two kingdoms that it was We now find that Sir Galahad, afterwards called the Waste Land. after " numberless adventures," When Urlain re-entered the ship finds himself opposed to Gawain he fell down dead. Galahad, and Hector de Mares in a tourna- further examining the sword, finds

ment ; he deals the former such a the scabbard of serpent's sMn, ;

GAL 123 GAL but the hangings of poor stuff. Last Supper, and that Galahad On the scabbard is written that shall see it more fully in the City the wearer must surpass his fellows, of Sarras, whither it is going and the hangings be changed only (Britain being unworthy of it), by a king's daughter and she a and whither he is to follow it maid ; on tumiag the sword over, with Perceval and Bors ; but as the other side is found black as he must not leave the land without pitch, and bearing words that he healing the Maimed ICing he is to who should praise it most should take some of the blood off the blame it most in his greatest need. Grail lance (q.v.) and therewith Further words show that King anoint his legs. Galahad asks why

Pelles, called the Maimed King, all may not come with him ; but might not be healed till Galahad Christ says they are twelve who came. Later in the chronicle have eaten as the Apostles were Galahad is urged to go to the twelve, and they must separate assistance of the Maimed King. as the Apostles separated. Gala- Sir Perceval now seems to assume had then heals the Maimed King, Sir Galahad's sword. Taking up who goes into an abbey of white the story again with Sir Galahad, monks. The three companions, we now find that he comes to an after sending messages to Arthur's abbey wherein is King Mordrains, court through Estrois de Gariles who knows his approach, and asks and Claudius, son of King Claudas, that he may 6ae in his arms come to Solomon's ship, wherein Galahad takes him on his breast, they find the Holy Grail. They Mordrains dies, and all his wounds set sail, and on landing bury are foimd healed. Galahad cools Perceval's sister, heal a cripple the boihng fountain by putting to help them to carry the Grail his hand in it. Galahad deUvers table, are cast in prison by King from the tomb where he had been Escorant for a year, and are fed burning three hundred and fifty- by the Holy Grail. At Escorant's four years, his relative Symeu, death Galahad is made king, who thus expiated his sin against fashions a tree of gold' and Joseph of Arimathea. Galahad precious stones over the Grail, rides five years before he comes to and prays before it every morning, the house of the Maimed King and as do his companions. On the during all the five years Perceval anniversary of Galahad's crowning bears him company, and within the three see before the Holy that time they achieve the great Vessel a man clad Uke a bishop, adventures of the kingdom of who begins Mass and calls Galahad Logres (i.e. cast out the evil to see what he had so longed to adventures of the Island of see. At the sight Galahad trembles Britain). One day they met Bors, very greatly, and he thanks God who in the five years had not been for letting him see that which in bed four times. The three tongue may not describe nor come to Castle Corbenic. Sir heart think, and begs that he may Galahad alone can make the pass away from tMs earthly life broken sword whole, and it is then to the heavenly one. The bishop given to Bors. Later in the then gives him the body of God, chronicle Joseph gives the sacra- and reveals himself as Josephes, ment to Sir Galahad, and explains son of Joseph of Arimathea. that the Grail is the dish of the Galahad kisses Perceval and Bors, GAL 124 GAR

and sends greetings to Lancelot Furioso as Ganoloni, or Gano de through Bors. Galahad is borne Pontierie, the head of the race heavenwards, and his body is of Maganza, a tribe of traitors, buried, the vessel and the bloody who were dangerous to aU with lance are also borne upwards. whom they were connected. Since then there has been no GANORT. Alluded to in the Orand man bold enough to say that Saint Graal {q.v.) as Lord of Gala- he has seen the Holy Grail. {Vide fort, a " Saracen " stronghold. "Morte d'Arthur" and "Grail, the Grail company Holy.") He receives hospitably, and shortly after their " GALICIA, KING OF. {Vide Florice arrival he and his folk are baptized, and Blanchfleur.") An ally of the a hundred and fifty who refuse King of Portugal, who made war being drowned. Over their bodies against Prince Fehx, whose Sara- " a tower is built. ( Vide Tower of cen influence oppressed the people. Marvels.") The King of Northum- berland, hearing of Ganort's con- GALIHODIN, SIR. Brother to Sir version, summons him to his court, Lancelot. After an inconspicuous and on his refusal attacks him, but career he was presented with the is defeated and slain. dukedom of Saintonge in France by Lancelot, who for a time GARACH. A battle in Irish romance, assumed the role of ruler over fought on the plain bearing the that country. {Vide "Morte same name, between Queen Maev d'Arthur.") {q.v.) and the Ulstermen, in which the latter were victorious. GALIHUD, SIR. Brother to Lancelot, and knight of the Round Table. GARALAS. A knight alluded to in In Arthurian romance he is the Conte del Graal {q.v.) as the appointed, by his brother, overlord knight of the damsel who steals of the earldom of Perigot in the hound mentioned in that France. romance. He is also the brother of the Knight of the Tomb {q.v.) GALIHULT, SIR. Knight of the and is overcome by Perceval. Round Table. He was noted for his prowess in GARCIA PEREZ This tournaments. ( Vide DE VARGAS. " Morte d'Arthur.") romantic poem of Spain recounts an adventure of a distinguished GALIOIN. In Irish romance, one of warrior and native of Toledo, who the three groups of the Firbolgs fought under King Ferdinand, {q.v.). sumamed " The Saint " during GANILO or GUENES. A peer of the warfare by which the Moorish Charlemagne and stepfather of power in Spain was overthrown. Roland. Out of his implacable The incident of his valour and hatred of his stepson he conspired prowess about to be related, with Marsile, the pagan King of occurred about the beginning of Saragossa, to cut him off with the the siege of Seville in the year Frankish rear-guard at Ronce- 1248, is contained in Lockhart's valles. For this he was tried by Spanish Ballads, and is taken the peers, and sentenced to be from the Spanish history of torn to pieces by horses {vide Juan de Mariana. King Ferdi- "Song of Roland"). He re- nand stood one day on the hill appears in Ariosto's Orlando watching two cavaliers riding GAR 125 GAR

along the glen. They were Don romances of the sub-cycle recount Garcia Perez and a knight, who the adventures of the House of urged him to ride on quickly as Montglane or Narbonne. Les he saw the gleam of the helm Enfances Garin de Montglane tells and lance of the Moorish host in how Garin, son of Duke Savary of the distance. Vargas returned Aquitaine, fights first in Sicily, that he was ready to meet any one, procures atonement for the wrongs but the knight turned quickly and of his mother, and proceeds to the fled to the camp, leaving his court of Charlemagne. He con- friend alone. Seven Moors came quers the territory of Montglane, up to him with haughty mien, and weds the Lady Mohiller, the and resplendent in armour, but details of his marriage occupying Vargas met them calmly. The the second romance, the Oarin de Moors, recognizLag him by the Montglane proper. By this lady Red Cross and the Tree upon his he has four sons, Hemant de shield, did not speak. Vargas Beaulande, Gerard de Viana (q.v.). removed the casque from his head, Renin de Gennes, and Milles de and noticed that the scarf he had Poule. Each of the three first is worn was gone. Thinking he had the subject of a separate romance. dropped it, he looked around and Hernant de Beaulande tells how discovered that the Moors had the hero conquers Aquitaine, picked it up and looped it on a marries Pregonde, and becomes spear. As the scarf had been the father of Aimeri de Narbonne. given to him by his lady-love he The Renin de Gennes tells of the preferred to fight for it rather success of its hero at Genoa, when than leave it with them, so he he becomes the father of the rode furiously among them and famous Ohver and . Gerard called upon them to lay down his de Viana wiU be found treated lady's pledge. They resisted, but under a separate heading as being were ultimately overthrown, and important for its picture of the when he returned to camp he early quarrel of Roland and OUver. was the proud bearer of the scarf We then pass to the third genera- thrown around his breast. His tion in Aimeri de Narhonne, and sword was red with blood, and the events subsequent to Ronces- seven green turbans sorely hacked, vaux. On his return from that hung upon his pommel. battle Aimeri rescues Barboune from pagan hands. He marries GARETH, SIR, Or Beaumaris, Hermengart, sister of the King of of the " Table." Knight , Round the Lombards, repulses the Sara- He married Dame Liones (q.v.) of cens who endeavour to rescue the Castle Perilous. Subsequently Narbonne, and becomes the father slain by Sir Lancelot, in the rescue of twelve children, one of whom is of Guinever from the Stake. Vide ( the famous William of Orange " Morte d'Arthur.") (q.v.). GARIN DE MONTGLANE. A sub- GARIN OF ANSEUNE. (Cycle of cycle of the Charlemagne cycle WiUiam of Orange.) A scion of (q.v.), consisting of twenty-four the race of Aymery, and father of separate romances, eighteen of Vivian. (F*(?e "Enfances Vivian.") which are concerned with and included in the sub-cycle of William GARIN THE LORRAINER. A very of Orange (q.v.). The first six popular twelfth-century epic, the GAR 126 GAR

characters in which were genuinely hotly contested battle took place, historical. But it is replete with in which Garin was victorious. anachronisms. The story is laid Fromont fled to his cousin Odo at in the eighth century and com- St. Quentin and told his story. mences with a description of the Droo of Flanders told him he could Vandal invasion of France in the find as good a wife for him in the time of Charles Martel. Hervi, person of Hilesend, sister of Bald- Duke of Metz, defeated the Sara- win, of Flanders. Droo went to cens (or ) at Soissons, and Baldwin, proposed Fromont as a after Charles' death at Troyes, had husband for his sister, saying his son, Pepin, crowned. Hervi Hardre was dead and Fromont married and had two sons—Garin would succeed him, but concealed the nominal hero of the poem, and the fact of his having lost Soissons Bego perhaps a greater hero. When and his other lands. Hilesend the Vandals besieged Metz, Hervi consented to be married at once, asked Pepin's assistance, which and the day after the marriage was refused, so he offered to be Baldwin discovered the trick they vassal to Anseis of Cologne, who had played on him. Although came to his aid and conquered the much annoyed, he made the best enemy. Hervi was MUed, so of it, and advised Fromont to Anseis took possession of Metz. invade Cambrai, the property of Hervi's sons escaped to their Huo, a nephew of the two Lor- uncle, the Bishop of Chalons. rainers. Isore, Fromont's nephew, They afterwards went to the headed the invaders, and when court of France, and Count Hardre Huo saw who was leading, he brought them up with his own appealed to Isore, reminding him two sons. News came that of past services. Touched by this Richard of Normandy was fS^vag- appeal, Isore refused to fight, but ing Beauvais, and the four young Baldwin appeared with 30,000 knights set out to fight for the men, and Huo sent a message to king. They defeated Richard, the Idng and Garin. When Huo's subdued Flanders, and Garin added letter came, Garin told Pepin of Gascony and Poitouto his territory, Fromont's imworthy behaviour, and gained back Metz. Then and the king assembled his forces Thierry, King of Savoy, was and marched out against him, besieged by four Moorish kings sending a message to Bego. Ber- of Spain, and applied for aid to nard of Naisil had meanwhile gone Pepin. Pepin refused, but the to Fromont's assistance, and had four knights persuaded him to let attacked Aubry in Dijon. The them help Thierry. Garin and king's message found Bego being Bego commanded, and a terrible entertained by Hardre's sons, who battle ensued. The invaders were were unaware of their father's routed, but Thierry was mortally death. Bego set out at once, wounded. When dying, he offered excusing himself because the king his daughter, Blanchflower (fifteen needed him, but hearing from and a half years old) to Garin in Aubry, went first to assist him. marriage, who accepted on condi- On his way to Cambrai, he tion of Pepin's approval. The destroyed Lyons and several other king gave his consent, but this towns, and, after conquering Bur- arrangement displeased Fromont, gundy he invaded Champagne. who quarrelled with Garin, and a He then attacked Bernard at his GAR 127 GAR castle of Naisil, and took him holding the golden cup, and Garin prisoner, after which he went on gave him a heavy blow with it. to besiege Verdun. He then got A general fight took place, result- news that Pepin had summoned ing in Fremont's men being de- Fromont, who refused to answer feated. Bernard carried a lying for his misdeeds, and story about Garin to Pepin, and that he which 1 Garin needed his assistance against he believed. Garin denied it, and the men of Bordeaux. He then offered to meet Bernard in single set of£ for St. Quentin, pillaging combat, but the king refused his every place on his way. A great pledge, so Bego took up the battle ensued, which began with challenge for his brother. Bego a quarrel between Bego and Isor6. was victorious, and there was great Bego was wounded, and while rejoicing in Paris. Bernard es- being nursed sent Aubry to do caped, and vowing vengeance on battle for him, but on hearing he the Lorrainers, went to prepare had been taken prisoner, he him- his castle for defence. Peace was self arose, and after some fighting, made with Fromont, but when surrounded St. Quentin, cutting Bernard began to ravage all the ofi aU supplies. Bernard, still a land round his castle, Fromont prisoner, sent word to Fromont to was asked by the king if he would make terms with Pepin. It was side against his uncle, and he agreed that Fromont should plead agreed. Bernard defended him- his cause before the king. Bernard self bravely and refused to sur- and Aubry exchanged, and the render, till he found that his caves army broke up. The high court had been discovered by Bego and met at Paris, where many nobles ar- walled iip. It was agreed he rived, the Lorrainers being in great should keep his castle and in- force. Blanchflower attended. demnify Garin, but Bego destroyed The Archbishop of Rheims ad- the castle. The king reproved vised the king rather to marry him for this, and gave Bernard her himself than give her to Garin. Uberty to rebuild it. Soon after- After seeing how lovely she was, he wards the queen advised the king consented. Next day, the king to get wives for the Lorrainers, to summoned Fromont, commanding prevent them marrying any of him to make peace with the Fremont's kin, so the king went Lorrainers. The banns were being to Duke Mlo of Gascony and proclaimed between Blanchflower offered suitors for the latter's and Garin when a monk appeared daughters. The duke said they and forbade the marriage on the were in love with Garin and Bego, score of relationship between the and as these were the two knights pair. Some altercation took of whom the king had spoken, place, and Fromont offered his there was small difficulty in the two sisters to Garin and Bego if way. Garin married Alice and Blanchflower would marry his Bego married Beatrice, and both brother, but the king now said marriages brought much happiness. he would marry Blanchflower him- Garin was married at Metz, having self. Garin was ill pleased with given up his wife's share in her this, but Bego persuaded him not father's property to Bego, and to object, and the marriage took taken over all his father's lands. place. During the ceremony, He had a son called Girbert, and Bernard insulted Garin, who was Bego had two sons, Hemaut and GAR 128 GAR

Gerin. News of these double made by the king, and this lasted marriages came to Thibaut, who seven years. The second song determined to surprise Bego on ends here. his return home and carry off After a time of rest in his castle, Beatrice. Bego, being warned of Bego began to weary to see his this by a pilgrim, was prepared for brother Garin, and told Beatrice the ambush, and defended him- he had heard of a wild boar in a self bravely. He was seriously wood, the head of which he would wounded, but the Bordelais were like to take to Garin. Beatrice driven off. Bego then fortified reminded him that the wood was his castle of Behn, where he was in the land of Count Baldwin, his besieged by overwhelming num- enemy, and that she had a pre- bers. He found a messenger, sentiment that if he went there Gallopin a ne'er-do-well, who went he would never come back. Bego to King Pepin with the news to was quite determined to go in ask help. The queen incited the spite of his wife's warning, and king to go to help Bego. Bernard, left next day. When he reached on attempting to make mischief, Valenciennes he stayed with Beren- and insulting the queen, was ger, who promised to show him attacked by Garin, and nearly where he would find the boar, and killed by the people. Before help also warned him of his many arrived, Bego sallied forth, with enemies. The monster killed a small number of men, but would nearly all the hounds. The hunts- have been kiUed had Garin and men lost sight of Bego, went back Aubrey not come in time. The to Valenciennes, and Bego who king ordered all the property of pursued the boar and killed it, the rebels to be destroyed, which spent the night in the forest. order Bego carried out. Mean- Next morning he kindled a fire, while, Bernard showing the mark which was seen by a forester who on his face left by Garin's attack, noticed Bego's rich dress and and rousing the anger of his kins- accoutrements. The forester went men, they raised an army against back to Fremont at Lens and told the Lorrainers. At first the men what he had seen to the seneschal, of Bordeaux were victorious, and who sent six men with the forester a tourney was proposed. Garin to kill Bego and share the spoil. was too ill to accept a challenge, Thibaut heard of the plot and but Bego did, and he picked out joined them. After hearing Bego's Rigaut, son of Hervi the villein, account of how he killed the boar, who challenged Fromondin, son of they attacked him and he was Fremont. Bego and Aubry had killed by a steel arrow shot by the lain down to rest before the forester's nephew. They left Bego combat. They were wakened by alone in the forest on a bier, and a lad who brought the news that on arriving at the palace aU came the royahsts were getting the out to see the dead boar, but worst of it. Bego rushed out, Fromont saw that no ordinary fighting furiously, and carried all huntsman could be the owner of before him. Rigaut defeated Fro- the spoil they had brought, and mondin, and won great praise for sent for the body. Great was his his prowess at the tourney. The grief and consternation when he Lorrainers and the Bordelais met found that Bego had been killed. again in combat, but peace was He wrote to Garin, offering to have GAR 129 GAR

Thibaut and all connected with There are two versions—one the murder killed. He promised which seems the more ancient is to give great treasure of gold and to be found in a MS. at the Arsenal silver, have 10,000 Masses sung, Library of Paris, and which M. and swore he had been ignorant Dumerie assigns to the latter part of the whole thing. He sent for of the thirteenth century. The an abbot, a nephew of Garin, and other more popular one is by the body was consecrated. The John of Flagy {q.v.), and it is funeral procession then started guaranteed by even older , MS. for Metz. It was met by Rigaut, In both stories Garin is repre- who went to Paris to teU the news sented as having been attacked to the empress, and thence back to by overwhelming numbers, and Blaives to put it on its defence, having defended himself with ravaging the surrounding country. superhuman courage. In one ver- When Garin saw the bier and sion fourteen men attacking him at found Bego on it, he fainted, then once, kill him, and in the other, he threatened vengeance against Fre- is surrounded by foes while he is mont. The abbot gave them in a chapel. The end of the poem Fromont's letter, and Garin first is to be found in Mone's Unter- decided to see Beatrice, who was suchungen zur GescMchte der Teut- at BaUn. She had heard the sad schen Heldensage. There are one news, and saw only sorrow in the or two more modem poems in future. Bego was buried in a connection with the sub-cycle of chapel near Berlin in a coffin of the Lorrainers, full of love intrigues grey marble and a tomb of fine and combats with the Saracens. gold, with his likeness, and written The language of " Garin " and " above it : This was the best that many characteristics of the poem sat on charger." Garin made point to a date between the peace with Fromont on the under- eleventh and twelfth centuries. standing that he would keep his The imperial power was beginning promise, but Fromont broke it to be acknowledged, but the story afterwards, and one of his kins- is more confined to personal com- men freed the prisoners. Garin bats than national valour. Some and Fromont each pleaded his of the incidents tally with events cause before the king. Pepin tried in the reign of Louis the Fat about to persuade them to make a truce 1108, yet it is most probable the

for a certain number of years ; legend of the Lorrainers must he had difficulty in quelling a hot have been made about more fight between them at the court, ancient heroes who engaged in and they quarrelled whenever they the first struggle between the were not imder his observation. West and East. Even as far back This constant warfare, continued as 814 to 843 in Nithard's history for a long time, the queen always we find many names mentioned taking the part of Garin and Bego which appeared in the epic even against the king. The Lor- of the Lorrainers. For centuries rainers in the end got the best of Garin's adventures were beheved it, Garin despoihng the whole to be real even to some degree by country, and at last the queen the Benedictine Calmet, in his went on an embassy of peace to History of Lorraine. The feudal Garin. The conclusion tells of system with its good and bad the death of Garin. points is well exemplified, and the K GAR 130 GAW

quality of the love between the he embraced Christianity and was sexes is higher and purer and more baptized by Archbishop Turpin. domestic than it was in later years. The reUgious element is not strong, GAWAIN. A hero-knight frequently although it occurs in some touching alluded to in both Celtic and incidents. The dramatic power Norman Arthurian romance, in is great, the scenes are repre- many of the incidents coimected sented to the mind's eye most with which he is the central figure. vividly, although the want of the It is highly probable that he was supernatural element is rather the principal character around remarkable, and Garin the which a separate sub-cycle of Lorrainer may be said to hold its adventures clustered, but the early own in literature as a great epic. forms of this have in aU likelihood {Vide Ludlow's Popular Epics of been merged in the greater body the Middle Ages.) of later Arthurian romance. No long romance exists which details In Arthurian romance, a GARLON. his Ufe and adventures as in the invisible, knight who went about case of Perceval or Lancelot, but slaying better knights than him- in the Conte del Oraal of Chretien {q.v.), with self. BaUn meeting de Troyes and the Parzival of several victims of his cruelty, Wolfram von Eschenbach his ad- traced him to the castle of King ventures occupy as much space PeUam of Listeneise, where he as those of the titular hero of these table. Garlon, irritated met him at poems. In the Diu Krone of at Balin's close observation of Heinrich von dem Turlin he him, struck him, whereupon Balin succeeds in the Grail quest where slew him. {Vide " Pellam.") Perceval has failed, and in the 6ARNIER. In the Charlemagne Chevalier au Lion and Chevalier de la Gharrette, both by Chretien, he cycle of romance, nephew and plays an important part. Gawain ally of Garin and Bego. He sug- is represented as the beau-ideal of gested to WilUam of Orange that Nimes could be taken by con- knightly chivalry and bravery, " strength is as the strength cealing his men in barrels. WilUam whose is pure." took the hint, and secured the of ten, because his heart In his Celtic of Gwalchmai city by the said stratagem. {Vide form " Charroi de Nimes.") apGwyar (Hawk of Battle), Gawain is mentioned in the Welsh Triads GARSIE. {Vide "Sir Otuel.") A as one of the " golden-tongued Saracen Prince, King of Lom- knights of the court of King bardy, who was determined to Arthur," and his powers of per- abolish Christianity throughout suasion are frequently alluded to Christendom. He sent a challenge in the Welsh Arthurian tales. In to Charlemagne by Sir Outel, one triad he is spoken of as one threatening to ravage France if of " the three learned ones of the he did not renounce the Christian island of Britain." Whereas the faith. His army was completely romance versions of the Arthurian routed by Charlemagne, and he tales represent Gawain as Arthur's was taken prisoner by Sir Outel, nephew, Celtic tradition regards who had become a Christian, and him as a son of the king. Gwalch- fought on that side. Afterwards, mai, like most of the knights of when Garsie found it expedient, the Round Table, was probably a GAY 131 GEE

form of hero-god, demi-god, or strange knight coming toward her deity in course of deterioration, window, she appealed to him for and having regard to his well- help, and on his responding, and known attributes it does not at the same time raising the vizor appear to be straining probabilities of his helmet, she was overjoyed unwontedly if we derive him from to find that her deliverer was her some Celtic deity having affinities husband. She straightway mounted "with that Ogmios mentioned by the horse' and the pair set off Eucian, who, though armed with toward the city gates. A Moor, the club and hon-sMn of Hercules, who had watched the proceedings was yet the " exponent of per- from a distance, gave the signal of suasive speech," drawing men alarm, soon to be followed by the after him by golden cords attached pursuit of seven columns of horse- from his tongue to their ears—the men. MeUsenda, recognizing the prototype of the Irish (q.v.). horse on which they rode to be Some authorities, however, de- Roland's, remembered that by scribe him as the Uneal successor of loosening the girth, opening the the sun. breast-plate, and driving the spurs into its side, it would leap across GAYFEROS. In Spanish romance any barrier, informed her husband he appears as a kinsman of Roland, of this, who hastily did as she and husband of Charlemagne's directed, and drove the steed daughter Melisenda, who was toward the waU, which it cleared carried ofi soon after their marriage with comparative ease. The Moors, as a Moorish captive to Saragossa. who had hotly followed them, now He set out in search of her, but after gave up the chase and returned to a fruitless seven years he returned the city. On went the rejoicing to Paris. One day, on his return, pair, who drawing near their as he played dice with the destination were met by Monte- emperor's admiral, Charlemagne sinos their kinsman, who had reproved him, saying, " Were you journeyed forth to welcome them. as ready to handle arms as

rode off in the direction of Sara- Fianna(g'.i).) to manhood. Arrived 1 gossa. The journey was swiftly at warrior age, he made his cove- accomplished, and meeting no nant of fealty to Finn, who gave opposition at the gates of the him the captaincy of a band. But ]\foorish city, he rode straight to Mac Luga proved slothful, selfish, the house in which lay his captive boastful, and cruel. So at last the wife. On seeing the apparently Flans under him, complaining to GEL 132 GEO

Firm, requested him to choose and becomes king of that country. between themselves and Mac Luga, A son, Ismael, is bom to them. who was then questioned, but could The Sultan of Persia turns against not explain satisfactorily why the Generydes and accuses him of Fians refused him their allegiance. seducing his daughter Clarionas. Then Finn taught him the Maxims The King of Egypt, Belen, invades of the Fianna. the sultan's lands and demands the hand of Clarionas. The sultan GELORWYDD. The " Gem of Bap- prepares to defend his city against tism." (Vide "Gododin.") The the invader and sets Generydes enemy mocked him, for admin- free. A terrific battle ensues istering extreme unction on the between the rival leaders, in which battle-field, with his own blood fight, an innumerable host of kings for oil. are engaged. King Belen and GENERYDES, THE METRICAL RO- Generydes meet in deadly combat. MANCE OF. The question of After prolonging the duel over authorship of the EngUsh version several days, the King of Eg5rpt and the source of the story are takes flight. Generydes recognizes obscure. We possess no clue as his father, Auferius, and meets

to the original ; but the present with his brother Ismael. Belen, version, the MS. of which exists King of Egypt, dies, and his son, in the hbrary of Trinity College, Gwynan, succeeds him. The Cambridge, is dated from about newly-appointed king attempts to 1440. The French version is more carry off Clarionas, but Generydes complete, but almost identical frustrates the plot. A second in substance. Auferius, King of attempt is successful. Generydes India, marries Serenydes, daughter pursues Gwynan and gains access to the King of Africa. She proves to his betrothed's chamber. They unfaithful, and carries on an escape together, and Sir Yuell, intrigue with her husband's knight to Gwynan, follows after steward, Sir Amelok. While hunt- them, but Generydes slays him. ing one day, the king strays and The lovers leave for Syria. Ame- meets with a maiden named lok, the treacherous steward, dies. Sereyne, the daughter of the King Auferius falls sick and succumbs. of Syria. On her he begets Gene- Generydes ascends his father's rydes. When old enough Gene- throne as King of India, when he rydes appears at the court of marries Clarionas. Auferius, whose wife tempts him ; but declining to give way to her GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH. Arch- he courts the disfavour of Sir deacon of Monmouth and later Amelok. This knight makes Bishop of St. Asaph, author of Generydes' Ufe so intolerable that the famous Historia Begum Brit- he quits the court and proceeds tanice, dedicated to his patron to the city of Mountener, the capi- Robert, Earl of Gloucester, which tal of Persia. He becomes attached we know he had composed as to the court of the Sultan Goffore, early as 1139, although it is and falls in love with his daughter thought that he wrote a later Clarionas. Meanwhile, Sir Amelok revision of his history. In the rebels against and seizes Auferius' Historia, Geoffrey undertook to capital. The King of India goes to relate the history of the Britons Syria ,meets once more with Sereyne, from the time of Brutus to the GEO 133 GER

death of Cadwallader, the last of to as a type of resolute-minded- the native British Mngs. His ness, a man who would do his material is divided into twelve duty come what may. books, of which five books are GEORGE A GREEN, THE HISTORY occupied with the Arthurian OF. A prose romance, probably History. Geofirey lived at a of Ehzabethan origin, dealing with period when England was respond- the Ufe and adventures of George ing to the intellectual stimulus a Green, pinder or constable of that had come to her with the Wakefield, and the supposed rival Norman conquest, and when her and later the friend of Robin Hood. Uterary hfe had begun to blossom His exploits against the rebel Earl afresh after a state of dormancy. of Kendal and Lord Bonvile, and This influence was due to the their discomfiture are first related, influx of the scholars, chroniclers, after which his meeting and strife and minstrels who accompanied with Robin Hood and his merry the Normans ia their conquest of men and the rivalry in beauty of Britain. The trend of the times their respective mistresses. Maid caused the Normans to exercise a Marian and Beatrice, is told in taste for hterature of a less spirited fashion, as is the story of fantastic and mysterious nature the riot of shoemakers in Merry than formerly. Geoffrey was Bradstead, and the coming of shrewd enough to perceive the King Richard CcBur de Lion to direction of men's thoughts, and that town. The tale ends with being possessed of high intelhgence the marriage of Beatrice and the and a mind distinctly inventive, lusty pinder. was quick to exercise a great degree of enterprise. As a Latin GERARD OF COMMARCHIS. (Cycle scholar his style clearly shows his of William of Orange.) A knight mastery over the language. Geof- who bore a message from Vivian rey was a most skilful combiner to his uncle Wilham of Orange, of romance and history, and we craving succour. Guichard, see how in his book he raised a younger brother of Vivian, and national hero, already the centre nephew of Wilham of Orange of legend and myth, to the position (q.v.), when his brother was hard of a monarch, whose legends, by pressed by the Saracens at Alis- substituting in them Norman cus- cans, though only fifteen years toms for British, became a power- of age, cut his way to the front to ful factor in the Normanizing of succour him. (Vide "Enfances England. Above all, he raised Vivian.") the standard of hterature, dignify- ing popular national story, and GERARD OF ROUSSILLION. A sub- determining definitely the form of cycle of the Charlemagne cycle,

' ' written in two texts, one Proven9al Arthurian legend. ( Vide Historia Regum Britannise.") of the thirteenth century, the other in Frenchified Proven9al of the GEORGE A GREEN. A pound-keeper twelfth. Both are imperfect, the of Wakefield, who resisted Robin latter, which is in the Harleian Hood, Will Scarlet, and Little collection of the British Museum, John single-handed when they especially so. According to many attempted to trespass on land near authors of the twelfth and thir- Wakefield. He is often alluded teenth centuries, they were very GER 134 GER

popular, as is attested by the fre- his steed into the moat, crosses it quent repetitions which fill their into the orchard, and seizii^ pages. The story recounts how Oliver's horse by the reins asks Gerard is for sixty years at war who he is. They exchange names with Charles Martel, but is con- and lineage, and defy each other. stantly worsted. The poem is Ohver is knighted by Gerard. wearisome in the extreme, the At verse 323 a new branch begins, many fights and combats being in which the early prowess of merely repetitions of each other, Oliver is related. For seven years but the most interesting portion is Charles sits before Viana. Roland, that which describes Gerard's wearying of the siege, asks him to wanderings with his wife after his proclaim a quintain. OUver re- final defeat—^perhaps a modem solves to take part in it, and his interpolation. It is probable that fair sister Alda expresses a wish we do not possess the original to see the game. Oliver strikes a conclusion of the story, as we blow so wonderful that Charles find the countess rather tamely and the Franks are surprised. taking to good works, and so Seeing ten men approach him, influencing her husband that he re- OUver fears an attack, and kiUs solved to do likewise. Vide edition three of them. The men of Viana by Mr. Francisque Michel, 1837. join in the skirmish. Roland, seeing Alda, is smitten with love GERARD OF VIANA. One of the for her, forgets his purpose of latest poems of the Charlemagne jousting with Ohver, and attempts cycle, referred to the thirteenth to carry her ofi. Ohver comes to century. It is written in penta- the rescue, and they break lances. meter tirades with a short line Ohver stuns Roland with a blow at the end of each, a fact which on the head, and rescues Alda. marks it as being still sung at the He next unhorses a knight called date at which it was reduced to Lambert, who is taken prisoner to writing. It forms part (viewed Viana, and falls in love with Alda. in a different relation) of the cycle But he is sent back to the Frankish of the kinship of Aymery. Its Hues. Ohver returns with him, subject is the struggle of Gerard and is courteously received. He of Viana (Vienne), Aymery's father suggests a peace to King Charles, against the Emperor Charles, and but the latter's terms are so it also embraces the stories of mortifying that OUver indignantly the early rivalry of Roland and scouts them. Roland enters the Oliver, and the cementing of their royal tent, and Ohver challenges friendship. Charles had sworn him to combat alone on the island that he would not rise from before under Viana. He accepts the Viana ufatil he had taken it. challenge on the terms that if Roland whilst hawking sees a Roland be conquered Charlemagne mallard under the walls of the will depart, but if OUver, then town and lets fly his hawk, which Gerard shaU cede Viana. A " felon loses itself in an orchard. Oliver, knight " suggests the murder of nephew of Gerard, seizes the bird, OUver, who, on hearing this, and Roland calls to him to give it rushes at him and breaks his neck. back, oSering him fifteen pounds Being hustled in consequence by weight of pure gold for its return. the imperial knights, OUver seizes Oliver refuses, and Roland spurs a stake, and lays about him to such "

GER 135 GES

purpose that he slays a number of GEROLD. A clerk alluded to by them. He mounts his steed and Orderious Vitahs (1075-1141) as returns to Viana. Roland has dwelling at the court of William speech with Alda from the walls, the Conqueror, and singing of " the and they exchange mutual expres- holy athlete WiUiam " (of Orange). sions of regard. Roland and Oliver fight on the morrow, and, Ohver's GESTA ROMANORUM. A collection weapons being inferior, he is of mediaeval tales designed to worsted, but he obtains a new assist preachers to rouse languid sword (Haultclear) from Viana, hearers, and to infuse matter of and the combat is resumed. They interest into their discourses. The engage desperately, until an angel Franciscans and Dominicans, in comes between them and bids carrying their doctrine to the them cease, telUng them that they poor, may have improved the art should reserve their prowess for of illustrating homily with legend the paynim. They pledge their and story. The French Domini- love, and become fast friends. can, Vincent of Beauvais, tells in Charles, caught in an ambush, the Mirror of History that in his whilst hunting, by Gerard's men, time, the thirteenth century, grants peace, renders back Gerard's preachers were wont to stimulate honours, and celebrates the be- the attention of their audiences trothal of Roland and Alda. A by means of tales from MaoTp and Saracen incursion into Gascony is other profane authors. Among intimated, and the poem ends with the Harleian MSS. is an ancient a hint of the death of Roland. collection of 215 stories compiled

( Vide Girard de Viane, ed P. Tarbe, by a preacher for the use of Reims, 1850.) monastic societies. The compila- tion known as the Oesfa Boman- GERLINTE. Queen of Ormany, wife orum long retained its popularity, of King Ludwig. Mother of Hart- and was printed in 1473. Re- mut and Ortrun. (Vide" Gudmn printed a few months later at Lay" and " Gudrun.") She is Louvain, and again in 1480, it depicted as an " evil deviless was translated into Dutch in who, determined that her son shall 1484, and went through several win Gudrun for his wife, treats her editions in this country in the with the greatest harshness and succeeding century. When and cruelty in a vain endeavour to by whom the collection was made break her spirit. On the storming is unknown. Warton thought of CassiancitybyHerwig's rescuing Bercheur of Poitou to be the army she tries to have Gudrun compiler because of a passage in slain, but later has to beg for- the Phihlogia Sacra of Salomon giveness and protection. Gudrun's Glassius. The work varies by attempt to save her is vain, and omission of tales and addition of she is slain by the fierce Wate others in different MSS., and its (q.v.). title " Deeds of the Romans " is a merely arbitrary one, although " GERNOT. ( Vide Neibelungenlied.") many of the tales deal with inci- Son of Ute, and brother to dents in the lives of the various Kriemhild, Gunther, and Giselher. Roman emperors. Tales from the He disclaimed having any hand in East were borrowed from the

the death of Siegfried. Qericus Disciplina , a Latin dialogue GIB 136 GIR

professedly borrowed from the Tasha of the White Arms, daughter Arabian fabulists, and items from of the Faery King, and the return an old Latin translation of the to Ireland of the Fianna. Gilla Arabian Calilah u Damnah were Dacar is unquestionably one of also utilized in its compilation. those Plutonic figures of the Celtic The Gesta Romanorum contains otherworld, who, in their desire to the germ of the romance of Sir decoy and retain mortals in their Guy of Warwick (q.v.), and that misty realm, exhibit the veritable of Gower's Confessio Amantis, and characteristics of death-gods who several of Chaucer's tales. Trans- have sunk from their original lation by C. Swan. states as such to that of mere monarchs of faery. GIBICH. King of Worms. (Vide " Dietrich of Bern.") GILVAETHWY. In Welsh legend, son of Don {q.v.), nephew of Math GILBERT (1), SIR. The Bastard. In {q.v.). He fell violently in love Arthurian romance a noble knight, with Goewin {q.v.), his uncle's eventually slain by Sir Mehot de footholder. So in order to obtain Logres {q.v.). her, with the aid of Gwydion GILBERT (2). IntheWiUiam of Orange {q.v.), his magician brother, he cycle, son of Duke Guy of Ardane, brought about war with Pryderi who had been captive in the {q.v.) and Math, on account of the Saracen city of Orange for three theft of the former's swine. Then years. He escapes therefrom, and when his uncle was engaged in the his praise of the city so fires the fight, he stole back to the palace, heart of WiUiam that he resolves and forcibly made Goewin his to go thither on a secret journey. wife. For this treachery the He is guided there by Gilbert, brothers were turned into deer for " who spoke enough Turkish and a year and a day, for the same African, Bedouin and Basque, to period into wild swine, and lastly be interpreter." into wolves, after which they were allowed to assume their human GILLA DACAR. (The Hard Gilly.) forms and natures. A monarch of the Celtic other world or Land of Faery, who figures GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS. A Welsh in one of the legends connected ecclesiastic of the twelfth century, with the Irish romance of Dermot whose writings, all of them in iq.v.). He required warriors to Latin, include sundry books of a fight against a rival king, and by topographical order which are of a clever artifice decoyed several of importance to students of romance. the Fianna into his realm. Taking Widely known during his Ufetime the shape of a deformed churl as Sylvester, a sovhriquet given him dragging after him a raw-boned by some of his enemies, his name mare, he induced fourteen of the was really Gerald de Bain ; but Fianns to mount the animal, which hke the majority of mediaeval speedily disappeared, carrying off authors, he Latinized it, and it is the heroes. Finn and the remain- by his nom de plume of Giraldus ing Fianna took ship in search of Cambrensis that he is invariably their companions, and, after many known. He is supposed to have adventures, discerned them in been bom about 1146, and his Faeryland. The tale concludes father was one WiUiam de Bain, with the marriage of Firm with while on his mother's side he was ;

GIS 137 GIR

lineally descended from Rhys-ap- while along with matter of this Theodor, Prince of South Wales. sort are mixed many Irish stories. As a child he showed exceptional Giraldus left Ireland in 1186, and aptitude for scholarship, and while two years later the king, having still a mere boy he wrote Latin decided to make a Crusade, sent poems, which prove his early him and Archbishop Baldwin to familiarity with Latin Uterature. preach on its behalf in Wales. He After travelling on the Continent, was given an enthusiastic recep- he returned to England in 1172, tion, as he teUs in his Itinerarium and decided to take holy orders Canibrice (1191), a book which has and, having been duly ordained, the same value as his work on he was appointed to secure pay- Ireland. The English forces now ments of tithes in Wales. In set out for Palestine, and with 1176, on the death of his uncle, them went Giraldus along with the Bishop of St. David's, the Baldwin, who intended the former Welsh clergy manifested great to write a history of the forth-

eagerness to make the deceased's coming Crusade ; but on the prelate's see independent of Canter- death of the king Giraldus was bury, and the canons nominated sent back to Wales to try to quiet Giraldus for the vacant post. the unrest there, and so he had But the Mng, Henry II., strenu- perforce to obtain absolution from ously opposed this measure, for the crusading vow he had taken pohtical motives. Much disgusted, previously. Giraldus now de- Giraldus left his native land for a clared himself desirous of further while, and went to Paris, where he theological study, but it was continued his theological studies. impossible for him to go to Paris He even pushed so far afield as again, the Enghsh having mean- Bologna, but by 1180 he was on while declared war with the

his way back, and on reaching French ; and so he went instead England he went first to Canter- to Lincoln, and there he lived bury, where he was entertained quietly for several years, accom- by the archbishop. Thereafter plishing among other things the he proceeded to Wales, and was writing of his Oemna Ecclesiastica. appointed commissary to the In 1189 he was created Bishop of Bishop of St. David's, but being St. David's, but he did not hold shocked by the misrule of the the see long, in spite of two appeals latter he soon gave up the charge, to the Pope made in person at and in 1184 he became a chaplain Rome. This ended Giraldus' to Henry II. The king sent him career in the Church, though he to accompany his son John on became reconciled with the king his expedition to Ireland. He and the Archbishop of Canterbury. was offered the bishopric of Wex- The date of his death is uncertain, ford and Leighhn, and apparently but it was probably 1220, and is

at a later time the see of Ossory ; supposed to have occurred in but he declined them aU, and con- London.

cerned himself instead with the Literature : Besides his books composition of his book, Itinera- on Ireland and Wales, Giraldus rium Hibernice. This was dedi- wrote a life of St. Hugh of Lincoln, cated to Henry II., and it gives and also one of St. David ; while an invaluable account of the other notable things from his pen existing condition of the country, are Expugnatio Hibernica and De 6IR 138 GOD " Rebus a se Geatia. A complete GLISTENING HEATH. {Vide Vol- edition of his works was published sungs.") The retreat where the in the Eolls Series (1861-77) Dragon Fafnir {q.v.) dwelt. under the editorship of J. S. GLORIANDA. In Carlovingian ro- Brown and J. P. Winock, and mance, the daughter of the Saracen the preface contributed by the emir Corsuble, and the betrothed former should be consulted. Vide ( of Karaheut, King of India {q.v.). Warton's Anglia Sacra, which has {Vide "Ogier the Dane.") a chronology of Giraldus' life, and consult the biography of Sir R. C. GLORIETTA. A wonderful marble Hoare, prefaced to his translation tower in the city of Orange {vide of Itinerarium Cambrim, 1806.) "Prise d'Orange"). WiUiam of GIRARD OF LIEGE. {Vide "Garin Orange was shut up in it, besieged the Lorrainer.") Nephew of Garin by thousands of Saracens, but and Bego. He fought on all held his own, succoured by occasions for the Lorrainers. Orable, Queen of Orange {q.vl), who succeeded in effecting his GISELHER. Vide "NibelungenUed.") ( escape, and whom he afterwards Brother to Gunther, Gemot, and married. The pillars were of Kriemhild, He became attached marble, the windows carved in to Siegfried, after whose death, silver, and a golden eagle Ut the he successfully prevailed upon his whole. A wondrous spice-bearing sister to remain at the court of tree perfumed the place. Ute, their mother. SMITH. In Irish ro- GISLI. {Vide " Grettir Saga.") A GOBAN THE mance, brother of Kian and Sawan, braggart and fop, who was severely corresponds to Weyland Smith thrashed by Grettir. He in Germanic legend. He was re- GIUKI, KING. (" Vide Volsungs.") garded as the founder, in Ireland, Husband to Grimhild {q.v.), and of artistry and handicraft. The father of the three sons, Gunnar legends in which he figures, occur (q.v.), Hogni {q.v.), and Guttorm in the Irish invasion myths. (q.v.), and of a daughter Gudrun {q.v.). He met his death through GODELBOG. (7»"(^e "Gododin.") A the treachery of AtU. Cymric chief. Slain at the Battle of Cattraeth, carried to the grave GLAM. (F»(Ze" Grettir Saga.") An by his sons. uncouth shepherd, who for a time tended Thorhall's {q.v.) flocks. GODFREY, DUKE OF DENMARK. In But he too, like former shepherds Carlovingian romance, father of upon the haunted farm, was Ogier the Dane. He left his son missed one winter night, and as a hostage with Charlemagne. never returned alive. His evil He sent back messengers from spirit, however, terrorized the that monarch with shaven faces people in winter and slaughtered and tonsured crowns, wherefore both men and animals, until he the emperor resolved to hang his was mastered by Grettir. But son Ogier {q.v.). his dreadful grey eyes haunted GODFREY OF BOUILLON. the hero in the dark, and made {Vide " .") it impossible for him to dwell alone, thus leading ultimately to GODILAKE, SIR. A knight, alluded his death. to in Arthurian romance, who ;

GOD 139 GOD

frequented the tourneys of Arthur's different interpretation to the court. {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") death of the son of the bard Kian who had married a daughter GODODIN, THE. An early Welsh of a Gododin chief. The heroes poem, said to be written by Aneu- marched to Cattraeth with the

rin, giving an account of a battle dawn ; their peace was disturbed

fought at Gododin, and praising by those who feared them ; a the C3rmric chiefs who distin- hundred thousand with three hun- guished themselves. Owen, son dred engaged in mutual over-

of Urien, is the first hero whose throw ; drenched in gore, they

fame is sung by the poet, although marked the fall of the lances ; the under the name of the " only son post of war was most manfully of Marro." " He was a man in and with gallantry maintained. mind, in years a youth, and Before the retLuue of Mynyddawg gallant in the din of war." His " the Courteous," Gelorwydd, armour and dress are described, the " Gem of Baptism," had ex- and the manner of his fighting. treme unction given him, his own " No quarter would he give to blood being substituted for the oil.

those whom he pursued : nor Tudvwich, a Strathclyde Briton, would he retreat from the com- slaughtered the Saxons for seven

bat until blood flowed ; and he days, and became their prisoner cut down like rushes the men who in the end. Erthal and Godebog would not yield." He was evi- were there, Tudvwich and Cyvwlch dently slain in battle. " Alas, the Tall, Gwarthleo and Gwruel-

Owain ! my beloved friend ; It ing were all slain. There were is not meet that he should be three chiefs of the Novantae " devoured by ravens ! The (people of Wigtown, Kirkcud- Angles invaded Gododin and the bright and Ayr), with five batta- Cymry were fighting to regain lions of 500 men each, three levies some of their territory. Cattraeth each of three hundred knights (probably Gatterick in Yorkshire) from Eiddin (perhaps Edinburgh), was the scene of battle. " The three chiefs from Breitan, on the heroes marched to Cattraeth, lo- shores ^of the Clyde, and three

quacious was the host . . . and from Aeron (probably Ayr).

after the joyful cry, silence ensued ! These were the confederate Cym- They should have gone to churches ric tribes whose chiefs crossed the

to perform penance ; the inevit- Solway or marched through able strife of death was about to Strathclyde to Cumberland. Only . ' pierce them ' Manawyd who came three of these brave warriors from the coast of Mordei, and the escaped death. " But there son of IsgjTan, and Hyveidd Hir, escaped by valour from the funeral are among these heroes. Hyveidd fosse, the two war-dogs of Aeron, Hir came from Glamorgan and and Cynon the dauntless, and my- swept down five battalions of self, from the spilling of blood, Deivyr and Bryneich (Durham the reward of my pure song. As and Northumberland). He him- translated by Gray in The Death self was wounded. " He had not of Hoel— spear ere his blood raised the " To Cattraeth's vale in glittering row streamed to the ground." Gray, Twice two hundred warriors go in his Ode from the Welsh The Death of Hoel, has given a But none from Cattraeth's vale return, GOD 140 GOL

Save Aeron brave, and Conan strong GOEWIN. In Welsh romance, (Bursting through the bloody throng). daughter of Pebin. {Vide "Gil- And I, the meanest of them all, vaethwy.") That live to weep, and sing their fall." . A fragmentary poem written by Albrecht von Kemena- Graid, the son of Hoewgi, Bud- ten in the thirteenth century, and dvan, Gwenabwy, Marchten, and connected with the Dietrich of the son of Gwddnen, all mighty Bern Saga-cycle {q.v.). warriors. " Not one to his native GOLEUDDYD. In British Celtic home returned." Gwlyget, an legend, wife of Kilydd ; mother Ododin chief, was slain at Cat- of Kulhwch (q.v.). traeth, and Morien was killed by|a stone as he was attacking the . In Irish ro- place, but it was taken. The mance. Captain of the Fianna Cymry sent their chief counsellor, (q.v.). He was the first to swear a very old man riding a piebald service to the young Finn, whom steed and wearing a gold chain, to he rescued later from the en- meet a dwarf messenger sent by chanted cave of Conaran. For the Saxons, who proposed a com- this service of the White pact, but the Cymry would not Skin, his chief's daughter, was agree. " Let heaven be our pro- bestowed upon him in marriage. tection. Let his compact be death Goll appears in the Irish Ossianic by the spear in battle." Even cycle. some of the women of the Cymry GOLOGROS AND GAWANE, THE fought in this awful struggle. KNIGHTLY TALE OF. An Arthu- " Equal to three men, though a rian poem. It is manifestly by a maid, was Bradwin. ... In the Scotsman, but the author's iden- engagement of wrath and carnage, tity is uncertain, though both Bradwin perished, she did not Huehown of the Awle Ryle and escape." The men of Cymry were Clerk of Tranent have been sug- defeated, and were forced to come gested. The ascription in the to an agreement. The poem then latter case rests on a statement relates the demands made on the made by Dunbar, in his Lament heralds Cymry, how the Saxon for the Makaris— stabbed a friend of Aneurin, and " the revenge the Cymry took on Clerk of Tranent eik he is tano That made the anteris of Sir Gwane," the traitor. A battle was fought near the river Swale : "at early but the historian Andrew of Wyn- dawn there was a battle at the ton speaks of Huehown as having 9 confluence of river " and the " Made the gret Gest of Arthure dwarf herald was killed. The " And the Awntyrs of Gawane ; poet then eulogizes the chiefs that were slain, the last being and, as WjTiton Uved fully a Morien and Gwenabwy. " Pain century before Dunbar, his testi- would I sing, ' Would that Morien mony in a matter of this sort had not died.' I sigh for Gwena- naturally carries greater weight. bwy, the son of Gwen." The Sir Frederic Madden held that Oododin thus ends with a lament. the tale was largely derived from All, save a few of the heroes who the Perceval of Chrestien de Troyes, fought so bravely, were slaughtered but though his contention is on the field of battle. primd facie tenable, it is more GON 141 GOT

likely that the author, as Sir uncle, too, of the " damsel of Walter Scott asserts, drew his surpassing beauty," Blanchefleur material from legendary lore cur- iq.v.), whom Sir Perceval after- rent in Scotland in his day. wards defends against the en- Moreover, it is fairly evident that croachments of King Clamadex Gologros and Gawane is no mere {q.v.).

translation ; for it is written throughout in stanzas of thirteen GOON DESERT. A monarch alluded lines each, intricately rhymed and to in the Conte del Graal. He is father of the maid who bears the fuU of alliteration, and it is im- probable that a translator would Grail dish. He was also brother have used so elaborate a vehicle as to the Fisher King, and dwelt this. The poem carries Arthur in Quiquagrant. He was slain by and some of his knights through a nephew of Espinogre, whom he many adventures in different lands, had killed in a most treacherous manner. but the most important scene is His body was brought laid in France, where Sir Gologros, to the Fisher King's castle, whither a knight of marvellous prowess came, too, his daughter with the who dwells by the Ehone, van- sword which had slain Goon quishes Gawane in single com- Desert. She prophesied that a bat and compels him to pay knight should come who would join the of obeisance to Arthur. Leyden tells fragments the sword, that Gologros was a very popular and revenge the foul murder of hero in mediaeval Scotland, and her father. The Fisher King, the mere fact that the poem was taking up the fragments incau- among those pubUshed by the tiously, was pierced through the earhest Scottish printers, Chepman thigh, and the wound might not and MyUar, during the reign of heal until his brother's death was James IV., goes far to show that avenged. it was widely admired at that GORIAS. In Irish romance, one of time. The reader will find it in a the four cities from which came volume of Ancient Poems, 1807, the four treasures of the Danaans where it is given verbatim from {q.v.). The invincible sword of Chepman and Myllar's edition, Lugh of the Long Arm {q.v.) came the old black-letter type even from Gorias. being reproduced, as also is the quaint trade-mark of the fathers GOTELIND. {Vide "Nibelungenlied.") of Scottish typography. {Vide Wife of Rudiger, Margrave of articles " Huchown," and " Awn- Bechlam. Mother of Diethnde. tyrs of Arthur.") On Kriemhild's {q.v.) journey to wed Etzel {q.v.), she is received GONEMANS or GONE MANT. Of Gel- with much affection by Gotelind bort. Knight, in Grail romance. and Dietlinde at Rudiger's Castle He takes Sir Percival into his of Bechlam. Gotehnd also joins castle, and teaches him the use of her husband in showing unstinted arms, and all knightly exercises. kindness and hospitality to Gunther He counsels Sir Perceval to avoid and his retinue on the way to over-readiness in speech and in Etzel's court, giving Hagen {q.v.), asking questions and to cease from as his choice, his famous shield the habit of always " quoting which had belonged to her father, his mother's counsels." He is the Nodung. GOT 142 GRA

GOTTFRIED VON STRASSBDRG. A his opponent, Cairbry, King of German poet of burgher rank, Ireland. who flourished about the begin- GOWTHER, SIR. An Arthurian ro- ning of thirteenth century. the mance, the hero of which is the His principal title to fame is his son of a fiendish knight and a work Tristan und Isolt, the mate- gentle lady whom he had betrayed. rial for which he probably took The boy, as was predicted, proved version of from an older French to be of a most savage tempera- the legend. It is undoubtedly the ment, until the offending spirit finest of all the Tristan romances was whipped out of him by means literary of view, from a point but of self-inflicted penance. He then in depths of thought is inferior wins the love of an earl's daughter to the Parzival of Wolfram von by glorious achievement in the Eschenbach. Gottfried, from lists, and piously builds an abbey the materials his at command, to commemorate his conversion. created in the most original vein GRADASSO. {Vide " Orlando Inna- a picture of passion all- human " devouring and consuming, yet morato," and Orlando Furioso.") King of Sericane, attempted the painted with much naivete. His enchanted castle of , but style is at once perspicuous and was made prisoner. He was after- melodious, and is happily free from the wearisome digressions wards liberated by Bradamant. in which the hterature of his age He fought with Rinaldo, but the abounds. "He may be con- duel was broken off. He was killed sidered as the forerunner of that by Orlando. appetite for worldly and physical GRAELENT, THE LAY OF. A tale enjoyment, for material advance- of Brittany, a lai by Marie de ment and possession which in the France {q.v.). The lai is practi- fourteenth and fifteenth centuries cally the same as that of Sir caused Europe to degenerate into Launfal {q.v.). The Knight Grae- mere animahsm, hypocrisy and lent won great praise in the service disbehef." Gottfried left his work of his lord, the King of Brittany, unfinished. Concerning his private and his renown fired the heart of life practically nothing is known. ;the queen. She prayed him to re- No poet of the thirteenth century turn her love, but loyal knight was so widely imitated by his that he was, he gently refused. own and succeeding generations Her love then was turned to hatred. as Gottfried. Ulrich von Turheim Impoverished and sad, he went and Heinrich von Frieburg both es- riding one day by himself through sayed continuations of Tristan und a wood. Here he espied a milk- Isolt. The fib:'st is brief. The latter white hart unsurpassed in beauty, displays considerable literary skill, and started in her chase. Follow- but is inferior to the original. {Vide ing hard upon the creature, he " Tristan and Isolt.") came to an open lawn in the centre of which stood a fountain. GOUVERNAIL, SIR. Mentioned in Herein a wonderfully beautiful Arthurian romance as tutor to Sir maiden was bathing. After some parlance Tristram (q.v.). {Vide "Morte they pledged their d'Arthur.") loves, and the lady henceforth supplied him with GOWRA. In Irish romance the whatever he might wish and gave death-field of Oscar (q.v.), and him her company to his heart's GRA 143 GRA

content. This good fortune at- slain at the Battle of Cattraeth. tended him until he forgot his " Motionless is the sword of Graid." promise—^never to let man know of her existence. At a feast the GRAIL, THE HOLY. A section of the king bade his wife stand upon the Arthurian cycle of romance (q.v.), dais, and challenged all present to of late origin, which embodies a show him her superior in beauty. number of tales dealing with the In an unlucky moment Graelent, search for a certain vessel of great

who was of the company, boasted sanctity , called the Grail. of his lady-love. Right wrathful It is considered with some were both king and queen, and the reason that these tales originated hapless knight was seized and im- in early mediaeval legends of the prisoned for a year. At the end quest for taUsmans which con- of that period he was permitted ferred great boons upon the finder, freedom to seek this surpassing as, for example, the shoes of beauty, but he failed to bring her. swiftness, the cloak of invisibiUty, The Mng then sat in hasty judg- and so forth, and that these ment upon him, when a page de- stories were interpreted in the sired the court to suspend sen- hght and spirit of mediaeval tence, as two beautiful damsels Christianity and mysticism. The were riding thither, perhaps to Grail romances were divided by the knight's succour. These were the late Alfred Nutt into two

followed by two more beautiful classes : (1) those which are con-

than they ; and finally their nected with the quest for certain mistress rode into the court. This talismans of which the Grail is was the boasted beauty, and only one, and which deals with Graelent was set free. Then his the personality of the hero who

lady-love rode away, while her achieves the quest ; (2) those lover followed hard upon her track. which deal with the nature and At last they came to a river into history of those tahsmans. The which the maiden rode, forbidding first he designated " The Quest," her knight to follow. But so the second " The Early History mighty was his love that he heeded Versions." In the first class we not her words, plunged after her, find a mass of poetic matter known and came near to drowning. as the Conte del Graal, consisting Having rescued her knight, the of some 60,000 verses. This ma- lady once more leapt into the river terial was composed between 1180 and once again did Graelent and 1240. That part of it between follow her. This time he had verses 1283 and 10,601 is the work surely drowned but for the be- of Chretien de Troyes, a celebrated seeclungs of her maidens. At French poet of the twelfth century, last both lady and knight rode off who died about 1182. He states into fairyland, whence no one that the source of his poetical

witnessed their return ; while the narration was a book presented to noble steed the maiden had sent him by a Count Phihp of Flanders, to Graelent sought yearly with who was Regent of France in 1180 loud neighings through the forest -81, and who perished in the for his lost master. Crusades. Several continuations of Chretien's work exist, the dates GRAID. {Vide " Gododin.") Son of which may be placed between of Hoewgi. A Cymric warrior, 1190 and 1240. The material a '

GRA 144 GRA

of these, which amounts to some val. The accounts which deal 50,000 Hnes, deals with the origin with this aspect of the GraU and history of the Grail. Its legend are obviously the latest nature is also described. Wol- portion of the Conte del Graal. It fram von Eschenbach (q.v.), who is probable that the Conte pos- probably took his account from sesses elements of both Christian a lost French source, by one Kyot and non-Christian origin, the first or Guyot, alludes to the Grail as a of which are possibly to be found stone, and enumerates in connec- in the prose romance called the tion with it a sword and lance. Grand St. Graal (c. 1200?) and The Welsh romance of Peredur, the Joseph of Arimathea and speaks of the GraU as a head in a Merlin of Robert de Borron, salver, and mentions a lance. In written between 1170 and 1212. other accounts the Grail is con- The Grail legend has been aUuded nected with the restoration to to as a legend of the conversion health of certain relatives of the of Britain. It was probably origi- questing hero. Wolfram, regard- nally derived from a group of ing loss of health as due to sin, apocryphal writtugs including the shows how the sin-suffering on the Evangelium Nicodemi, a book very part of the kinsmen is dissipated popular in early Britain, or perhaps by the spiritual insight of the in an account of the evangeliza- questing hero, whose sympathies tion of Britain by St. Joseph, are heightened and quickened, included in some documents ema- thus enabhng him to cure his re- nating from the Abbey of Glaston- lative. The scene of all these bury in the twelfth century— versions is laid in Britain, and place traditionally connected with the dramatis personce discovered the Grail legend. Turning to the in them are whoUy British, with non-Christian element in the the exception of Wolfram von legend, we find the vengeance Eschenbach's version, where Bre- theme prominent—^the redressing ton and Angevin characters are of wrong to a Mnsman—in several found. Coming to the accounts of the versions. (See Percyvelle, in the Conte del Graal which deal Peredur, etc.), but also the break- with the nature and origin of the ing of spells and enchantments as Grail, we find that all these sub- in Diu Krdne {q.v.), and, in an- stantially agree that the Grail is other romance, the manner in the vessel of the Last Supper, in which the Grail was regarded as which Joseph of Arimathea caught a tahsman to restore fertility to the blood of Cihrist as He hung a desert land. This aspect of the upon the Cross, and the Grail legend may have its source in the lance that with which the Saviour pagan romance of Celtic Ireland was pierced. Joseph came to and Wales, so that the Grail Britain with Veronica, sister of vessel may be connected with the Nicodemus. Becoming an-hun- Cauldron of Dagda the Irish God of gered, he prayed for the Grail. It FertiUty or the Lia Fail, Stone of appearedin answer to the summons, Destiny, now in Westminster Ab- and all with Joseph had meat, bey. In fine, the Grail legend bread, and wine in abundance. may be a Christianized version of On Joseph's decease the Grail ancient Celtic myths, affected by descended to his family, from Christian symbohsm and story. sprang the father whom of Perce- (For subject-matter of the several GRA 143 GRA

legends, vide " Peredur," " Perce- and having been baptized by St. val le Gallois," " Conte del Graal," Philip, he converts many of his " Grand St. Graal," " Sir Percy- friends and kindred, and encloses veUe," "Parzival," "Joseph of the holy vessel in an ark. He Arimathea," " Merlin," " Quete sets out with his followers on a del St. Graal," "Didot Percival," journey through the wilderness, and especially " Guyot.") and during his peregrinations is miraculously sustained by the GRAIL SWORD. In Arthurian ro- dish. Reaching Sarras, where he mance this weapon is associated converts Evelach, a native, he is with the Holy Grail. Its history Uttle band commences with King David, on placed in charge of a of Christians by divine command. whose death Solomon is prompted He is pierced with a lance for ven- to cherish it, but not before he turing near the glory of the has recast the pommel. After too Grail, but is healed by an angel, his death it falls into disuse. the lance is preserved, as Solomon's wife having built a and is told that the last of his ship, she extravagantly furnishes Joseph kin will be struck by it also. the interior, and Solomon placed Nasciens, brother-in-law to Eve- by the side of the luxurious bed lach, undergoes many adventures the Grail sword. It is subse- length dis- quently discovered by the Knights with the latter, and at covers the sword of Solomon, with of the Quest, who prompt Galahad which he is wounded. Josephes, to assume it. Strangely enough son of Joseph, leads a band to it does not resist his interference, Britain, where they find CeUdoine, and is borne by him. {Vide Nasciens. Joseph and " Morte d'Arthur.") the son of his son are cast into prison by (Vide "The of the GRAM. Lay Crudel, King of North Wales, but magic Volsungs.") A sword of on Evelach (who has received the thrust into tree by Odin {q.v.), a Christian name of Mordrains) pulled out Sigmund {q.v.). and by being instructed by Christ to {q.v.) latterly became pos- Dag deliver them, he proceeds to of it. It bestowed upon sessed Britain and succeeds in freeing exceptional power, its possessor them. Mordrains builds a mon-

, performed many miracles. and astery, and there Perceval and GRAND ST. GRAAL. A romance on Galahad meet with him, as is set the subject of the Holy Grail {q.v.), forth in the tale of the Holy Grail. probably dating from the begin- Brons, Joseph's brother-in-law, ning of the thirteenth century, now enters the legend with his and thus one of the latest ro- twelve sons, whom he brings to mances connected with the legend. Josephes. As the youngest, Alain, A prologue states that Christ was is unmarried he is appointed the original author of the work. guardian of the Grail at, the death It tells how Joseph of Arimathea of Josephes. Alain, having caught employed the dish used at the a great fish with which he feeds Last Supper to catch the blood of the entire company, is called the the Redeemer which flowed from Rich Fisher, which title becomes His body before His entombment. that of all the Grail keepers in He is cast into prison, but the perpetuity. Alain duly becomes dish keeps him supplied with the Keeper of the Grail, and food. He is set free by Vespasian, places it in the castle of CorbeniCj GRA 146 GRE

for the ofience of reposing in GRETTIR THE STRONG. An Ice- which a king is wounded through landic saga, probably of the both thighs. Josue succeeds eleventh century. It abounds in Alain as keeper, and the line of impossibihties and incidents which guardians is brought down to are almost frankly mythical. The Pelles, by whose daughter Lance- saga has few distinctive features, lot du Eac is the father of Galahad. and can scarcely be regarded as in any sense a record of contem- GRANI (1). {Vide " Burnt Njal.") porary Icelandic hfe. Grettir was Younger son of Gunnar (q.v.), by the second son of Asmund and Hallgerda {q.v.). Having received Asdis and the favourite of his his life from Njal's sons who slew mother. Short and stout of Thrain {q.v.), and Hrapp {q.v.), stature, of uncommon strength he iU returned their kinduess by and perverse disposition, in his assisting in the burning of Njal father's opinion he was good for and his household. nothing. He played many tricks GRANI (2). {Vide " Volsungs, Bay upon his sire, flayed the weather- of.") A foal presented by Odin wise mare Keingald, and slew to Sigurd {q.v.). She performed Skegg in a quarrel about a lost many wonderful feats, including meal-bag. For this he had a fine the conveyance of her master to pay, which matter was settled through the flames to Brunhild's by Thorfinn, Asmund's friend, (q.v.) castle. and Grettir was ordered into a three years' banishment. Pro- GRANIA. In Irish romance, daughter vided with nothing save a sword of Cormac mac Art ; betrothed which his mother gave him, he to Finn {q.v.). She beguiled entered the vessel of Haflidi, Dermot {q.v.) to elope with her, which was wrecked on the island and after sixteen years of of Havamsey. Here Grettir re- outlawry, followed by a short mained for some time with its time of peace, Dermot was slain chief, Thorfinn, making friends by the of boar Ben Bulben {q.v.). with farmer Audun. Walking one Grania latterly espoused Finn. evening with his companions he The myth is included in the Irish watched a fire break from a Ossianic cycle. mound, and beheving the mound GRASSY, SIR. {Vide " Bevis of to conceal some treasure, he Hampton.") Steward to the King went next morning to dig an of Mounbraunt. Boniface gave him entrance into the mound, which a sleeping potion when he was in was known as the grave of Old charge of the city, so as to enable Karr, Thorfinn's father. Working Bevis and Josyan to escape. all day he came at night to the rafters of the barrow, gathered GRENDEL. (Legend of BeowuK.) together the treasure, and was A giant who hved in the morass about to ascend when the dead near Hirschhalle, the hall of King man awoke. After a tremendous Hrodgar (q.v.). He slew many struggle with him, Grettir shore warriors night, by none being able off Karr's head, and laid it at his to resist him, till Beo^nilf, after a thigh that he might not come to terrific struggle, inflicted on him life again. The treasure he de- " his death-wound. (Vide Beo- livered up to Thorfinn, but sought wulf.") to keep a certain short sword. GRE 147 GRE

That, however, he might not have would have hunted him from his until he had done some great deed. refuge in his brother Thorstein But the weapon was soon his, for Dromond's court. But the men having trapped in the storeroom of Tunsberg dissuaded him, and twelve outlaws who came at Grettir was banished from Norway, Yuletide to rob his master's home Thorfinn again paying the blood- in Thorfinn's absence, he slew ten money. Tte outlaw then made of them, the other two being for Biarg, where his father dwelt. later found dead of their wounds. Hearing of the dreadful visitations Then he received the sword, and his of Glam, the ghost-slain shepherd name became famous in all Norway. of Thorhall, who owned a haunted At the beginning of spring Grettir farm in Waterdale, Grettir deter- came to HeHgoland, where he mined to probe the mystery of stayed with Thorkel and slew a the many slaughterings there. great bear that was the dread of To that end he rode over to the the countryside. But he and farm, but it was not until the Biom, one of Thorkel's chief men, third night that he found his and a blustering, evil-tempered horse dead and the stable in conceited person, were at daggers ruins. The next night he rolled drawn. Again at spring-time himself in a rug with but two Grettir started awandering, and openings for his eyes, laid down landed upon the island of Gartar upon a locker and awaited events. in Drontheim Firth. He soon Shortly after midnight Glam ap- found his old enemy Biom, who peared, and after a tremendous had started for England, but had struggle he was mastered by been driven by stress of weather Grettir, who finally shore off his into this haven. They fought, head, and, as in Karr's case, laid and Biorn was slain. The dead it beside his thigh. But the man's brother Hiarandi then evil spirit foretold to Grettir ill sought redress, but Thorfinn paid luck, a wandering life, and a down the blood-money, reminding constant dread of its terrible grey Yarl Svein of Grettir's good deed eyes. Loaded with presents, Gret- in sla3dng the outlaws. Hiarandi, tir then returned to Biarg. He however, refused the money ; but next set out for Norway, to seek one day seeking, with the help of service with King Olaf, sla3ring, five others, to slay Grettir, he and however, ere he left, Thorbiom four of his accompUces were de- the Tardy, a braggadocio, who spatched by their intended victim had provoked him. But upon and his friend Ambiorn, sent by his way to Drontheim, the crew his kinsman Thorfinntoaccompany requiring fire, he swam ashore Grettir, for whom he foresaw with a cask and procured some treachery was intended. Yarl from a refuge-house. Here were Svein agreed to settle the matter the sons of Thorir of Garth, who, at Tunsberg, where Gunnar, the deeming him a troll, or evil brother of Biorn and Hiarandi, spirit, set upon him with fire- dwelt. Gunnar too sought to brands. In the scuffle they set slay Grettir, but was sent the same fire to the house and its inmates. road as his brothers, accom- For this mishap Grettir was panied by two of his accomplices, blamed, and was shunned by the the third taking flight. Madly sailors. He sought out Olaf, with wroth with Grettir, Yarl Svein whom he claimed kinship, but GRE 148 GRE though the king believed in his and as at ThorhaU's farm, so here innocence he would have no deal- at Sand-heaps, the haunting ings with Grettir because of his ceased. Some time afterwards ill-luck. On his way to Tunsberg Grettir took with him his brother he slew Snoekell, a berserk who Illugi, and a merry tom-fool, challenged Einar in whose house nicknamed Noise, to the laddered Grettir was tarrying. But when island of Drangey. Here they he again set foot upon Franmas lived upon the mainland farmer's he learned that Asmund had sheep that grazed upon the rock. died, Atli had been treacherously Wearjdng of that life, Grettir went murdered by Thorbiom Oxmain, disguised to the Thing at Heron- brother of the braggadocio sailor, ness, where he wrestled victori- and he, Grettir, had been out- ously with Hialti and Thorbiom lawed without a hearing. To Angle. The latter havii^ pur- avenge these things, Grettir slew chased the whole island sought, by Thorbiom and his son Amor, but entreaties, threats, and finally being an outlaw he could not be sorcery, to wrest it from the out- prosecuted. Thorin of Garth then law. In this case by the proffered Joined with Thorod Drapnastump, assistance of his foster-mother, the Thorbiom's brother, and each set witch Thurid {q.v.), he gained the a price upon the outlaw's head. hut where Grettir lay aU but help- Escaping death by hanging at the less from a ghastly wound inflicted hands of thirty farmers, Grettir, upon him by her agency. Then, by the advice of Skapti, dwelt after a protracted defence on the upon a lake-shore. Thither the part of the outlaw and his brother. Northlanders sent Grim and Red- Noise having been beaten un- beard, two ruffians, to murder the conscious, Thorbiom Angle seized outlaw ; but these suffered defeat. the short sword and hacked ofi Nor did the men sent by Thorir of Grettir's head, thereby notching Garth to entrap his enemy in the the blade. But Ulugi, steadfast pass escape without many being in his revengeful intentions, was slain and wounded by Grettir and hacked to pieces . Thorbiom Angle Hallmund, his friend in need. took ship to Norway, and, boasting For a short time the friends dwelt of his deed, revealed mmself to together, then Grettir began wan- Thorstein Dromond, Grettir's only dering again. He met the fop surviving brother, who with his GisU, and by a severe lesson cured brother's sword, cleft his skull in him of his bragging. Hearing of two. Cast into prison for his the Yule-eve hauntings at the murder, Thorstein by his cheery homestead of the priest Steiu, singing attracted the good services Grettir sought out that place, of Lady Spes {q.v.), who ransomed guarded the home folk one Yule- him and whom he afterwards eve, and flung the invading troll- courted. Her jealous husband wife into the stream's force. Then thrice had good proof of his lady's having regained his strength after faithlessness, but by her cunning, grappling with the witch, he faiUng to prove his allegation plunged into the force, hacked to before others, he summoned hi^ s pieces an ogre who dwelt there, and wife to swear to her innocence brought up the bones of Stein's before the bishop. Again their two missing house-carles. These combined inventiveness brought were buried in the churchyard, the lovers ofi victorious, and Lady GRE 149 GUA

Spes got a divorce from her GRIM (4). (Vide "Dietrich of husband Sigurd. Soon afterwards Bern.") A giant brother to Hilda she wedded with Thorstein, with (q.v.), who was equally as formid- whom she hved happily and pros- able. He was subsequently slain perously, until by common consent by Dietrich and Hildebrand. they separated to end their Uves in GRIMHILD. (Vide " Volsungs.") penitence at Rome. The Cfrettir Wife of King GuiM (q.v.) and Saga, like that of Frithjof, is yet mother of Gunnar (q.v.), Hogni another legend superimposed upon (q.v.), Guttorm (q.v.), and Gudrun the sun-mjrth. Grettir is the man (q.v.). She administered to Gud- of the sun disguised as our Ice- run a magic draught, under the landic hero. But, while in the infiuence of which the latter Frithjof Saga the hero finally wins married Atli (q.v.). peace and happiness upon the bosom of his beloved, here, in this GRINAMORE, SIR. Knight of King tale, through blood and destruc- Arthur, brother of Liones and tion, Grettir meets a dreadful and Einet, and friend of Sir Gareth agonizing death. In the one Saga (q.v.). (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") we feel the softer, more beautiful GRIOGORAS. In Arthurian romance, and more peaceful influence of the a knight whom Gauvain had once sun ; in the other we are oppressed punished for iU-doing, and whom by his gigantic strength, and the he finds wounded in a forest, feeling that even that cannot avail nursed by a damsel. On the him when all-consuming night occasion Griogoras makes off with gapes to annihilate him. Gauvain's horse. He is alluded to Gonte del Graal. GREY OF MACHA. In Irish romance, in the the horse of Cuchulain {q.v.). GRONW PEBYR. In Welsh legend, a stranger loved by Blodeuwedd, GRIM (I). (Vide "Grettir Saga.") and finally slain by her husband A ruffian who was sent to murder tlew. Grettir in his lonely hut, but was himself slain by his intended GUARINOS THE ADMIRAL. A victim. Spanish tale of the Charlemagne cycle in ballad form. Guarinos,

GRIM (2). An outlaw and lucky admiral to King Charles of France, fisherman harboured by Hallmund was captured in battle by the seven {q.v.), who figures in the Grettir Moorish Kings. They cast lots as Saga. Grim coming upon him to which of them is to win him, with a missing fish belonging to and the prize falls to Marlotes. him in his hand, slew him. Marlotes offers Guarinos wealth and his daughter as wife if he will GRIM (3). {Vide "Burnt Njal.") become a Moslem. This Guarinos

Second son of Njal. With his brother refuses ; he is therefore put into a Helgi {q.v.)h.e went sea-roving bythe dungeon and bound with iron Orlmeys, and made friends there bands. Three times only in the with the" vikiag Kari {q.v.). He year does he see daylight, namely, assisted in the slaying of Thrain on the three high-feast days. At {q.v.) and Hrapp, and that of the feast of John the Baptist, Mar- Hanskuld, but was burnt ia lotes raises a high target which the the Bergthorsknoll by Flosi (q.v.). Moorish Knights must pierce. It GUD 150 GUD

is, however, so high that none of Seyfrid and secured his aid against them succeed. Marlotes, in his Hartmut. They followed Hart- anger at their failure, proclaims mut and his men to the Wulpen- that until the spearman's prize is strand, where a dreadful conflict won, no banquet shall begin. took place, in which Hettel was Guarinos, in his dungeon, hears killed. During the night, Ludwig this from his jailer, and begs him and Hartmut with their men to ask the king to give him his succeeded in embarking and escap- horse and armour so that he may ing unseen, carrying Gudrun with try for the prize, wiUingly forfeiting them. Pursuit was useless tiU a his hfe should he fail. The king younger generation grew to man- consents. Guarinos vaults into hood, as the flower of Denmark the saddle, halts before Marlotes, was slain, so all that Queen Hilda and pierces him with his lance. and Herwig could do was to He then flies off to France. labour at building up another

expedition . Meantime , on nearing GUDRUN (1). Third portion of Ett- Ormany, Eudwig bade Gudrun muUer 's division of the Gvdrun Lay cease weeping and look with love (q.v.). (For the second portion, CTcie on his son. " Death were prefer- "Hagen and Hettel.") Gudrun able," declared the captive, and was the daughter of Hettel and Ludwig in rage flung her into the Hilda, King and Queen of Fries- sea, but Hartmut rescued her. land and sister of Ortwein. She Queen GerMnte and her daughter was exceptionally beautiful, and Ortrun received Gudrun magnifi- had many suitors, chief among cently, but Gudrun declined to them being King Seyfried of Moor- Mss Gerlinte, and the queen hated land (afterwards spoken of as her because she persisted in her King of Carady), King Hartmut of refusal to marry Hartmut. De- Ormany, and King Herwig of votedly did he love her, and Seeland (q.v.), all of whom her throughout many years repeatedly father rejected. Herwig marched sought to win her heart, but against Hettel, and a fierce conflict Gudrun steadfastly refused to took place, till Gudrun intervened. forget Herwig. Whenever Hart- While she pleaded for peace, love mut in despair went away for a stirred in her towards Herwig, and time, Grcrlmte endeavoured to at last her parents agreed to his break Gudrun's spirit by all kinds suit, and they were betrothed, of indignities and ill-treatment, Hilda stipulating for a year's forcing her and her maidens to do delay. Meantime, Seyfrid ra- the lowest menial work. Ortrun, vaged Herwig's land, and Herwig, however, who loved Gudrun, did returning home, was forced to her best to help her, and pleaded sohcit aid from Hettel, who went her brother's cause, but londness to his assistance with his nobles. and cruelty aUke failed to move During their absence Gerlinte Gudrun from her fidelity to Her- urged her son Hartmut and his wig, even Hartmut's unchanging, father to attack HegeUngen and love proving vain. For many win Gudrun by force, which they years this continued, and Gerlinte, did, and carried off Gudrun with on Hartmut's absence on an ex- many of her ladies. Queen Hilda pedition, set Gudrun to wash sent the news to Herwig and clothes on the sea-shore from morn Hettel, who made peace with tiU night. One of Gudrun's GUD 151 GUD

maidens, Hildeburg, true to her enemy. Herwig and Ludwig mistress through all, asked per- fought, Herwig finally slaying mission to share her hardships, Ludwig. Harmut and Wate en- and for six and a half years they gaged in combat, when suddenly endured this menial occupation, Gerhnte ordered a " faithless while Gerlinte's cruelty grew churl " to slay Gudrun, and Hart worse. She forced them to wear mut, hearing her voice, ceased the thinnest of garments in icy fighting, threatening the murderer weather. Still Gudrun's fidehty with death, thus saving Gudrun never faltered. Then, one day, almost at the cost of his own life. a sea-maiden in the shape of Ortrun besought Gudrun to inter- a swan brought them good news vene to save Hartmut's life. Her- of a rescuing fleet from Denmark. wig tried to part Wate and This fleet, completed at length, Hartmut, Wate striking at him in set sail for Ormany, headed by anger at the interruption, but Herwig, Horant (as standard- Hartmut was saved, being made bearer), Morung, Wate, and others, a prisoner. Wate stormed the joined by Seyfried, with reinforce- city, fiercely slaying and plunder- ments. On landing in the neigh- ing. Gudrun sheltered Ortrun bourhood of Hartmut's fortress, and her maidens, and when Ger- Herwig and Ortwein set out in a hnte also sought protection, Gu- boat as messengers to Gudrun, drun forgave her wrongs and tried and came upon her and HUdeburg, to save her, but Wate found and half-clad and washing clothes in slew her, only sparing Ortrun and the bitter cold. After some speech her ladies at Gudrun's tearful

with them, mutual recognition took prayers and expostulations . Wate place, and great joy was theirs. also slew Heregart, a maid who Herwig wished to carry off the had proved false to Gudrun. maidens at once, but Ortwein Lovingly was Herwig received by insisted on winning them by Gudrun, and having devastated battle and " with honour," and a the land, the Danes and their " hard parting " took place mean- aUies returned to Denmark, leaving ' time. Gudrun having been ' kissed Morant and Morung to keep the by two kings " flung the washing country, and carrying with them into the sea and defied Gerhnte, Hartmut and the other prisoners. who ordered her to be flogged. (Ficie "Gudrun Lay.") To escape this indignity, and with a view to her rescue on the morrow, GUDRUN (2). (Vide "Volsungs.") Gudrun feigned to agree to wed Daughter of King Giuki (q.v.) and Hartmut. Full of Joy he came to Griinhild (q.v.), and mother of her, but she asked fit robes for Swanhild (q-v.). She wedded herself and her maidens, and bade Sigurd (q.v.) while the latter was him send messengers to summon under the influence of a magic his friends to the wedding, thus potion. Her husband was slain diminishing his forces. Her re- by Guttorm (q.v.). Her mother quests were carried out. Through again influenced her into marrying the night the Hegehngen army AtU (q.v.). She despised her approached the fortress, and on second husband, whose treachery the morrow a fierce conflict took toward her brothers she repelled. place, Hartmut and his knights She eventually succeeded by the going forth bravely to meet the aid of Niblung (q.v.) in slaying — —

GUD 152 GUD

Atli. After this she attempted to vain to induce her to forget Her- drown herself, but the sea carried wig, to whom she is faithful even her to the burg of King Jonakr when cruelly ill treated by Hart- (q.v.), who took her to wife. She mut's mother GerUnte, who is lived long enough to witness the determined to force her to wed end of her kindred. Hartmut. At length Herwig is able to rescue her, the poem giving GUDRUN LAY. A German epic, a vivid and dramatic description embodjdng North German or of how this takes place. Probably Frisian-Danish-Norse sagas, re- the chief feature of the epic is counting the legendary history of Gudrun's fidehty, and she stands three generations. EttmuUer {Gu- as the type of love that remains drun Lieder, 1841) divides the true through trial and suffering. whole epic into three Hagene, The poem regarding her is one of Hagene und Hettel, and Gudrun, the finest examples of the German and for convenience we have dealt epic muse. It has been preserved more fuUy with the epic under through the agency of the Emperor these three headings. The lay Maximilian I., who, about 1517, tells how Hagen, son of Sigebant caused it, along with others, to be and Uta, King and Queen of Ire- transcribed in one volume and land, is carried ofE by a grifSn, and placed in the Ambras Library in after many vicissitudes, returns the Tyrol. It was brought to home, marries Hilda of India, and Mght some three hundred years succeeds his father as king. He later. The earUest reference to refuses all suitors for the hand of any portion of the Gudrun legend his daughter Hilda, but King appears to occur in the Exeter Hettel of Denmark sends mes- Anglo-Saxon MS., where Heovrend sengers who win her heart to his the " lay-crafty man " is spoken cause and succeed in abducting of—apparently the Horant of her—a willing captive—and bring Gudrun. An allusion to Wate's her to be King Hettel 's bride. valour seems to occur in Priest Her father follows in wrath, and a Konrad's version of the Song of great fight ensues between Hagen's Roland (1173 to 1177). The Gu- men and the Danes, ending in drun Lay cannot be taken as peace being concluded. To Hilda primarily forming a whole, nor as and Hettel are bom a son and being the work of a single author daughter, Ortwein and Gudrun, the which accounts, doubtless, for latter of whom is marvellously several discrepancies in point of beautiful. She has many suitors, time, etc., which occur in the chief of whom are Seyfrid, King poem as it now stands. (For a of Moorland, Hartmut, King of short discussion of these, see Ormany, and Herwig, King of Popular Epics of the Middle Ages, Seeland; but Hettel refuses them by Ludlow.) The frequent varia- all. Herwig attacks Hettel's tion in proper names also indicates fortress, wins Gudrun's love, and variety of source, or of text. The finally is accepted by Hettel as her earher portion of the poem has future husband. Hartmut, how- really Uttle connection with the ever, carries her o£E to Ormany, " Gudrun " portion, except as where she is held captive for many regards names. Ludlow is " in- years, during which time Hartmut, cUned to think that the Gudrun who truly loves her, endeavours in Lay proper is the oldest portion. GUD 153 GUI

He also states that a kernel of translations and theories on the ancient legend lies in the Hagen poem—also some speculations as Lay portion, overlaid by modem to the locaUties referred to in it, additions . The names and scenery see Gudrun, a Story of the North point to the origin of the poem Sea (1863), by Miss Letherbrow, being Norse ; the story of the Preface and Introduction. griffins indicates Oriental tradi- GUIBORC. Wife of William tions, while Ludlow considers the of Orange (q.v.). She was originally fencing and the story of Gudrun's wife to the Saracen King of trials in captivity quite modem in Orange, Tybalt, when she was character. He says, " To the called Orable, but fell in love thirteenth century, I beUeve, be- with William and married him. longs the idea of female sufferings {Vide " Orable " and " Prise d'Orange.") as subject for epic treatment ; the story of Gudrun may thus be con- GUIELIN, A Frankish knight, nected with the French Berte aux nephew of William of Orange, who grans pieds, and hnks itself on to the held the tower of Glorietta in the popular fourteenth-century tale of city of Orange along with WilUam ' the Patient Cfrizzel, as treated by against ' the Saracens. ( Vide Prise Boccaccio and Chaucer." A version d'Orange.") of the legend, with variations, GUILLARDUN, (Fi(Ze "Eliduc, Lay occurs in the '^ounger Edda of of.") Daughter of the King of Snorre, where Hilldr the Dane, Logres, who held his court near daughter of Hogni (Hagen) = Exeter. Ehduc, having been Hilda, who married Hedin (Het- banishedfrom the court of Brittany, tel). Hilldr, however, is repre- took service with the king and sented as a witch, and later, defeated the knight who was ceasing to love Hedin, casts a spell warring against the monarch for upon him and her father, so that the hand of Guillardun. After a every night they rise and fight one year the maiden had sight and another till dawn. This is obvi- speech of her father's champion, ously a remnant of a day-and-night when both fell in love with each myth. M. Amedee Thierry sees in other. The obstacle to the union this form of the legend especially of the knight and the princess was a reminiscence of the history of his wife Guilldeluec (q.v.). But AtiUa, who = Hettel, while Hilda she discovered the secret of her is Hdico, the historic bride of lord's sadness and gloom, and Attila. He also identifies her craving leave to take the veil, with Walther's bride Hildegrund, thus permitted him to wed with in the Walther-legend (g.v.). The Guillardun. carrying away of Hogni's daughter is spoken of by older Norse writers GUILLAUME DE LORRIS. A French than Snorre, and also by Saxo troubadour of the thirteenth cen- Grammaticus. Some authorities tury. He is famous as author of also consider that Horant, or the first part of the Boman de la Hjarrandi appears in the Hamlet- Bose, concluded subsequently by myths as Orendil or Aurentil, and Jean de Meung, but no biographical is "no other than Orpheus or facts concerning him have come Amphion, Pan or Wainamoinen." down to posterity. A French

For a fuller account of the MS. of writer, M. L. Jarry , in his Ouillaume Chtdrun, and of modem German de Lorris et le Testament d'Alphonse GUI 154 GP»

de Poitiers (1881), has attempted Guillardun whom her husband to identify the poet with one loved and whom he beUeved dead, GuiUielmus de Lorriaco, mentioned GuiUdeluec prayed his leave to the veil. He therefore in the will of Alphonse of Poitiers ; take but the writer's contentions are founded a church, instaUed his based on the slenderest evidence, wife as abbess there, and wed with and it is likely that Guillaume's GuiUardun. sub-name was given him simply on GUINEVERE. Wife of King Arthur, account of his being a native of and daughter of the King of Lorris, a small village about Cameliard. On espousing her equidistant from Montargis and Arthur was warned by Merlin that Gien. GuiUaume is credited with she was " not wholesome for him," some four or five thousand lines of and this prophecy was soon ful- the Roman, and at the outset of filled as regards her amour with these he describes himself as being Sir Lancelot du Lac. She, how- twenty years of age when he ever, concealed her deficiencies conceived the poem, but he adds from the king for many years, that it was not till five years later until at length his eyes were that he began to write it down. opened to her intrigues. She The mere fact that so young a eventuaUy betook herself to a man left his work unfinished nunnery, where she died after a suggests that he died prematurely, few years' residence. She is of the and this idea has gradually become breed of women who, like Helen of current, a pathetic interest attach- Troy or Deirdre, are the doom and ing to GuiUaume accordingly. destroyers of cities and good But his memory hardly requires knights through their iU-conceived anything of that sort to keep it loves. fresh, for it is improbable that recognition will ever cease to be GUINGAMOUR or GUGEMAR, LAY given to his verse, abounding as it OF. A romance or lai, attributed does in vivid descriptions, and to Marie of France {q.v.). Con- occasionally disclosing phraseology cerning it the Bretons " had of exceptional beauty. The idea already made a lay." The Baron has been mooted sometimes that Oridial, Lord of Leon, had a he was indebted in some measure daughter and son, Nogent and to Ovid, and, be that as it may, his Gugemar. The lad went to take work certainly hints at obligations service at court, where he was to his compatriot, Raoul de knighted. He was a goodly Houdenc. Nevertheless, GuiUaume person, but had one fault, he must be regarded as a man of no " took no care of love." Desirous ordinary originaUty, while more- of advancement, he set out for over, the Roman de la Rose proved Flanders, and having achieved the most influential of aU the great many adventures there, returned Mediaeval French poems, its style to his own country in order that being imitated by endless later he might once more behold his writers, not only in France but parents. Chancing to come upon also elsewhere. a white doe whUst hunting, he wounded her above the hoof, but " GUILLDELUEC, ( Vide EUduc, Lay the arrow glanced and struck of.") Wife of EUduc. Having Gugemar in the thigh, so that he discovered the beautiful maiden feU off his horse beside the wounded GUI 155 GUI deer. The animal addressed him which returned whence it had in human speech, and told him that come, and brought him home. never would he be healed unless The lady whom he had left was by a woman who, because of her placed in prison by her husband love, would suffer such pain and the king for the space of two sorrow as no woman in the world years. One day she found the had done before. Binding up his prison door open, and, passing wound, Gugemar mounted his out, made her way to the sea- steed and rode to the sea-shore, shore where she found her lover's where he espied a goodly vessel, magic ship, which she entered. which he boarded. Within it was It carried her to a port of Brittany, a bed made " in the days of King where reigned as lord one Meriadus, Solomon," surrounded by every who, departing on a warlike possible luxury. He entered the expedition, chanced to note the bed, and, a wind springing up, was arrival of the vessel. Beholding carried out to sea. He was wafted the queen, he fell in love with her, to an ancient city, where dwelt and brought her to his castle, an old king who was supremely placing her beside his sister. jealous of his young and beautiful Learning that she would have no wife. Her bower was waUed in man for lover who could not with green marble, and here she unclasp her girdle, Meriadus told dwelt with her niece, save whom her that in that country dwelt a no one ever entered the place. knight who would wed no woman Only one man, an aged priest, who might not undo a knot in his possessed the key to the bower. shirt. Meriadus made a great The captive queen marked the Jousting, to which came Gugemar. arrival of Gugemar's ship from He encountered his love in Meria- her garden, and her niece chmbed dus' castle, and Meriadus suggested aboard to see who was therein, that she should attempt to untie returning to say that she had found the knot in his shirt. Gugemar a slain knight within the vessel. sent for the garment, the knot in Beholding Gugemar, the queen which she easily unravelled. immediately conceived a violent Gugemar requested Meriadus to passion for him, and the knight give up the queen, which he awaking, was told the circum- refused to doj so Gugemar left stances in which she lived, adding the castle in wrath, and returned that she desired him to remain with a strong force, ultimately until he was cured. For a year taking the fortress and regaining and a half Gugemar dwelt with the his lady. lady in love, when the queen had a presentiment that she would lose GUIROMELANT. In Arthurian him. She therefore desired him to romance, a knight who loves give her a shirt upon which she Gauvain's sister Clarissant, and put such a knot that any woman with whom Gauvain arranges a who loved him must first undo it. combat. Gauvain is detested by In turn he placed a girdle about Guiromelant for having slain his her middle with a secret clasp and father. Unaware of Gauvain's buckle which no one could undo identity Guiromelant asked him to save himself. Discovered by the bear a ring to Clarissant, who was king's chamberlain, Gugemar was an inmate of a magic castle. This once more committed to his ship, Gauvain does. The duel between GUN 156 GUN

the knights is hindered, and Guiro- minded him of the blow he had melant weds Clarissant. given her, and left him unaided.

GUNNAR (1). Vide " Grettir Saga.") ( GUNNLAUG SAGA. An Icelandic like his brother Hiarandi (q.v.), tale, probably of the eleventh Grettir, upon he was slain by century. Gunnlaug of the Worm- whom he sought to avenge Biom's Tongue, a designation given him death. on account of his stinging speech, GUNNAR (2). (Fiie "Burnt Njal.") was the son of lUugi. He was sent Dearest friend of Njal. Having at the age of fifteen to learn law- married Hallgerda {q.v.),he suffered craft from his father's friend, much ill on her accoimt, for she was Thorstein EgUson. During the at constant feud with Njal's wife three years of his studentship he Bergthora (q.v.), and this brought and Thorstein's daughter, Helga, about many slayings of the returned each other's love, and servants of both farms. Again, when upon the eve of his departure by steahng from the store-house of for foreign parts, Gunnlaug asked OtkeU {q.v.) she incurred the dis- for Helga's hand. Thorstein, after pleasure of Gunnar, who gave her much sohcitation, both from father a blow on the face, an insult she and son, agreed to hold his daughter never forgot. This theft led to betrothed to her lover, should he,

Gunnar's death ; for Skamkell after three years' travelling, return (q.v.), OtkeU's friend, having noised with a satisfactory record. Gunn- it abroad that Gunnar had wept laug set sail, and, coming to with the pain of an unintentional Drontheim, through his sharp gash from OtkeU's spear, Gunnar speech, suffered the displeasure of and his brother Kolskegg, found an Yarl Eric, co-king with his opportunity to slay OtkeU and brother Svein. He therefore de- SkamkeU. Then the cunning Mord parted from Norway, and disem- (q.v.), learning that Njal had barking in London, proceeded to warned his friend not to slay two in the court of King Athelred. the same stock, advised Thorgeir Having sung the praises of this

(5'.'!;.), who sought Gunnar's death, monarch at court, he was made a to harden the heart of OtkeU's son, king's man, and was gifted with a an honest and peace-loving youth, gold-embroidered scarlet cloak. against his father's slayer. Gunnar He gained great renown from the slew the son and was ordered into slaying of one Thorom, a notorious a three years' banishment with his robber of London, who had refused brother Kolskegg. But his home to return him a loan. But at the looked so beautiful as he was approach of spring the Icelander leaving it that he was unable to sailed for Iceland, and here too he go, and remained at Lithend. sang at the Royal Court. From Then Mord, Thorgeir, and Gizir King Sigtrygg also he received

the White, sought his death ; and gifts. The winter he spent with one day before sunset, having Yarl Sigurd in the Orkneys, whence slain his faithful hound Sam, they he took ship for Upsala. Here he

surrounded his house , and slew met Rafn the Skald, an Icelander, him. Nor at this critical moment with whom he made a friendly would HaUgerda assist him when compact. The friendship, how- he bade her make a bowstring of ever, was broken by Gimnlaug's her hair. She only laughed, re- disparaging criticism of Rafn's GUN 157 GUT song offered to the Mng, and the thither. The foes again met, this unsuccessful singer vowed revenge. time to slay each other. And Rafn soon afterwards set sail for Helga, lonely and sad in her father's Iceland, and enlisted the services house, plucked the golden threads of his kinsman, Skapti the lawman, from Gunnlaug 's cloak. After a in a suit for the hand of Helga. time she was wedded to Thorkel, At the same time Gunnlaug to whom she bore several sons and returned to England as promised, daughters. Still her only deUght but was delayed there for two was in Gunnlaug's gift, and when years by Athelred, who feared a sickness fell upon Thorkel's home- Danish invasion. Then entering folk she asked for the cloak, the first north-bound ship, he came plucked out the last thread, and to Norway. Now, Yarl Eric had died in her husband's arms. ( Vide heard that Gunnlaug had sung, Sir W. Cox and Jones, Tales of whUe in the Orkneys, a song in Teutonic Lands.) praise of him. Gunnlaug was GUNTER, SIR. {Vide " Guy of War- therefore assisted by that earl to wick.") A gallant knight of find ship for Iceland, but here he Otho's who nearly killed Heraud in landed several miles from Burg- the fight with the Italians. frith and Helga, and was further delayed by Thord, a farmer's son, GUNTHER (1). {Vide "Nibelungen- who insisted on wrestUng with hed.") Son of King Giuki and Gunnlaug and his companions. husband of Brunhild {q.v.), whom But the challenger, having got the Siegfried gained for him by riding better of all the companions, was through the fire-ring at Isenstein. thrown by Gunnlaug, who, how- He is afterwards king of his father's ever, sprained his ankle. The realm, and is slain by Kriemhild consequence of this mishap was in vengeance for assisting in the that Helga's lover reached Burg- death of Siegfried. frith at the time of her wedding- feast with Rafn. At the following GUNTHER (2). {Vide "Nibelungen- Yule-tide marriage-feast, however, hed.") Son of Siegfried and Gunnlaug and Helga met, and the ELriemhild, and nephew to King disappointed lover gave the un- Gunther of Burgundy. happy bride Athelred's gold- GUROUN, SIR. A wealthy knight. embroidered scarlet cloak. But Mentioned in the Lay le Fraine when summer came Gunnlaug, in {q.v.), who, to obtain the love of the hearing of the people at the Le Fraine, entered an abbey, but Thing, challenged Rafn to meet soon after fled with his lady. He him on the holm of Axe river married Le Codre {q.v.), whom he within three days. foes met, The discovered to be the sister of Le but could not agree regarding who Fraine. This discovery caused him decide had prevailed. Unable to to dissolve his marriage and wed their quarrel, the rivals then set his former love, Le Fraine. sail each in a ship, Rafn reaching Drontheim, Gunnlaug the court of GUTTORM. (Fide"Volsungs.") Son Yarl Eric. But this monarch of King Giuki and Grimhild {q.v.). forebade their intended combat, He, influenced by his brother until hearing that Rafn was on his Gunnar {q.v.), slew Sigurd {q.v.), in way into Sweden, he sent guides the doing of which he met his own with Guimlaug to conduct him death. ;

GUY 158 GUY

GUY OF WARWICK, SIR. An of Heraud and Sir Thorold and English romance of the thirteenth Sir Urry and a requisite retinue he century. Roland, Earl of War- left to win a name. They journeyed wick, was renowned for his wisdom first to Rouen, where they foimd and bravery, and his laws put into a tournament was to be held in practice by his worthy steward honour of Blanchefleur, daughter Segard were respected by all. of Reignier, Emperor of Gtermany. His daughter, FeUce, was famous The prize fell to Guy, and after for her beauty and her learning. sending a suit of armour and a gift Segard's son, Guy, was cupbearer of money to Blanchefleur, he to the earl and was very popular. sent oflE his prizes to Roland and He was handsome, strong and FeUce. He then travelled through brave, and had been brought up in Europe, gaining distinction and all manly graces and sports by the renown everywhere. After a year, famous Heraud of Ardenne. The Heraud suggested returning to Feast of Pentecost was about to be England, and they went to Eondon celebrated. It began with High and presented themselves to King Mass, then there was a banquet, Athelstane. On going home to followed by festivities and sports. Warwick Sir Guy hastened to This feast lasted a fortnight. Guy FeUce, hoping that now she would was told to take charge of FeUce's deem him worthy of her. FeUce, dinner-party, and attracted much however, would not promise to admiration from her ladies. Even marry Guy until he was at such a FeUce noticed him and asked his pinnacle of glory that he was name. Guy fell violently in love unrivalled. Sir Guy, as a true with FeUce, although he knew that lover, foUowed his lady's wishes, it might mean death if he dared to and begged permissionfrom Roland express his devotion. At the end to go further afield in his search for of the festival he could bear it no glory. The earl urged him to stay, longer and declared his love to and his parents besought him not Pehee, to meet with a disdainful to leave them alone in their old refusal. This caused him to fall age, but his lady's word was law, sick. The physicians could do and he set out again, with the same nothing for him, not knowing the attendants. He went to Flanders, cause of his malady which threat- and traveUed through Spain, ened to be fatal. Felice, however, Germany and Lombardy, gaining in a dream saw an angel who prizes and fame everywhere, but advised her to return Guy's love he was severely wounded at so when he again expressed his Beneventum in Italy, and his love for her and fainted, she took enemies made a plot to take him pity on him and promised her troth at a disadvantage. Guy had an when he was knighted and had enemy in Otho, Duke of Pavia, proved his valour at the tourna- who incited several ItaUan knights ments. This good news had a to wait in ambush in a wood where marvellous effect on Guy. He Sir Guy and his companions were once more attended court and was to pass. A desperate combat took knighted by the king. FeUce place, and Sir Thorold and Sir Urry requiring of to him achieve a name were killed . Heraud was supposed worthy of her, Sir Guy determined to be dead, and Sir Guy was to go to foreign countries in search left victorious to bewail the fate of adventures, and under the care of his dear friends. Indeed, he GUY 159 GUY reproached Pelice for having been him. Guy nearly went over to the primary cause of this loss of the Saracens in anger, but life. He left the dead body as he meeting the emperor an explana- thought of Heraud in charge of a tion ensued, and Sir Murgadour's monk for burial and found shelter treachery was revealed. Sir Guy, in the cave of a hermit. When he hearing that the Soudan meditated was cured of his wounds he went to another attack, went out to meet Saxony and travelling from there him, and after a hard struggle to Burgundy, intended to go on dispersed the army. Sir Murga- to England. He found his friend dour now tried another plot. Heraud in Burgundy, disguised as He persuaded the emperor to a palmer, and they went together propose a single cojnbat between through Flanders. Then at St. two champions, one for the Omer they heard that Segwin, Saracens, the other the Christians. Duke of Louvain, was besieged by Sir Guy offered to champion the the Emperor Reignier and was in Christians, and addressed the great straits. Sir Guy with a Soudan, telling him that God's small army went to his assistance curse was on all unbehevers. and defeated the royaUsts, and the The Soudan, enraged, ordered Sir emperor then collected a huge Guy to be killed, but Sir Guy cut army, and a great battle took off his head, and made his way place in which Thierry of Gurmoise back to the camp. After this he distinguished himself. But the traversed Emis' dominions with unconquerable Guy was victorious. him. On their way they wit- The Emperor with a still larger nessed a fight between a dragon army was unsuccessful and the and a Uon. Guy killed the dragon, siege was turned into a blockade. and the lion was so grateful that One day when the emperor was out it followed like a dog. Emis, hxmting and defenceless, he en- charmed with Sir Guy's bravery, countered Sir Guy, who met him was anxious for his wedding with with an olive branch and said he his daughter Loret, and a day was was sure that Segwin would fixed. Sir Guy had evidently welcome the emperor. So the forgotten for the time his love for emperor went with his conqueror Felice, but the sight of the wedding- into the city and peace was made. ring brought it all back to him, Segwin married the emperor's and he became very ill, deferred niece. Soon after. Sir Guy heard the marriage, and confided to that Emis, Emperor of Greece, Heraud the cause of his illness. was besieged by the Soudan and He was at a loss how to break the that his condition was desperate. unwelcome news to Emis and Sir Guy collected an army, was Loret, when an incident occurred received cordially by Emis and which made it easier. Sir Murga- completely defeated the Saracens. dour killed the lion which so Emis promised to give his daughter faithfully attended Sir Guy, and Loret in marriage to Sir Guy. in revenge Sir Guy slew Sir Sir Murgadour, who had fallen in Murgadour. As he was the em- love with the princess Loret by a peror's steward this placed Ernis lying story, tried to destroy Sir in an unfortunate position, as the Guy's reputation with the em- emperor was much more power- peror, and then persuaded Sir Guy ful than he, so Sir Guy deter- that the emperor meant to kill mined to leave Constantinople GUY 160 GUY altogether. His next adventure procession, MUed Otho and took was helping a knight, Sir Thierry, Osile in safety to Thierry. A who was in love with Osile, reconciliation was made with the daughter of the Duke of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine, and Thierry and and by the treachery of Otho of Osile were married. Sir Guy then Pavia, had been attacked and went boar-hunting, and having dangerously wounded, Osile having killed one huge boar he carried it been taken to Otho. After some into Flanders. Florentine, King adventures Sir Guy united the of Flanders, sent his son to remon- lovers. Not long after he heard strate, and Guy gave him such a that the Duke of Lorraine and Otho severe blow with his horn that it were determiued to take possession killed the prince. He then went of the lands of Thierry's father, to the palace and was entertained Aubry, in revenge, so he went to by Florentine, but when the dead assist Thierry. He first routed the body of the prince was brought in, army of Lorraine and then turned and he found it was his guest who upon Duke Otho's army. Otho MUed him, he and his attendants had recourse to treachery. He nearly slew Sir Guy, who, however, sent a message to Aubry by an escaped. Soon after this he re- archbishop to say that if Thierry turned to England, and had and OsUe appeared before the hardly received congratulations emperor and apologized he would from Athelstane before he heard forgive them. This ruse succeeded of a great dragon in Northumber- and the party were seized unarmed land doing great damage. He by men in ambush. Sir Heraud killed it and carried the head to and Thierry were carried off, but Athelstane. Then he went home, Sir Guy escaped. Sir Thierry was found his parents both dead, thrown into a dungeon at Pavia, offered to Fehce aU he had gained and Osile taken by Otho. Sir Guy, in his travels through Christendom, wandering from place to place, and was married at once. It was arrived at the castle of Sir Amys only forty days after the marriage of the Mountaia, who ofiered him that Sir Guy began to think how help against Otho, but Sir Guy much he had done for woman's considered such a plan as hopeless. love and how Uttle in God's He disguised himself and visited service, so he resolved to devote Otho with a valuable war-horse, the rest of his life to penance. only asking as reward the charge FeHce was horrified, but could not of Sir Thierry, whom he reviled. prevent him from his purpose, so Otho appointed him Jailer, and she placed a gold ring on his finger soon Sir Guy made himseK known to remind him of her, and Sir Guy, to Thierry. However, being over- dressed as a palmer, set out for the heard by a felon who ran to teU. Holy Land. The first adventure Duke Otho, he followed the man he had was an encounter with a and kiUed him in the presence of ferocious giant, Amiraunt of the duke, excusing himself by Ethiopia, on behalf of Earl Jonas, pretending that he had attempted who, with his fifteen sons, had been to carry food to Thierry. Sir Guy warring with the Saracens. He managed to see Osile, arranged slew the giant, and Jonas and his with her to hasten her marriage sons were released. Meanwhile with Otho, then hberated Thierry, Fehce had a son, the famous and riding to meet the marriage Raynbum, whom she brought up GUY i6i GUY very carefully under the tuition obtaining a champion who would of Heraud, but he was stolen by challenge Colbrand, a Danish giant. some Saracen merchants, and they In a dream Athelstane was told took the chUd with them to a to request the help of the first heathen land under a king called pilgrim he met at the entrance of Aragus. Aragus took a fancy to his palace. TMs pilgrim was Sir the child, had his education com- Guy, and Athelstane asked his pleted, and made him his chamber- assistance. The poet tells how lain. The boy soon made himself Sir Guy said he had come to fight famous by his prowess. Heraud for God and to make England free, set out to find the boy, but he was and how he prayed to God for Hjs shipwrecked and thrown into a blessing before he began the fight. dungeon in Africa. Guy, mean- The King of Denmark swore if his while, had reached Constantinople, man fell he would never again where he met a pilgrim who turned harass England, and Athelstane out to be Sir Thierry who had lost that he would give up his country all his land, and was being punished to the Danish king if his man were by the then Duke of Pavia, who slain. It was a keen fight, and at thought he had killed Otho slain one time Colbrand considered him- by Sir Guy. Thierry began to self the victor and demanded the lament Sir Guy's death. Being king should yield. But when he weak and faint with hunger, he refused to lend Guy one of his feU asleep on Sir Guy's arm. He strong axes to fight with, Guy had a dream which Sp Guy inter- seized one of his own and struck preted, and he gave Thierry a off Colbrand's right arm, and then sword and treasure. Sir Guy then killed him. Guy concealed his went to the emperor and asked identity even after the victory, charity, and on being questioned and made the king promise not to told him he was blamed for punish- reveal it till a year had passed. ing the innocent Thierry. He Felice had been employing her challenged the steward. The time in the absence of her husband steward accepted and Sir Guy, in looking after the poor. Guy donning armour, got his marvellous visited the castle in his pilgrim's sword from Thierry. The combat dress, and received kindness from was undecided by night. The her, and seeing her so well em- steward ordered Sir Guy to be ployed he did not make himself thrown into the sea during the known to her, but went into a night. This was done and Guy hermitage in the Forest of found himself floating in his bed. with only a page as attendant. He was found by a fisherman and Warned by an angel of the near rescued, and the circumstances approach of death, he sent the were related to the emperor. Sir gold ring to Fehce, and begged her Guy then killed the steward in to come and give directions for his combat, and found Thierry, who burial. She came to find him was restored by the emperor to all dying, remained with him to the his possessions. Sir Guy was now end and was buried in the same anxious to return to England, and grave fifteen days after. when he arrived there, he found Not only is Guy a knight-errant that Athelstane was besieged in and slayer of noisome monsters, Winchester by the King of Den- the doom of the wanderer presses mark, and his only hope lay in heavily upon him, and, his bride M GUY 162 GUY

once won, he must leave her for France which in his time was known the Holy Land. The old tale of as the Province of Saint Giles, and Odysseiis and Penelope is repeated, which maintained literary and save for a spri nkling of Christian poUtical relations with the north sentiment. His bride follows him of Spain. He also studied for shortly to the tomb. He is the some time at Toledo in the Moorish sun-hero, and she the sunset which schools, and this circumstance cannot linger long when the sun fully explains the Oriental colouring has gone to his rest. in his poem, which has led many scholars to beheve that the Grail GUY, SIR (1). {Vide " Bevis of legend had an Eastern origin. Hampton.") Father of Sir Bevis. His long residence in and acquain- He married a daughter of the King tance with Provence probably won of Scotland who was much younger him the literary nick-name of than he, and who got her lover, " The Proven9al," but he wrote in Sir Murdour, to Mil her husband a dialect more akin to the north when he was out hunting. {Vide than to the south of France, as also " Guy of Warwick.") can be proved from the French GUY, SIR (2). {Vide "Bevis of words borrowed from him by " " Hampton and Guy of War- Wolfram which are distinctly of wick.") Son of Bevis of Hampton. the langue d'dil. The chief ex- Bom and baptized in a forest and ponent of the priority of Guyot as brought up by a forester, he was the first writer who cast the Grail eventually made successor to King legend into literary form was Ermyn. He fought bravely for Professor Bergmann of Strasburg his father at a battle fought in {The San Greal, Edinburgh, 1870), London. whose conclusions were traversed by the late Mr. Alfred Nutt. As GUY, SIR (3). {Vide "Sir Ferum- these conclusions are, however, bras.") Duke of Burgundy. One extremely significant, of the twelve French peers im- it will be well to summarize them. prisoned in Laban's palace at Professor Bergmann says that Aigremor. He was taken prisoner Wolfram teUs us that Guyot found at in a sally, and would have been Toledo an Arabian book, hanged by Laban had not Roland written by an astrologer named rescued him. He married Floripas Flegetanis, and containing the story {q.v.). of the mar- vellous vase called Greal, which at GUYOT. Sumamed the Proven9al, a first hovered in the air, and after- French trouvere, from whose poem wards, having been deposited on on the Grail legend, not now extant, earth by angels, was guarded by the German poet Wolfram von faithful Christians. He adds, that Eschenbach {q.v.) took the plot of Guyot made researches in the his Parzival. He was bom in the Latin chronicles of Brittany, early part of the twelfth century, Ireland, and France, and at last and flourished between 1160 and found the story of the Greal 1180. He was a native of Anjou, related in a chronicle " of Anjou. and by his appellation of "Master This mformation, furnished by the classed as a may be lay commoner. German poet, does not seem to appears to have completed his contain He much truth. It is tme literary philosophical and educa that Guyot, hke almost all poets tion in that part of the south of of his time, may, to make a show GUY 163 GUY

of his erudition, have spoken of ponderate over the secular ; but Flegetanis and an Arabian book she soon had cause to repent the as the source from which he drew creation of an institution which some details of his poem. But daily showed more decided ten- Flegetanis can by no means be an dencies gradually to extinguish Arabian proper name, and conse- the sacerdotal spirit in the worldly quently all that Wolfram relates splendour of chivalry. These of this pretended personage is of tendencies were, moreover, his own or Guyot's invention. favoured and sustained by the The name of Flegetanis might be anti-clerical apiritof the Albigenses, the Latin transcription of Feleke- who were very numerous in the Daneh, a Persian compound word, south of France, where a great which signifies astrologer or astro- number of the richest establish- nomer, and in this case it would be ments of the Templars existed. the title of an astrological work It was probably also under the translated into Latin, and which influence of this spirit that Guyot, Guyot had the opportunity of during his sojourn in Provence, studying while at Toledo. How- conceived the idea of a sacerdotal ever this may be, it is beyond chivalry and royalty, which, in doubt that the history of the his idea, were to be the guardians fable of the Greal existed neither of the temporal and spiritual in Arabian nor Spanish books nor welfare of humanity, in the same in the Latin chronicles of France manner as the Pope and the or Brittany, but owes its origin to Cathoho clergy represented the Guyot, who invented and com- kingly power and the soldiery posed it with poetical eleraents, which watched over the safety of most of which, it is true, were the Church. Unable to give his- traditional, but which he combined toric reahty to this idea, which in a novel manner by connecting appeared so beautiful to him, he them with a philosophical idea desired at least to represent it which was his own, at the same through poetry. He undertook to time that it was the expression and show in his poem how the true the natural result of the tendencies knight, by his actions and virtues, and the spirit of his age. Indeed, renders himself worthy of the in the time of Guyot, the two highest destiny which man can prevailing ideas of the Middle Ages, attain, that priestly kingship, reUgion and feudalism, had just namely, to which it was necessary been realized in the clergy and to be called both by birth and the knighthood. On seeing the re- grace of God. Temporal and spect and authority enjoyed by the spiritual welfare, the guardianship Imight and the priest, one was of which was to be confided to a naturally led to think that the priestly knighthood, the poet re- highest human destiny would be presented under the symbol of a to unite both quahties either in sacred vase, the limpid and trans- the priesthood or the priest-knight. parent element, water, and by The Church herself, temporarily extension, the' vase or basin which allured by this beautiful ideal, once contained it being, according to attempted to reahze it. She the symbols of the East and of the foimded the order of the Templars, Middle Ages, images of purity and in which, however, she intended truth, and consequently the the ecclesiastical element to pre- symbols of wisdom and salvation. GUY 164 GUY

We have elsewhere dealt with words in the Burgundian dialects, the origin of the Grail. {Vide which formed the transition from " Grail, Holy.") But it may be the langue d'oil to the langue d'oc. well to remark here when dealing The dialects of Picardy and Nor- with the poet who first gave the mandy, which tended to sharpen legend Uterary form that it is with the pronunciation of vowels, in- a goblet or cup containing pure stead of Qraal adopted the form water, that the future was foretold of Greal, which the Normans also in the East and in some countries introduced into England, and of Europe. Poetry was repre- which Guyot employed. Guyot sented by the skalds of the North the Proven5al, a native, as we have and the Breton bards under the said, of the duchy of Anjou, and symbolic form of a cup filled with consequently writing in a French a precious hquid ; thence the dialect very much akin to that of Scandinavian myth on the vase of Burgundy, found in his country

Quasir ; thence also, among the the expression Gradl to designate

Bretons and Welsh, the mysteries a vase ; and what proves that he of the magic cauldron of Keridwen really employed it to designate a {a.b.), the goddess of poetry; and, sacred vase, is the use which his lastly, the celebrated goblet of immediate imitators, Chretien de Djemschid, which was nothing but Troyes and Wolfram von Eschen- the symbol of the safety, the happi- bach, made of the same word. The ness, and the abundance which the sacred vase, or the San Greal, the people enjoyed under the reign of symbol of grace and salvation, was this illustrious King of Persia. It placed, according to the fiction of is perhaps the latter myth, ex- Guyot, in a temple guarded by plained in some Arabian work, or Kjiights Templeis or Templois. that of the basin of Keridwen, This name reminds us of that of contained in some Breton book, the Templars, whom the poet which determined Guyot to choose imitated and idealized in his poem. the vase as a symbol of temporal The temple of the Greal was placed and spiritual welfare, the guardian- upon a mountain in the midst of ship of which he intrusted to his a thick wood, which is a symbohc priestly knighthood. In mediaeval representation of the moral eleva- Latinity the mascuUne gradalis or tion and the sanctity of this place, neuter gradate means vase, goblet, which no one can approach except or basin. The dialects of the south by Divine favour. And even as of France having preserved the Mount Meru of the Hindoos and form of Latin words almost intact, Olympus of the Greeks are placed only changed the mean dental d in the mythological poetry in a into the hissing dental s or z, so mysterious distance, so has our that to this day, in some parts of poet placed the mountain of the the south, a grasal (masc.) or Greal at some considerable dis- a grazale (fem.) signifies a basin. tance from his country, beyond In the dialects of Southern France the Pyrenees, in Spain. For that the final consonants of the syllables reason he gave it the Catalonian of Latin words have been cut off name of Mont Salvagge (wild or or modified ; and consequently, inaccessible mountain) . The Greal, grad-alis and grad-ale were changed according to Guyot, was made of a into gra-alz and gra-al. Such, wonderful stone called ExiUis, indeed, was the form of these which had once been the most GUY 165 GUY brilliant in the crown of the arch- rejected the national epic subjects angel Lucifer. This cup was for foreign ones, so were the Breton brought from heaven by angels, tales preferred in France to the and left to the care of Titurel, the national traditions regarding first king of the Greal, who trans- Charlemagne and the twelve peers mitted it to Amfortas, the second of Prance, and that the more king, whose sister, Herzeloide, was willingly that Breton poesy the mother of Parzival, the third actually did surpass all others by king of the San Greal. This its marvellous and highly imagi- genealogy of the kings of the San native fictions. It is, therefore, Greal commences in the East, and principally on that account that is connected with Sennabor, an Guyot connected the story of the imaginary King of Armenia ; it San Greal, not with the epic cycle comprises fictitious names of kings of Charlemagne, as he might have of France and princes of Spain, and done, but with that of Arthur and ends in the house of Aujou. As the Knights of the Round Table. this genealogy comprises nearly Amongst the Breton knights who eleven centuries, and descends to broke lances with aU comers, and the epoch when Guyot hved, it boldly fought with dragons, giants, cannot have existed previously to and against the most insurmount- this poet, and it is more than pro- able obstacles, we chiefly distin- bable that he invented it. If, guish three : Gawain, Geraint and nevertheless, WoHram von Eschen- Peredur. It is principally from bach mentions that Guyot found the traditions regarding the last it in a chronicle of Anjou, this of the three that Guyot borrowed a indication, which doubtless was great many of the incidents with furnished to him by the romance which he composed the history of of the Angevine poet, only proves Parzival, the principal hero of his to us that the latter wanted to romance. It will be sufficient to exalt his native country, the duchy point out a few striking analogies of Anjou, in certain details of his which exist between the history of poem. Though the story of the Parzival and the Breton or Welsh San Greal was sufficiently interest- tale of Peredur. It is true that ing by itself, and above aU by the the Peredur tale which is found idea on which it was based, Guyot, among the Mahinogion or tradi- whose chief aim was not to instruct, tional tales contained in the Red but to amuse the reader, wished to Book of Hergest, was not written enrich his romance with an addi- till the fourteenth century ; but tional poetical element in order to the foundation of it is older, and make it more attractive. The was probably known to Guyot favourite reading of those times through the traditions spread in consisted of knightly histories and Armorica, a province adjoining the adventures ; and, precisely at that duchy of Anjou. The proof that epoch, the tales of King Arthur's they were not unknown to him, is adventures and those of the Knights that the history of the youth of of the Round Table were spreading Parzival is composed of the same all over France, and fully satisfied incidents as the history of the the taste of the century for all that youth of Peredur. The details was adventurous, marvellous, and about the castle of the sick old fantastical. Exactly as at the iman, and the two uncles of Peredur same epoch in Germany the poets were reproduced more or less —

GUY i66 GUY faithfully in the romance of Parzi- borrowing the matter of his poem val. Lastly, the castle of the king from foreign countries, Guyot only of the Greal which figures in the connected the story, which he had poems of Guyot corresponds to the invented, with the Breton tradi- marvellous castle of the Breton tions of the cycles of Arthur, so tale. One might even be tempted that the fiction of the Greal forms to think that Guyot had borrowed indeed the accessory, but neverthe- from the Breton traditions the less the most important part of his very history of the San Greal, romance. Guyot skilfuUy managed since, in the tale of Peredur, a to unite these two elements of basin or a Greal is made mention different origin without, however, of, and even the name of Peredur confounding them. Thus the might be explained as meaning Templois, who bear the dignified " seeker of the cup," or " searcher character of a priestly knighthood, after the Greal." But this illusion are clearly distinct in Ms poem disappears when we consider that from the Knights of the Round the cup mentioned has not the Table, who only represent the shghtest relation to the idea of the worldly or common chivalry. San Greal, and plays in the tale More than that, Guyot did not but an accessory or accidental simply imitate the Breton tradi- part. If, therefore, the name of tions, he embelhshed them and Peredur really signifies seeker of gave them more interest, endowing the basin, it is equally a fortuitous them with a meaning at once more circumstance, since it is caused poetical and more philosophical. neither by the sense nor the details Thus, to quote a few instances, the of the tale. This name was silence which Peredur, according probably very common among the to the Breton tale, keeps in pre- Bretons, and if it had the significa- sence of the marvels he sees in the tion which is given to it, doubtless palace of the sick old man, is related and aUuded to the case or simply caused by the vow he had basin of the goddess Keridwen. made, to remain dumb until he Peredur was the name of the chief should have obtained the hand of of the Guenedocians, who dis- Angarad. In Guyot's romance, tinguished himself at the Battle of on the contrary, Parzival's silence Ardderyd, and who, at a later arises from deeper causes, and period, transformed by tradition forms, as it were, the knot of the into a Knight of the Round Table, whole fiction of the Greal. The became the hero whose adventures Breton tale speaks of a bleeding and great feats are celebrated in lance which was presented to the Welsh text referred to. It is Peredur, and was probably in- therefore evident that the history tended to remind him to avenge of the San Greal did not exist the murder of his uncle and among the Bretons, or Welsh, and nephews, who had been treach- is entirely of Guyot's invention, erously assassinated. And in who borrowed nothing from Breton reahty the lance is the sj^mbol of traditions save, perhaps, the idea protection, and a bleeding body of representing the salvation of that of an appeal for revenge. mankind by the symbol of a cup The bleeding lance was therefore an idea which may have been likely to indicate that the instru- suggested to him by the myth on ment of protection had been the vase of Keridwen. Far from violated, and will consequently GUY 167 GUY

bleed until revenge shall have been century. This poet did not taken. Guyot, giving a more share in the hatred against the moral and deeper meaning to the Mohammedans so energetically bleeding lance, connects with it one manifested throughout Christen- of his chief poetical fictions. By a dom during the Crusades. The play upon words, which was only Templois do not turn their arms

possible in French, the old sick king against the infidels ; on the con- who in the Breton tradition is sur- trary, their intercourse with them named the fisherman (pecheur) is that of friends, companions in because he whiled away his troubles arms, allies and relations. This in fishing with a line, is transformed tolerance, which in the eyes of into a king sinner {pecheur). His orthodoxy probably seemed cri- sin, according to Guyot, consists minal, appears to have been the in his having fought for a sensual fruit of the sojourn which Guyot love against a paynim prince by had made at Toledo, in the midst whose lance he was wounded as a of the Mohammedan Arabs. We punishment for his fault. This must also remark that the Templois, lance will bleed until the king shall though Christians, rather resemble have been cured of his wound, or an association formed without the until his sins shall have been pale of the Church than a Catholic expiated. The Breton tale also community. Moreover, the mentions a magic sword, which apostles, saints, angels, and cere- the kingly fisher gave to Peredur monies of the Church, which as a symbol of sovereignty and always occupy the first rank in the strength. This sword broke in rehgious poems of the Middle Ages, the hands of the knight, which do not occupy so important a signified that he had not yet the place in Guyot's poem. These strength required to be worthy of heterodox and somewhat anti- sovereignty. But, according to clerical tendencies were perhaps Guyot's fiction, Parzival only re- contracted by the poet in the south ceives this sword when already of France, where he must frequently broken, and as it is only with this have come into contact with

sword that he can conquer the Albigenses and Templars ; and it of this kingdom of the Greal ; the poet is very probable on account represents this circumstance as conformity of views with the almost an insurmountable obstacle, sectarians of the south that he which the hero nevertheless suc- received from his contemporaries ceeds in overcoming. It is thus the surname or nickname of that Guyot managed to give to " Proven9al." Eastly, we must certain details, void of meaning in attribute to the heterodoxy of the Breton tradition, a moral and Guyot the loss or the destruction philosophical signification. On of his romance, which was likely the whole, the romance of the to have the same fate as the books Angevin poet, though destined, of the Albigenses and the works like all romances of chivalry, to of the Templars. Guyot's romance, amuse noble lords and ladies, bore a however, spread rapidly, and character somewhat philosophical, attracted the attention of a large and on that account we must number of readers in France, not be astonished if certain of England and Germany. What Guyot's ideas are not in agree- proves this is, that it was imitated ment with the orthodoxy of his in those countries shortly after its GWA i68 GWI

publication, and that the history GWEN. (Vide " Gododin.") Father of the Greal soon formed a kind of of Gwenabwy. A Cymric warrior epic tradition, which, as such, who was slain at the Battle of was modified and developed by Cattraeth. " Over the lovely, several French and foreign poets. slender, blood-stained body " of Thus Chretien, finding in Guyot's Gwen, knelt his onlyson, Gwenaby. poem the history of Percival, who, (Vide " Gododin.") Son without being a Knight of the GWENABY. Cymric warrior slain Round Table, was nevertheless in of Gwen. A at the Battle of Cattraeth. " He relation with it, took this episode mighty and fierce dragon." and treated it separately, con- was a " should not be ploughed, sulting, besides, as for his other His land become wild." romances, the original Armorican though it might traditions. Champenois This GWERN. In Welsh romance, son of trouvfere died before he had Matholwch and Branwen {q.v.). finished his romance of Perceval le When still a child he was made Gallois, which, however, is extant Bang of Ireland, but his uncle even now with the continuation Evnissyen immediately cast him composed by different poets. What into a fire. proves that Chretien imitated the romance of Guyot is, first, the name GWION BACH. In Welsh romance of Perceval which he kept for his and myth, son of Gwreang. He hero, and which is nothing less than was put by Ceridwin {q.v.) to stir the Champenois pronunciation of the magic cauldron of inspiration the name of Parzival, which he and science, the contents of which

found in Guyot's poem. This were to be drunk by her son ; but name, invented by Guyot, is three drops of the liquor having doubtless derived from farisi-fal, lighted on G'ndon's fingers he a compound Persian word signi- sucked them and thereby became fying " ignorant knight," and gifted with supernatural sight. alludes to the ignorance of young Then he fled, pursued by the Parzival, who, in consequence of jealous mother. The pursued and the extreme solicitude of his pursuer metamorphosedthemselves mother to shelter him from every into a hare and a greyhound, a fish danger, had been deprived of all and an otter, a bird and a hawk, a knightly education. Chretien de grain of wheat and a black hen, Troyes, unacquainted with the which ultimately swallowed the foreign origin of this word, ex- wheat. Eater Gwion became the plains it as signifying " one who child of Ceridwin, but being averse pierces or wanders through vales to slay him on account of his to seek adventures." beauty, she put him in a bag and cast ham into the GWARTHLEO. {Vide " Gododin.") sea. After some time he was drawn out by Elphin, A Cymric warrior, " young, rich, son of Cwyddno {q.v.), ever pressing forward." He was and was caUed Tahesin {q.v.) (Radiant slain at the Battle of Cattraeth. Brow). The cauldron, deprived of GWAWL, In Welsh romance, the the sacred hquor, now contained rival of Pwyll {q.v.) for Rhiannon's only poison, which burst the (q.v.) hand. For this pretension vessel and killed the horses of he was decoyed into a bag and Gwyddno Garanhir. Compare the baited as a badger. metamorphoses of Ceridwen and GWR 169 HAG

Gwion Bach with that of the GWYNN AP NUDD. A Cymric Queen of Beauty and the Jinn, son deity who appears in Welsh of the daughter of Ehhs, in the romance, hkened to Finn (Gaelic) tale of The Second Calendar in the and to Odin (Norse). He was Arabian Nights' Entertainments. King of Hades, and fought every May-day until the day of doom GWRUELING. (Fic^e "Gododin.") A with Gwythur ap Greidawl for gigantic Cymric warrior. He was Creudylad, daughter of Llud. slain at the Battle of Cattraeth. This myth evidently represents the contest between winter and summer GWYDDNO GARANHIR. {Vide fertile Later " Gwion Bach.") for the earth. we find him figuring as the King of GWYLGET. (Vide " Gododin.") A the Fairies. chief of Gododin, who joined in the banquet of Mynyddang, and fell GWYTHUR AP GREIDAWL. {Vide in the Battle of Cattraeth. " Gwynn ap Nudd.")

H " HACON, YARL. ( Vide Burnt Njal.") Lay {q.v.). Hagen, known as Heathen King of Norway, and " Wild " Hagen, was the son of predecessor of the Christian King Sigebant and Uta, King and Olaf. Queen of Ireland. At the age of seven he was carried off by a {Vide " Nibelungen- HADEBURC. griffin, over the sea to its nest. lied.") One of the two merwomen Escaping from its young, Hagen Hagen found bathing by the whom discovered three little girls in the whose garments he Danube and same pUght as himself—Hilda, order to force them to seized, in daughter of the King of India, concerning the future. prophesy Hildburg, daughter of the Lord of She foretold good, but falsely, Portugal, the third being the future of the Burgun- knowing the daughter of the Lord of Iceland. {Vide also dians to be doomed. For many years they Uved as best " seizure of the Sigelint.") The they might, Hagen's strength garments or " swan-dress " of a growing well-nigh superhuman, till wise woman, was valkyr, nixie, or at length a passing ship rescued supposed to enforce her generally them. Its master, the Count of or assistance. advice Carady, had suffered loss through King HAERING. {Vide "Grettir Saga.") Sigebant, and, on learning who Hagen was, ordered him to be A nimble chmber whom Thorbiorn taken to Carady as a hostage. Angle {q.v.) took with him to the Hagen (wearing a full suit of island of Drangey in order to slay armour which he had found some Grettir. But his wily attempt was years previously the of noticed by Grettir's brother, on body a shipwrecked warrior east up on niugi, who chased Haering over the shore), fought and killed the cliff. thirty of the count's men, and HAGEN (1). The first portion of steered the ship for Ireland, where Ettmiiller's division of the Oudrun he made himself known to his HAG 170 HAL

parents, and great rejoicings took Horant, by his marvellous sweet place in the land. Later he singing, was specially instrumental married the Princess Hilda, and his in winning Hilda's heart for Hettel, father abdicated in his favour. A telling her that at Hettel 's court daughter was bom to him, named were many singers finer than him- Hilda. She was very beautiful, self. Having made their plans, but Hagen was too proud to give the ambassadors told Hagen they her to any of her many suitors. must return home, as Hettel was Among these was Hettel, King of now wilhng to be reconciled to Hegelingen, and the account of his them. Before departing they in- wooing and Hagen's share in events vited the king and his court to forms Ettmiiller's second portion come down to the shore to see their of the Chidrun Lay (q.v. under treasures, and having manoeuvred heading " Hagen and Hettel"). that Hilda should be separated from her parents during the in- HAGEN (2). Of Tronje. (Vide spection, Hettel's messengers leapt "Dietrich of Berne.") He was with her (a willing captive) into handed over to the Franks as their ships, and, reinforced by hostage to Etzel or Attila, but armed men who had been con- effected his escape. {Vide also cealed in the vessel, they escaped " Walther of Aquitaine.") from Hagen's fury, and sailed rapidly for HAGEN (3). (Fi&"Nibelungen- Daneland. Hettel re- hed.") The brother of Dankwart, ceived his bride joyfully, but at and uncle to Gunther. He plotted the wedding-feast, Hagen and his along with Brunhilde against men, who had followed in pursuit, Siegfried, whom he slew treach- came in sight, and a fierce struggle erously at her instigation. Kriem- took place, in which Hettel was hild (q.v.), Siegfried's wife, after her wounded. Wate and Hagen en- marriage with Etzel or Attila, gaged in single conflict, when a,venged her husband's murder by Hettel, his wounds bound, sug- trapping and eventually slaying gested peace, as both sides seemed him. But not until after he and equal in strength, and the dead his followers had made dire lay everywhere. Hagen finally execution at her husband's court. agreed and a complete reconcilia- tion was effected, Wate producing HAGEN AND HETTEL. Second divi- "a good root " to heal the wounded. sion of the Gudrun Lay (q.v.). For Hettel and Hilda entertained first portion, see Hagen. Hettel, Hagen and his men royally for King of HegeUngen in Ireland, twelve days, when Hagen returned hearing of the beauty of Hilda of thoroughly satisfied with his Ireland (q.v.), daughter of Hagen, daughter's marriage. Hettel and determined to wed her, and after Hilda lived in honour and happi- discussion with his counsellors sent ness, there being born to them a ambassadors to Hagen, chief of son Ortwein, and a daughter whom were Morung of Friesland Gudrun, the story of whose Ufe (q.v.), Horant of Denmark (q.v.), forms Ettmiiller's third division Yrolt of Ortland (q.v.), Wate of of the Gudrun Lay. (Vide Sturmen (q.v.), and Frute of Dane- " Gudrun.") land (q.v.). They pretended to have been exiled by Hettel, and HALFDAN. In the Icelandic saga Hagen received them hospitably. of Frithjof (q.v.), the bright and HAL 171 HAM

peace-loving son of King Bele, the drove straight for the whale upon friend of Thorsten, Frithjof 's father. which the fiends rode, and they were left tossing upon the waves HALLGERDA. Vide " Burnt Njal.") ( until the sea-weed entangled them. , Daughter of ; wife of Hanskuld Then the storm subsided. Gunnar {q.v.). Gunnar had but newly returned where from abroad, HAMLET. In the days of Rorik, he had acquired fame and much Bang of Denmark, Gervendill was fortune, when, among wandering Governor of Jutland, and was the booths at the Thing, he was succeeded by his sons Horvendill accosted beautiful woman. by a and Feng. Horvendill, on his The outcome of the conversation return from a Viking expedition, was that sought the lady's Gunnar in which he had slain Koll, King hand from her father, and the two of Norway, married Gerutha, were married. But Hanskuld had Rorik's daughter, who bore him a warned lover his lady-love the that son Amleth. But Feng, out of older she was than he, and that jealousy, murdered Horvendill, had, blow, in revenge for a and persuaded Gerutha to become encompassed the death of two his wife, on the plea that he had Hallgerda brought husbands. committed the crime for no other misery Gunnar, as she much upon reason than to avenge her of a was at bitter feud with the wife of husband by whom she had been his dearest friend Njal. And hated. Amleth, afraid of sharing received a blow from her having his father's fate, pretended to be the occasion of angry husband, on imbecile, but the suspicion of OtkeU's store, she her theft from Feng put him to various tests the insult ; but in never forgot which are related in detail. Among with Gunnar's direst need refused, other things they sought to en- sneer, to lend her assistance. He a tangle him with a young girl, his his foes, and she was was slain by foster-sister, but his cunning saved driven by her mother-in-law to him. When, however, Amleth elsewhere. seek a home slew an eavesdropper hidden, like " Saga.") Polonius, in his mother's room, HALLMUND. ( Vide Grettir and destroyed all traces of the deed, The cave-dweller who guarded one Feng was assured that the young end of a pass, while Grettir de- man's madness was feigned. fended himself at the other against Accordingly he despatched him to the men of Thorir of Garth (q.v.). For some time afterwards the England in company with two attendants, who bore a letter Icelandic hero lived with Hall- enjoining king of the country mund, who met his death at the the to put him to death. Amleth hands of Grim {q.v. 2), whose fish surmised the purport of their he stole. instructions, and secretly altered HAM. (Vide "Frithjof Saga.") A the message on their wooden tablets Norwegian storm-fiend in the form to the effect that the king should of an eagle with black wings. put the attendants to death and Helgi (q.v.) had sent her with the give Amleth his daughter in bear-like sea-witch Heyd to marriage. After marrying the swallow up Frithjof (q.v.) as he princess, Amleth returned at the sailed for the island of Yarl end of a year to Denmark. Of Angantyr (q.v.). But Frithjof the wealth he had accumulated he —

HAM 172 HAR

took with him only certain hollow {q.v.) on account of his rivalry in sticks filled with gold. He arrived the priesthood, he was foully slain in time for a funeral feast, held to one morning in his field by Mord celebrate his supposed death. and Njal's sons. This murder During the feast he plied the brought about the burning of Njal courtiers with wine, and executed and his household. his vengeance during their drunken HANSKULD (2). Father of Hall- sleep by fastening down over them gerda {q.v.). the wooUen hangings of the hall with pegs he had sharpened during HARDRE. ("Flowery-haired.") (Ficfe his feigned madness, and then " Garin the Lorrainer.") One of setting fire to the palace. After a King Pepin's older counsellors. long harangue to the people he He brought up Garin and Bego was proclaimed king. Returning along with his two sons, Fremont to England for his wife, he found and WiUiam of Montchn. He was that his father-in-law and Feng killed by Hemais of Orleans when had been pledged to avenge the he did battle with Garin. other's death. The EngUsh king, HARDRED. (Legend of Beowulf.) unwiUing personally to carry out Son of Hygelak and Hygd, King his pledge, sent Amleth as proxy and Queen of Grothland {q.v.). wooer for the hand of a terrible Beowulf acted as regent for him. Scottish Queen Hermuthruda, who ' . ( Vide ' Beowulf " ) After becoming had put all former wooers to death, king, he gave sanctuary to Ean- but fell in love with Amleth. On mund and Eadzils, the rebeUious his return to England, his first sons of Ohtere, King of Sweden, but wife, whose love proved stronger was slain by Eanmund, whom than her resentment, told him of Hardred had advised to make her father's intended revenge. In peace with his father. the battle which followed Amleth won the day by setting up those HARTMANN VON DER AUE. A High who had been slain the day before German poet, who is supposed to armed with stakes, and thus terrify- have lived about the end of the ing the enemy. He then returned twelfth century. He was of gentle with his two wives to Jutland, where if not actually noble birth, while he had to encounter the enmity it is probable that his education of Wiglek, whom Hermuthruda was fairly good, for his youth was married. spent in a monastery, and while In his work on the semi- sojourning there he assimilated mythical monarchs of Denmark, ascetic ideals which clung to him Saxo-Grammaticus teUs the ro- with varying degrees of tenacity mantic story of Hamlet or Amleth, throughout the rest of his life. from which Shakespeare obtained On completing his studies with the the plot of his immortal tragedy. monks he passed into the service in what capacity is not recorded HAMUND. {Vide " The Lay of the of a nobleman whose domain was Volsungs.") Sonof Sigmund(g'.«.) known as Aue, a place which has begotten on Borghild {q.v.), and been identified with Obemau on brother to Helgi {q.v.). the Neckar, and subsequently he " HANSKULD (1). {Vide Burnt Njal.") went to Palestine along with a Son of Thrain {q.v.), husband of band of German crusaders. The HUdegunna {q.v.). Hated by Mord date of his death is uncertain, but HAR 173 HAV

Gottfried von Strassburg, writing with English notes by Robertson in 1210, mentions him as still alive in 1895. at that time ; while in a poem by HARTMUT. Bang of Ormany. {Vide Heinrich von der Turlin, Diu " Gudrun's Lay " and " Gudrun.") Krone, written about 1220, he is Son of King Ludwig and Queen mourned for as dead. Gerlinte, brother of Ortrun. Hartmann voluminous was a Married Hildeburg. He was an writer. wrote long poems He two unsuccessful suitor of Gudrun, dealing with the Arthurian legends, attempting first to seek to win her Erec and Ewein, deriving his by force, but later was persuaded matter in either case from the to carry her off to Ormany, aided French of Chretien de Troyes ; while by his father and his men. He it is likely another lengthy that saves Gudrun from the sea (vide metrical romance from Hartmann's " Ludwig "), and for many years pen, Gregorius, was also drawn in seeks with unwavering devotion to considerable measure from French win her as his willing bride, but in sources. In addition to these he vain. He fights valiantly and wrote a host of lyrics, the majority nobly in the struggle with Herwig's of informed deep rehgious them by rescuing force, being almost slain ardour ; but the poem whereby by Wate (q.v.) and rescued by is Der he is chiefly remembered Herwig at Gudrun's request for Heinrich (" Poor Henry "), Arme his sister Ortrun's sake. Later, recounts one smitten which how to please Gudrun and win her cured of his with leprosy was friendship and to conclude peace, the heroism of a disease through he, at her request, weds Hilde- her own young girl, who sacrificed burg. life to save him. The poem is manifestly based on fact, while it HAVELOK THE DANE. The first extant, is generally thought, indeed, that complete English romance the incident occurred in the family translated from the French by the poet himself served. The Geoffrey Gaimar (q.v.), an Anglo- bulk of Hartmann's work is Norman trouvere who flourished of rather a didactic order. He about the middle of the twelfth strove to imbue the rough knights century. But the French MS. of his time with a moral and from which he took it was certainly rehgious spirit, but despite his not its original form, as it un- ardour in this way he hardly ever doubtedly sprang from Anglo- failed to attain genuine Uterary Danish sources. The translator merit, and his poems have a degree states in the beginning of the tale of grace and finish not commonly that he had it from a Breton lay, found in mediaeval German verse. but this Breton form appears to He has always been popular, and have been merely intermediary. the story of his Arme Heinrich has The tale recounts how Athelwold, been re-told by several modem King of England, feehng death poets, notably Longfellow and draw near, was mightily troubled his concerning the future of his infant Rossetti ; while seldom have writings been out of print for daughter. CaUing his earls about any length of time. The best him, he requested them to choose complete edition of them is one one of their number as a regent. issued at Leipsic in 1891, while Their choice lighted on Earl God- Der Arme Heinrich was edited rch of Cornwall, who swore to HAV 174 HAV protect the princess and her throne mighty eater that fish alone would until she was of the age of twelve, not feed him, so his foster-father when he would find her for husband cut him a garment out of the sail the best man in England. Athel- of the boat, and sent him to wold died, the earl received from Lincoln to seek his fortime. aU an oath of fidelity to the Hearing a cry of "porters, porters," princess until her twelfth year, he elbowed his way through a and established law and order crowd and upsetting them, was throughout the land. The princess employed to carry the Earl of waxed very beautiful, and in time Cornwall's meat to the castle. He Earl Godrich thought to give her was engaged as scullion by the cook to his own son. So he took the there because of his strength. At princess, whose name was Golde- the Lincoln games he overcame aU burg, from Winchester, and shut at putting the stone, and his her up in the Castle of Dover, strength and meekness became poorly fed and thinly clad. Birka- proverbial throughout England. beyn. King of Denmark, being in Godrich, hearing of it, resolved to like case to Athelwold, a dying wed Havelok to the Princess king with three young childxen, Goldeburg and make him his tool a son and two daughters, made his to degrade the princess from her chief adviser Godard, swear to queenly right to possess England, protect Denmark and the babes as he had sworn to Athelwold to until the boy reached the age of give his daughter to " the best man knighthood. But Godard took in England." Goldeburg refused the children, Havelok, Swanborow to be wed save to a king's son, but and Helfedl, and shut them up with threats Godrich compelled where they pined for cold and them to marry. Going to Grimsby, hunger. He slew the little girls, Havelok found that Grim was and told a fisherman to cast Have- dead, but received homage from lok into the sea. The fisherman his three sons, who manfully took Havelok home in a bag, but served both him and his wife. In he and his wife were so startled by the night, as Goldeburg lay sorrow- the light which emanated from his ing over her hard lot, she espied mouth that they became his a bright fight issuing from her thraUs. The fisherman. Grim, told husband's mouth. She also saw a Godard that Havelok was drowned noble cross of red gold upon his and with the boy and his own shoulder, and heard the voice of children and wife embarked on his an angel say that Havelok was a boat and was carried by a north king's son and heir, and should wind to the coast of England. have all England and Denmark. They landed at lindeseye in the Havelok on his part dreamt that Humber, where he built a hut for he was lord of the two countries. himself and family, and gave the Goldeburg counselled him to return place his name, Grimsby. Grim to Denmark at once, taking mth made a living as a fisherman, and, him Grim's three sons, Robert, when twelve years old, Havelok WiUiam and Hugh. Arrived in decided to assist him, sending the Denmark, they asked leavejof XJbbe, fish Grim caught to Lincoln. A a great earl, to trade there, and great famine befell the land, and received permission to do so. hunger stared the Uttle family in Their lodging was attacked by the face. Havelok was such a sixty stout thieves, but Havelok, HAV 175 HAV tearing up the doorpost for, a " fatal children " who are born to weapon, made great slaughter. be kings, and to destroy those who But, wounded in twenty places, keep them out of their rightful the brothers rushed to his aid, and inheritance, and there is, therefore, slew the robbers who remained. only one maiden in the world, who Ubbe had Havelok taken to his may be his wife. The light of own castle to cure his wounds, and kingship or power shines from going into Havelok's chamber, Havelok as it does from the heads; perceived the bright light pro- of Servius Tullius and ilisculapius. ceeding from his mouth. He then Like the Great Lord in the Gaehc noticed Havelok's Ukeness to King legend, or Renouart in the Charle- Birkabeyn, and fell at his feet, magne romances, he is bound to swearing fealty. Ubbe summoned serve in the kitchen for a space, all his dependents, and telling them from which he soon emerges as a of Godard's treachery, did homage mighty man of his hands. Golde- to Havelok. Godard was soon at burg is disgusted with the fisher's bay, with the whole of Denmark abode of her husband, as are the arrayed against him, and he was princesses in German or Norse taken and hanged. Havelok made legend who espouse King Thrush- his three foster-brothers barons, beard or King Hacon Grizzlebeard. and gave Ubbe the lands of Godard. In the French version the name of To Grim's memory he built a fair Goldeburg is translated as Argen- priory at Grimsby. Godrich of tile, and Havelok has become Cornwall, hearing of Havelok's Havelok Curan. In Warner's later good fortime, became alarmed, and poem, Albion's England, we have gathered all his forces at Lincoln. these characteristics presented to A great battle was fought at us, and Curan in order to win Grimsby. Havelok encountering Argentile, becomes a scuUion in Godrich, struck off his sword-hand, the house of Ethil, who compels and sent him in fetters to the her to marry Curan for motives queen. The EngHshmen did similar to those which led Godric homage to Goldeburg as Queen to insist that Goldeburg should of England, and cried out that wed Havelok. Curan is the Godrich should be hanged. By Danish hero whom the Angles judgment of his peers he was designated Anlaf-cwiran, and we burnt at the stake. Havelok discover that Anlaf is identical enriched all who had served him, with Havelok, whose story, as and with Goldeburg reigned furnishing groundwork for the in England sixty years. They claim of the Danes through him to had fifteen sons and daughters, England, is connected with the whereof all became kings and story of Guy of Warwick (q.v.). queens. The Havelok further presents a Unk The poem is written in octo- with the saga of Beowulf (q.v.) as syllabic couplets with no additional bearing a name which is only a syllables except an occasional modification of Hygelac, one of double rhyme and some, though the heroes of that myth. And with slight, traces of alliteration. when we find Anlaf Latinized into The EngHsh is good of the period. Amlethus we recognize a name Havelok is connected with a very famihar to us all —that of Hamlet. wide range of myth, etymologically In whom we have another dis- and otherwise. He is one of the possessed prince. HAV 176 HEL

HAVGAN. Rival of Arawn {q.v.), a late, weak and badly made com- king of the British Celtic Hades. pilation from originals. But this He was mortally wounded by criticism is scarcely just, as Pwyll {q.v.). Heimskringla is a type of annals or pseudo -history of the same cha- HAYMON. {Vide "Four Sons of Aymon.") racter with the Danish history of Saxo-Grammaticus, the (Chinese HEBIS, SIR. A knight of Ireland, Historj' in the Five Books, the mentioned in Arthurian romance Japanese Nihongi, or the Central visit in the incident of Tristram's American Popol Vuh—^that is, it to King Anguish under the guise consists of romantic history as " of a harper. {Vide Morte does the Historia Begum Bri- d'Arthur.") tannicB, and is thus placed beyond HECTOR DE MARES. A knight criticism so far as its lack of alluded to in the Queste del Graal. authenticity is concerned. There He meets with Gauvain, and it is is an excellent translation of foretold to both that they cannot Heimskringla by William Morris behold the Grail for which they and Magnusson, and Carlyle utihzed search, so poor are they in faith. it in composing his Kings of On one occasion he fought with Norway. Perceval so fiercely that both were HEINE. Son of Studas. A character near death. But an angel ap- in the romance of Dietrich of Grail peared bearing the and made Bern {q.v.), to whose court he was them whole. attached. Although a brave hero, HEIMSKRINGLA. An abridged form he won disfavour through his of a work in Icelandic entitled greed for treasure, which subse- Lives of the Kings of Norway, not quently led him to turn traitor. now extant, written by Snorri This charge caused his death. " Sturluson.authorof the "Younger HEINRICH VON DEM TURLIN. A Edda, who flourished during the German poet of the thirteenth first half of the thirteenth century, century. About the year 1220 he founded Ari and upon Thorgilsson's wrote a long narrative poem Book Kings, an earlier work on of entitled Die Krone (The Crown of Norse-Icelandic history. Snorri All Adventure), and this contains treated the king's lives in the incidentally a lament for the death spiritof the greater Icelandic sagas, of Hartmann von Aue, an earher and the shape in which they exist poet, by whom Heinrich's own is very far from authentic, as in work was considerably influenced. the Heimskringla, Snorri's work HELCHE, " has been greatly abridged, as is QUEEN. {Vide Dietrich known by comparison with the of Bern.") saga of Olaf Tryggvason where , THE. (The Book of more of Snorri appears to have Heroes.) Edited by Kaspar von der retained than in been Heimskringla. Roen, in the fifteenth century, but Snorri means by no followed Ari supposed by Grasse to have been slavishly, and infused much first collated from earher sources, imaginative colour into his version and embelhshed by Wolfram von of the Lives of the Kings. Dr. Eschenbach and Heinrich von Vigfusson is very severe on the Ofterdingen at the end of the Heimskringla, which he regards as a twelfth century. Vilmar, in his ;

HEL 177 HER

Geschichte der Deutschen National- of riosi, as he sought to escape a literatur, mentions several earlier fiery death. Heldenbiicher, and greatly dis- HELGI (3). (Vide " Lay of the Vol- jjarages von der Roen's collection. sungs.") Son of Sigmund and But it appears to have been the Borghild (q.v.). He slew Bang most complete and popular of any. Hunding, after which he married The poems it contains although Sigrun, King Hogni's daughter unequal in merit are stiU all of (all of whom see). This union considerable interest. They are displeased Hodbrod (q.v.), whom Onit, Wolfdietrieh, Etzel's Court- he slew. Sigrun's father then keeping, Giant Sigendt, Ecke's made war upon him, but was slain. Journey, Dietrich and Ms Com- He was subsequently killed by panions, King Laurin, The Rose Dag, brother of Sigrun. Garden at Worms, The Lay of Hildebrand, The Sea Monster, and HELICORAS. In Grail romance, son Dvke Ernst (all of which see under of Corsapias (q.v.) who accom- their titles or under " Dieterich of panied Flegentyne (q.v.) in his Bern "). search for her husband Nasciens. He is alluded to in the Grand St. (Vide "Burnt Njal.") HELGA. Graal. Daughter of Njal ; wife of Kari iq.v.). HELIUS AND HELAKE. The murder- ous sons of King Hermance (q.v.), " HELGA THE FAIR. (Vide Gunn- whom they slew. (Vide " Morte laug Saga.") d'Arthur.")

HELGI (1). In the Icelandic saga of HELLAWES. Lady of the Castle Frithjof (q.v.). The dark and vin- Nigramous, a sorceress who vainly dictive son of Bele. Hating attempted to win the love of Frithjof for his superior strength Lancelot (q.v.). Failing in her as for his inferior rank, he refused endeavour, she died. (Vide " Morte to give him Ingebjorg his sister to d'Arthur.") wife. He met his end by violently HELYAB. Wife of Joseph of Arima- entering the temple of Yumala in thea,in Grail romance, and mother the land of the Finns, against of Josephes. She bore another whom he was warring. As he son to Joseph and called him wrenched open the door the god Galahad (q.v.). fell headlong and crushed him in his fall. HELYAS. Alluded to in the Quisle del St. Graal as fourth in line from HELGI (2). (Vide "Burnt Njal.") CeHdoine, King of Scotland in the Third and youngest son of Njal genealogy of Lancelot and Galahad. Thorhalla. With Grim husband of HENRY, ARCHBISHOP OF RHEIMS. (q.v.) his brother he went sea- Vide " Garin the Lorrainer.") He roving near the Orkneys, fell in ( advised Pepin to marry Blanch- with Kari a Viking, who succoured flower instead of giving her to them twice in their need, and whom Garin the Lorrainer. He incited they married to their sister Helga the monks to swear they were (q.v.). He assisted in the deaths related. of Thrain (q.v.) and Hrapp (q.v.), and in that of Hanskuld (q.v.). HERBRAND. Father of Hildebrand " His own end he met at the hands (q.v.). ( Vide Dietrich of Bern.") ST HER 178 HER " HEREGART. ( Vide Gudrun Eay," knight who fought against Raoul third division of, under heading of Cambray {q.v.). Raoul cut his " Gudrun.") A young duchess, wrist, and blasphemed so whilst one of Gudrun's maidens, carried pursuing him that Hemant said to ofE with her to Ormany. She, him that he prized him " no more however, deserted her mistress for than a mad dog." Bemier {q.v.), one of Hartmut's retinue {vide coming up, struck Raoul a deadly " Hartmut "). On Gudrun's rescue blow, and Hemant finished his Heregart begged for mercy, and work. Gudrun tried to save her, but Wate HEREIN. In the WiUiam of Orange {q.v.) slew her for her unfaithful- cycle, brother of Otrant, pagan ness to her mistress. King of Nimes. He took two HERMANCE. King of the Red City, oxen belonging to WiUiam of brutally murdered by his two sons, Orange when the latter came to Hehus and Helake {q.v.). Hisbody Nimes disguised as a merchant, was placed in a barge which sailed and upon the paladin's complaining up the Humber. Palomides and Herpin pulled his beard, whereupon Tristran discover the body. The Wilham brained him with a blow former, complying with the note of his fist. in the dead king's hand, sails to ' HERRAT. ' revenge him on his wicked sons, ( Vide Nibelungenlied.") who are subsequently slain. {Vide Wife of Dietrich of Bern ; niece of " Morte d'Arthur.") Helche (wife of Etzel, King of the Huns). She was one of the ladies- HERMENGARD. In the Charle- in-waiting to receive Kriemhild on cycle of romance, sister of magne her arrival at Etzel's castle after King Boniface of Pavia, and wife her marriage to him. {Vide also of Aymery of Narbonne {q.v.). " Dietrich of Bern.") By her he had seven sons, one of whom was the famous WUham of HERVI (THE VILLEIN). {Vide " Orange {q.v.). {Vide Enfances " Garin the Lorrainer.") He was Guillaume.") given charge of Plessis by Bego, and he gave assistance advice HERMIND, SIR. Of the Delectable and to Bego after the attack made Isle and brother to King Her- upon him by Thibaut. He found mance {q.v.). {Vide " Morte a messenger for " d'Arthur.") Bego Manuel Galopin " to send to the king to HERMIT. Prince of the Reussen ask his aid. He fought bravely and son of Waldemar {q.v.). { Vide at the siege of Bordeaux. He was " Dietrich of Bern.") the father of Rigaut, and he was wroth with his son for not entering HERNAIS. {Vide " Garin the Lor- into the truce with the Bordelais rainer.") Son of Duke Hemais after Bego's death. of Lorraine, nephew of Garin. He killed Count Hardr6 at the fight HERWIG. King of Seeland. {Vide after Pepin's wedding. " " Gudrun Lay —third division of, under " HERNANT DE BEAULANDE. {Vide heading Gudrun.") Married " Garin de Montglane.") Gudrun. A suitor for the hand of Gudrun, whose father HERNANT OF DOUAY. In the Hettel at first rejected him, but Charlemagne cycle of romance, a Herwig marched against Hettel HER 179 HIL

and after a fierce conflict they HEVEYEDD HEN. (Alluded to in the became reconciled, and Herwig and Mdbinogion.) According to the Gudrun were betrothed. Herwig Welsh triads, he was the son of returned to defend Seeland against Bleiddan Sant of Glamorgan, and Se3^rid (q.v.), and was forced to was one of the three stranger kings solicit aid from Hettel, during of Britain on whom dominion was whose absence Gudrun was carried conferred for their mighty deeds off by Hartmut (q.v.). Herwig's and praiseworthy qualities. In first expedition to save her ended some of the pedigrees he is called in failure, but many years later the son of Caradawc Vreichvras. he and his aUies were able again He was the father of Rhiannon to attack Gudrun's captors, de- {q.v.). feating them utterly and rescuing HEYD. (FWe"Frith]ofSaga.") A Gudrun and her maidens. Through Norwegian sea-witch or storm- aU her trials Gudrun remained true fiend in the form of a white bear. and faithful to Herwig, and great With the other storm-fiend Ham joy was theirs upon reunion. (q.v.) she was sent by Helgi (q.v.) HERZELOYDE. Wife of Gahmuret to engulf Frithjof (q.v.) as he sailed and mother of Parzival, alluded for the island of Yarl Angantyr to in Wolfram von Eschenbach's (q.v.). Parzival. Gahmuret wed her on HIARANDI. (Vide " Grettir Saga.") condition that he might go tourney- Brother of Bjom (q.v.). Seeking ing every month. On hearing of to slay Grettir, in order to avenge his death Herzeloyde withdrew his brother's death, Hiarandi was into the forest with her son, whom himself slain. she taught to hate war and chivalry. HILDA (1). (Vide " Gudrun Lay.") A princess of India. Married HETTEL. King of Hegehngen " Wild " Hagen (q.v.). Mother of (Friesland). (Fi(fe "Gudrun Eay.") Hilda. Married Hilda, daughter of Hagen, Father of King of Denmark. HILDA. (2). One of the three Uttle Ortwein and Gudrun. The story girls found by Hagen on his escape of his wooing and winning of Hilda from the grifSns' nest. She is of Denmark forms the second described as sweet and gentle, and portion of Ettmiiller's division of as having a softening influence on the Gudrun Lay (q.v. under head- Hagen's fierce nature. ing "Hagen and Hettel"). He of the refused all suitors for his daughter HILDA (3). (Vide portion " Gudrun's hand, finally, however, Gudrun Lay," under heading " accepting King Herwig of Seeland. Hagen and Hettel.") Daughter He was kiUed by King Eudwig at of Hettel and Hilda, King and the battle on the Wulpenstrand, Queen of Hegehngen. She was in the struggle to rescue Gudrun very beautiful and had many and her ladies who had been suitors, aU of whom her father carried off by Ludwig and his refused. Hettel, however, sent son Hartmut (q.v.). For fuller ambassadors in disguise, who won description of the latter part her heart and carried her off, a Hettels' of Hettel's Hfe see " Gudrun," as wilhng captive, to be King the third division of the Gudrun bride. Her father followed, and Lay. after fierce fighting peace was made HIL i8o HIS

between Hagen and Hettel, and Gudrun at length persuaded Hart- Hilda and her husband reigned in mut (q.v.)—a prisoner at Hegelin- honour and happiness, two children gen—to cease to remain unwed on being bom to them, Ortwein and account of love of her, and at her Gudrun—for whose life see under suggestion he married Hildeburg. " Gudrun " as a division of the Hildeburg is always spoken of in " Gudrun Lay." Queen Hilda is the first part of the Gudrun Lay also connected with the action of as a daughter of the Bang of " Gudrun." Portugal. " " HILDE. ( Vide Dietrich of Bern.") HILDEGUNDA ( Vide Burnt Njal.") Sister to Grim (q.v.) the giant. Daughter of Flosi, wife of Han- She assailed Dietrich (q.v.) in his skuld (q.v.). Some years after her struggle with her brother, but she husband's death she was wedded was overcome, and met her ovm to Kari (q.v.), Helga's widower. end. HILDEGUNDE. (Vide "Dietrich of HILDEBRAND. Brother of Ilsan the Bern," and " Walther of Aqui- monk and tutor of Dietrich of taine.") Daughter of the King of Bern (q.v.) and his faithful friend. Burgundy. She was given to the Along with his royal student he Huns as hostage. She met Wal- fought many bloody conflicts. He ther (q.v.) also a hostage. She fell was the son of Herbrand, a vassal in love with him and they escaped. to the court of Dietrich. He was They were pursued and a fierce possessed of great might almost fight followed. She was, however, equal to that of his brave master successful in restoring peace, and Dietrich, and throughout the story with her lover she pursued her he displays untiring devotion to- journey to Aquitaine. ward the hero. He subsequently ' HILDESWID. Daughter of King married Ute (q.v.). ( Vide ' Dietrich Rodgeier (q.v.). She was abducted of Bern.") from her father's court by his " warrior Samson (q.v.), who later HILDEBURG. ( Vide Gudrun Lay," third division of same, under became king. She married her heading " Gudrun.") Married abductor, and on his winning her Hartmut. She was one of the father's throne reigned with him as " three httle girls found by Hagen his queen. (Fit^e Samson.") (q.v.) on his escape from the " HILDING. (Vide Frith j of Saga.") griffins' nest, and one of Gudrun 's The sage who taught Frith j of and maidens who was carried off with Ingebjorg the wisdom of the ages her to Ormany. She was faithful and the stories of the gods. to her mistress through all trials, sharing her hardships and suffer- HISTORIA BRITONUM. A work com- ings during the time GerUnte (q.v.) piled towards the end of the eighth forced her to wash clothes, even century and attributed to a sup- in the most bitter weather. She posed British pseudo-historian was with Gudrun when Herwig Nennius, on the authority of the and Ortwein came as messengers prologue or prologues contained in from the rescuing party, and much some of the MSS. The eariiest MS. honour was hers on the return to ascribes the work to " Marius the HegeUngen after the deliverance Anachorite." It contains an of Gudrun from her captors. account of the struggle of Arthur HIS i8i HIS

with the Saxon invaders of Britain, which is often erroneously alluded but such historical fact as it to as the Historia Britonum, has includes is so intermingled with the merit of preserving Brythonic tradition as to be of small ser- tradition in a more complete and vice to the historian proper. As consistent form than elsewhere, the basis of romance, or at least and to it we owe the introduction the medium through which the of the interesting figure of Merlin Arthurian legends reached later the enchanter. Its popularity was writers, such as Geoffrey of Mon- immense, and it was translated mouth, it is of the deepest im- into French verse by Wace, and portance and interest to students from that source into Anglo-Saxon of the subject. The Historia by Layamon. If Geoffrey was not Britonum makes Arthur the general the first to introduce these tradi- or dux bellorum of the British tions to readers, he at least revived hosts, perhaps theComesBn'toJiwicE, interest in them after a lapse of an officer elected by the Britons three centuries. His work was to command their defensive forces published about 1128, and was after the withdrawal of the Roman dedicated to the Earl of Gloucester. legions. (Vide " Arthur " and It was printed at Paris in 1508 " Arthurian Cycle.") See Nennius, and 1509, and at Heidelberg in Historia Britonum, ed. by J. 1578. The Historia Begum Bri- Stevenson for Eng. Hist. Soc, tannicB is in its material sub-

1838 ; Arthur de la Borderie, stantially the same as the Morte L'Historia Britonumatribuie a Nen- D'Arthur of Malory, which is out- nius et VHistoria Brittanica avant Hned elsewhere, except that it Oeoffro de Monmouth, Paris and tells of the campaigns of Arthur's

London, 1883 ; Zimmer, Nennius father Uther against the Saxons.

Vindicatus ; San Marte, Nennius Uther is poisoned by the Saxons, et Gildas. and Arthur succeeds to the throne at the age of fifteen. So prodigal HISTORIA REGUM BRITANNIA. is he of his bounty to the multitude An alleged translation from a of knights who surround him, that Welsh or French Breton chronicle he is compelled to harry the by Geoffrey of Monmouth (q.v.), Saxons, Colgrin, Cheldric and which states that he procured it Baldulph, whom with the assist- from a certain Walter, Arch- ance of Hoel, his nephew, King deacon of Oxford, who got it in of Armorica, he subdues in many Brittany (and who is not to be battles. His personal slaughters confounded with Walter Map (q.v.), are immense, in one battle amount- who at the date of the publica- ing to 420 men. He marries tion of the book was only eleven Guinevere, daughter of a noble years of age). This statement of Roman family, and this appears Geoffrey's regarding the source of to stimulate him to further con- the book is in some quarters re- quests. Thus he conquers Ireland, garded, but without any real found- Iceland, Gothland, and Orkney, ation, as " one of the great ruses of after which he en] oys twelve years of literary history." It contains in peace, during which time the fame nine books the pseudo-history of of his court reaches the bounds the Britons from the era of their of the earth. It was his desire mythical king Brutus, to the to conquer the whole of Europe, death of Cadwallader. This work, and we find this semi-mythical HIS 182 HIS

Napoleon overrunning Gaul, Nor- ed. Schulz, 1854 ; G. ElUs, Speci- way, and Dacia, granting these mens 0/ Early English Metrical kingdoms as fiefs to his trusty Romances ; Dr. Sebastian Evans, warriors. Another season of peace translation of Geoffrey in the is described; during which the king Temple Classics ; Translation of acts as the glass of fashion to the Nennius and GeofErey in Bohn's whole world, holding his magni- Series. ficent and enlightened court at Carleon-on-Usk. In this descrip- HISTORY OP CHARLES THE GREAT tion we see the germ of the veri- AND ORLANDO. This chronicle table Arthurian court of romance. was supposed during the Middle Caerleon, we are told, " had a Ages to have been composed by school of two hundred philosophers Archbishop Turpin or TUpin of learned in astronomy and in the Rheims, but in reality was written other arts," and we are led to by some monk at an imknown understand that at this era Britain date before the year 1122. It is surpassed all other lands in wealth, of the nature of pseudo-history, magnificence and learning. Arthur and is at the root of many tales is, as in other romances, the hero and romances of Charles and of a hundred exploits, each more Orlando, or Roland. In 1122 marvellous than the last. After Pope Calixtus II. officially declared this not ignoble peace he makes its authenticity, probably for the war against the Romans, who are good reason that it was found to under the command of Lucius be a powerful incentive to war Hiberius, who with the aid of the against the infidel. So patent Kings of the East musters an were the inventions contained in enormous force. A tremendous the work that it came to be known slaughter follows the meeting of as the " Magnanime Mensonge," a the armies, and many of Britain's falsehood heroic and pious. The best knights are slain, but the work was quickly translated into Roman leader is killed, and his French, and was first printed at forces so shattered that Arthur Frankfort in 1566 in a collection of meditates a march on Rome four chronographers, the Ger- itself, and is in the act of climbing manicum Rerum. Beginning with the Alps when he learns that his an epistle from Turpin to Ler- nephew Mordred has seized the pander. Dean of Aix-la-Chapelle, crown of Britain and taken in which the supposed author Guinevere unto himself. Several intimates his objects in writing engagements does Arthur fight a history of his times, the work with the usurper. Having chased proceeds to recount the circum- him into Cornwall he forces him stances of Charles's wars with the to give battle on the banks of the Saracens of Spain, of the fall of river Camel, and in the desperate Pampeluna, the destruction of encounter which ensues nearly all the Mahometan "idols," of the the men of note on either side are churches builded by Charles, the slain. Arthur himself is sorely recovery of Spain by Argolander, wounded, and is borne unto the the emperor's war against him, Isle of Avalon for the heahng of and of the death and defeat of his wounds. This we are told, the Saracen prince. The cam- happened in the year 542 a.d. paign against Furra, King of Literature : Historia Britonum, Navarre, and the war with the HJA 183 HON

giant Ferracute or Ferragus, are HOGNI (1). (Fide "Volsungs.") Son next described (vide " Roland and of King Giuki and Grimhild (q.v.) Ferragus "). The author then and father of Niblung (q.v.). He proceeds to relate the circum- with his brother Gunnar (q.v.) stances connected with the " War fought with Atli (q.v.). He was of the Masks " with Ibrahim, Bang taken prisoner, and at the request of Seville, a campaign so called of his own brother he was slain. because of the disguise worn by HOGNI (Vide " Burnt Njal.") the Saracens, who are defeated. (2). Elder son of Gunnar (q.v.). Upon The Council of Compostella is his father's death he took pos- described, after which the treachery session of the homestead at of Ganelon (q.v.), and the great Lithend. Battle of Roncesvalles are touched upon. A poem upon Roland's HONEYSUCKLE, THE LAY OF THE. rank and virtue follows. A vision A romance of Tristan and Isonde seen by Turpin is then described, or Iseult (q.v.), written by Marie in which he beholds Roland carried de France (q.v.). Tristan, banished to heaven, and Marsile {q.v.), a from Cornwall by King Mark, his Saracen kii^, borne to hell. It maternal uncle, on account of his is then recounted how the sun love for the queen, Isonde, dwelt stood stiU for three days until a year in his own land. South Charlemagne punished the Saracen Wales. Unable, however, to sup- army. The burial of Roland is port life without sight of the fair described, the council of St. Denis Isonde, he stole back to Cornwall. alluded to, and the work ends with Here in the deep forest he lay hid, the death of Charlemagne, who, gleaning tidings of the court and according to the supposed Turpin, the queen from the peasants. only won heaven by virtue of Then he learned that at Pentecost, the many churches he had King Mark proposed to hold high

founded. court at Tintagel ; also that the queen would ride thither. Through HJALPREKS. King of Denmark, the woods they must come. father of Alf the Viking (q.v.). Tristan therefore cut a wand from (Vide "Eay of the Volsungs.") a hazel-tree, peeled off the bark befriended Hjordis, whose son He and carved his name upon the Sigurd (q.v.) he became fond of. wood. He also wrote upon it comparing himself and the queen HJORDIS. Daughter of King EyUmi to the hazel-tree and the honey- (q.v.), and second wife of Sigmund suckle. As the honeysuckle might (q.v.). (Vide "Volsungs.") She, not flourish without twining itself after her husband's death, dwelt around the hazel, so might not with Hjalprek (q.v.). King of Isonde thrive without her knight. Denmark, whose son, Alf, the This he set in her path. She saw Viking (q.v.), she married, after it and bidding her knights to giving birth to the dead Sigmund's refresh themselves, she drew aside son, Sigurd (q.v.). with Brangwaine, her maiden. HOGNI, KING. Father of Sigrun She then sobght her lover, and (q.v.) wife of Helgi (q.v.), and of each exchanged kisses till they Dag (q.v.). He was subsequently must part. But Tristan made a slain by Helgi. (Vide "The Lay lay about that meeting and called " of the Volsungs.") it The Lay of the Honeysuckle." HOR 184 HUC

HORANT. LordofDaneland. {Vide and La Blanche Isond, both of " Gudrun Lay," second and third whom see. divisions of same, under headings HOWEL (3). {Vide "Roland and "Hagen and Hettel " and "Gu- Ferragus.") Earl of Nantes, slain drun.") Nephew of Wate of Stur- by Ferragus in single combat. men. He came to HegeHngen to help King Hettel (q.v.) in his HRAPP. (F»c?e "Burnt Njal.") A desire to win HUda of Ireland felon chased by Yarl Hacon of {q.v.), daughter of King Hagen, and Norway, and succoured by Thrain at length set out with the embassy (q.v.). Hating Grim and Helgi that went to Ireland with that {q.v.) who had been unwilUng to purpose. Specially is he famed receive him into Thrain's ship, he in the poem for his most beautiful was, however, slain by these and voice, and his marvellous singing Njal's sons. created a great stir at Hagen's Father of Otter {q.v.), court, and won Hilda's heart so HREIDMAR. {q.v.), and Fafnir {q.v.). He that she consented to go to Hettel Regni blood-money from Loki to be his bride, on hearing that at demanded {q.v.) for the slaughter of Otter, his court are even finer singers gold rings than Horant, and that the king and received sufficient to fill Otter's sMn. This was the himself excels them all. Horant of the Niblung's, and took part also in the conflicts con- treasure at the hands of cerning Gudrun, fighting bravely, caused his death {q.v.), coveted and acting as standard-bearer to his son, Fafnir who " Volsungs, of the.") the expedition which rescued her. it. ( Vide Lay " He is described as the sweet HRODGAR. Of Jutland, King of the " singer in the epic, and some Skioldungs. (Legend of Beowulf.) authorities consider that he appears Grandson of Skiold, and a just in the Hamlet myths as Orendil or and good ruler. His castle, Aurentil. (For fuller comparisons HirschhaUe, was terrorized by the of this nature, see article on monster Grendel {q.v.) till Beowulf " " Gudrun Lay as a whole.) slew the giant. He loaded Beo- wulf with rich gifts and treated HOWEL (1). Son of Emyr Lydaw, consideration. and Prince of Lydau, is alluded to him with every in the tale of Peredur Son of HRONERAS. The height on which Evrawc in the Welsh Mabinogion. Beowulf was buried. {Vide He distinguished himself greatly " Beowulf.") in Arthur's wars against the Romans, and was one of the most HRUNTUNG. The sword which Hun- strenuous in urging his sovereign ford gave to Beowulf {q.v.). to resist their unjust claims. HUCHOWNE or HUGH. Generally When Arthur was suddenly called described by ancient Scots writers back to Britain by the news of and annalists as "of the Awle Mordred's treachery, he left Howel Ryale," or Royal Palace, a romance with part of his army in Gaul writer who flourished in Scotland to secure his possessions in that in the middle of the fourteenth country. century. He is said by Wyntoun " HOWELL (2). King of Brittany. in his Chronicle to have " made In the Morte d'Arthur father of the Great Oest of Arthure, The the sisters La Belle Isonde (Iseult) Pystyl of Sweet Susane (q-i>.), and HUG 183 HUO

the Adventure of Gawane, which romance as a knight of prowess, latter poem is mentioned by and a frequent visitor to the Dunbar in his Lament for court of Arthur. (Vide "Morte the Makkaris to have been d'Arthur.") written by one Clerk of Tranent. HUNFORD. In the legend of Beo- From this circumstance, and from wulf, a Skioldung warrior at King the fact that one MS. styles the Hrodgar's court. On hearing author " The Clerk," it has been Beowulf's praises sung he was inferred that Huchowne and the Jealous and spoke scornfully to clerk are one and the same. the hero, but after the defeat of Chalmers thinks that he is the " Grendel he made amends by giving " gude Schir Hew of Eglintoun his sword Hruntung to Beowulf alluded to by Dunbar as the as a token of friendship. author, on account of his con- nection with the court of Robert HUO OF CAMBRAI. {Vide " Garin the Second, but there is not suffi- the Lorrainer.") Nephew of Garin. cient proof to support this theory. He was one of those who went to Sir F. Madden claimed for him the help King Thierry of Savoy. His authorship of the much admired own fortahce was suddenly be- Syr Oawayne and the Grene Knyght sieged by Fremont and Baldwin (q.v.), and gives it as his opinion of Flanders in revenge for Garin that no one but an educated taking Soissons from Fromont. person would have been so closely He prepared his town for defence. acquainted with the early poetry Going out to meet the invaders he of France as was the author of saw Isor6 the grey at the head, that poem. If he was indeed the whom he reminded of past favours, " maker " of Syr Gawayne he was and Isore refused to fight against a poet of no small power, as some him. Baldwin's forces outnum- of his descriptions of seasonal bered Huo's, so he sent to Pepin changes wiU rank with the mar- and Garin, and eventually won. vellous pictures of Douglas, or He fought bravely in all the wars Henryson's clear-cut vignettes. between the Lorrainers and Borde- See the various 'precis of his lais, and on more than one occa- romances under their several sion conducted successful cam- entries. His style is more antique paigns. He turned out with than that of the author of Sir eighty knights against Fromondin Tristrem {q.v.), and is strongly and was defeated, but Fromondin alliterative, having mechanical granted his Ufe. Bernard of Naisil affinities with Langland and the stabbed him unnoticed, at which later poets of the purely English Fromondin was exceedingly wroth, Saxon type as apart from the saying that Huo was " the best Norman-English writers, and he man that ever drank wine." does not employ many words of French origin. HUON OF BORDEAUX. A romance of the Charlemagne cycle. It teUs " HUGH OF MANS. [Vide Garin the how Charlemagne was desirous of Garin Lorrainer.") Nephew of abdicating in favour of his two battle and Bego. He went to sons. Chariot and Lewis. To the Lorrainers. with the former, of whom he was absurdly HUNDRED KNIGHTS, KING WITH fond, and who was least worthy THE. Alluded to in Arthurian of the honour, he would have HUO i86 HUO

handed the sceptre, but his council the cowardly Chariot with striking refused to receive Chariot as king, an unarmed rider and immediately and eventually persuaded Charle- assailed him. Although possessed magne to continue in the royal of no shield and only a sword, power. Amaury of Hauteville, Huon acted with great bravery, however, proposed that Chariot and finally slew Chariot. Amaury should try his capacity for govern- had watched the conflict and was ment, and that the rule of some not now prepared to avenge his rich province should be granted accompUce's death, for he knew him. In making this proposal he the king's weakness toward Char- had in view the domains of the lot, whose death would be revenged late Duke Sevinus, who had left irrespective of the pleadings of two young sons to the care of the Justice. Huon and the abbot Duchess Alice their mother, and attended to Girard's wounds and as neither had paid homage to their once more resumed their journey. king, he considered they should be They reached Paris but a few hours made to yield up the province to before Amaury and were welcomed Chariot. The council, however, per- with much magnificence by suaded Charlemagne to send for the Charlemagne, to whom they related sons. Accordingly two knights were their encounter. But the king on

sent to the youths , andwere met with seeing his son's corpse being carried unfeigned cordiaUty. Their mis- into the court turned against his sion ended, they returned to the guests and would have slain them king, whom they informed that the had not his councillor, the wise young Duke Huon would eventu- Duke Namo, stopped his hand and ally excel as his good father had asserted that the council were the done. The duchess made ready proper judges in this case. During the two sons and sent them on their the trial the Abbot of Cluny offered way, enjoining them to call at the to prove with his body the he of Monastery of Cluny to visit the Amaury. The trial ended by abbot, their father's brother. The Huon and Amaury agreeing to good abbot received his nephews fight. The battle was long, the in a warm embrace, and promised young knight proved a worthy to ride with them to Paris. opponent of the hardened Amaury, Meanwhile a plot had been formed and at last stretched the traitor between Amaury and Chariot. on the ground, who begged for They purposed to slay the two mercy. As he helped him, how- youths on their approach to Paris, ever, to mount his steed, the and with this end in view they treacherous Amaury thrust his made their way into a forest sword into the victim's side. through which the road passed Huon, without thought of keeping accompanied by a troop of guards. the traitor alive to prove the As the two young men and their treason, immediately dealt the uncle drew near to the ambuscade, fatal blow. Charlemagne was not Girard, the younger of the two, satisfied, but though he forgave rode on in advance. Chariot saw Huon, he commanded him to go on him approach, went forth to meet a perilous quest to justify his him, sought a quarrel with him honour in his sight. The condi- and drew him from his horse. tions were : To go to the court Huon had seen this and hurried of the Sultan of Gaudisso, cut off to his brother's aid. He charged the head of one of his favoured HUO 187 HUO

guards ; kiss three times on the fluence he exacted from his uncle lips the fair princess, and demand a ring of passport to the presence from the sultan four grinders from of the Sultan of Gandisso. They his mouth and a handful of white left the court and made toward hair. Drastic as the conditions Bagdad. Huon next interrupted were, Huon Ughtly accepted them. a struggle between a Hon and a The good abbot induced the young knight. Slaying the Hon he found knight to first visit the Pope, who that he had saved the Ufe of a was the brother of the Duchess Saracen, Prince of Hyrcania, who Alice. On his long journey after on being offered a draught from interviewing the Pope, he met the goblet flung it at his rescuer with Sherasmin, who had fought and fled. That same evening they with his father and who was now lodged under the roof of an old willing to accompany Huon on his dame who informs them of the perilous quest. Next they met marriage on the morrow of the with a dwarf who gave to the Sultan's daughter Clariminda to young prince a goblet which in the prince whom he had rescued. the hands of a good Christian The next day he enters the palace would fill with rich wine, and a of Gaudisso by professing to be horn which if blown gently would a Mahometan. Reflecting on his produce a feehng of harnilessness deception, the magic goblet and in his opponents. With these horn lose their charm. He at-, gifts they resumed their journey. tempts to remedy this by caUing

One evening as they entered a aloud in the name of Christ ; but Saracen town to inquire for an his only reply is to be confronted inn in which they might pass the with the spears of the guard. The night, a wealthy person stepped ring which his uncle gave him is forward and offered his hospitality, shown, and immediately he is which they accepted. His name conducted into the presence of the was Floriac. He proved a good sultan, who sat at dinner. A host and related how his gupst's place is allotted to him near to the uncle, a prince of the house of princess who was attracted to Guienne,had turned Saracen. With him. He remembered his charge rage did Huon demand to be taken and straightway kissed her three to this guilty uncle. The following times. The prince, who sat on the day he arrived at the court of his sultan's right hand, protested by kinsman whom he accused of attempting to wound Huon with renouncing the Christian Faith. his sword. Huon retahated by The uncle pretended not to be cutting off his head. Now the moved, and as they sat at dinner sultan intervened and had the the magic goblet filled with rich young knight cast into prison. wine and the uncle was tempted During his confinement the prin- to drink against the Saracen cess feeds him, and he persuades custom. But the wine ere it her to become Christian. An touched his lips disappeared. attempt is made to escape ; but Consternation ensued, troops he has yet to obtain the sultan's poured in and the Christians were teeth and part of his beard. An surrounded. Remembering his embassy from the Caliph of Arabia enchanted horn, Huon blew but arrives at the court with the death gently, and instantly calm pre- warrant of the sultan, who was vailed. Under this mystic in- suspected of withholding the HDR i88 IPO

caliph's share of treasures which defeated him with the Grail had fallen into his hands. To sword. He afterwards returns to protest was useless, and according the ship for the scabbard, but to instructions his head was severed is struck dead. (Vide "Morte from his body. The princess now d'Arthur.") releases her lover, the teeth are HYALLI. {Vide " Volsungs.") A extracted, the hairs plucked, and thrall of Gunnar's. the lovers depart for Rome. The Holy Father unites them. They HYGD, QUEEN. Wife of King Hyge- arrive in France, and Huon hands lak of Gothland {q.v.), alluded to over the trophies to Charlemagne, in the legend of Beowvlf. On her who is well pleased. husband's death she advised the election of Beowulf as king, her HURGANES or HURGANET. Alluded son Hardred {q.v.) being but a to in the Didot-Percival as a child. This Beowulf would not knight who with Gauvain and accept, acting instead as regent others swears to seek the Grail. for Hardred. He deUvered a lady from a giant, but was in turn slain by one HYGELAK. (FitZe" Beowulf.") King Orgoillos Delaudes, who is van- of Gothland, uncle of Beowulf, quished by Perceval and sent to slain in revenging a Viking raid Arthur's court. made by the Frisians. HURLAME, KING. A Saracen, who HYVEIDD HIR. {Vide "Gododin.") assailed Kjng Labor (q.v.) and Son of Bleddai Sant of Glamorgan.

I

IBRAHIM, {Vide "Roland and Bern "). He left his monastic Ferragus.") King of Spain. A surroundings to fight for the hero Pagan who cruelly persecuted the of the story, and was conspicuous Christians and " banished the in the Battle of the Rose Garden Patriarch of Jerusalem." {q.v.). " IGRAINE. Wife of the Duke of INGEBJORG. {Vide Frithjof Saga.") Tintagil in Arthurian romance, Beloved by, and finally wedded to, and mother of Arthur by Uther Frithjof {q.v.) in the Icelandic bears his Pendragon {q.v.). Saga which name. INOR, KING OF MOUNBRAUNT. ILDANACH " THE ALL-CRAFTS- {Vide "Bevis of Hampton.") MAN." Surname conferred upon Married Josyan, who was taken Lugh {q.v.), the Irish Celtic sun- from him by Sir Bevis. Ascapard god. the giant promised to take Josyan ILLUGI. {Vide " Grettir Saga.") back to him but was killed, and Third youngest brother of Grettir. Inor afterwards made war on Josyan's father, but was defeated " ILLUGI, THE BLACK. {Vide Gunn- and taken prisoner. He was slain laug Saga.") Father of Gunnlaug. in battle by Sir Bevis. ILSAN. A monk, brother of Hilde- IPOMEDON. An Enghsh romance of brand {q.v.) {vide " Dietrich of the fourteenth century, probably IRN 189 ISP derived from a French original. When her lover was slain she It is alluded to among the romances renounced love for religion. in the Prologue of Richard Cuer de " Lyon. In this romance we have ISEMBART. A being who had long an example of how classical been a fish, but since the last nomenclature might be apphed to twelvemonth had become a human mediaeval story. Ipomedon was monster by decree of the fairies." the son of Ermones, King of He is alluded to in the Battle of Apulia, and loved the heiress of Loquifer (sub-cycle of William of Orange), Calabria. Ipomedon is introduced and declares to Renouart waiting in his father's hall at a (q.v.) that he is to be carried to great festival. The feasters speak Paynimrie and flayed alive. He is, of the Princess of Calabria, and however, overcome and slain by young Ipomedon immediately Renouart. forms a resolution to visit and win ISEULT, ISOLDE, or ISOND (1). her. He sets forth on his travels, Daughter of the King of Ireland, disguised, and instructs his fol- married to King Mark of Cornwall. lowers not to address him by his The many adventures and his love- own name, or to afford any infor- affairs with Sir Tristram are de- mation concerning him to any tailed at length in the articles inquirer. They arrive at Calabria, " Sir Tristram " and " Morte and request to be permitted to d'Arthur." ' ____ eat with the princess. This is granted, and Ipomedon asks leave ISEULT, ISOLDE, or ISOND (2). to enter the lady's service. She La Blanche Mains, of Brittany, accepts him as her cup-bearer. rival for the love of Tristram, and, As such, he dwells in her palace a in some romances, described as long time, and forms a fast friend- sister to Iseult of Ireland. {Vide ship with Jason, the lady's cousin. "Morte d'Arthur" and "Sir The princess thought deeply on Tristram.") Ipomedon, and desired to discover ISORE THE GREY. {Vide " Gann his name and country. She sees the Lorrainer.") Nephew of Fro- he comes of high Uneage through mont. He besieged Cambrai, but his prowess in the chase, knights on Huo pleading past favours, he him, a feast of forty days' duration refused to fight against him. He is held, and we conclude that the defended St. Quentin afterwards, pair are afl&anced. and having a quarrel with Bego a IRNAN. In Irish romance, the last great battle ensued. He hated of the three sorcerer-daughters of Bego, and tried on many occasions Conaran. Putting Finn under to kill him. He was present at taboo to send his men in single the fight at the wedding ceremony combat against her as long as she and in the kitchen. He was taken wished, she was slain by GoU her prisoner then, and afterwards had sister's slayer. a great combat with Bego by whom he was slain. His heart was torn {Vide " Orlando Inna- ISABELLA. out by Bego and handed over to and " Orlando Furioso.") morato," WilUam of Montclin. Daughter toGalego,Kingof Galica, " in love with (q.v.). She ISPRES. {Vide Ferumbras.") A was found by Orlando in the out- Roman who held command of the law's cave, and delivered by him. principal gate of Rome and ISU 190 ISU

betrayed his city to the Soudan. at a wide but shallow river which Ferumbras had his head cut ofi they must cross, Isumbras pro- and carried on the point of a spear ceeded to carry his children to the when he went into the city. other side. Placing the first one under a shady tree he returned ISUMBRAS, SIR. An English for the second child. Meanwhile romance, consisting of 130 six- the newly-conveyed child was lined stanzas, abridged from the carried off by a Hon. The father MS. copy in the library of Caius on crossing with the second was College. horrified at such a loss. Depositing Once there hved a knight who his second son in the same spot, he from his earHest infancy was pos- Hkewise was borne away by a sessed of good fortune. Being leopard. The demented parents, remarkably strong and handsome accompanied by their third and this favoured nobleman enjoyed only surviving child, wandered on. life as befitted one in such a unique They eventually arrived at the position. Wedded to a lady equally sea-shore, where they perceived a charming, and the father of three rich vessel Ijdng moored to the lovely children. Sir Isumbras could beach. Approaching it, they asked well rejoice. With princely the sailors for food. But the hberaUty he entertained con- Soudan, the owner of the galley, tinuously, but he had neglected refused them. His attendants, one important matter. This observing the strangers' noble fortunate knight had many virtues, bearing, pointed out that they were on which he rehed too much, evidently of exalted rank. Struck ignoring one wise rule of life which with the beauty of Isumbras' wife, he had yet to leam. In selfish the Soudan offered gold and rai- pride he forgot to acknowledge the ment in exchange for her, but the Giver of all his abundant blessings, koight indignantly refused this in his arrogance attributing these offer. Accustomed to being to his own virtues. While hunting obeyed, the angry Soudan ordered one 'day he was confronted by an Isumbras' wife to be torn from him angel, who reproached him with and that the dismayed husband ingratitude, and warned him of should take his gold, then be the visitation of God's vengeance brutally whipped. Separated upon his household. Feeling the from his wife, he took his only justice of the rebuke, Isumbras child, and went on shore. Ascend- returned dejected to his palace. ing a rocky mountain they allayed Hardly had he turned homeward their himger by the food they had his when horse dropped dead under procured, then sought repose until him. Then his magnificent palace daybreak. The money and pro- was completely wrecked, his horses visions which had been given to cattle were and destroyed, while Isumbras were hidden in his red his wife and children escaped from mantle. The sun's golden beams the ruins TTi a insufficiently clad. falling upon the bright cloth province had become a waste. attracted an eagle, which swooped Realizing the justice of the pimish- down upon the treasure and bore ment, he set out on a pilgrimage to it off in its talons. The knight Jerusalem. Unaccustomed to such followed the flight of the bird in hardships, the destitute family soon the hope that it might drop the wearied of their journey. Arriving useless burden, but the eagle ISU 191 ITH

directed its course towards the emaciated appearance gained for shores of Africa. Returning to him instant admittance. His his little son, Isumbras was just in exemplary conduct attracted the time to perceive him being snatched benevolent queen, who finally re- away by a unicorn. In these sore solved to retain the holy palmer straits he regarded this calamity in her service, who rapidly regained as a blessing, for he had not the his wonted strength. While cross- means to provide for the boy's ing a field one day, Isumbras dis- maintenance. Saved from starva- covered his long-lost treasure in a tion as though by Providence, he tree, and found the contents intact. humbly knelt in prayer, then con- Hurrying to his chambers he hid tinued his journey. Perceiving the gold. The queen, however, the forge of a smith, Isumbras had observed her servant's haste entered and begged for food, but in disposing of the red cloth. So the smith refused, and told him after he left the apartment she to work for it. The knight re- caused a search to be made, and mained with the good smith for recognizing the tell-tale bundle over a year, using his spare time was overjoyed to find that it to make a suit of armour. He belonged to her husband. Isum- regained his lost vigour, and his bras appeared, told his story, health resumed its former robust- recognized his wife, fell at her

ness . A war between the Christians feet, and the reunion was cele- and Saracens being imminent he brated by his becoming king of the enlisted with the former. Despite city. The Saracen subjects, un- his courage he was vanquished by willing to submit to the Christian the enemy, but saved through the yoke, declared war against their daring of a comrade. The Christian new ruler, and Isumbras entered king despatched the wounded the field. But the victory was Isumbras to a nunnery, where he secured by the intervention of three received attendance. After a long knights who appeared, each riding sojourn there he assumed the dress on a wild beast. The first was of a palmer, and went on his way. mounted on a lion, the second on a The penitent Isumbras em- leopard, and the third on a unicorn. ployed the following seven years They dispersed the bewildered in visiting every part of the Holy enemy, who fled. Isumbras ap- Land. He led a Ufe of continual proached the three knights to find mortification, accepting the charity that they were his lost sons. The of the poor, and sleeping at night natives then proclaimed Isumbras iij the open air. After a day spent as their king. Soon the three in fruitless quest of food, an angel adjoining kingdoms were added to appeared to him with bread and his dominions, and over each he set wine. Feeling that his sins were one of his sons. The royal family forgiven he began the daily struggle then lived to enjoy in peace the with a Ught heart. Passing a reward which, through their past stately castle he asked for food. sufferings and humble submission- Hearing that the owner was a rich they had justly reaped. queen, who daily bestowed a florin on every poor man who approached ITH. In Irish romance, son of her, and frequently in necessitous Bregon, grandfather of Miled {q.v.). cases provided lodgings, Isumbras He looked westward one winter's duly applied for refuge, and his eve from his father's tower in lUB 192 JAC

" Spain," and saw the coast of evidence of his story. He returned Ireland. Setting sail thither, he with ^da {q.v.). King Fergus' landed to find that the Danaan {q.v.) dwarf and bard. Eisirt king had been slain in battle with then put lubdan under geise (or the Fomorians, and that his three taboo) to go himself to the palace sons were arranging the division of Fergus and taste his porridge. of the land among themselves. At midnight the Wee King and Invited to give his judgment he his wife Bebo reached their desti-

did so, but as he expressed great nation ; and in striving to get at admiration for the country, the the porridge and be away before Danaans feared his rivalry and daybreak lubdan fell in. There slew him. His companions re- in the pot Fergus' scullions found

covered the body ; and returned him, and carried him and Bebo to from " Spain " with the children their master. The Ulster monarch of Miled to take vengeance on the refused to let them go until the murderers. Such is the legend of Wee Folk came in a multitude to the coming of the Milesians into beg the release of lubdan. Fergus Ireland. still refusing, they plagued his country. Then they promised lUBDAN. In Ultonian romance. plenty of unsown com yearly in King of the Wee Folk. Flushed his plains, but all in vain. At last with wine, he boasted one day of Fergus released lubdan for the the might of his strong man Glower, gift of a pair of water shoes, who could hew down a thistle at a wearing which a man could go stroke. Eisirt (q.v.), his bard, how- over or under water as freely as on ever, hinted that oversea there dry land. was a giant race, one of whom could annihilate a whole battalion lUCHAR. In Irish romance, one of of the Wee Folk. For this audacity the three sons of Turemi {q.v.). Eisirt was cast into prison, but was liberated on promising to go to lUCHARBA. In Irish romance, one this giant land and bring back of the three sons of Turenn {q.v.).

JACOBUS DE VORAGINE. An Italian considerable reputation as a prelate of the Middle Ages, who preacher, and in course of time wrote a number of books in Latin, he was appointed Provincial of notably Legenda Aurea, better Lombardy. In 1292 the Pope, known as The Golden Legend. His Nicholas IV., who had conceived name was really Giacomo, but he a high opinion of him, summoned Latinised it in accordance with the him to Rome with the intention usual fashion among mediaeval of consecrating him Archbishop of

writers. He is supposed to have Genoa ; but, when Jacobus arrived been bom about 1220, while his at the Eternal City, he found His native place is recorded to have Holiness stricken with an illness been Varazze, a small village not to which he succumbed a httle far from Genoa. Becoming a later. The cardinals, however, Dominican friar, he soon acquired determined to take the matter into ;

JAM 193 JAM

their own hands, and accordingly elder brother being murdered in Jacobus was consecrated soon after that year. Perhaps because he the following Easter. He dis- dreaded a Uke fate for his remain- charged his duties well, distin- ing son. King Robert decided not guishing himself in particular by to keep James in Scotland, but to his efforts to quell the civil dis- send him to France, and en route

cords rampant at Genoa ; but his the young prince was captured by term of office was comparatively the EngHsh. His subsequent im- short, for he died about 1299. prisonment at their hands seems According to a statement made to have been a fairly happy one, by Sixtus of Siena, Jacobus ren- httle restriction being put on his dered the Old and New Testaments actions, and as good an education into Itahan, but no trace of these being given him as he would have translations remains nowadays. received had he been freer in

He was also a voluminous writer Scotland or France ; but a high of sermons, and some of these were ransom was demanded when he repeatedly issued in book-form was ultimately released in 1423,

during the fifteenth century ; while while it was also stipulated that he hkewise dompiled a lengthy he should marry an English wife. historical work, Chronicon Jan- Accordingly he espoused Jane uense, parts of which may be read Beaufort, daughter of the Duke of in Berum Italicarum Scriptores, Somerset, and early in 1424 he edited by Muratori (1723-1738) returned with her to Scotland. and this is a book of no ordinary Robert III. had been dead since significance, deahng fully as it 1406, and James found his native

does with the myths surrounding realm in a turbulent condition ; the early history of Genoa, and yet he strove manfuUy to preserve with the crusading exploits of the justice and to curb the nobles, Genoese. The Golden Legend, and as a result of his ardour again, was one of the most popular herein he was murdered at Perth devotional works of the Middle in 1437. Ages, and was among the first The question whether James writings ever printed. Numerous really composed The Kind's Quhair Latin editions thereof were pub- is debated in an article under that lished in the fifteenth century, heading. Suffice it to say here while it was translated into French, that he was a man of keen Hterary German, and ItaHan, and Caxton tastes, as witness the statements issued an English version in 1483. in a book written in his own time. Nor is the book altogether for- The Dethe of the Kinge of Scotis, gotten yet, and, as the reader will and also the evidence of two doubtless recall, Longfellow culled historians who hved soon after one of his poems from its pages. him. Hector Boece and Walter Bower. The latter even asserts JAMES I., KING OF SCOTLAND. He that James was a painter of great is included^ here by virtue of the gifts, while Boece descants on ascription to him of several poems, the king's talents as a musician. notably The King's Quhair. The Moreover, Alessandro Tassoni, an second son of Robert III., James Italian writer of the sixteenth

was born at Dunfermline in 1394 ; century, states in his Pensiri and in 1402 he became heir-ap- diversi (lib. 10, cap. 33), that James parent to the Scottish throne, his "invented a new kind of music, o JAN 194 JEH

plaintive and melancholy, different begun by Guillaume de Lorris, from all other, in which he has the Roman de la Rose. Nor did been imitated by Carlo Gesualdo, this lengthy work conclude his Prince of Venosa;" activities, for towards the close

Literature : James's Ufe has been of his life he wrote another poem repeatedly written, and probably of considerable length, the Testa- the best of such books is J. J. ment de Jean de Meung, a curious Jusserand's Romance of a King's and interesting production, full of Life, 1896. As the reader will no fierce satires on the Church and its doubt recall, James's tragic end dignitaries. A number of very is described by Swinburne in Kate old manuscript copies of this poem Barlass, and by Rosetti in The are extant, a fact which demon- King's Tragedy. strates it to have enjoyed great

vogue ; and indeed Jean was JANIBUS. Son of Ortgis. (Vide widely esteemed in the France of "Dietrich of Bern.") He with his time, aUke for his scholarship his father oppressed the dwarfs, and his writings, and accordingly but subsequently died at the hands numerous works are ascribed to of Dietrich and his followers. him which carniot possibly be author " JEAN DE MEUNG. A French found to be his. ( Vide Romance of the Middle Ages. He was born of the Rose.") at Meung-sur-Loire, probably JEFFREY. {Vide " Garin the Lor- about 1250, and he is supposed to rainer.") Count of Anjou. Nephew have died early in the fourteenth and companion of the two century. Little is known about Eorrainers. his life, but it would seem that he was a cleric of some sort, while JEHAN DE SAINTRE. A French it is recorded that as a young man romance of the fifteenth century. he entered the Sorbonne at Paris. The hero began his career in the He appears thenceforth to have train of a notable knight attached lived chiefly in the French capital, to the court of France, where the and according to a Parisian tradi- boy very soon attracted the notice tion his home was in the Rue St. of the king by his good looks and Jacques. At the outset of his splendid horsemanship, and was career he was chiefly concerned selected as page to that royal with translation, doing an excel- personage. He furthermore be- lent French version of Abelard and came the favourite of a young Helo'ise, and also rendering into his widowed princess, the Dame des native tongue the TopograpMa Belles-Cousines, living at the court. Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis One day the lady commanded him and St. Ailred's De Amicitia to go to her room, when to the Spiritimli. Subsequently, at the boy's amazement she lectured him request of the French king, Philippe on his knightly duties, and giving le Bel, he translated the Oonsokitio him twelve gold crowns bade him PhilosophicB of Boethius, a work go to the king's tailor and obtain which enjoyed extraordinary popu- fresh apparel. Her attachment to

larity in mediaeval Europe ; and the young page increased. But it was probably after completing afraid that her intimacy might be this that he turned his attention detected, she very cunningly con- to his magnum opus, namely, his trived with Jehan to treat him in continuation of the immortal poem public with becoming indifference. ;

JEH 195 JEH

She further entrusted him with a died, a circumstance which neces- key with which he might enter sitated his becoming overlord of his her room secretly and also adopted estates. The princess now deemed a signal of placing a diamond pin it wise to openly display her between her teeth as a mark of admiration, but strangely enough her desire for his presence behind her ardour had damped. Jehan the secret door. This intrigue left his royal master's court to win went on imtil by her lavishness fresh laurels in the East. During she had succeeded in raising him his absence the princess fell ill, to a high command in the king's and under the physician's advice service. At last he was prompted went to a castle she possessed in to apply for a commission of enter- Touraine, which lay very close to prise by which he might be dubbed her lover's inherited property. knight, and accordingly in all his Before his return, his fickle fair splendour he requested the honour one had cast her eyes on another, from his royal master. The king who was the abbot of a rich did not hesitate, and presenting monastery. Jehan returned to his him with a bounty of two thousand home from his glorious achieve- crowns, increased by a contribution ments in the East to find his rival from the queen, he departed with making rapid headway. He met a " letter of arms " to the four with the pair and found that his principal courts of Europe. The mistress had become cold. The princess had sent his heralds in abbot in his elation challenged the advance arrayed ia most extrava- knight to wrestle, which, although gant fashion. His passage through hardly in keeping with knightly France excited popular admiration, usage, he wiUingly accepted. The until he came to Pampeluna, where athletic abbot scored over Jehan, the court of Aragon had its seat, who was ridiculed by the princess. his escort being continually aug- He meekly submitted to her scorn mented. The Spanish knights and in response to an invitation eagerly awaited his coming, and dined with the abbot and his lady. when he did arrive treated him The Churchman forgot his position, most courteously. Has prowess and very wildly denounced his drew the whole court to his feet, guest and the noble order of and the queen in her admiration knighthood. The young knight took from her neck a precious calmly remonstrated, and before necklace and fastened it to the leaving extended his hospitaUty breast of her hero. He eventually to them. He arrived at his castle tore himself from his royal ad- and made preparations for the mirers and returned to Paris to be abbot and his lady, who duly greeted with applause. His lady- arrived. After the repast, he love especially showed him honour brought into the banqueting but oiJy in the quiet of her own chamber a huge and heavy coat apartments. Jehan next van- of mail which he offered to his quished a dozen EngUsh knights guest, challenging him to a duel. who had landed at Calais and had The awe-stricken abbot refused, carried all before them. This new but in vain, and donning the victory added to the young hero's weighty armour he weakly at- credit another laurel which shortly tempted to face his host, who afterwards led to his being touching him lightly with his lance, knighted. His father had just drove him to the floor. The JER 196 JER

princess screamed, but unheeding advises them to lose no time in her appeals, Jehan raised the visor marching towards Jerusalem, lest of the abbot and sHt his tongue, the Saracen host be strengthened

exclaiming : "Be thus chastised by help from Egypt. Peter the for the revihng words thy false Hermit—originator of the Cru- mouth hath vomited out against sades—approves the speech, and the sacred order of knighthood with the consent of the chiefs, and those who profess it." elects Godfrey commander of the Journeying to the court of France Christian forces. He reviews the

some time after, Jehan related army : and the different nations, the story, which drew from his names and rank of their leaders are royal listeners marked approval. described. They then continue Turning to the false princess, who the march to the Holy City. had listened to his narrative, he Aladine the Saracen king, alarmed

begged for her opinion : but at their approach, lays waste the knowing the truthfulness of his country, poisons the water sources remark, she uneasily rejoined that and reinforces Jerusalem. the knight might have displayed Book II. At the instigation of more Justice. Thus ended their Ismeno the sorcerer, Aladine amour. forcibly carries off the image of the Virgin from the Christian templa JERUSALEM DELIVERED. Tasso's and transfers it to a Mahometan (1544-1595) great poem may well mosque. Ismeno proposes to be included in a dictionary of weave a spell that wiU protect the romance, as it marks an epoch city. At night the image is stolen. when European romance reached The king, incensed at the Chris- its apogee. Moreover, it cast into tians, and unable to find the thief, romantic form the story of the declares a general massacre. Crusades — a world-movement Sophronia, a Christian maiden, in which probably did more to dis- order to save the people, pleads seminate and foster the romantic guilty to the theft, and is con- spirit than any other. The poem demned to death. Her lover, is founded on the circumstances Olindo, attempts to save her by of the first Crusade, and as it opens taking the blame on himself. teUs how the Christian army is Aladiie, enraged at both, orders encamped in the plains of Tortosa. them to be burned. Clorinda, an Book I. God, in searching the Amazon, arrives to aid the Saracen hearts of the leaders, finds ambi- King, and admires the fortitude of tion, power and avarice the chief Sophronia when tied to the stake. motives for their ardour, Godfrey She intercedes for her and hei alone being inspired with the pure lover and obtains their pardon. zeal of dnving the infidel from Meanwhile, Godfrey with his army Jerusalem. An angel is sent, who reach Emmaus. He receives Aro- appoints him general of the Chris- gantes and Alethes, Egyptian tian host, and bids him call a ambassadors. Alethes in a meeting of the chiefs, to urge them plausible speech endeavours to to hasten their advance on Jeru- dissuade Godfrey from attacking salem. They meet, and in a Jerusalem. His proposals are stirring speech Godfrey recounts rejected, and Arogantes declares their various successes, which he war in the name of Egypt's king.

attributes to Divine aid ; and Book III, At their first sight JER 197 JER

of Jerusalem the Christian army is their power, decides to do so filled with deep emotion. The through a woman's wiles, and sends alarm is given, and the Saracens his niece Armida to the enemy's prepare for the enemy's attack. camp. She is brought before From the battlements, Aladine Godfrey, and by a feigned story views their approach. Erminia by of her misfortunes, endeavours his side describes the names and to enlist his services on her behalf. characteristics of the various com- To her disappointment, he refuses manders. Clorinda makes the first to do so until they reheve Jeru- sally, defeats a small foraging salem from the Saracen yoke. The party and kills their leader Gardo. decision arouses the ire of the Tancred hastens to the rescue. In knights, who are eager to succour the melee Qorinda's helmet falls beauty in distress. At their re- off, thus disclosing her face. Tan- quest, ten champions are selected cred is smitten with her beauty to aid the maiden's cause. During and while parleying with her a her residence in the camp, Armida, soldier, hurrying past, aims a blow by her beauty and cunning, caip- at her unprotected head, inflicting tivates almost aU the principal a sHght woxmd. Incensed at the leaders. deed, Tancred pursues the man. Book V. Eustatius, with his own Finding pursuit useless, he turns interests in view, praises Rinaldo 's to behold the Christians hard valour, and cajoles him into pressed by Argantes. Spurring to aspiring to the leadership of the their assistance, he is joined by ten knights. Gemando, coveting Dudon and Rinaldo. Dudon is the command himself, and enraged killed by Argantes, but the Pagans at the presumption of the stripHng, are routed and retreat towards the goads him by taunts and insolence city. Rinaldo, eager to avenge to mortal combat. Gemando is the death of his friend, incites his slain, and his friend Amaldo, followers to scale the walls. God- exaggerating the deed to Godfrey, frey, with wiser counsel, commands desires the death of the victor. them to wait a more favourable Tancred upholds Rinaldo, pleads opportunity. He makes a noble his cause, and Godfrey resolves to oration over the dead warrior, grant him a public trial. Tancred and orders him to be interred with hastens to the tent of his friend with funeral honours. Finding the the news, and on Rinaldo refusing walls inaccessible, Godfrey sends to submit to the ignominy of a his men into the woods to fell trial, he persuades him to become timber for besieging apparatus. a voluntary exile from the camp. Book IV. Pluto summons a Armida, having tried her arts in council of the infernal powers, vain on Godfrey and Tancred, is and after discoursing on their now impatient for the promised former state, urges them to employ aid. Godfrey is displeased at the their machinations against the eagerness of his knights to desert Christians. The fallen angels dis- their cause and " join the . ' perse to do his bidding ; and in maidens ' The warriors are chosen various ways are shown the evil by lot, and Armida departs with influences of their black art. her escort. Many others follow in Hidraotes, King of Damascus, secret. Godfrey hears the disas- scheming to sow discord in the trous news that the food supply Christian host, and so weaken has been seized by Arabs, and JER 198 JER

strengthens the flagging courage arrives on the day appointed for of his men, although far from the fulfilment of their compact. sanguine himself. Tancred being absent, and the Book VI. Argantes, impatient flower of their chivalry already at the inaction, requests per- dispersed in divers ways, the mission to attack the Christians. remaining warriors lack the courage Aladine bids him curb his zeal, to take her place. Godfrey re- informing him that Solyman of proaches them for their cowardice, Nice is collecting men from all and resolves to meet Argantes. quarters for the purpose of invad- Raymond dissuades him, and after ing the Christian camp. Finally a stirring speech, despite his years, sanction is given to defy the proposes to meet the Saracen. enemy in single combat, and Roused by his words, the knights Argantes sends a challenge to the vie with each other in their eager- Franks. Tancred is chosen as ness to oppose the pagan. They champion, and exultingly fares cast lots and the lot falls to forth. Espying Clorinda, who Raymond. He enters the hsts, had followed Argantes' train, Tan- and the powers of good and evil cred stops to gaze on her. Im- influence the flght. Raymond has patient at the delay, Otho spurs the advantage, when, through a forwards and encounters the Sara- breach of warfare, Beelzebub inter- cen. He is vanquished and taken rupts the combat, and a general prisoner. Tancred awakes from battle ensues. The pagans are his stupor and engages Argantes almost defeated, when a storm in a terrific combat which lasts till arises which turns the scale in evening. They are parted by the their favour, and the Christians heralds, and decide to renew the are routed. combat when their wounds are Book VIII. The infernal powers, healed. Erminia, who while one seeking to thwart the Christians, time a prisoner in the Christian work their purpose through a camp, had fallen in love with Dane, who arrives with the news Tancred, is grieved over his wounds of a disastrous defeat of the Danes and resolves to visit him. She by a band of Arabs led by Soly- disguises herself in Clorinda's man. Swem, their leader, is killed armour, and accompanied by a and the Dane is instructed to trusty squire leaves the city. She present his sword to Rinaldo, sends a message to Tancred, and bidding him use it in his revenge awaits his answer. While alone, on Solyman. At this point a she is attacked by a scouting party foraging party return with un- of Christians, and flies. The news deniable proofs of Rinaldo's death. reaches the hero, who beheving Argillan, instigated in a dream by it to concern Clorinda, departs in a demon, causes civil war in the search of her. camp by throwing the suspicion Book VII. Erminia, in her of Riualdo's supposed murder on flight, meets an old shepherd, who Godfrey, and inciting the Italians befriends her. Tancred, while to revolt. Godfrey queUs the pursuing the supposed Clorinda, tumult by a noble speech, causes loses his way, and meeting a Argillan to be bound, and resolves messenger is treacherously con- to lose no time in attacking /aucted to the castle of Armida Jerusalem. and made prisoner. Argantes Book IX. Solyman, incited by :

JER 199 JER

an evil spirit, with his Arahs without the customary armour, at attacks the Christian camp by once suspects his intention of night, with great slaughter. God- scaling the walls, and remonstrates. frey, encouraging his men, opposes Godfrey replies that on joining the them, but the infidels are rein- sacred cause he had vowed to set forced with help from Clorinda aside rank and become a humble and Argantes. God forbids the soldier. The other leaders follow infernal powers to interfere with the his example and march on foot. fight—and the battle wages with The Christians reach the fortifica- unabated fury. Argillan escapes tions,and form a canopy by holding from prison and performs vahant their shields aloft to ward off the deeds, but is MUed by Solyman. enemy's missiles. Adrastus, the The fortunes of the day are still un- first to scale the walls, is wounded decided, when the Christians re- by an arrow. Many others follow, ceive unexpected aid from a small and are deterred by the same band of knights, and the victory means. A breach is made by the is declared in their favour. The battering rams. Godfrey enters, pagans are defeated, and Solyman but is wounded by an arrow from forced to retreat, vowing future Clorinda, and forced to retire. vengeance on the Christian host. The Saracens gain courage, and Book X. Solyman, while pur- almost win the day through the suing his way to Gaza, is accosted marvellous bravery of Solyman by Ismeno, who persuades him and Argantes. Tancred comes to to return. The magician conveys the rescue, and the tide of war is him in an enchanted chariot to turned. Godfrey is miraculously Jerusalem, and then conducts him treated by an angel, and renews through a subterranean passage the attack until nightfall. to the council-hall of the Saracens, Book XII. Clorinda, eager to where unseen he hears their de- emulate the heroic deeds of Soly- bates. Revealing himself, he is man and Argantes, resolves to received with joy by Aladine. bum the wooden tower of the Meanwhile Godfrey discovers that Christians—one of their engines the band of warriors who timely of warfare, which Solyman had came to his assistance, were those partially destroyed the preceding who had followed Armida. One of day. She confides her purpose to them relates their adventures Argantes, who, fired by her zeal, how they were immured in dun- is desirous of aiding her. Arsetes, geons, and then sent captive to who had reared Clorinda from Damascus. Rinaldo rescues them infancy, is warned in a dream, on the way. The news is received and endeavours to dissuade her

with Joy, and Peter the Hermit, from the enterprise ; but in vain. becoming inspired, prophesies the He tells her the story of her birth, return and future glory of Rinaldo. and that she was bom of Christian Book XI. On the advice of parents. Under cover of darkness, Peter the Hermit, the Christians the two adventurers sally forth implore the assistance of Heaven, and fire the tower. The Christians and form a sacred procession. The pursue them. Argantes reaches the pagans are first awe-stricken, and city in safety ; but in the con- then amused at the spectacle. fusion the gates are hastily closed, The call " to arms " is given. and Clorinda is left outside. Tan- Raymond, on beholding his chief cred, unaware of her identity, JER 200 JER pursues her, and they engage in diately comes in the shape of the deadly combat. Clorinda is mor- much-desired rain. tally wounded, and feeling death Book XIV. Godfrey is shown approaching desires to be bap- in a dream the futility of earthly tized in the Christian faith. Tan- ambitions, and is inspired with cred fetches water for the purpose, fresh courage. He is coimseUed and as he raises her helm, recog- to recall Rinaldo, for only through nizes the maid. His grief is in- him will the spell of the magic tense ; and when she expires, he woods be broken and the waning falls senseless by her side. He is spirit of his men strengthened. discovered by some Christians and Godfrey enquires of the vision if conveyed to the camp. Clorinda he is to summon Rinaldo by is reverently interred with funeral threats or entreaties, and is told pomp, and Tanered recovers from it is not seemly for a king to plead, his wounds. The news spreads but if others entreat he must to the Saracen host, and Argantes yield. Guelpho pleads for his vows vengeance on Tanered. nephew's return, and Godfrey Booh XIII. Ismeno by his consents. Ubald and Charles the enchantments peoples the forest Dane are appointed envoys. They with demons, and commands them are instructed by Peter the Hermit to guard the trees from the to proceed to A^calon, where they Christians. Godfrey sends his are entertained by a Christian workmen to fell timber for be- magician, who shows them many sieging purposes. They are terri- wonders. He describes the fied and flee. Soldiers are next manner in which Armida—furious sent, but they also return in a at being defrauded of her prisoners panic. Alcastus boasts that no by Rinaldo—ensnared him through terrors can daunt him, and sets her enchantments. He warns the out alone for the enchanted wood. knights of the dangers before them, Finding his courage deserting him and how they are to be avoided. at the strange sights he beholds, He also shows them the method Alcastus returns humbled and of deUvering Rinaldo from the ashamed. Several of the others power of the sorceress. attempt the adventure, but in Book XV. The two knights take vain. Tanered next undertakes their leave of the hermit, who to test his courage, and passes presents them with the map, successfully through the various buckler, and golden wand, with ordeals which had vanquished his which they are to overcome the companions . Finally he succumbs spells of Armida. They embark in to a new illusion which takes the a ship steered by a beautiful form of his beloved Clorinda. The maiden. She indicates the various Christian army is afflicted by places of interest in their voyage drought, and reduced to the last through the Mediterranean. On extremity. Discontent spreads reaching the Straits of Gibraltar, among the troops, many declaring Ubald questions the fair pilot that the drought is sent by God, about the unexplored seas beyond. who is displeased with them. The She repUes that since the time Grecian commander deserts with Hercules erected his pillars many his squadron, and many others unsuccessful attempts had been follow. Godfrey invokes the assis- made to search the sea and coun- tance of Heaven, and help imme- tries afar. She predicts the JER 201 JER discovery of Columbus, and the over the championship between spread of the Gospel in heathen Adrastus and 'fisaphemes. The lands. They reach the Fortunate caliph intervenes, and bids Armida Isles, and Charles asks to be quell the disputants. Rinaldo and allowed to view some of the strange the two knights return to Palestine countries, but his request is re- and are met by the aged hermit, fused. They arrive at the Island who adjures Rinaldo to use his of Armida, where after giving noble gifts for higher purposes. certain instructions their guide He presents him with a suit of leaves them. The knights ascend armour, and Rinaldo is fired to the mountain, and overcome all emulate the famous deeds of his obstacles by aid of the golden ancestors emblazoned on the shield. wand. They resist the temptation The Dane now hands him brave of sensual allurements, and finally Sweno's sword, and bids Rinaldo reach the palace of Armida. avenge his death. The hermit, Book XVI. Charles and Ubald accompanies them to Jerusalem, wander in the maze, but consult predicts new glories to Rinaldo's the map and find their way out. race, and foretells the reign of They discover Rinaldo and his Alphonso the Wise. He takes mistress in the garden. At the leave of the knights within sight departure of Armida, the knights of the camp. approach Rinaldo, who feels his Book XVIII. Rinaldo, on re- war-Hke nature aroused at the turning to the camp, is graciously sight of their armour. Beholding received by Godfrey, and warmly his own reflection in Ubald's shield, greeted by his friends. He is he is ashamed at the contrast, and granted absolution from the hermit also at Ubald's reproaches on his Peter, and repairs to Mount OHvet unmanly daUiance. He abandons to offer his devotions. He pro-

his life of slothful ease and accom- ceeds alone to the charmed forest j panies his deliverers. Armida resists the temptations, and there- follows them, and tries aU her arts by breaks the spell. The Chris- to induce Rinaldo to return, but tians commence hewing trees, and in vain. She becomes exhausted, building their engines of destruc- and faints. The warriors embark tion. Godfrey rescues a dove on a vessel bound for Palestrae. from the claws of a falcon, and Armida recovers from her swoon, intercepts a message fastened and finds her lover gone. Grief under its wing to the Saracen replaces rage,and,plaiming revenge, king, informing him of the she destroys her enchanted palace approach of the Egyptian army. and takes flight to Egypt. Godfrey determines to hasten the Book XVII. The caHph reviews assault, and assigns to each leader his army. The ausdhary forces his particular post. Tancred's are described. Armida arrives squire Vasrino is sent as spy to the when the caliph is conferring the Egyptian camp. Godfrey, with a sole command of the army on strategic movement, draws up his Emirenes. The troops hail him battering rams and towers on the as leader. A grand banquet is enemy's strongest side. But at given. Armida, determined to be night he reverses the position, and avenged on Rinaldo, promises her in the morning the Pagans are hand in marriage to the warrior dismayed to find their weakest who kills him. A quarrel arises defences assailed. Godfrey attacks JER 202 JER

the city, and is valiantly opposed. and leaves the camp with Vasrino. Great towers are reared against They find the Wounded Tancred, the walls. Ismeno uses his magic who recovers from his swoon, and

in trying to bum them ; but a is ministered to by Erminia. A wind arises and the fire is turned band of soldiers appear who had on the Pagans. Ismeno is Mlled. been sent in search of their leader. Rinaldo is the first to surmount They convey Tancred to the city, the ramparts. The Archangel and also the body of his enemy Michael appears to Godfrey, and Argantes, which he commands to shows him the spirits of former be reverently interred. Vasrino warriors assisting in the fight. A seeks Godfrey, and relates the bridge is thrown across from one discoveries he has made in the

of the towers to the adjoining Eg3rptian camp : how Rinaldo's walls, and Godfrey essays the life is sought by many a Pagan passage. Solyman opposes him, warrior, with the hope of winning

but in vain, and Godfrey plants Armida in reward ; and how the standard of the Cross on the Godfrey is to be overcome by walls of Jerusalem. treachery. The Christian army Book XIX. Tancred and prepares for its encounter with Argantes single out each other, the Egyptians. On the advice of retire from the city and engage Raymond an alteration is made in in a fight to the death. Argantes the dress of Godfrey's guard, with is slain and Tancred faints from the view of thwarting the enemy's wounds. Slaughter is rampant schemes. within the walls. The infidels take Book XX. The Egyptian army refuge in Solomon's temple. arrives, and each side prepares for Einaldo and his men pursue them, battle. Godfrey and Emirenes break down the door, and a inspire their hosts by a spirited massacre follows. Solyman and speech. The Christians advance. Aladine intrench themselves in GQdippe is the first to gain dis- David's tower, Rajmiond opposes tinction. She and her husband them, but is knocked down help- perform valorous deeds. Alta- less. Solyman urges his followers morus exacts heavy toll from the to drag Rajonond within the tower. Christians. GUdippe attacks him Seeing their chief's danger, the and is wounded. Ormond, the Christians attempt a rescue ; and instigator of the vile plots, leads at the appearance of Rinaldo, the his disguised men into Godfrey's Pagans reluctantly retreat to the presence. They are recognized tower. Night falls, and the strife and killed. Rinaldo defeats the ceases. Vasrino arrives at the Moors and Arabs with great Egyptian camp. He hears that slaughter. He passes Armida's car, some underhand plot is formed to and she fires her arrows at him, take Godfrey's life, the nature of which glance off his armour. which he is at first unable to dis- Armida's followers are slain, and cover. He meets Erminia, who she is unprotected from the enemy. explains to him that a number of Altamorus sees her peril, forsakes Pagans who had sworn to take his troops, and goes to her assist- Godfrey's life are going disguised ance. He reahzes his mistake too as Christians, and will mingle late, and his men are routed. among their foes. Erminia con- Solyman views the battle from the fesses to him her love for Tancred ' tower, and unable to control his —

JOP 203 JOS

impatience at the inaction leaves Elagy's local knowledge gives re- the fortress accompaniedbyAladine markable verisimiUtude to his and his followers. Raymond is text, and denotes that he was feUed to the ground by Solyman, probably accustomed to earn his who rushes past seeking a more livelihood as a wandering minstrel worthy foe. Tancred, recovering from castle to castle. The text from his wounds, hears the tumult, may be referred to the last quarter and arrives in time to save Ray- of the twelfth century. mond from the Pagan horde. JONAANS, JONANA, or JONAS. Al- Raymond slays Aladine, and un- luded to in Grail romance as the furls the banner of the Cross from fifth in line from Celidoine, and the tower. Soljnnan, in the thick ancestor of Lancelot and Galahad. of the fight, spurs the waning He married the daughter of King courage of the Infidels. GUdippe Moroneus of Wales. is slain by Solyman. Edward sup- ports her and receives his death- JONAKR. {Vide" Volsvaigs.") Wed- blow. Adrastus and Solyman are ded to Gudrun {q.v.) after the killed by Rinaldo. Tisaphemes d,eath of Atli {q.v.). next engages him, and after a JORMUNREK. {Vide " Volsungs.") terrific fight is also killed. When King, betrothed to Swanhild {q.v.), Armida sees her last champion who fell in love with his son slain, she escapes from the field. Randwer {q.v.). This caused him A touching scene occurs when to slay the lovers. He was subse- Rinaldo surprises her in the act quently slain by . Gudrun's sons, of attempting her own life. A Jonakr {q.v.), Saurli {q.v.), and mutual understanding follows with Hamdir (q.v.). satisfaction to both. Godfrey kiUs Emirenes, and takes Altamorus JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA. While prisoner. The sacred cause is won he is chiefly known as the member by the Christians, and Godfrey of the Jewish Sanhedrin or Council pays his devotions at the hallowed who begged the body of Jesus for shrine. burial, he also appears in connec- tion with the incidents of the JOFRID. {Vide " Gunnlaug Saga.") Grail quest. He is mentioned as Wife of Thorstein Egilson ; mother explaining to Evelach—a pagan of Helga. who cannot understand the In- JOHN OF FLAGY. The name of a carnation, that the Virgin was scribe or poet whose name is in- rendered pregnant by the oversha- scribed on the best MS. of the dowing of the Holy Ghost through third portion of the romance of her ear, and that her virginity was Garin the Lorrainer. He appears no more hurt than is water when to have been a native of Cham- a sunbeam enters it. However, pagne. His version enjoyed great Evelach's {q.v.) atheistical views popularity, and must have been are not to be moved, although he well known in Britain, as King afterwards has a miraculous John of France bought a copy of dream and is eventually baptized. Garin le Loherain in Eondon to It is mentioned that Joseph co- beguile his captivity there. Du- habited with his wife, not as the meril states that eleven out of lustful do, but was so filled with his twelve MS. consulted by him re- love for his Saviour that he had no produced it more or less faithfully. desire. Scenes are pictured in JOS 204 JOS

which Christ's passion and cruci- and on issuing from prison con- fixion are again brought before verts his brother-in-law and his Joseph's eyes. He has a son Jo- sister, Brons and Enygeus. Be- sephes (q.v.), who gives the vessel cause of fleshly sin, the hand of of Christ or Holy Grail into the God falls heavily upon the Chris- hands of Sir Galahad. In Eobert tian band, and on the intercession de Borron's poem, Joseph of of Joseph he is told that he must Arimaihea, it is related that make a table to commemorate that Brons and Enygeus, who have at which Christ sat at the Last twelve sons, are greatly troubled Supper. A vacant seat is to be and consult Joseph, who prays provided at the table, which will

before the Holy Vessel ; they are be filled when Brons and his wife told that eleven will marry, and possess a son. Later, on the

one remain single : this one is violent death of a wicked person Alain. Joseph tells all about who attempts to fill the seat, Christ's death and about the vessel Joseph is told that not Brons' son to Alain, and that from him will but his grandson must fill the seat. issue an heir who is to keep the Brons and Enygeus have twelve

vessel ; Alain is to take charge of sons, all of whom marry save his brethren and sisters and go Alain, who is instructed to lead westwards. Alain, as Joseph his brethren towards the West, taught him, preaches Jesus Christ. at the same time being assured It is mentioned that God spoke to that his seed shall be keepers of Joseph in prison concerning the the GraU. Joseph is further in- Secrets of the Grail. Alain is to be structed that Brons must keep called the Rich Fisher, from a great the Grail after his death, and must

fish he caught ; he is to keep the be told the words of awful power vessel and to pass it on to the son of vouchsafed to him in prison. his son. Joseph stays three days Brons having caught a feh by with him, and then the good fisher means of which sinners are de- goes away to " the land where he tected, is to be called the Rich was bom," and Joseph remains. Fisher, and is to give the vessel of the Grail to his grandson. The JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA. A tale practically ends with the romance, one of a metrical trilogy, Grail being intrusted to Brons, written by Robert de Borron {q.v.) who sets out with it, leaving which also includes his Merlin, Joseph behind. The work has and another poem not now extant been carelessly copied and edited, (c. 1170-1212). It describes how and in places greatly abbreviated. Joseph of Arimathea collects Several prose versions exist which Christ's blood in a vessel, and is were brought up-to-date so far as cast into prison by the Jews. the progress of the Grail legend There he is visited by the Re- had gone in their day. Incon- deemer, who gives him the Grail sistencies abound, and Borron has vessel filled with his blood, and obviously attempted to collate entrusts him with esoteric phrases two versions of the legend. But of power, further instructing him the " Joseph " is the only work to yield the vessel to three persons on the Grail, saving the Parzival only, who will take it in the name of Wolfram, which exhibits any of the Trinity. Joseph is released signs of having been animated by by Vespasian after many years, the spirit of Christian symbolism. JOS 205 JOS

JOSEPH OF EXETER or JOSEPH many people at Camelot. He ISCANUS. He dedicated to Arch- comes to a hill called Hill of the

bishop Baldwin a Latin poem Giant ; it is a Friday, and Brons in six books upon the subject is sitting next him at the Grail- of the Trojan War, founded table, but between the two is a on Dares Phrygius {vide "Dictes space for a man to sit, and Brons, and Dares "), and completed when Josephes' kinsman, asks him why Henry II. was preparing for the he does not invite some one to fill crusade preached by Baldwin. He it. Josephes replies that only he

. wrote also on Antioches, of which who is a hoUer man than any there remains only a fragment, cele- present can fill that place, as it brating British heroes. Warton, typifies Christ's seat at the Last in his History of Poetry, calls this Supper, and is empty, waiting His writer " a miracle of his age in coming, or that of one whom He classical composition," praises his shall send. After this, Alain {q.v.) pure diction, sound periods, and is the only one of Bron's twelve sons harmonious numbers, adding that who chooses virginity and the ser- his style includes all the graces of vice of the Holy Grail. Josephes, Ovid, Statins, and Claudian. after fifteen years' wandering,comes back to Galafort, and finds his JOSEPHES, JOSEPHE, JOSEPHDS, or brother Galahad (not to be con- JOSAPHES. In Grail romances, son founded with Sir Galahad) grown of Joseph of Arimathea {q.v.). He up. By Josephes' advice he is only with his father Joseph is elected king. His last appearance allowed to touch the wooden ark seems to be as a bishop, when he for the dish of the Holy Grail gives the body of God to Sir Gala- which the Lord commanded Jo- had and reveals himself as the son seph to make. Josephes is bidden of Joseph of Arimathea. by Christ to celebrate the Sacra- JOSUE. In Grail romance, brother ment daily. He, with his father, to Alain {q.v.), with whom he ultimately overcome Evelach's travels to the Terre Foraine, and {q.v.) unbeUef. Evelach's land whose daughter he marries. At being overrun by his enemy Tho- the wedding so great was the power lomes (q.v.) Josephes tells Evelach of the GraU that all present felt as that this ill-hap is to remind him if fiUed with the finest meats. of his lowly origin. He further Josue eventually becomes king explains Kmg Evelach's dreams. and Grail Keeper. In the quest of the Grail, Josephes " is mentioned as having been smit- JOSYAN. {Vide Bevis of Hamp- ten in the thigh for having left his ton.") Daughter of Ermyn, a proselytizing work to trouble about Saracen king. In love with Bevis the contemners of God's law, for many years, and after many and he was told that the mark perilous adventures married to of the wound would stay with him. She was forced first to him all his life, and that the iron marry King Inor, from whom spear would remain in the wound Bevis dehvered her. When at so that he would Ump. Josephes Cologne, she was beset by Sir brings Mordrains, Sarraquite, and Mile in Bevis's absence, and Nasciens to the Holy Shrine, and married him only to strangle him. shows them the vessel wherein is She was nearly burned at the stake Christ's blood. Josephes converts for this. After her marriage she KAI 206 EAR

gave birth to twin sons in a forest, with him till she found Sir Bevis. was carried off, and was rescued She died at Mounbraunt, where by Saber. She wandered about her husband was sovereign.

K

KAI. The seneschal, or sewer of of the Ughtning. A similar form King Arthur, known in the French is to be found in the Tlaloc or god romances as Messire Queux or of moisture of the ancient Mexi- Maitre Queux or Kuex, his name cans, or in Indra a deity of the being thus altered to adapt it to Hindus. The words " very subtle his ofSce of chief of the cooks. was Kai " are almost sufficient to His character is usually treated as prove his possession of the light- a curious mixture of courage and ning. buffoonery, and his prowess is by KALAFIER. In the Grand St. Graal, no means equal to his pugnacity. a hater of Christians who accuses He is prominent in the Morte Nasciens of having killed Mor- d'Arthur. In his Brythonic or drains, and succeeds in having Welsh Celtic form of Cai ap Cynyr, him and his son CeHdoine cast he, was the son of Cynyr Cainva- into prison, Kalafier acting as his rawc, the son of Gwron, and in jailer. A miraculous hand ap- the Triads he is alluded to as one pears from a cloud and, striking off of the three diademed chiefs of Nasciens' fetters, transports him battle. In the tale of Kilhwch from the prison. Kalafier, follow- and Olwen {vide " Kilhwch ") in the ing, is struck down by the hand. Mahinogion, we meet with sure On his death-bed he orders that evidence of the mythological CeHdoine be cast from the battle- nature of Kai in the passage which ments, but heavenly hands bear states that his " breath lasted nine him up, and Kalafier is smitten nights and nine days under water, with fire and goes to eternal death. and that he could exist nine nights and nine days without sleep." KARAHEUT. In Carlovingian ro- Moreover a wound from his sword mance. King of India. He offered could not be cured, he could make to fight Ogier the Dane on the himself as tall as the highest tree occasion of Charlemagne's resisting in the forest, and so great was the a Saracen invasion of Italy, so that heat of his nature that during rain many lives might be spared in a whatever he carried remained dry. general conflict, the city of Rome This would make it appear that to be the prize of the victor. Kai was originally a divine being Karaheut takes Glorianda, the who, through a series of mytholo- daughter of Corsuble, a Saracen gical processes, had degenerated emir, and his betrothed, to witness into a mere hero. The charac- the combat. The combat is in- teristics attributed to him would terrupted by the paynim, and seem to point to his having Ogier is taken prisoner, much to originally been a rain-and-thunder the disgust of the chivalrous deity, his watery propensities being Indian Mng, who gives himself up accounted for by his pluvial afBni- to Charlemagne. When Ogier is ties, and his heat by his possession freed, Karaheut is permitted to EAR 207 KEV

depart with Glorianda in con- rous, and valorous in paganism, in sideration of his good faith. contradistinction to St. Patrick, who symbolizes all that is benign KARDEI. Alluded to in the Par- and gracious in Christianity. zival of Wolfram von Eschenbach as the twin brother of Loherangrin KEEVAN OF THE CURLING LOCKS. or Lohengrin. The lover of Cleena (q.v.), who went ofE to hunt in the woods, KARL {Vide "Burnt Njal.") A leaving her to be abducted by the Viking who succoured on the seas fairy folk. Grim and Helgi {q.v.), NJal's sons. " With them he made friends, and KEINGALA. (Vide. Grettir Saga.") again lent his aid when Yarl The weatherwise mare of Asmund. Hacon was pursuing them upon a Her master beUeved in her weather false charge. Kari married his prophecies, and setting his younger

friends' sister Helga ; assisted son, Grettir the Strong, to tend NJal's sons in the slaying of Thrain the horses, bade him be guided by (q.v.), Hrapp (q.v.) and Hanskuld this mare, who would return home before the oncoming of a storm. (q.v.) ; and escaping the burning Bergthors-knoU, avenged his The lad, however, put little faith friends' terrible death. Finally in Keingala, and as she persisted he made friends with the leader in remaining upon the cold and of the burners, Plosi, whose niece, bitter hill-side, grazing upon the HaUgerda (g.w.j.Hanskuld's widow, scanty grass, he determined to he married some time after Helga's cure her of the habit, for he was death. frozen with the cold. He there- fore, one morning, flayed a strip KARNIFEES. (Fi

and was healed of his wounds and Ossianic romance, daughter , of all bodily evil. He represents all Finn (q.v.). She became the bride that is courteous, dignified, gene- of Goll mac Moma (q.v,). —

KIA 208 KIN

KIAN. In Irish legend, father of " The Origin of the Name Con-

Lugh {q.v.) ; brother of Sawan stantinople." In the days when and Goban (q.v.). His magical Constantinople was called Byzan- cow with her wonderful supply of tium, there lived a Paynim em- milk was stolen by Balor {q.v.). peror, called MuseUn, who was In revenge for this theft Kian, versed in the science of astronomy. with the aid of Birog, a druidess, Going forth one night accom- gained access to Ethlinn {q.v.), panied by a certain lord, he heard daughter of Balor, and became a man on the roof of his house, father to three sons. Two of alternately praying that his wife these were drowned by their who was in childbed—^would be grandfather's order, the third, deUvered of a child, and again Lugh, escaping death by faUing that she would not. The contra- into a bay, whence he was rescued dictory prayers went on for some by Birog and wafted to his sire. time, and the emperor's curiosity Some years later, while on a was aroused. Accosting the man, mission to the fighting Danaans he inquired the reason of the in Ulster, Kian fell in with the seeming inconsistency of his utter- three sons of Turenn {q.v.), whose ances. The man replied that he house was at enmity with him. was a student of astrology, and Seeking to escape their notice he that if the hour of birth were im- turned himself into a pig and propitious, some great misfortune plain. joined a herd rooting in the would overtake the child ; but, on But in vain, for the brothers de- the other hand, if the hour were tected him, and he was wounded favourable, prosperity would be with a spear cast by the brother its lot. A son had now been bom, Brian. Conscious that death was he added, and to a goodly heritage. approaching he prayed permission The emperor inquired the nature to regain his human shape. This of the heritage. And he was told was granted him, and he rejoiced that the child would marry the in having outwitted Brian, for emperor's daughter, and in time now the blood-fine to be paid by become king. The emperor was his slayers would be that for a wroth, and privately commanded man instead of for a pig. The a knight to secretly abduct the brothers, determining that there child, which he did ; whereupon should be no blood-stained weapon the king stabbed the infant, to pubhsh the deed, stoned Kian vowing that it would never hve to and buried his body. sit on his throne, and also com- manded the knight to throw the EILYDD. In Welsh legend, husband child into the sea. On his way to of Goleuddydd ; father of Kul- obey the mandate, the knight's hwch {q.v.). heart was touched with pity for KIMBAY. A legendary Irish king the new-bom babe, and he left who lived about 300 B.C. During him lying on a warm muck-heap his reign, Ulster was founded with before a certain abbey. The its capital, Emain Macha {q.v.). monks found the child—who was not dead—and carried him to the KING CONSTANT. A French ro- lord abbot. When he saw the mance of the thirteenth century. grievous wound, he sent for phy- It relates the story of King Con- sicians, and they promised to cure might also be entitled stant ; and the child for eighty golden pieces. KIN 209 KIN

In consequence of this he was to the bearer of the letter ; and to called " Constant," because of his proclaim high festival, and invite costing the abbey so great a sum. all the people to the wedding ban- The boy grew in stature, and was quet. This done, she sealed it of extraordinary beauty, as well with her father's seal, and slipped

as proving an apt scholar ; there- it beneath Constant's girdle. fore he became a favourite of the When the young man awoke and abbot, and accompanied him when presented the letter, no one ap- he went abroad. One day it peared more surprised when the chanced that the abbot paid a contents were made known, than visit to the Emperor Musehn, who the princess. She pretended re- was greatly struck with the beauty luctance, but was overruled by the vof the lad, and desired to know dignitaries of the realm, who dared about him. Whereupon the abbot not be party to opposing the Im- related the story of the foundling. perial commands. The marriage When he spoke of the dagger was celebrated amid great rejoic- wound, the emperor knew that ings. When the emperor returned, this was the child he had tried to he found the people still feasting kill. So he besought the abbot and merrymaking. When he to allow the young man to enter heard the reason, he pondered his service. After due consulta- deeply, and knew his daughter to tion with his monks, the abbot be at the bottom of it. He came sanctioned the proposal, for ho to the conclusion that it was no dared not thwart the Saracen use striving against what was king. When the emperor had written in the stars, so he decided Constant in his power, he con- to make the best of it. On the sidered how he might secretly death of Muselin, Constant reigned

destroy him. He therefore wrote in his stead ; and his wife and all a letter to the Castellan of Byzan- in his realm were converted from tium, commanding him to slay the paganism to Christianity. His

bearer ; and sent Constant with it, son was also called Constant, and who was unaware he was carrying it was in his reign that the city was his own death-warrant. When he first called Constantinople. arrived at the palace, it was the

dinner-hour ; so he sat down to KING HORNB, GESTB OF. An rest in the garden, till a more English metrical romance, founded opportune moment, and straight- upon an older French romance en- way fell asleep. The young prin- titled Le Roman du Roi Horn, of cess and her maidens were plajdng which there remain only two frag- in the garden, and happened upon ments, one of 2386, the other of the sleeping youth. Knowing him 2494 lines. This French romance to be the bearer of letters and was written by one Maistre Thomas anxious to learn the news, the and is regarded by Ritson and M, princess softly withdrew the fatal de la Rue as a composition of the missive. As she read the contents latter portion of the twelfth she was sorely grieved, for she had century, whereas the English adap- never beheld so comely a person as tation dates, according to Percy, the young man before her. Taking to within a century of the Con- one of her maidens into her confi- quest. But it is now admitted on dence, she wrote a letter bidding all hands to be not older than the the castellan give her in marriage reign of Edward I. It recounts V KIN 210 KIN

how Mury, King of the Satacens, and he, taking Robert's shape lands in the kingdom of Suddene, upon him, transforms the king where he kills the Mng, named into the likeness of his own fool. Allof. The queen, Godyllt, es- He is sent out to He with the dogs, condition he envies capes ; but Mury seizes on her in which son, Home, a beautiful youth of those curs which were per- fifteen years, and puts him in a mitted to rest in the king's hall. galley with two of his playmates, At length the Emperor Valmounde Achulph and Fykenylde. The sends letters to his brother King vessel being driven on the coast of Robert, inviting him to visit along the kingdom of Westnesse, the with himself their brother, the young prince is found by Aylmar, Pope of Rome. The angel in king of that country, brought to Robert's guise welcomes the mes- court, and dehvered by Athelbrus, sengers, and after a long and his steward, to be educated in ignominious penance restores hawking, harping, tilting, and Robert to his proper shape. other courtly accompUshments. Vide MS. Vernon ut sup. Bibl.

Here the Princess Rymenild falls Bodl. f . 299 ; Caius Coll. Cambs.

in love with him, declares her MS. ClafE. E. 147, 4 ; Brit. Mus. passion, and is betrothed. Horn, MS. Harleian, 525, 2, f. 35., cod. in consequence of this engagement, Membran. leaves the princess for seven years, to demonstrate, according to the KING ROTHER. An epic poem, the ritual of chivalry, that by seeking original authorship of which is andaccompHshing dangerous enter- ascribed by Von der Hagen to the tarises, he deserves her affection. first half of the twelfth century, Tie proves a most valorous and but which was evidently re- invincible knight, and at the end written later. The king, who of seven years, having killed King dwells in the town of Bar (or Bare) Mury, recovered his father's king- by the Western sea, is advised by dom, and achieved many signal his courtiers to take a wife. exploits, recovers the Princess Count Lupolt describes the beauty Rymenild from the hands of his of Constantine's daughter, the treacherous knight and companion King of Constantinople. But every Fykenylde, carries her in triumph man who has sought her has lost to his own country, and there his life. Margrave Herman pro- reigns with her in great splendour poses sending Lupolt as envoy. and prosperity. Lupolt is willing even at the risk of his Hfe, but begs for eleven KING ROBERT OF SICILY. An knights to be sent with him. English romance of the fourteenth They cross the sea, and ride to century, the authorship of which Constantine's court, splendidly is unknown. It has never been apparelled. Both king and queen printed. It tells how King Robert receive them graciously, for their of Sicily was beguiled by pride into raiment proves them to be men of sneering at a priest who read Mass. note. Lupolt praises the wealth The father warned him of haughti- and wonders of King Rother's ness, saying that nothing might court, and then sues for the hand bring him down from his high of the fair princess for his master. estate. An angel is sent by the Constantine is wroth and casts Almighty to lower Robert's pride. the embassy into prison. A year KIN 211 KIN

and a day elapses. King Rother Rother by his playing the harp. becomes anxious about the fate of At this time a great host from his knights, and resolves to go in Babylon, under a heathen named search of them. Preparations are Yn;ielot, is on its way to attack

made for their departure ; they Constantinople. The twelve take vast treasures, and people knights are set free, and enter come from far and near to join Rother's corps, who joins forces the expedition. Among them is with Constantine. They set out the giant Asprian, who brings with to meet the foe. Rother and his him a troop of fellow giants. The men attack the enemy during the king determines to employ stra- night. The giants vanquish the tegy, and commands all who ac- heathen, and Ymelot is taken company him to call him Thiderich prisoner. Constantine thanks (or Dietrich), and so hide his Rother for his services, and the identity. They are made welcome latter suggests that a messenger at Constantine's court. " Die- should be sent to tell the ladies trich " complains to him of ill- the good news. Constantine bids

treatment from King Rother, and him do so himself ; so he starts offers his services, and begs pro- for Constantinople, taking with tection from Clonstantine. By the him only his own men. Arrived advice of his counsellors, and there, he teUs the queen that through fear of the giants, Constan- Ymelot has slain the king and his tine accepts his services, and also knights, and is hastening towards tells him that he holds as prisoners them. The queen and her some of Rother's messengers. daughter entreat Rother to take " Dietrich " distributes gifts with them with him. They make for a lavish hand among Constantine's the ships and hastily embark. people, and many gather round Rother takes his daughter on him for the sake of the ofEerings. board, but leaves the mother The queen is constantly remiading behind. In answer to her tears, her lord what a powerful man this he tells her that Constantine is King Rother must be, and how aUve and on his way home, and foolish they were not to give him that Ymelot is taken prisoner. their daughter. A great festival The queen is overjoyed at the is given by Constantine, and the news, and the ships depart amid young princess is attracted by good wishes from all. Constan- " Dietrich's " fine appearance and tine is greatly distressed at the costly dress. Wishing for an loss of his daughter, and in the interview with him, and through confusion Ymelot escapes. A help of a mutual artifice, he is minstrel offers to bring back the taken to her apartments. She king's daughter, if he is provided declares her love for King Rother, with a ship and a goodly store of and he makes known his real merchant's wares. The ship is " " identity. She replies that she made ready, and reaches Bare cannot be sure if he is telling the during the absence of King Rother. truth, while " Dietrich " cunningly The minstrel sells his wares at the answers by asking to see the lowest prices, and proclaims that prisoners who will at once recognize he possesses a stone of such virtue, him. After another ruse on the that if a queen held it in her hand part of the fair lady, the prisoners no one should die, for a mere touch of it are brought forth, and recognize would revive them ; even the KIN 212 KIN crooked would be made straight, said to represent a Lombard sub- only she must come on board the cycle. Von der Hagen points out ship. A knight, who has two some analogies between Rother deformed children, entreats the and the later poems of the Nibe- queen to make the trial. She does lungen cycle, such as Otnit and so, and the instant she is aboard Wolfdieterich, as weU as with the the ship sets sail. There is grief Norse Wilkina Saga of the thir- in Bare over the loss of the lady, teenth century. Ludlow beheves and when Rother arrives he gathers the legend to have been originally together an army and sails for Lombardian, not only because of Constantinople. Landing at a the name of its hero, but because secluded part, disguised as a pil- of his capital " Bar " or " Bare," grim, he takes with him two which he identifies with Bari in knights, and a good horn, which is Southern Italy. The Carlovingian to give warning if he is dis- connection he believes belongs to covered ; and departs to the court a later elaboration of the tale. of Constantine. Meeting a knight on the way, he is informed that KING OF TARS. An EngUsh romance, Ymelot attacked Constantine, who, probably of the fourteenth century, to save his kingdom, promised him never printed. Its fuU title is Rother 's wife for his son BaU- The Kyng of Tars, and of the struin, the compact to be sealed Soudan of Dammias {Damasctis), that night. Constantino is seated how the Soudan of Dammias was at table with Ymelot and BaU- cristened thoru godis gras. It re- struin, by whose side, greatly counts how the Soldan or Sultan grieved, sits Rother's wife. Rother of Damascus hears great bruit of and his knights mix among the the beauty of the daughter of the crowd round the table, and the King of Tars, and dispatches am- disguised king succeeds in giving bassadors to her father craving her his wife a ring with his name on it. hand, but without success. The They are discovered, Balistruin sultan grows very wroth at the threatens to drown him, and reply of the King of Tars (Tarsus), Rother asks to be hanged on the which is pitched in opprobrious hill near the wood. Rother is terms, and calls his parliament bound, to the bitter grief of the together. He collects a great young queen, and all the people army, and marches on the do- bewail his fate. At the gallows a minions of the King of Tarsus, rescue is made. Rother's bonds who is a Christian monarch, are cut, and he blows the horn whereas his would-be son-in-law is " which summons his own men. a Mussulman. The " Saracens The heathen are routed, but prevail, and the King of Tarsus Constantino's life is spared. King flees. To prevent further blood- Rother, his queen, and aU his shed, the princess declares that she retinue return to Bare, where a is wilHng to be married to the son is bom, whom they call Pepin, sultan, although a pagan, and afterwards the father of Charle- notwithstanding that her father magne. The Rother story is thus withholds his consent she finds connected with the Charlemagne means to escape to the sultan's cycle, but visibly belongs not so court in order to cement a peace much to Germany proper as to through their marriage. They Italy, Germanesque and may be are married, and the wedding is KIN 213 KIN

solemnized by a great tournament ing manuscript of the Quhair, one which they both view from a high in the Bodleian Library, is dated tower. The princess is afterwards 1475. This is thirty-eight years delivered of a son, who is so de- after the death of the king, but formed as to be almost a monster. that fact does not vitiate the At length she persuades the sultan ascription to him, for both at to embrace the Christian faith, beginning and end of his docu- and the young prince is baptized, ment the scribe attributes the after which he suddenly becomes poem to " King James of Scot- a prodigy of beauty. The sultan land ye first." destroys his Saracen idols with a Major tells that the king wrote great stone. " With steme strokes " another ingenious song of the and with grete, on Jovyn and same kind. Fas sen, etc." {sic). Plotoun, on Astrot and sire Jovyn," Now there is a poem in manuscript and releases 30,000 Christians. in the Pepysian Library which He is attacked by the neighbour- begins, " Sen that eine that worlds " ing Saracen lords, but succeeds in my weilfare ; and several editors beating them off. of the writings ascribed to James, assuming that the MS. is slightly " KING'S QUHAIR, THK. {Vide article, mutilated and the word " Yas " James I.") A poem attri- gone, have contended that this buted to King James I. of Scot- poem is what Major refers to, and land. It is written in what is have therefore included it in usually called " rhyme royal," a James's works under the title of metre used also by Spenser, Gower, " Song on Absence." But a study

and Dunbar ; and the poet tells of the MS. does not lead one to how he wooed and won his bride, suppose that it has suffered much with a beauty which makes his from the hand of time, or that the work one of the gems of early word in question has been erased, Scottish literature. The chief evi- and accordingly the authorship of dence for ascribing the poem to the poem remains a mystery, the king consists in the saying of while equally mysterious is yet Major, a Scottish historian of the another one also referred to by fifteenth century, who affirms that Major. He speaks of the king " " James left behind him many writing that pleasant . . . poem " writings and songs, which are to at ; and some vmters this day remembered among the have imagined that the poem thus Scots, and reckoned to be the best cited is no other than the famous they have. He wrote an in- "Pebhs at the Play," which genious little book about the begins, " At Beltane, quhen ilk queen while he was yet in cap- bodie bownis." But here, too, tivity and before his marriage." the evidence in favour of the king Clearly the author refers here to having been the author is slight the Quhair, and Major's state- in the extreme, while the language ment is in some degree corro- of the poem certainly suggests a borated by two other mediseval later period than James's. historians, Bower and Boece, who Two further pieces of verse are both assert that James was a likewise attributed to James, writer. Unfortunately, however, Christ's Kirk on the Green and they give no particulars about his Good Counsel. The ascription in

writings ; while the earliest exist- the former case rests on the fact ;

KLI 214 KNI for a that George Bannatyne, who, in lived for a year, and but no the sixteenth century, made a kindly hermit he encountered and collection of early Scottish poems, one. At last the fever abated afresh named the king author of Christ's the good recluse clothed him his way. But Kirk. And as regards Good Counsel and sent him on changed. No more all that can be said is that, in The Ewaine had and he vowed Gude and Godlie Balletis, first did he love conquest, his sword but for pubhshed in 1567, this poem is never to use included along with the words, good. He left the forest and " Quod King James the First." tramped many weary miles. But one night as he was about to rest KLINSCHOR or KLINGSOR. Bord of he came upon a lion and a dragon the Magic Castle wherein are kept which struggled fiercely. Seeing Arthur's mother other queens. and the dragon smothering the lion is nephew to VirgiUus of Naples, He under his mighty bulk, the hero and is overcome by Gawain. He rushed upon the fiery monster, and is alluded to in the Parzival of with one swing of his good sword Wolfram von Eschenbach. clave its body in twain. The lion KNIGHT OF THE LION. (ChevaHer arose and went toward its deliverer, au Lion.) A French Arthurian licked his feet, and fawned upon romance, composed about 1160 by him. All night long the beast Chretien de Troyes. Sir Ewaine kept guard over the brave knight. had wed a fair lady, and after a On the morrow, Ewaine set out week of feasting he must join his on the road, accompanied by the master, who had ridden forth lion, which befriended him and

against the heathens . The parting sought prey, on which they fed. was one of sorrow, and with a One day they came to a castle promise on his Hps that he would but the porter on seeing the lion return by that day twelvemonth, would not drop the drawbridge, he took his leave of his weeping and as Ewaine would not desert wife. He joined King Arthur, his companion, he besought the and, as of old, was first in every lord of the castle, who made wel- fight. When the war ended he come both knight and beast. But did not ride homeward, for the love sorrow reigned over the castle, the of adventure was strong within inhabitants of which were under

him ; but on he went, achieving the tyranny of a great giant who fresh victories. The twelve had imprisoned the four sons of months passed, and one day as he their lord, and now every day sat in the feasting-hall of his king, came to the castle wall demanding the queen reminded him of his his fair daughter. Ewaine did not vow to his wife. He was on the hesitate to meet the giant, who, on point of riding oS when a damosel seeing his challenger, mockingly entered and demanded from him advised him to retreat, but the the ring which his wife had given good knight heeded him not, and him, to whom he had acted so straightway flung his spear at his faithlessly. Overwhelmed by his opponent. The giant met his wife's anger he left the court and onset with his heavy iron club. fied into the forest. His reason Throwing him to the ground he left him and, tearing off his was about to deal the fatal blow, armour, he roamed about naked when the Hon rushed over the and insane. In this manner he parapet and overthrew the giant. ;

KNI 213 KUL

Ewaine arose and cut off the Salados appeared with an army of oppressor's head. With tears of knights ; but the faithful lion thankfulness the lord, his knights bounded over the battlements, and their ladies rejoiced in the threw the wicked Salados to the victory and ever after he was ground, and scattered the knights caUed '[ The Knight of the Lion." in confusion. Ewaine now rid Soon his valour was heard of in himself of his enemy by cutting Arthur's court, and the king at off his head. The maiden, followed last sent forth three of his famous by Sir Lancelot and Sir Gawaine, knights, that they might secure rode up. " The knight of the him to the brotherhood. Accord- Lion " threw off his disguise and ingly, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawaine was recognized by all. The im- and Sir ELay, the boaster, rode out prisoned lady came forward and of the castle, each taking different knew him to be her long-lost paths. On they went passing husband. They wept for joy, and town, village and dale which rang in one kiss forgave all the sorrow with the victor's achievements. of these seven years. But of his whereabouts they knew KNIGHT OF THE TOMB. Or, the not. Sir Kay soon gave up the Black KLnight. A knight who dwelt search, and turning his steed in in a tomb, striving against all the direction of the court he was comers for the sake of his love. He confronted by the object of his was overcome by Perceval, and search. The boaster immediately driven back into his gloomy dwell- challenged Ewaine, and bringing ing. The incident is alluded to in their horses together, Ewaine sent the Conte del Graal (q.v.). Sir Kay grovelling in the dust. Without waiting any further he KOLSKEGG. (Vide "Burnt Njal.") pursued his way with the faithful Brother of Gunnar {q.v.). lion. Sadness, however, overtook KRIEMHILD. (Vide " Nibelungen- him, and despite the sympathy lied.") Wife of Siegfried and which the beast displayed, he was daughter of King Giuki. She on the point of slaying himself married King Etzel (q.v.) upon the with his sword, when from a death of her first husband, upon chapel on the wayside a maiden whose slayers she meted out a appeared. To her he told of his terrible vengeance. misfortunes, and she in turn re- lated how the cruel Sir Salados had KULHWCH. In Welsh romance and imprisoned her mother within his myth, son of Kilydd and Goleud- castle. Hardly had Ewaine time dydd. His stepmother, in her to offer his sympathy when the jealousy of him, declared that he knight in question appeared, and would have no wife until he ob- without more ado they came tained Olwen, daughter of Yspad- together in combat. Long and daden Penkawr (" Hawthorn, King fierce waxed the fight, amid a of Giants"). Being nephew to storm of thunder and lightning Arthur he sought his assistance in and at last Sir Salados took flight. this quest. But Arthur, after a Ewaine took up the chase until year devoted to the search, could they came to Salados' castle, into find no trace of the maiden. Then which the latter took refuge. Kulhwch, accompanied by Kai Glancing around he saw the figure (q.v.), Bedwyr, a man of craft and of the imprisoned lady. Then Sir cunning unequalled in swiftness ;

KUN 216 KYM

and in might ; Kynddelig, who was away by Laurin (q.v.), king of the a sure guide in strange as in dwarfs.

familiar lands ; Gwrhyr, who could speak all languages, and Menw, KYMIDU KYMEIN-VOLL. In Welsh who could throw a veil of invisi- romance and myth, wife of Llassar bility over his party, set out to Llaesgyvnewid. Matholwch {q.v.) seek for Olwen. After much had met this giantess and her journeying they found themselves husband with a cauldron on his before a great castle, feeding in back near a certain lake in Ireland.

front of which was a flock of They took service with him ; but sheep, shepherded by Custennin, at the end of a year, the country the ill-treated brother of Yspad- being in an uproar on account of daden. The following day being the outrages of their children, Saturday, Olwen, whose footsteps Matholwch determined to burn gave birth to four white trefoils, the whole family. To this end he came, as was her wont, to the set fire to a huge iron house into herdsman's hut to wash her hair. which he had enticed them, and Reciprocating the love of Kulhwch blew it to a white heat. But for her, she sent him to ask husband and wife forced their way Yspaddaden for her hand in through the softened iron and marriage. But he, aware that came across to Britain. There his end would come upon his they were housed and weU treated daughter's bridal mom, sought to by Bran (q.v.), who, for his kind- free himself of this suitor as of all ness, received the magic cauldron. others ; and twice, as the party Such was its power, that the slain, were leaving his hall, he cast after if cast into it, would regain Ufe them a poisoned dart, which, how- and limb, but not speech. ever, some one of them caught each time and flung back at KYMON. A knight of Arthur's him, wounding him sorely. Then court. Fired with the love of Yspaddaden named a great number chivalrous adventure, he set out of seemingly insurmountable diffi- one day in its quest. Reaching a culties, which Kulhwch must over- magnificent castle he was gene- come before he could have Olwen rously received and entertained, as his wife. But the most difficult and was directed to a monstrous of all was the obtaining of the one-eyed, one-footed black man, comb and scissors that were be- who set him on his way to meet tween the ears of Twrch Trwyth, his " equal in combat." Kymon a king transformed into a huge found a silver bowl on a slab of boar, for there were many tasks marble by the side of a fountain attendant on this adventure. All under a great tree, as the black these wonders were performed man had described. Following Kulhwch found his bride, and the instructions given, the knight- Goreu, the only remaining son of errant emptied the bowlful of Custeimin, beheaded Yspadda- water on the slab, when he almost den. succumbed to the terrific storm of hail that followed. Then syren KUNHILD. Sister of Dietheb {q.v.). songs burst from the throats of {Vide "Dietrich of Bern.") She the birds upon the now leafless mysteriously disappeared, but was tree. At last there appeared a found later to have been taken black knight, who | worsted Kymon. KYM 217 LAB

The victor, passing the shaft of his Lady of the Fountain, in the lance through the reins of the qion. riderless horse, turned his charger's head homeward. The unfortunate KYNDDELIG. In Cymric legend, one knight then returned to the castle, of Arthur's servitors. Able to and with a new horse set off to guide in strange, as in familiar Caerleon. This story is to be lands, he accompanied Kulhwch found in the Welsh tale of the {q.v.) on his quest for 01wen.

LABAN. {Vide "Sir Ferumbras.") young. His speech left him, so Sovereign of Babylon. He hated Covac let him go. Taken to the Christians and persecuted Munster to the kingdom of Fera- them. He captured Rome and more, he was then sent to Gaul took his booty to his city of and treated as a future king of Aigremor. He fought many battles Ireland. But the daughter of the with Charlemagne, and was at last King of Feramore, out of her betrayed by his daughter who passion for him, composed a became a Christian. He was beautiful poem which was set to taken prisoner by Charlemagne, music by Craftiny {q.v.),h.QV father's who would have saved his hfe if harper. This Craftiny took to he would have been baptized, but Gaul, and by its enchanting virtue refusing this, he was executed. Maon regained his speech. The exile then set out with an armed LABBL. In Grail romance, a force to wrest the Irish throne heathen king to whose realm Celi- from the usurper. Covac was doine, son of Nasciens, was trans- slain. Maon received the name ported by supernatural agency. " Labra the Mariner," from the (F»(i!e"Kalafier.") HewinsLabel's circumstances that he could speak favour by expounding a dream of {labraidh), and that he was the his, but at Label's death is cast captain of the GauHsh fleet with adrift in a boat with a Uon. He, which he invaded Ireland. Like however, comes safe to Nascien's the Greek King Midas, Labra had island. (FitZe " Celidoine.") the ears of a horse. So, in order LABOR, KING. Father of the Maimed to keep secret this deformity, he Kiag, in Arthurian romance. He had his hair cropped once a year was the mortal enemy of King by a man chosen by lot, and put Hurlame, who, with the Grail to death afterwards. Once this " lot fell to a poor widow's son. sword, defeats him. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") With tears and beseechings, how- ever, she prevailed upon Labra to LABRA THE MARINER-MAON. Son spare her son, who swore by the of Aihll (q.v.) and grandson of sun and the wind to keep the Laery (q.v.). When a child he was secret. But the weight of this compelled by Covac {q.v.), his burden was too much for him. granduncle, to swallow a portion So, with the advice of a Druid, of the hearts of his father and taking a certain direction, he grandfather and a mouse with her whispered the deadly secret to the LAC 2l8 LAM

first willow tree he came across, Cuchulain (q.v.) and ConaU of the and returned home light-hearted Victories (q.v.), of the champion- as of old. One day, however, ship of Ireland. The test, how- Craftiny, requiring a new harp, ever, he was unwilling to undergo. cut down this willow tree, and to LAERY (3). Son of Neill, King of the amazement of all in the king's Ireland. In the twelfth-century hall, in response to the harper's Book of the Dun Cow, a story is first touch of the strings, it chimed states that, " related of him which the words : Two horse's ears remaining pagan, he had a vision hath Labra the Mariner." The of Cuchulain, whom St. Patrick secret was out, and no one was summoned from HeU to prove his again put to death on its account. teachings. In the end Laery This tale has a counterpart in accepted the Christian faith. Hindu romance. LAIRGNEN. In Irish romance a LA COTE MALE-TAILE (so-called Connacht chief, betrothed to Deoca because of his ill-fitting coat). (q.v.). Otherwise Sir Bruinor le Noire. On entering the court of Arthur, LAMBAR. Alluded to in the Queste he is treated as a scuUion. A del Saint Graal as the father of damosel, Maledisant, leads him on the Maimed King or Fisher King. a quest after a wicked knight, LAMBERT LE TORS. A French poet, whom he subdues. Afterwards who is commonly supposed to he marries the maiden. He be- have Mved at the beginning of comes the overlord of the Castle the twelfth century. He is re- of Pendragon. (Vide " Morte membered by virtue of his share d'Arthur.") in the Boman d'Alexandre, a LADMER, KING OF WESTENMER. A popular epic of which a medisBval character in the romance of Diet- manuscript on vellum is extant wart (q.v.). He entertains for a in the BibUotheque Nationale (No. while Dietwart, who has fallen 7633), and which recounts in deeply in love with his daughter verse of twelve syllable Hues the Minnie, to the gratification of exploits of Alexander the Great. Ladmer. He gladly consents to The poet was known among his their marriage, and witnesses the contemporaries as Lamberz U Tors, slaying of the dragon by his Im- while a misprint in the sixteenth perial son-in-law. [Vide " Diet- century gained him the name of wart.") Lambert le Count, and to this day he is frequently styled thus. LAEG. In Irish romance, friend, Nothing is known about his Ufe, messenger, and charioteer of Cu- but in a passage in the poem chulain (q.v.). He was slain by a aforesaid he furnishes this side- spear aimed at Cuchulain and light on himself : flung by Eewy (q.v.). " La vert6 do I'estoire, si com li vois la LAERY (1). In Irish romance, son fist. of King Ugainy the Great. He Tin clero de Chateaudun, Lamberz le Tors escrist. was treacherously slain by his Que del Latin la traist et en remans brother Covac (q.v.). la mist."

LAERY (2). The Triumphant. One It is hard to say how much of of the three claimants, including the Boman d'Alexandre is really LAM 219 LAN

from Lambert's pen, but he is his other hand." It is probably usually credited with those parts intended to be symboMcal of the which deal with the pursuit and spear which the Roman soldier death of Darius, the wonders of thrust in Jesus' side. India, the descent of Alexander to the bottom of the sea, the LANCELOT (1). A knightly character expedition against Porus, the of the Arthurian cycle, who, how- voyage through the pillars of ever, does not bulk so largely Hercules, the fight with the in the earlier romances as his Amazons, and the second defeat importance in Malory's Morte and ultimate subjugation of Porus. d'Arthur suggests. The original Sundry other passages are probably legend of his life and adventures his work also, notably those deal- is probably the mediaeval prose ing with the duel between Porus work entitled Lancelot, a rambUng and Alexander and the taking of romance composed of six sections. Babylon, while he is said to have In the article dealing with Malory's written further matter about Alex- Morte d'Arthur a summary of his ander which is now lost. His history will be found. Other writing in general is but Ughtly works in which he figures* are the esteemed, and he was superseded Lanzelot of Ulrich von Zatzik- in public favour by a subsequent hoven, the Chevalier de la Char writer, Alexandre de Bemay, who rette of Chretien de Troyes, the completely re-wrote the Roman Diu Kr6ne of Heinrich von dem d'Alexandre, improving it con- Turlin, Bigomer, and smaller poems siderably. such as Lancelot et le cerf au pied blanc. In the purely Celtic htera- LAMORAK, DE GALIS, SIR. Son ture connected with the Arthurian of King PelUnore, and Knight cycle he does not appear at all. of the Round Table. In Arthurian Lancelot, who is generally alluded romance he is mentioned as to as Sir Lancelot du Lac, was the being amongst the lovers of Queen son of King Ban, and was brought Guinevere {q.v.). He is also the up by the enchantress Nimue, possessor of a magic horn, which Lady of the Lake, who succeeded proves a source of enjoyment to in imprisoning Merlin. As a youth King Mark {q.v.). He is the cause he came to King Arthur's court, of the Queen of Orkney's death where by his prowess he speedily at the hands of her son Gaheris, achieved great renown. But it through his famiharity with her. was as the lover of Guinevere, He subsequently dies through a Arthur's queen, that he became wound inflicted on him by Mor- widely known in the Middle Ages. dred. (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") In this character he first appears LANCE (SPEAR), THE GRAIL. Fre- in the Chevalier de la Charrette quently referred to in Arthurian of Chretien, who may have in- legend as the " bleeding lance." vented the entire episode, although In Fumivall's text we read that it is more probably a variant of Joseph opens the door of the ark the Tristram story (q.v.). The and four " angels issue, two bear- unknown author of the prose ing burning lights, the third a Lancelot, however, probably did cloth of red samite, the fourth a not introduce the subject of his lance bleeding so hard that the amours, and it had undoubtedly drops run into a box he holds in been altered by a later hand in LAN 220 LAU

order to include the love of qxiite near. He followed the mes- Eancelot and the queen, as has sengers and came upon the damsel the prose Merlin for the purpose in all the glory of her beauty and of suitably linking up the first splendour. Hither she had come part of the cycle with the newly from a far land to give Sir Launfal introduced portion. Lancelot's her love, a gift, if he were discreet, character in romance is that of a that would prove of higher worth brave knight and generous man than the riches of any king. He whose existence was overshadowed at once prayed that he might be by his false love for Guinevere, her knight, and she, granting him which, instead of exalting his her whole love, promised that he nature, emphasized his less noble would have at his wiU anything qualities, whose " Honour rooted he wished. But he must not in dishonour stood." reveal their passion. Richly clad by the lady's bounty. Sir Launfal LANCELOT (2). Alluded to in the returned to his lodging. He suc- Grand St. Grail as grandfather of coured the needy, freed the captive, Sir Lancelot du Eac, and seventh in and entertained the stranger lord. descent from Celidoine. And at pleasure he had sight and speech of his damsel. That same LAUNCEOR. A knight of Ireland, year, about the feast of St. John, and of the court of King Arthur. Launfal was disporting with other He was slain in battle by Balin. knights in an orchard that lay (Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") beneath the queen's tower. She LAUNFAL, SIR, THE LAY OF. A beheld him in his manly beauty, French romance written by Marie and straightway offered him her de France (q.v.), who assigned a love. But Uttle he cared for the Breton origin to it. Sir Launfal offer, and in all gentleness refused was of the court of King Arthur it. Her pride wounded, the queen at Carleon-on-Usk, and of high, reviled him, when, in an evil though foreign, descent. But he moment, forgetting his promise was not loved by his lord, and at to the beautiful damsel, he a feast of Pentecost, he only, of acquainted the royal lady of his aU the royal servants, received love. Sad and wrathful, the queen no present from the king. Riding besought her husband to punish alone one day he essayed to cross Sir Launfal. He, she said, had a river, but his steed trembled importuned her with his love, and stood still. He therefore laid and, upon her denying him, had down upon the meadow through boasted of his love for a damsel which the river ran and sought more beautiful and more noble to sleep. Tossing and turning he than she. The unhappy knight kept ever awake, when looking was, therefore, upon a certain day

towards the river he saw two tried before his peers ; but at beautiful maidens approaching him. the moment of the judgment two The one carried a golden basin richly dressed maidens came riding ; the other a pure white towel. into the court and sought hospi- Sir Launfal immediately rose to tahty for their lady and them- receive them. They greeted him, selves. The prisoner, however, and one of them bade him, in knew none of them. Again, at the name of her mistress, visit a similar critical moment, two that lady whose pavilion was other damsels approached the ;

LAU 221 LAY

king for the same purpose. Nor upon him. (See Deutsches Helden-

did Sir Launfal recognize these, buch, Pt. 1, 1866-78 ; McDowall, and once more as sentence was Epics and Romances of the Middle about to be pronounced there Ages, 1884.) rode into the court the flower of LAVAINE, SIR. Son of Sir Bernard all the ladies in the world. Hither of Astolat (q-v.) and brother to she had come to prove the case Elaine de Bank and Sir Tirre against the queen. Then with (q.v.). He is fortunate in meeting her lover she rode away to the with the favour of Lancelot, who island of Avalon, dim and fair. befriends him. He is afterwards Nor were the knight and his lady very conspicuous in Arthurian heard of again. romance, displaying exceptional prowess in battle. He subse- LAURIN, or DER KLEINE ROSEN- quently Joins Lancelot's overseas GARTEN. A Tyrolese romance party, when he is raised to the of the late thirteenth century dignity of Earl of Arminak under attached to the saga-cycle of Lancelot's rule. Dietrich of Bern (q.v.). It tells of a dwarf king who possesses a LAY OF THE LITTLE BIRD, THE. wonderful rose garden into which A French romance of the no one may enter without the thirteenth century, which is a loss of a hand and foot. Dietrich homily on covetousness. It treats and his follower Witege enter it, of a beautiful garden, and a Httle and the latter rides his horse bird which sang therein. The through the rose bushes. Laurin, avaricious owner of the garden, the dwarf, appears on horseback hearing the bird sing, desires to and dismounts Witege, but is possess it. He captures the bird, challenged by Dietrich. Hilde- which begs to be released, and brand, another of Dietrich's fol- promises to tell him three secrets, lowers, appears upon the scene, from which he may gain much but the dwarf dons his cloak of profit. The man does so, and darkness, and Dietrich is wounded the bird replies, first, that he is by his invisible foe. Laurin is not to beheve all he hears then persuaded to wrestle with second, not to regret what he Dietrich, who wrenches o£E the has never lost ; and lastly, never dwarf's belt, which gives him to throw between his feet what superhuman strength, and over- he holds in his hands. The man, throws the troll. Laurin now greatly enraged, answers that invites all to his mountain home he knew them all from infancy. to behold his treasures, and pro- The bird replies, that if the man vides them with a banquet, when had known the third secret, he they become intoxicated and are would not have set him free. thrown into a dismal dungeon. And further, that in his body was They are released by Kiinhild, a a precious jewel weighing three

mortal woman, whom Laurin had ounces ; whoever owned it would spirited away, who brings their have every wish gratified. On

weapons . The dwarfs are defeated hearing that, the man was mad- and Laurin is taken a prisoner to dened with rage at having set Bern, where he becomes a Chris- the bird free. The bird adds to tian convert, and latterly is re- his chagrin by explaining that as leased, when Kiinhild is bestowed he weighed less than half a ounce, LAY 222 LIB

how was it possible for a jewel LEODEGRANCE. King of Cameliard, weighing three ounces to be hid in Arthurian romance, father of

in his body ? Moreover, he was Guinevere. Arthur rescued him already regretting what he had from King Rience of North Wales. never lost, for he never possessed LEUCANS. Alluded to in the Grand the jewel. And also, beUeving all St. Grail as Josephes, cousin, and he heard, he flung the bird had guardian of the ark in which the between his feet. Advising the Grail dish was kept. man to study weU these three In Ultonian romance, secrets, the bird took his flight, LEVARCAM. and from that day the garden the nurse of Deirdre (q.v.). began to wither, and nothing LEWY. Son of Curoi, foe to Cuchu- would ever grow in it. lain (q.v.) on account of the rape of his mother Blanid (q.v.). He LAYAMON. An EngUsh priest of slew his enemy, but met his death Emely or Arley Regis on the at the hands of ConaU (q.v.). west bank of the Severn in Wor- LIA. In Irish romance. Lord of cestershire, author of The Brut, Luchar in Connacht, treasurer of the first work in English to present the Fianna ; later treasurer to the the legend of a Trojan conquest Morna (q.v.). He was slain by of Britain. From internal evi- the lad Finn (q.v.), chief of the dence it has been inferred that opposing clan Bascna (q.v.). he wrote in the first decade of the thirteenth century, but nothing LIA FAIL. In Irish romance, the is known of his life or personality. stone of Destiny. When the feet It is probable that Layamon of rightful kings rested upon it founded his poem on that of the this stone would roar for joy. same name by Wace (q.v.), but It is now placed under the seat the two versions are by no means of the Coronation Throne in West- identical, as Eayamon made many minster Abbey. additions either of his own in- LIBELLUS MERLINI. (Little Book vention or drawn from other of Merlin.) A Latin tract on the sources. The work is of a high subject of the prophecies of Merlin linguistic value, presenting as it (q.v.), written by Geoffrey of does a unique picture of the Monmouth (q.v.), (c. 1135). It EngUsh language in the transition purported to be a translation from stage between late Saxon and the the Welsh into Latin, and was speech of Chaucer. It contains incorporated by Geoffrey in his 56,800 lines, and first was pub- Historia Begum Britannice (q.v.), hshedinits entirety Sir by Frederick of which it forms the Seventh Madden in 1847, in three volumes, Book. He had, he says in the containing two texts (probably preface, been persuaded by the separated by an interval of fifty urgent requests of friends to years), translation, and glossary. pubhsh this translation, a state- ment of great likehhood, as his LEN. Goldsmith of Bov the Red Libellus had met with immediate (q.v.). From his name was derived public recognition, contained the the name Eocha Lein, the ancient first information regarding the appellation of the Lakes of Kil- enchanter and was probably of larney, by the shores of which he some rarity. It is dedicated to used to work. Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, LIB 223 LIF

because of the afEection Geoffrey Bahn. He met Fromont at St. " bore to his nobihty." Geoffrey Amant and said Garin would agree prefaces his account of the pro- to a truce if Fromont kept his phecies with one concerning the promises, but he was wroth when deeds of a supernatural youth he heard they meditated freeing named Ambrosius, whom he had the prisoners. read of in Nennius, and deliber- ately confounded with MerUn. LIFE OF HAROLD, KING OF ENG- Vortigem, King of the Britons, LAND. A romance, chiefly re- asks Ambrose Merhn the meaning lating to the recovery of Harold of a vision in which appear two after the battle of Hastings, and dragons, red and white, in combat. his Ufe as a hermit, first near Merlin rephes that the Red Dover, afterwards at Cheswardine, Dragon symboUzes the British in Shropshire, and finally at race which would be conquered by Chester, in twenty chapters, pre- the White Dragon, emblemistic of ceded by a prologue and a table the Saxon power. A lengthy pro- of contents followed by a brief phetic rhapsody follows couched narrative of a similar kind, which in cryptic terms, relating chiefly professes to have been written to the Saxon wars, and with by a hermit of Chester. The this the work as given in the work is imperfect at the end. Seventh Book of the Historia, The romance opens with an the only source through which account of the rise of Godwin it has come down to us—con- and the campaigns of Harold cludes. It was, however, known in Wales, the discovery of the in Iceland before 1218, in a form cross at Montainte in Somerset, independent of the Historia (H. G. its removal to Waltham and the Leach, Modern Phililogy, viii. foundation of a reHgious house pp. 607 et seq.). This tract must there by Harold. Harold is wound- not be confounded with the Vita ed at Hastings, and left for dead Merlini, or Life of Merlin (c. on the field of battle. Edith, his 1145 or 1148) generally, but not betrothed, with the help of two unquestionably, attributed to Franks, removes him to Win- Geoffrey. {Vide Historia Begum chester, where, under the skill BritannicB, Book viii.) of a Saracen woman, he is cured in two years' time. He makes a LIBEOUS DESCONUS. {Vide " ILy- pilgrimage to Jerusalem and visits bius Desconus.") Rome ; he breaks the oath ex- LIETRI. {Vide " Garin the Lor- torted from him by Wilham, and rainer.") Abbot of St. Amand, the oak tree at Rouen, under Garin's nephew. He came with which he pledged his promise, fifteen consecrated monks and sheds its leaves at the moment thirty-six knights after Bego's he does so. Harold returns to death to Eens. He was so angry England after an absence of ten that he wanted to throw. off his years ; he lives as a hermit at monk's dress and fight, but was Dover for a similar period, but, satisfied by Fromont's regrets. taking the name of Christin, he He headed the funeral procession crosses into Chester. His death to Metz, and delivered Fromont's and burial take place at Waltham. letter to Garin, then with Garin William of Malmesbury, says the he accompanied the body to romance, is said to have made a LIG 224 LOB

mistake as to the death of Harold would imagine that the holder of at Hastings, as did the canons of such an office would be saint-like, Waltham in identifying the body. but Chrestien describes her as "a Harold's brother, Gurtha, gave damsel more hideous than could evidence before Henry II., in the be pictured outside heU." Wol- presence of Canon Michael of fram refers to her in his work as Waltham, of his brother's exist- " Kundrie la Sorciere." ence after the great battle. The LOBEIRA, JOAS. A mediaeval Por- absurdity of making Harold live tuguese romance writer. The so late as the first year of Henry II. exact dates of his birth and death (when he would be 130) is too are unrecorded, and, while some glaring. Amongst modem writers authorities hold that he lived it has been suggested that the during the reign of Alphonso III., story was written to celebrate in the beginning of the thirteenth the city of Chester. century, others contend that he " belongs to a considerably later LIGHT OF BEAUTY. ( Vide Sgeimh

Solais.") period ; while one writer, Thomas Pires, the folk-lorist, has even LIJOD. Daughter of Preyja {q.v.) tried to identify him with a and wife of Volsung (q.v.). (Vide certain Lobeira, who is known " Lay of the Volsungs.") to have been living at Elvas at LINET, DAME. Sister of Dame the beginning of the fifteenth Liones, wife of Sir Gareth (q.v.), century. Joas Lobeira is occa- married to Gaheris, Gareth's sionally credited with a work brother. She accompanied Sir more frequently ascribed to Gareth in his ride to the release another author of the same sur- of her sister, who was a prisoner name, Vasco de Lobeira {q.v.), of the Red Knight. {Vide " Morte namely, a version in Portuguese d'Arthur.") prose of the famous old French tale of Amadis Gaul ; but the LIONEL. In Arthurian romance, of claim on behalf of Joas in this cousin of Lancelot, and brother relation has but slender support, of Bors, whom he quarrels with resting as it does on Mttle more because he left him a prisoner in than the fact that, in a poem order to succour a distressed definitely proved to be his, he damsel. He is appeased by uses the same ritournelle as Oriana heavenly intervention. sings in Amadis. LIONES, DAME. Of the Castle Peri- LOBEIRA, VASCO DE. A Portu- lous, sister of Linet. She was one guese romancer who is credited time a prisoner in the Red Laundes, with a version in Portuguese but was subsequently rescued by prose of the famous old French Sir Gareth, whom she married. romance Amadis Gaul, {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") of familiar in England owing to the excellent LIR. A sea-god, father of Mananan translation by W. S. Rose, 1803, in Irish romance. He is com- and the precis of Southey. Vasco parable with the Greek Oeeanus is supposed to have been bom at and the Cymric Llyr. Oporto about 1365, and is known to have died forty years later. LOATHLY DAMSEL, THE — KUN- He appears to have been a soldier DRIE. The Grail Messenger. One besides an author, and at the LOC 225 LUC

outset of his career he followed LONGIS. In Grail romance, a Roman the fortunes of the future King soldier, who pierced the side of John I., who conferred the honour Christ whilst on the cross with the of knighthood on him soon after Grail lance. the battle of Aljubacotta in 1385. Vasco's Amadis enjoyed great LOQUIFER. In Carlovingian ro- popularity in the author's own mance, a fairy giant, so called day, and towards .the close of because he bears an enormous the sixteenth century a mediaeval log as a weapon. He and Re- transcript copy thereof was dis- nouart {q.v.) agree that the issue covered at Lisbon, in the Ubrary of a campaign between the Sara- of the Duke of Alveiro. This cens and Franks shall rest upon a single combat between them. interesting document is no longer extant, unfortunately, the hkeh- They meet on an island near Porpaillart. Loquifer has in the hood being that it perished in his club balm a fire which occurred at Lisbon hollow of a which cures all wounds at onee, but in 1753. It is impossible to say whether Vasco's work was really Renouart succeeds in depriving based on the original French, and him of his weapon, slays him, takes his three swords, " the it is quite possible that the Portu- and guese gleaned the tale from some best ever forged," whilst devils carry of^ his soul. {Vide " Battle Spanish translation ; while it has been suggested, indeed, that his of Loquifer.") version of Amadis was in reahty LORET. {Vide " Guy of Warwick.") the work of another Eobeira, Princess of Greece. Joas by name (q.v.). LOT. King of Eothian and Orkney, LOCH. In Irish romance, son of alluded to frequently in Arthurian Mofebis. Sent by Maev {q.v.) legend and romance as the husband against Cuchulain {q.v.). He of Arthur's sister, Margawse, and wounded him, but was himself the father of Gawaine. He made slain with Cuchulain's terrible war upon Arthur on several occa- weapon, the Gae Bolg. sions, notably that of the famous LOGRES, KINGDOM OF. The scene battle of the eleven kings. He of many adventures of the knight allied himself with Nero, brother Sir Galahad {q.v.). of King Rience of North Wales, against Arthur, as he was wroth {Vide " Volsungs.") The LOKL with the latter for the seduction Scandinavian god of evil. He of his wife, Margawse {q.v.). In responsible for the death was the battle which ensued he was of Otter {q.v.). slain by Pellinore. (See Malory's LOMBARD, EARL. {Vide "Guy of Morte d'AHhur, Book II. Chap. 10.) Warwick.") Attacked and slew LOUIS LE DEBONAIR. Son of Charle- Sir Urry in a combat, but was magne. {Vide " himseK killed by Sir Guy. La Coronement Loeys," and the other Carlovingian LOMBARDY, DUKE OF. Father of romances under their several character in " Belisante {q.v.), a titles ; also Charlemagne.") the romance of Amys and Amylion butler, {q.v.), for whose education he was LUCAS. King Arthur's son responsible. of Duke CoraeHS. He is alluded LUC 226 LUK

to more frequently in the earlier of the oppressed, when aU the history of Arthur, and along with enemy save nine were slain. These Sir Kay and Sir Griflet had he sent back to Balor {q.v.), with control of the king's household. a message of defiance. But other magic gifts were required to ensure LUCHTA. In Irish romance, the the victory which the druidic carpenter of the Danaan folk. prophecy had foretold that Lugh would obtain over his grandfather, LUCIUS. King of Rome. He warred Balor. So instead of taking the against Arthur, and was subse- lives of the three murderers of quently slain by him. {Vide his father, Kian, he put them " Morte d'Arthur.") under geis or promise to obtain LUDWIG. King of Ormany. {Vide certain wonders, including the " Gudrun Lay" and "Gudrun.") magical spear of the King of Father of Hartmut; husband " Persia," and the pig-skin of the " of GerUnte. He aids his son to King of Greece," which if laid carry off Gudrun and kills Hettel on a patient would heal him of {q.v.) at the battle of the Wulpen- his wound or cure him of his strand, escaping with Gudrun, sickness. Thus equipped, Lugh whom he fhngs into the sea on entered the Battle of Moytura her refusal to wed his son, Hart- against the Fomorians {q.v.), and mut, who saves her. Many years by hurling a huge stone which later he is slain by King Herwig pierced through the eye to the {q.v.), when he rescues Gudrun. brain of Balor, fulfilled the druidic " " prophecy. ( Vide Gudrun for fuller detaUs.) Nuada falling in the field, Lugh succeeded him as LUGH, In Irish romance, son of Eang of the Danaans. Lugh was Kian {q.v.), father of Cuchulain the Irish Sun-god ; his final con- {q.v.). He was brought up by quest of the Fomorians and their his uncle, Goban the Smith {q.v.) leader symbolizes the victory of and by Duach, King of Fairyland. hght and intellect over darkness. Presenting himself before the Balor was god of darkness, , and palace of Tara, he announced brute force as embodied in the himself as wishing to take service Fomorians. By his title of " AU- with Nuada of the Silver Hand Craftsman," Lugh is to be com- {q.v.). After many refusals on pared to the Greek ApoUo. He the score of there being men was widely worshipped by the already in the palace accomplished Continental Celts. Llew Llaw in all the arts, he at last gained Gyffes, the Cymric hero, cor- admittance as Ildanach, "The responds with the Irish Lugh. All-Craftsman." He was also known as Lugh of the Long Arm. LUKAFERE. {Vide "Sir Ferum- From the Land of the Living bras.") King of Bagdat. He paid (Fairyland) he brought back the Laban tribute, and was a very Boat of Mananan {q.v.), the Horse fierce fighter. He brought 10,000 " of Mananan, and Fragarach The Italian maids into the Saracen Answerer," a sword that was a camp who were all slain by order match for any mail. Coming of the Soudan. He wished to upon the Danaan chiefs assembled marry Floripas, who agreed on to pay tribute to the Fomorian certain conditions which were envoys, he took the leadership never fulfilled. He was burned ;

LYB 227 LYB

to death at Laban's palace by battle is renewed on foot. Sir Duke Naymes, Wilham's sword breaks, and he yields. Sir Lybius makes him LYBIUS DESCONUS. An English swear to go and present himself poem of the Arthurian cycle, to Arthur, as the first-fruits of which has French, German, and his valour. The conquered knight Italian equivalents in Le Bel sets out for Arthur's court, is met Inconnu, Wigalois, and Garduino. by three knights, his kinsmen, It dates from the end of the twelfth who, informed of his disgrace, vow century. Sir Lybius is a natural revenge, and pursue the conqueror. son of Sir Gawain, a celebrated The next day they overtake him. knight of King Arthur's court, The eldest of the three attacks who, being brought up in a forest Sir Eybius, but is overthrown to by his mother, is kept ignorant of the ground.. The two other his name and descent. He early brothers assault him. Sir Eybius exhibits marks of his courage by is wounded, yet cuts off the second

kilhng a knight in single combat, brother's arm ; the third jields. whom he encountered as he was Sir Eybius sends them all to hunting. This inspires him with Arthur. In the third evening he a desire of seeking adventures is awakened by the dwarf, who therefore, clothing himself in his has discovered a fire in the wood. enemy's armour, he goes to Sir Eybius arms himself, and leaps Arthur's court, to request the on horseback. He finds two order of knighthood. His request giants roasting a wild boar, who granted, he obtains the promise hold a fair lady as their captive. of having the first adventure Sir Eybius runs one of them assigned him that shall offer. A through with his spear, and is damsel named Ellen, attended by assaulted by the other. A fierce a dwarf, comes to implore King battle ensues. He cuts off the Arthur's assistance, to rescue a giant's arm, and at length his young princess, " the Eady of head. The rescued lady (an earl's Sinadone," their mistress, who is daughter) teUs him her story, detained from her rights and and leads him to her father's confined in prison. The adven- castle, who entertains him with ture is claimed by the young a great feast, and presents him knight Sir Bybins, and the king at parting with a suit of armour assents. The messengers are dis- and a steed. He sends the giant's satisfied, and object to his youth, head to King Arthur. Sir Eybius, but are forced to acquiesce. The maid EUen, and the dwarf renew first book closes with a description their journey. They see a castle of the ceremony of equipping crowned with human heads, and him. Sir Eybius sets out on the are informed it belongs to a adventure. He is derided by the knight called Sir Gefferen, who, dwarf and the damsel on account in honour of his mistress, chal- of his youth. They come to the lenges all comers. He that can bridge of PeriU, which none can produce a fairer lady is to be pass without encountering a knight rewarded with a milk-white falcon, called Wilham de la Braunch. but if overcome to lose his head. Sir Eybius is challenged. They Sir Eybius spends the night in joust with their spears. De la the adjoining town, and in the Braunch is dismounted. The morning goes to challenge the LYB 228 LYB

falcon. The knights exchange his vice and folly. He is filled their gloves. They agree to joust with remorse, and escapes the in the market-place. The lady same evening. At length he- and maid Ellen are placed aloft arrives at the city and castle of in chairs. The knights engage. Sinadone, and is given to under- Sir Gefferon is incurably hurt, stand that he must challenge the and carried home on his shield. constable of the castle to single Sir Lybius sends the falcon to combat before he can be received

King Arthur and receives back as a guest. They joust ; the a large present in florins. He constable in worsted ; Sir Lybius stays forty days to be cured of is feasted in the castle ; he his wounds, which he spends in declares his intention of delivering

feasting with the neighbouring their lady ; and inquires the lords. Sir Lybius proceeds for particulars of her history. " Two Sinadone. In a forest he meets necromancers have built a fine a knight hunting, called Sir Otes palace by sorcery, and there keep will sur- de Lisle ; maid Ellen, charmed her enchanted, till she with a very beautiful dog, begs render her duchy to them, and Sir Lybius to bestow him upon yield to such base conditions as her. Sir Otes meets them, and they would impose." Early on claims his dog. He is refused. the morrow Sir Lybius sets out Being unarmed, he rides to his for the enchanted palace. He castle, and summons his followers. ahghts in the court and enters They go in quest of Sir Lybius. the hall. He sits down at the A battle ensues. He is still high table. On a sudden all the victorious, and forces Sir Otes to lights are quenched. It thunders

follow the other conquered knights and lightens. The palace shakes ; to King Arthur. Sir Lybius comes the wall falls in pieces about his to a fair city and castle by a ears. He is dismayed and con- riverside, beset round with pavilions founded, but presently hears horses or tents. He is informed that neigh, and is challenged to single in the castle is a beautiful lady combat by the sorcerers. He gets besieged by a giant named Maugys, to his steed. A battle ensues, who keeps the bridge, and will with various turns of fortune. He let none pass without doing him loses his weapon, but gets a sword homage. This Lybius refuses, and from one of the necromancers, a battle ensues. The battle lasts and wounds the other with it. a whole summer's day. The giant The edge of the sword being is slain. The citizens come out in secretly poisoned, the wound procession to meet their deliverer. proves mortal. He goes up to The lady invites him into her the surviving sorcerer, who is castle and falls in love with him. carried away from him by en- He forgets the Princess of Sina- chantment. At length he finds done, and stays with this bewitch- him, and cuts off his head. ing lady a twelvemonth. This He returns to the palace to deliver fair sorceress intoxicates him with the lady, but cannot find her ; as all kinds of sensual pleasure and he is lamenting, a window opens, detains him from the pursuit of through which enters a horrible honour. Maid EUen by chance serpent with wings and a woman's gets an opportunity of speaking face. It coils round his neck and to him, and upbraids him with kisses him, then is suddenly con- LYB 229 MAB

verted into a very beautiful lady. makes her his bride, and then She tells him she is the lady of sets out with her for King Arthur's Sinadone, and was so enchanted, court. tiU she might kiss Sir Gawain, or some one of his blood, that he LYNGI, KING. {Vide " Volsungs.") has dissolved the charm, and that Son of Hunding (q.v.). He slew herself and her dominions may in battle Sigmund (q.v.) and King be his reward. The knight, whose Eylimi {q.v.). He was subse- descent is by this means dis- quently slain by Sigurd {q.v.), son covered, joyfully accepts the ofEer, of Sigmund {q.v.).

M

MABINOGION, THE. A term em- I, the Taliesin above men- ployed for a collection of Welsh tioned, and the tales of Llud and semi-mythological tales (translated Llevelys and Maxen's Dream. The into English by Lady Charlotte veritable Mabinogi are semi-mytho- Guest, and published in 1849). logical in character, and are un- Of these eleven are taken from doubtedly survivals of Welsh TJie Red Book of Hergest, a four- Celtic myth. In them we recog- teenth-century MS. in the library nize that process or "disease of of Jesus College, Oxford, whilst mythology " at work by which the Tale of Taliesin, included divine beings deteriorate into demi- with them, is taken from a much gods or " hero-gods," a process later MS., and has no relation to which bridges the gulf betwixt the matter translated from the mythology and romance, and Red Book. In early Wales the which has manufactured from aspirant to bardic honours was deities more or less well authenti- designated a mabinog, or graduate, cated the entire knightly circle and the traditional lore he had to of the Table Round and the master in order to assume full chivalry of Camelot. Few, in- bardic rank was called Mabinogi, deed, of King Arthur's knights a well-defined corpus of mythical there are who can escape a tales with a traditional com- mythological interpretation, and mentary. Mahinogion is the plural who may not be identified with one of this term, and was employed or other of the gods of the early by Lady Guest as a partly fanciful Celts. (FWe "Arthurian Cycle," title for her collection of transla- "Gawain," "Kai," "Lancelot," tions. Strictly speaking, however, etc.) The fragment called Taliesin is only one portion of the work is probably founded upon the Ufe of a entitled to the name Mabinogi, veritable Welsh bard of the sixth that portion being the connected century, but the verse in which tales of Pwyll, Branwen, Manawyd- it is composed belongs to different dan, and Math. The rest of the periods, whilst the prose portion work includes the tales of King merely serves to give it a certain Arthur and Arthurian personages measure of coherence. The known as Rhondbwy's Dream, Pere- stories of Arthur betray the Celtic dur and Geraint, the Lady of the spirit so far as Kulwch and Oliven

Fountain, and Kulhwch and I and the Dream of Rhonabwy are MAB 230 MAB

concerned, and these were prob- of the Bruts or chronicles, the ably fixed in form about the Triads, and by the analogies twelfth century before Norman of . The influences were at work on the children of Don, for example, are Arthurian legend. In the Lady undoubtedly to be equated with of the Fountain and Peredur we the Irish Tuatha de Danaan, and find that Norman influence con- the former may, therefore, be siderably developed, but a measure regarded as divine beings, like of the indigenous Celtic spirit their Irish congeners. Govannon, retained. Maxen's Dream and also, can be none other than the Llud and Llevelys t!1z,j be de- Irish smith , the genitive scribed as mythi-historic, in that of whose name is Goibnenn. Man- they preserve what would seem awyddan mab Llyr is evidently to be a veritable substratum of the Manannan mac Lir of Ireland, history underneath a groundwork the Eord of the Otherworld, if of myth. As literature they form he does not figure as such in the a link between the Mahinogi and Mabinogi. A well-known theory the later semi-Norman form of is that which holds that the Welsh the Lady of the Fountain and Celts borrowed these tales from Peredur. the Goidelic or Gaehc population The Mabinogion appears to have which they found in Wales on been a collection of tales which their entrance into that country. provided the Welsh bards with Another, put forward with equal a key to the mystic and obscure authority, is that the Irish tales allusions so frequent in Welsh were borrowed by the Welsh in poetry. It is the remains of a the ninth century. We find that literature framed by a literary Welsh hterature has no analogies caste for the purpose of preserving with the Ulster cycle of Irish the mythic and heroic traditions mythi-romance, which was most of the race. Although the MS. popular in Ireland at the period of dates from the fourteenth cen- the alleged borrowing, but with tury, the tales as flxed in the the cycle which recounts the shape we know them are of the deeds of the Tuatha de Danaan, period between the tenth and which from the tenth century eleventh centuries. But this must onwards had been frankly treated not be taken as impljdng that by the Irish as mythological they originate from that period, matter. A far sounder theory is as elements in many of them hark that which beheves both Welsh back to the dim days of the and Irish myths to have been beginnings of Aryan history. They drawn from a common source are only examples of a class, before these branches of the Celtic waifs of an enormous body of stock had become sundered and mythic literature for ever lost to had achieved different character- us, preserved by the bards of istics and a different tongue. Wales under circumstances rather There are indeed superficial re- unfavourable to existence. If semblances which exhibit later they stood alone, however, it borrowings, but these are easily would be exceedingly difficult, if discernible as such. The literary not impossible, to arrive at their merit of these tales is great, original meaning, which we are remarkable for the era in which assisted in discovering by the aid they were cast into shape. No MAB 231 MAE

French, German, or English prose who immediately took upon her- of the same period can compare self the household duties, and, with them in this respect, and Crundchu being a widower, she the glamour of phantasy which became his wife. One day as they present remains unequalled her husband was preparing to in the tales of any race or time. go to a great fair of the Ultonians, The various personages and she begged him to remain at home, divine beings alluded to in the but upon his persisting on going, Mabinogion will be found sepa- she made him promise not to rately treated under their names, mention her in the assembly. and the several tales included in But the king's two horses winning it are fully dealt with under their race after race, Crundchu forgot titles. (Vide also the article on himself, and boasted of the swift- " Arthurian Cycle.") ness of his wife. He was seized, and messengers sent to bring his MABON, SIR. {Vide "Sir Ferum- wife to prove his statement. As bras.' ) engineer service ' An in the she was pregnant, she pleaded of the soudan. that she might not have to run, but all were bent on seeing her MAC CECHT Grandson of the (1). outrun the king's horses. She Dagda, Danaan King, ruhng with confirmed her husband's boast, his two brothers, and gave birth to twins, and pro- Mac Grene, over teland. He was nounced a curse of debility upon slain in battle with the Milesians. the Ultonians.

MAC CECHT (2). A warrior of MADOR, DE LA PORTE. Cousin of Conary's {q.v.) at Derga's party Sir Patrice (q.v.). He accused Hostel (q.v.). Conary being un- Queen Guinever of treason against able to fight from great thirst, his dead cousin. He challenged Mac Cecht went over to Ireland to the knights to defend her cause. seek water for him, which at last Blindly rushing into the fray, he he found in lioch Gara, whereat is defeated by Sir Lancelot (q.v.), he filled the king's golden cup. who defends the queen. Later, hostel in He returned to the however, he is rewarded by hearing time to slay Conary's two be- of the actual traitor, who escapes headers and to pour the water for safety. The queen willingly into the grateful mouth of the ' pardons her accuser . ( Vide ' Morte severed head^ d'Arthur.")

MAC CUILL. In Irish romance, MAELDUN. In Irish romance, {q.v.). brother of Mac Cecht son of Ailill Edge-of-Battle (q.v.) He was brought up by the queen MAC GRENE. In Irish romance, of the territory wherein stood brother of Mac Cecht (q.v.). the church to which his nun-

MACHA . In Irish romance , daughter mother belonged. Learning from of the Red Hugh, an Ulster his foster-mother the names of prince, niece of Dithorba and his kindred, he sought and was Kimbay (q.v.), the latter of whom well received by them. One day she weds. She appears again in as Maeldun with his foot planted

the following tale : A wealthy on a. blackened flagstone in the Ulster farmer, Crundchu, found graveyard of the ruined church in his dun a beautiful woman. of Doocloone was about to try MAE 232 MAE his skill at flinging the stone, fruit, filling their boat and pro- he was told that his father's body- viding for some time against lay burnt beneath. The murderers hunger and thirst. Their apples he learnt, were reavers from Leix had run out when they came to that lay across the sea, so with the the Island of the Little Cat. advice of a druid he set out with This was a chalk tower reaching the destined number of seventeen to the clouds, with great white men to seek this place. But houses on its ramparts. Entering his three foster-brothers impor- the largest of them, the voyagers tuned him to take them also, for saw a Httle cat leaping from one which disobedience of the oracular to the other of four stone pillars command all were punished. On standing in the middle of the an island he beheld his father's house. On the walls were a row slayers, but was unable to reach of brooches of gold and silver, a them, being blown out to sea. In row of hoop-shaped neck-torques this phght the wai^derers met with of the same metals and a row of many strange island adventures great swords with gold and silver related in the Book of the Dun hilts. But as the youngest of the Cow. From the Island of the foster-brothers was carrying off Slayers Maeldun heard a man one of the necklaces, the cat boasting to another in an opposite " leaped through him like a fiery island of having slain AilUl. With arrow," leaving nothing of him a rejoicing heart he was about to but a heap of ashes which his land, but was blown oceanward. comrades scattered on the sea- On the Island of the Ants, they shore. Black sheep on the one were attacked by gigantic insects. and white on the other side of the On the trees of the Island of the brazen palisade fed in the Island Great Birds sat monstrous birds, of the Black and the White Sheep. some of which the party killed They were shepherded by a mighty and ate. An animal like a horse, man who would sometimes put a with clawed feet Uke a hound's, black with the white sheep, when lived on the Island of the Great it would turn white, and vice, Beast, and pelted Maeldun as he versa. Maeldun flung a peeled put off. Round the racecourse of white wand on the side of a black the Island of the Giant Horses sheep when the rod turned black, flew these animals, cheered on by and the strangers in terror made a great multitude. They visited ofi from the island, without land- in turn the Island of the Stone ing there. A large island was Door, the Island of Apples, the that of the Giant Cattle, with a Island of the Wondrous Beast, herd of huge swine feeding in it. and the bleeding Island of the One of the remaining foster- Bitiag Horses, huge beasts which brothers landed on the Island of tore each other's sides. So weary, the Black Mourners and immedi- hungry, and thirsty, they arrived ately turned black, and com- at the Island of the Fiery Swine. menced to mourn. Two of the It was covered with golden apple others, seeking to bring him off, trees, the fruit falling down as shared the same fate. So these red swine-like animals kicked other four covered their heads the stems. At night Maeldun with cloths, and rescued these, and his comrades landed and but not the foster-brother. Se- gathered what they could of the parately kings, queens, warriors, :

MAE 233 MAE

and maidens lived in the Island lands. Here from a tree a of the Four Fences of gold, silver, monstrous beast would stretch brass, and crystal. A cheese- down its long neck to seize one like food, with the taste of what- of the cattle which grazed around ever each man wished it to be, the tree, guarded though it was was given the sailors as they landed by an armed warrior. Dreading and a drink that wrapped them that the weight of their boat in sleep for three days. When must drag them beneath the they awoke they found them- mist, they speedily sailed over selves on the sea in their boat, it and came to the cliff-hedged with no trace of the island. When Island of the Prophecy. The in- they reached the Island of the habitants, probably believing that Glass Bridge, a woman, whom Maeldun was destined to harry they had seen lift up a slab of their country and to drive them " glass and dip her pail into the out, screamed : It is they ! it is " water beneath, crossed the bridge they ! And when the strangers and bade them welcome. She left, the people cried to each other " allotted them couches, one for They are gone away ! they are " the chief, one for each three of not ! Rising from one side of his men. Then she refreshed the Island of the Spouting Water, them with food and drink from and arching it like a rainbow, her pail according to the desire was a stream into which they of each man. Twice the men thrust their spears, bringing down sought to woo her for Maeldun, many more salmon than they and she promised to give them could carry away. Great and her answer the following morn- wide was the four-square Island ing. But they awoke upon an of the Silvern Column, losing its islandless sea. Hearing a great height in heaven and its depth noise of crying and speaking, in the sea. As they rowed through they rowed for a day and a night one of the meshes of a silver net and came, without landing, to the that was flung from the summit Island of the Shouting Birds, of into the sea, Diuran the Rhymer plumage black, brown, and hacked away a piece of the net. speckled. They arrived at the He vowed- to offer it upon the wooded Island of the Anchorite, high altar of Armagh should he to find it inhabited by many ever again reach Ireland. Then birds and one solitary man clothed they heard from the height a only in his hair. Another an- voice speaking in an unknown chorite robed in his hair dwelt tongue. Nor could they land on the Island of the Miraculous upon the Island of the Pedestal, Fountain. It was filled with gold for the only visible access to it and its soil was soft, white, and was a locked door in its base. downy. Approaching the Island With great difficulty they escaped of the Smithy, they heard the from the Island of the Women. noise of mighty blows upon an There they sat down to eat with anvil, and the inhabitants talking a maiden opposite each man and about them as " little boys." So the queen opposite Maeldun, the they hastily sailed away. Down marriage of the queen and her through the misty waters they daughters with the chief and his beheld the subaqueous island with men crowning the entertainment. roofed fortresses and surrounding Persuaded by the queen to remain MAE 234 MAE

and retain for ever their youth, governed by her own will, and they dwelt in that bhssful state took husband after husband, dis- for three months. But the men missing them as she chose. She wearied and longed for Ireland. jBgures in the Celtic myth of the So Maeldun, though he loved his night attacking the sky, found in bride, not wishing that the men the Irish romance of " The Cattle should depart without him, Eaid of Quelgny," in the Book of escaped with them one day as Leinster and a MS. of the twelfth his wife, as was her daily wont, century. It is as follows : was judging her folk. But she Taunted by AUill (q.v.) that her had noticed them, and cast after Red Bull, Finnbenach, with white them a clew of twine which her front and horns, attached itself husband caught. He was unable to his herd, Maev determined to to free himself, and the boat was possess herself of the Ulster Brown puUed to land. For another three Bull of Quelgny. She first sought, months they stayed on the island. but in vain, to obtain the buU by This happened again and yet asking a loan of it for a year in again. So as his men beUeved return for a very inviting offer that Maeldun clung to the twine made to Dara its owner. Then purposely, one of them caught at she resolved to fight for it, so she it the fourth time, but he too was summoned her hosts. These were unable to loose himself. Then the mighty men of Connaught, Diuran smote off his hand, which her alhes from Leinster, and the feU with the twine into the sea. exiles from Ulster, including Conna The queen wailed and shrieked, son of Conor (q.v.) and Fergus but her captives were free. After mac Roy. Before the raid her many similar adventures they spies brought word of the debility followed the bird of the Island of of the Ultonians {vide " Macha "), the Falcon, inhabited only by but from her druid diviner she sheep and deer, and came to the foreheard of the slaughter of her island of the slayer of Ailill. hosts, and from the vision of the His dweUing they entered in prophetess Fidelma of the Ulster peace and related their adventures hero Cuchulain. During the pro- to his household. Maeldun re- longed combat, in which Cuchulain turned to his kindred, and Diuran fought victoriously against the offered his piece of silver upon heroes of Maev and others, Maev the altar of Armagh. got possession of the Brown Bull, This tale is obviously of the but the slaughter continued, and same genre as those of the Odyssey, in the end the Ultonians routed the voyages of St. Brandon, and the the host of Connaught, the Brown myth of Antilia, and is obviously BuU slew Finnbennach, but him- intended to supply a tale of a seff fell dead from madness, and " wonder-voyage," and may have peace was made for seven years been sophisticated by the Odyssey between Maev and the men of and similar Moorish and other Ulster. But she determined to Irish myths, or these latter may be revenged upon Cuchulain for have developed from it. her great loss and degradation ; so she sent the six one-birth MAEV. In Irish romance. Queen children of her wizard Calatin of Connacht, wife of Ailill. She (q.v.) against the warrior to weave was a fierce strong woman, around him despondency and MAG 235 MAN

illusions. At last he was over- teenth century four more editions come. Maev was slain by Fbrbay appeared, after which the popu- iq.v.). larity of the work appears to have lapsed somewhat. With the re MAGA. In Irish romance, daughter vived interest in Arthurian litera- of Angus Og (q.v.). She was the ture which marked the later part grandmother of Conor mac Nessa of the nineteenth century the (q.v.) by her husband Ross the Morte d'Arthur was edited no less Red, and of the cousins Cuchulain than six times, notably by Wright, and Conall of the Victories by Strachey, and Sommer, in the her second husband, Cathbad (q.v.), latter of which the Caxton original MAILLEFER. In Carlovingian ro- was faithfully and studiously re- mance, the son of Renouart {q.v.) produced. Malory's original and Alice, daughter of Louis le manuscript has never been dis- Debonair. His birth cost his covered. The entire subject of mother her Ufe, and this so the Morte d'Arthur, together with a grieved his father that he survived summary of its contents, is treated her by seven years only, and lost in the article under that title. his reason. Maillefer was " the See Professor Rhys's introduc- strongest man that was born of tion to the Everyman edition of mother." the Morte d'Arthur, and Dr. Sommer's supplement to the MAIMED KING. Mentioned in second volume of his edition of Arthurian romance as having been the same work, and Bale's II- cured of his infirmity by the lustrium Maioris Britannim Scrip- GraU spear {q.v.) which was en- torum . . . Summarium, fol. 208 trusted to Galahad, who subse- verso. quently achieved the Holy Grail MANAAL. One of the Keepers of {q.v.). {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") the Grail. MALEDISANT, Wife of Sir DAME. MANANAN. Son of the Irish sea- Gate {q.v.). Pre- La Male-TaUe god Lir, magician and owner of to to vious her marriage that strange possessions. His magical adventurous knight, she accom- Boat " Ocean-sweeper " steered panied him on an errand of by the wishes of its occupant, his liberation, merci- rebuking him horse, Aonbarr, able td travel upon lessly while. {Vide the "Morte sea and land, and his sword, d'Arthur.") Fragarach, a match for any mail, MALORY, SIR THOMAS. The author were brought by Lugh {q.v.) from " of the great EngUsh collection of the Land of the Living." As Arthurian romance, the Morte lord of the sea he was the Irish d'Arthur, was perhaps of Welsh Charon, and his colour-changing origin, but nothing definite is cloak would flap on gaily as he known concerning the place and marched with heavy tread round date of his birth. He completed the camp of the hostile force his Morte d'Arthur in 1469, and invading his darling Erin. He is it was printed by Caxton in 1485, comparable with the Cymric Mana- the original being followed by wyddan, and bears some resem- two editions by Wynkyn de Worde blance to the Hellenic Proteus. in 1498 and 1529 respectively. MANAS. {Vide " Eglamour of Before the middle of the seven- Artoys.") The giant brother to MAN 236 MAN

Sir Maroke (q.v.), and companion it disappears. This leaves Mana- to the Boar. He was slain by wyddan with Kicva, Pryderi's Eglamour {q.v.). wife. They go once more to Eoegri to be shoemakers, but once MANAWYD. {Vide " Gododin.") He more have to leave it. Mana- joined the confederation of the wyddan sows some com, which, Cymric chiefs with Madog. He when ripe, is carried off by night. came adorned with a wreath, " his He discovers that an army of mice country's rod of power." He was are the culprits, and, seizir^ one, slain in battle. swears to hang it on Gorsedde MANAWYDDAN, SON OF LLYR, A Arberth. While he is about to do Welsh romance included by Lady so a clerk rides up and offers to Charlotte Guest in the collection purchase the mouse. A priest, known as The Mabinogion, and who also asks for it, meets with a found in the fourteenth-century like refusal, but at last Mana- Eed Book of Hergest. It is a direct wyddan makes a bargain for the continuation of the tale of Bran- mouse's life with a bishop. He wen {q.v.). After interring the says that he will give him the head of Bran, Manawyddan com- mouse if he can restore Pryderi plains to Pryderi that he is now and Rhiannon to him. This is landless. Pryderi, to comfort him, done, the mouse turning out to be gives him his mother, Rhiarmon, the wife of the bishop, who is him- to wife and a part of his territory self Llwyd Kil Coed, a friend of of Dyfed. Dwelhng happily to- Gwal fab Clud, and the enchant- gether, they are startled one night ment of Dyfed, and it transpires by a clap of thunder, and observe that the seizure of Pryderi and that the fertile country around Rhiannon were effected in revenge them has been turned iuto a for the treatment of Gwawl by the barren waste by a thunderbolt. father of Pryderi, as told in the Famine overtakes them, and they tale of Pwyll {q.v.). are forced to betake themselves {Vide " to Loegri to support themselves . Orlando Iimamorato " and " Orlando by making sad(Ues, shields, and Furioso.") of shoes. Several times are they Son Agrican, King of Tartary. This cruel prince com- driven away because of the maUce manded that all of the other makers of these things. unable to bear arms should be Returning to their own country, put to death. While contending they live for a month upon game, for a shield with and one day their hounds follow Rogero he was slain. a boar into a strange castle. MANES or MANESSE, REIDIGER Unheeding the warning of Mana- DE. A Swiss scholar and antho- wyddan, Pryderi follows them. logist. He hved at the close of He espies a fountain to which is the fourteenth century, and ap- chained a golden goblet, which pears to have been an influential seizing, he finds that he cannot magistrate of the town of Zurich, let go. Manawyddan returns to and eventually to have become its Rhiannon, who reproaches him for burgomaster. Whilst acting in leaving Pryderi. She herself re- these capacities he won wide turns to the castle, and meets the recognition as a scholar of Htera- same fate. A thunderclap is ture, especially poetry, and in heard, and the castle and all inside collaboration \vith his son he set MAN 237 MAR

himself to collecting the best These abound in mordant and poems of their own time. The satiric criticism of the Churchmen result of their labours in this of his time, and in vivacious de- direction is entitled simply, The scriptions of its manners and Work of the Manesingers, and the customs. Some critics formerly manuscript is still extant in Paris. attributed to Map the invention and compilation of the entire " MANUEL GALOPIN. (Vide Garin corpus of Arthurian romance. the Lorrainer.") Son of Count What Map in reality accomphshed JoceUn, cousin of Garin and Bego. was the introduction, and perhaps A worthless man, fond of wine and the redaction, of manuscripts re- women. He preferred a life of latively ancient to his own time. pleasure to any other, but at He was a sort of twelfth-century Bego's request he went as mes- Walter Scott, an insatiable hunter senger to his kinsmen and to the among Ubraries and time-worn king and queen to ask assistance MSS., and an ardent collector of after Thibaut's attack on Bego. legend and folk-lore. He probably Bernard was so angry at the news discovered the MS. of the Quete reaching the king that he tried to del St. Graal {q.v.) in the Abbey of kill Galopin, but the queen rescued Salisbury, and from it compiled him. his book of that name " for the love of his lord. King Henry," MAON. ( Vide ".Labra the Mariner.") who had the story translated from MAP or MAPES, WALTER. The most Latin into French. It has been briUiant writer and Uterary anti- advanced by the late Mr. Alfred quarian of his day, was born some- Nutt that Henry II. attempted to where on the borders of Wales " utihze the Arthur legend for his about 1143. He studied for the own purpose in winning over his Church at the University of Paris, Celtic feudatories," and that his and later entered the service of " discovery " of the tomb of Henry II. He presided at the Arthur at Glastonbury in 1191 Assizes of Gloucester as one of the was " intended to give the coup de Justices in Eyre, in 1173. He grace to the hopes of Arthur's acted as chaplain to the king return and victorious champion- during the wars brought about by ship of a Cymric revolt." Deter- the rebeUion of his sons, repre- mined attempts, too, he says, were sented him at the court of Louis made to gain for the Church in " VII., attended the Council at the Britain an origin well-nigh as Lateran at Eome, in 1179, and illustrious as that of any Church, gained promotion in the Church and for the land of Britain a first as Canon of St. Paul's, then, special sanctity as the abiding as Precentor of Lincoln, being place of the holiest of Christian finally appointed Archdeacon of relics." Oxford in 1196. He probably MAPYNE. Vide " Sir Ferumbras.") died about 1210. Most of his ( A Saracen employed by the soudan work is written in Latin. Apart to steal his daughter's magical from his interest in the Arthur girdle. He was discovered by legend, he is credited with The Roland and decapitated. Poems of Golias, the De Nugis Cwialium, and a prose miscellany MARCHTEN. (F*de "Gododin.") A in five books called Distinctiones. Cymric warrior, slain in the Battle ;;

MAR 238 MAR

of Cattreath. " He would " EUduc." See Warnke's edition of slaughter with the blade, whilst the lais, 1885, with storiological

his arms were full of furze." notes by R. Kohler ; Roquefort's edition, 2 vols., 1820, containing MARGA WSE. Sister of King Arthur a version in modem French by the mother's side, and wife of Marie de France, Seven Lais, Lot, King of Lothian, also mother translated by Edith Rickert, 1901 of Gawaine, Agravaine, Gaheris, Jessie L. Weston {Three Lais), and Gareth. She came on a visit 1900. of espionage to the court of Arthur, and he, unwitting that she MARIE LA VENISSIENNE. Men- was his sister, entered into a tioned in the Grand St. Grail as an liaison with her, the fruit of which old woman who brought a cloth was Mordred (q.v.). upon which the Saviour's likeness had painted itself when she wiped MARHAUS, SIR. Brother-in-law to His face. The mere sight of it King Anguish, of Ireland, and healed Vespasian. knight of the Round Table. He "Sir was killed in battle with Sir MARIGONDE. {Vide Ferum- bras.") Governess to Floripas. Tristram {q.v.). (Vide " Morte give her mistress d'Arthur.") She refused to any aid in reheving Roland and MARIE DE FRANCE. An Anglo- Ohvier, and was pushed by Flori- Norman poetess, who wrote circa pas into the sea and drowned. 1150-1175. She produced a num- MARK. King of Cornwall, and hus- ber of lais or tales which she ex- band of Isolt or Isond {q.v.). He pressly states were adopted or was a Ufelong enemy of Tristram translated from Breton sources, {q.v.), according to the Morte the events in which are placed in d'Arthur ; but the romance of Sir the Arthurian era. The personnel Tristram {q.v.) makes him the of Arthur's court is, moreover, model of long-suffering husbands frequently introduced. For ex- towards his wife's lover. ample, Lancelot is alluded to as beloved by Guinevere under the MARPHISA. (See "Orlando Inna- " " name of Launfal ; but his love for morato and Orlando Furioso.") a fairy denizen of the Isle of A female warrior of dauntless Avalon prevents him from re- courage. She kiUed nine cham- sponding to her passion. Gawain pions of the Amazons. She un- is also referred to, as is the love- horsed Zerbino {q.v.), but was after- story of Tristran in the Lai de wards unhorsed by Bradamant Chevrefoil. These fragments are {q.v.). She revenged three dam- valuable because of the evi- sels whom Morganor had abused. dence they present of popular She hanged for stealing knowledge of the Arthurian cycle her sword. in Brittany, and critics of standing MARPUS. One of the Keepers have not hesitated to accept them of the Grail, second in descent as the best of proof that the true from CeUdoine, and an ancestor of cradle of the cycle is to be found Lancelot. in Brittany. Then the Grail legend is not alluded to. For subject- MARQUIS WILLIAM. {Vide " Garin " matter of lais, see Guingamour," the Lorrainer.") A brother of " Bisclavaret," "Sir Launfal," Fromont, but a traitor. He would MAR 239 MAT

not give up Bego's murderers Goewin behind. He departs on because they were kinsmen, and the ostensible errand of obtaining thereby caused great dispeace. from Pryderi some novel animals He offered Pepin a large sum if he which the latter had obtained would not help the Eorrainers for from the underworld of Annwn. a year, and let them fight it out. These animals are swine. Dis- The king assented, much to the guising themselves as bards, indignation of the queen. But Gwydion and his friends are she wrote and warned Garin, who received at Pryderi's court, and laid an ambush for Marquis exchange dogs and horses made WiUiam. He might have escaped by enchantment by Gwydion for but for Garin and three friends, the pigs of Pryderi. These en- who attacked and killed him, chanted animals only keep their treating him brutally as they said shapes for a short time, and " in exchange for Bego of BerUn." Pryderi sends a punitive expedi- tion to Gwynedd. A great battle MARSILE. The pagan King of Sara- ensues, and the men of Gwynedd gossa, the last heathen stronghold are victorious. Gwydion and in Spain, who with his aUies Pryderi fight in single combat, and succeeded in cutting off the rear- the latter is slain through Gwy- guard of the French army at dion's magic arts. Math discovers Roncesvaux, which resulted in the treachery of Gilvaethwy and the death of Roland and the peers. Gwydion, takes Goewin to wife, On hearing of the defeat of the and punishes the schemers Saracens by the French in the severely. They are transformed battle which succeeded Ronces- into deer for a twelvemonth, for a vaux, he died of chagrin. like space into swine, for a third term into wolves, and in each of MARSIRE. (F»(ie "Sir Otuel.") A these states they have offspring, Saracen king whom Charlemagne afterwards turned into human wished to become a Christian or beings by Math. Math is now pay him tribute. He bribed Gane- compelled to seek another virgin lon, who brought this message, to foot-holder, and Arianrhod, betray the French. He was slain daughter of Don, is put forward by Roland in the forest of Ronces- for the post. Math, by dint of vaux. magic, discovers that she is no MATH, SON OF MATHONWY. One of virgin, and startled, she files, the tales of the MaUnogi, derived, giving birth to two sons, Dylan from ancient Welsh sources. It Eil Ton, who makes at once for the tells how Math, Lord of Gwynedd, sea, and another, who is hidden in Wales, could only rest with his and brought up by Gwydion, who feet in the lap of a virgin. The takes him to Arianrhod's castle. girl who performs this task was His mother says that she alone Goewin, the most beautiful maiden will name him. Gwydion comes of her time, and Gilvaethwy, son once more to her castle in a ship, of Don, confesses his love to her and sends her a pair of shoes. under difficulties, as Math over- They do not fit, and in wrath she hears every word he says. Gwydion proceeds to his vessel, where she promises his brother Gilvaethwy to beholds her son strike a bird. " raise South Wales so that Math She emits the words, With a may have to go to war and leave sure hand the lion hit the bird," ;

MAT 240 MEL

and Gwydion at once declares that and Llew finally reigns as Lord in she has named her son Llew Llaw Gwynedd. Math is the greatest Gyffes, " Lion of the Sure Hand." of all the mythological characters The mother now says that the boy to be found in the Mabinogi. Pro- will never be given arms except fessor Rhys refers to him as the by her. Gwydion causes an en- Celtic Zeus. We have in this tale chanted hostile fleet to appear, a sun-myth, in which Llew repre- and, in fear, Arianrhod armp sents the sun-hero, bom in strange Llew. Incensed at the disappear- circumstances, obscured for a space ance of the fleet, Arianrhod de- by Gronw, the darkness, but finally clares that Llew shall never have victorious. (See Alfred Nutt's a wife save of her bestowing. edition of The Mdbinogion.) Math and Gwydion make a bride MATHOLWCH. King of Ireland, out of flowers, and she is called husband of Branwen (q.v.), father Blodeuwedd. She intrigues with of Gwen {q.v.). He figures in the Gronw Pefr, Lord of Penllyn, who Welsh tale of Kulhwch and Olwen instigates her to discover from Llew the only way in which he (q.v.). can be killed. She discovers that MATIERE DE FRANCE. (Vide only a javehn worked upon for a ' ' Charlemagne Cycle ." ) According year's time and made during to Jean Bodel {q.v.), there were masses on a Sunday, can kill him, three cycles of romance alone on and then he must be caught the subjects of which a poet of his standing by a bath on a river-bank, day might worthily sing—the with one foot on the back of a Matiere de France (the Charle- buck, and the other in the side of magne cycle) ; the Mateire de the bath. Gronw prepares the Bretagne (the Arthurian cycle) javelin, and, when it is ready, and the story of Rome la Grant Blodeuwedd persuades her hus- (the Geste of Alexander the band to show her exactly in what Great {q.v.)). manner the fatal blow would have to be dealt. Gronw, from a place MELIAGANUS, SIR. Son of King " of concealment, oasts the spear at Bagdemagus. {Vide Morte the proper moment, and Llew d'Arthur.") flies away in the shape of a bird. MELIAGRANCE, SIR. In Arthurian Gronw then takes his place. romance, son of King Bagdemagus Gwydion sets out to seek for Llew. {q.v.). He allured Queen Guinever He discovers him in the shape of and slew many of her knights. an eagle, and transforms him back Lancelot subsequently released to his old hkeness. Llew resolves her, not without being subjected upon vengeance on his wife and to imprisonment. He was even- her lover. She flies before him tually slain by Lancelot {q.v.). with her women, who are all {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") drowned in Llyn Morwynion, and she is turned into an owl by MELIANS. A companion of Galahad, Gwydion. Gronw is doomed to who had begged to be allowed to receive a blow in the same manner serve him and whom he had as did Llew. He interposes a flat knighted. Searching for the Grail, stone between his body and the they separate at a cross road, javelin, which nevertheless pierces Melians taking the left-hand path the obstruction. Gronw is killed, in spite of warning. He comes to MEL 241 MER

a tent where hangs a golden MELITS (2). {Vide "Dietrich of crown, which he seizes. But Berne.") King of the Huns, and strange knights appear who would father of Odilia {q.v.). have slain him had not Galahad MBLUSINA. The most famous of come to the rescue and over- the fays of France. Having en- thrown his assailants. MeUans is closed her father in a high moun- taken to an abbey to be healed of taia for offending her mother, she his wound and learns that the two was condemned to become, every knights who almost overpowered Saturday, a serpent from her him were Pride and Covetousness. waist downwards. When she MELIODAS. King of Liones, father married Raymond, Count of of Sir Tristram, who was bom of Lusignan, she made her husband his first wife EUzabeth, sister of vow never to visit her on a Satur-

King Mark of Cornwall {q.v.). His day ; but the jealousy of the second wife was the daughter of count being excited, he hid himself King Howell of Brittany {q.v.). on one of the forbidden days, and {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") saw his wife's transformation. Melusina was now obUged to quit MELIOT, SIR, DE LOGRES. A knight her mortal husband, and was in Arthurian romance, who slew destined to wander about as a Sir Gilbert the Bastard {q.v.). spectre tiU the day of doom. It Afterwards he was subjected to the is said also that the count immured witchery of a sorceress. He was her in the dungeon of his castle. eventually released from the en- chantment by Sir Lancelot {q.v.). MERLIN. A celebrated enchanter, {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") who appears in most of the tales and romances connected with the MELISENDRA. An old Spanish tale, Arthurian cycle. In his Celtic the date of which is uncertain. and mythical aspect he is perhaps MeHsendra hes in a tower at identical with the British Celtic Sansuena. She looks towards sky-god Nudd, and Professor Rhys Paris, looking and waiting for suggests that he was the deity Lord Gayferos, for whom she has worshipped at Stonehenge. In waited seven years, and has not the Celtic or Welsh form of the seen or heard of in that time. A Arthurian legend he appears as the knight appears on the road, and archdruid or wise man from whom she makes a sign to him, asking Arthur gladly accepts counsel, but him to take a message to Gayferos. in the Norman-French, and later The knight is Gayferos {q.v.), and versions, he is regarded as a power- she leaps from the tower and rides ful necromancer or enchanter, the away with him. type of the mediseval magician.

MELITS (1), SIR, DE LILE. Son of It was through his instrumentality the King of Denmark {q.v.), and that Uther Pendragon gained knight-in-waiting upon Sir Gala- access to Igemia, wife of Gorlois, had {q.v.). He accompanied his Duke of Cornwall, in the shape of master on his holy mission, but her husband, and became the returned to the court of Arthur father of Arthur. Later he ex- upon losing Galahad. Later, plained the uses of the sword when Lancelot takes Benwick, he Excahbur to Arthur, and guided is made Earl of Tursank {q.v.). him through a portion of his {Vide "Morte d'Arthur.") reign. He conceived a fatal MER 242 MID

passion for the enchantress Viviana ner of man Alain {q.v.) was," nor iq.v.), and followed her to the does the MS. refer to him at all forest of BroceUande, in Brittany, except in the most perfunctory where she charmed him into a manner. magic sleep, from which he could MERSADAGE. (Vide "Sir never awake. Ferum- bras.") King of Barbary. One of Eaban's tributary kings. MERLIN. This romance, written by He helped Laban to assault the castle Robert de Borron, and perhaps at Aigremor after the French completed by other hands, de- knights had taken it. He was scribes how Satan, chagrined at the killed by Sir Guy of Burgundy. victory of Christ over him, begets virgin, a son unlawfully upon a MESSBUACHALLA. (In Irish ro- is of who to possess the wisdom a mance.) (The cowherd's foster- Socrates, but to preach anti- child.) Only daughter of Etain Og Christian doctrine. His name was (q.v.) and of Cormac {q.v.). About MerUn, and it is related that at to be cast into a pit by her heirless eighteen months old he saves his father, the infant smiled at her ap- mother from the doom to be meted pointed executioners. Thus over- - out to those guilty of unchastity. come, they gave her to a cow-herd He is afterwards brought to King of Eterskel, King of Tara, to be Vortigem, to whom he expound^ brought up. Lest she might be dis- the mystery of an unfinished covered, the princess was kept in tower. Vortigem is driven from a house of wicker-work with but his throne by Pendragon, with a roof-opening. This precaution whom Merhn stands in high esteem, failed, however, for one of Eter- as also with his successor Uther skel's subjects cUmbed up the side Pendragon. For the latter he of the prison and beheld therein the builds the Round Table, leaving fairest maiden in Ireland. Thus one place to be fiUed in the time of informed, the king ordered a Uther's successor. He aids the wall-opening to be made and the king iu satisfying his passion upon maiden brought forth, for he Igeme, wife of the Duke of believed that she was the destined Cornwall, and he takes charge of mother of the son promised him Arthur, their son. When Arthur by the Druid. But before she reaches adolescence, he achieves left her strange home she was the adventure of the sword in the visited by a god from the Land of anvil, and is proclaimed King. Youth, to whom she bore Conary. " And I, Robert of Borron, writer of this book, may not speak longer MIDIR THE PRODD. A son of the of Arthur tiU I have told of Alain, Irish god Dagda, husband of son of Brons, and how the woes of Fuamnach (q.v.) and of Etain Britain were caused (g.t/-.). ; and as the He visited Etain in the book tells so must I what man shape of AihU, her mortal husband. Alain was, and what life he led King Eochy's brother. But he and of his seed and their Ufe. And longed to be united to her again, when I have spoken of these so he appeared one day to Eochy, things I will teU again of Arthur." and invited him to a game of However, Robert de Borron ap- chess. Having intoxicated his pears to break off here and does opponent with success, he at last " not enlighten us as to what man- suggested that the stakes should MIL 243 MIL

be according to the victor's Milon was a much-esteemed knight pleasure. He won the game, of South Wales. The fame of his and asked to have Etain in his prowess and courtesy came to the arms and to obtain a Mss from ears and struck the heart of the her. This was granted for a year fair daughter of a lord of the same and a day hence, when Mdir realm. The maiden therefore sent appeared, despite the hedge of the knight the offer of her love, armed men surrounding Eochy's which he accepted, while he asked castle, and disappeared through for a meeting. The lovers met the roof, eloping with his former often in the damsel's garden, until bride. For this theft the Fairy the maiden forgot her duty. In Mound of Bri-Leith, whither he great distress and fear she sent to had borne her, was destroyed by teU Milon of her predicament. He the incensed mortals, ^d on arranged that their babe when their part the people of the Land born should be sent to her sister of Youth took their revenge upon in Northumberland. The infant Conary {q.v.) the great-grandson should be nourished as his sister's

of Etain. chUd ; and his mother's ring was to be placed about his neck, and MILE (1). {Vide "Bevis of Hamp- the story of his parents written in ton.") Son of Bevis, born and a letter. The babe was born and christened in a forest and brought was secretly conveyed to North- up by a fisherman. He fought umberland. Then Milon sought a bravely for his father at the great land beyond the seas, and his lady- battle in London. Married a love was given in marriage to daughter of Edgar and became another baron. Sad was the King of England. knight when he heard of the news. MILE (2), SIR. (Vide "Bevis of But forthwith he hid a message in Hampton.") Married Josyan at the feathers of his favourite swan, Cologne and was strangled by her and commanded his servant to on their wedding night. give it into the hands of the lady. She found the message and also MILO. {Vide " Garin the Lor- read therein that the bird would rainer.") Duke of Blaives, in return home if it were starved for Gascony. He had two fair three days. After a month she daughters, and when King Pepin managed to procure secretly parch- asked him if he would give his ment and ink, and, denying the daughters in marriage to two swan food during the allotted counts of his court, he said they period, set it free. For twenty were already in love with Garin years did this swan bear secretly and Bego. The king, surprised, the messages of these lovers. Now said these were the very same the son grew to manhood, and counts he had spoken of. So left Northumberland for Brittany. Garin married Alice, and Bego Here he made friends with the Beatrice. Milo made them co- rich on account of his prowess, heiresses. Garin gave up his friends with the poor out of his wife's share, and took Metz and hberality, and friends with all by his father's lands. Beatrice and reason of his modesty. At last Bego afterwards lived at Blaives. as the Knight Peerless, his fame MILON, THE LAY OF. A romance reached Milon's ears. He, seeking written by Marie de France {q.v.). to uphold the honour of the older MIN 244 MON

loiights, set sail for Brittany, and his knightly and monkish spirit. in an Easter tournament at Its original is probably to be found Mont St. Michael, jousted with his in the Novalesian Chronicle {q.v.). unknown son. He was unhorsed, It tells how Wilham is warned by but was courteously treated by an angel to embrace the life the victor. Then his eye caught monastic, but only by dint of the ring upon the youth's hand, princely presents can he obtain and he learned that he had at last leave from the monks of Aniane to found his son. Rejoicing, they wear their habit. The abbot asks feasted together that night, and if he can sing and read, and the set forth next morning for Wales. hero quaintly rephes, " Yes, with- The Kjiight Peerless offered to out looking at the book." They slay his mother's husband; and gown and tonsure him, and when thus give the lovers into each the abbot requests him to love other's arms. But that he needed his brethren well he replies, " Tell not to do. For on the way to them not to put me in a passion." Wales, the travellers met a mes- He is regular in the performance senger from the lady bearing the of his monastic duties, but eats news of her husband's death. more than any two of the brethren, With joy, therefore, the lovers and, when tipsy, iU-treats them. were wed, and lived in happiness They determine to send him to the until the end. sea-shore to purchase fish for the monastery, and in order to rid MINNIE, PRINCESS. Daughter to themselves of him they instigate King Ladmer (q.v.), and subse- a band of robbers to waylay him quently wife of Dietwart (q.v.). on his return in the wood of The romance tells us of her narrow Beauclere. He is told ere he escape from the jaws of a dragon, leaves the monastery that if he from which she is saved by should be waylaid by robbers that Dietwart, who overcame the he is not to attack them, but, on monster. the contrary, to give everything MOHADY. {Vide " Florice and up to them, even to his clothing. Blanchfleur.") A noted Mollah, He is told, however, that he may preceptor to Florice, son of Prince fight if they attempt to wrest from Fehx. He opposed the attachment him the very last article of his of Florice for Blanchfleur, and his attire. He buys fish, and is way- rehgious zeal and evil disposition laid by fifteen robbers. They influenced FeUx against Blanch- strip Wilham of his attire and fleur. He conspired with Ajoub attempt to take his breeches from to accuse the innocent maiden of a him, but he immediately falls upon plot to poison him. them, and MUs seven with his bare hands. He then MONGAN, (Vide " Fothad.") tears off the leg of a sumpter-horse, and proceeds MONIAGE GUILLAUME. (William's to kill them all. Having slaugh- Monkship.) A romance of the tered the entire band, he prays William of Orange sub-cycle of that the horse's leg may be re- the Charlemagne saga. (Vide stored, which request is miracu- ' ' ' William of Orange. ) This lously ' poem granted, and, resuming his is founded on the real facts of journey, he regains the monastery William's life, and exhibits with safe and sound, much to the con- some humour the contrast between sternation of the brotherhood. MON 245 MOR

He is iD received, and slays several future greatness of Setanta, later in his wrath ; but eventually he is designated the Hound of CuUan, forgiven, and by the advice of his or Cuchulain {q.v.). guardian angel quits Aniane, and, MORD. {Vide "Burnt Njal.") A after remaining for some time with cunning fellow, who tracked the his cousin, a hermit, seeks the thief from Otkell's {q.v.) store of desert of Gellone. Other texts goods to Hallgerda {q.v.). He extend the story still further, and assisted in Gunnar's {q.v.) murder, tell of a conflict with a giant, an and had a hand in the slaying of imprisonment of seven years Hanskuld. He sought to take up among the Saracens at Palermo, the case for the murdered man's and how William returns to suc- friends, and pleaded in Kari's {q.v.) cour Louis, besieged in Paris by case against the burners of Njal. the Saracens. He returns to the ." wilderness, and builds a minster MORDRAINS. Or " Slow-of-BeUef and a bridge over a torrent near at He is known in Arthurian legend hand. But the devil undoes his as the re-baptized Evalach {q.v.), work every day. After a month who could not beUeve in the of fruitless labour, WUliam lies in Trinity or the Immaculate Con- wait for the father of evil, and, ception. Mordrains is shown seizing him, casts him into the Christ's blood, along with Serra- torrent, which ever after boiled up quite and Nasciens. He ultimately incessantly. He then completes the believes, and orders his people to bridge, and dies shortly afterwards. be baptized or leave his land.

MONIAGE RENOUART. (Eenouart's MORDRED. Son of Arthur by his Monkhood.) A romance of the own sister, the wife of Eot. He William of Orange sub-cycle of the was slain in Cornwall in a great Charlemagne saga. It recounts final battle by Arthur, whom he the adventures of the gigantic succeeded in seriously wounding hero as a monk. {Vide "William ere he expired. The name pro- " of Orange," and Renouart.") bably signifies " Biter," and he It bears a close resemblance to the perhaps typifies the serpent, of Moniage Guillaume (q.v.). Re- whom Arthur was on several occa- nouart enters the Abbey of Bride sions prophetically warned to " or Brioude, and so torments the beware. {Vide Morte d'Arthur.") inmates that at last they purchase four leopards, which they starve MORGADODR, SIR. {Vide "Guy and shut up Renouart with them. of Warwick.") Steward to the He Mils them, defeats the robbers Emperor of Germany. He was of the neighbourhood, who are in very treacherous, and was killed league with the monks, repels an by Sir Guy to avenge the death attack of Saracens, and fights his of his lion, which had been slain own sonMaillefer {q.v.),who is in the by Morgadour. Saracen ranks, but who is eventu- MORGAN LE FAY. Sister of Arthur, ally baptized. At last he dies, and wife of King Urience of the and his soul is carried ofE by Land of Gore. Arthur gave the angels, his body being taken to scabbard of his sword Excalibur Spain as a relic. into her keeping, but, loving Sir MORANN. In Ultonian romance, Accolon, she presented it to him, a druid who prophesied the making by enchantment a forged —

MOR 246 MOR

scabbard for her brother. Arthur however, she became his friend, managed to recover the real sheath, warned him before his last battle but was once again deceived by by breaking his chariot-pole, and her. She also figures as a sort of settled on his shoulder as a crow Queen of the Land of Faerie, and when he was dead. She got as such has passed into French and entrance to Da Derga's Hostel. ItaUan legend. At the birth of {Vide "Conary.") Ogier the Dane (q.v.) she promised that she would finally take him to MORTE ARTHURE. A metrical dwell with her in Avillion, where romance the authorship of which she took Arthur after his last is attributed to Huchown of the battle. She usually presents her Awle Ryale {q.v.), a Scottish poet, favourites with a ring, which pro- who lived during the middle of the cures them forgetfulness, and re- fourteenth century. His author- tains them by her in much the ship is, however, by no means same manner as does Venus in the indisputably proved. In its lines legend of Tannhauser. Her myth romance is treated as fact, and it

is a parallel of that of Eos ' and tends towards chronicle-history Tithonos, and has probably been rather than romantic narrative. evolved from a sun and dawn The author employs as his basis myth. the Historia Eegum Britannice of Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Laya- MORIATH. In Irish romance, mon's Brut ; but the whole is so daughter of Scoriath, the King of coloured with the spirit of French Feramore. {Vide " Labra the romance that it is impossible to Mariner.") believe that he did not make use MORIEN. {Vide " Gododin.") A of Gallic sources as well. The Cymric warrior. He made an poem is divided into three parts : attack on the Saxon camp, and (1) that which covers the period was killed by a stone thrown from up to Arthur's defeat of Lucius, King of Rome that which the wall of the fort. ; (2) ends with the ofl:er of the Pope to MORNA, CLAN. In Irish romance, crown Arthur King of Rome ; and one of the divisions of the Fianna (3) the revolt of Mordred and {q.v.), whose Treasure Bag contain- Arthur's death. The first and ing magic weapons and precious third portions are manifestly based jewels of Danaan date was kept by upon the chronicles ; but the Fia of that clan. " {Vide Bascna, second is unquestionably either Clan.") borrowed wholesale from some Arthurian source MOROKE, SIR. A giant, slain by not now extant, or else proceeded Sir Eglamour {q.v.). The bright- from the writer's own imagination. ness of the latter's sword was That the author was responsible for the blindness a man of rare imagina- tive abihty is which preceded his defeat. seen from many inter- polations (See "Sir Eglamour of Artoys.") and original passages. The colour-scheme of his language, MORRIGAN. In Irish romance, the the rare choice of words, the Danaan Goddess of Death and writhing of the serpentine lines, Destruction. She persecuted Cu- are sufiicient to stamp him as a chulain in many shapes for refusing fourteenth - century Swinburne. her proffered love. At the close, Here, indeed, is a magic of words MOR 247 MOR

the veritable wizardry of the originals were certain French gifted craftsman in letters who has romances of the Arthurian cycle, also the wondrous gifts of elo- all of which are traceable except quence and music. Of fabrics, that from which the seventh book armour, robes—all the materiel of was composed. As the Morte romantic poetry—^he writes in d'Arthur was the great EngUsh phrase which ghtters as brightly compendium of Arthurian lore, it as the gallant vesture he describes. has been thought proper to give an His rdle is, however, that of a extended summary of its contents. chronicler. For example, he does Book I. Uther Pendragon, King not transport Arthur to AviUion, of England, sends for the Duke of but prosaically buries him at Cornwall, whose wife, Igraine, he Glastonbury. We are led to loves. He assumes the duke's suspect, therefore, that the bulk shape, and visits Igraine. The duke of his interpolations do not par- is kiUed in battle against the king, take of the nature of matiire de when he marries Igraine. Arthur poesie, save through circumstances is the fruit of their marriage. The more or less fortuitous, as he had child after its birth is reared by Sir every wish to observe exactitude, Ector and his wife. Two years and only pictured brave trans- after Arthur's birth King Uther lunary things as he imagined they dies. Merlin, through his magic might reaUy have existed—or, power, makes the dead Uther better still, mayhap he never speak, commanding that Arthur realized that his pen was of gold. his son may succeed to the throne. Malory paid rich tribute to his Some time afterwards, when memory when he made the Morte many lords and gentlemen had Arthure the basis of the fifth book assembled in London for the of his great work. The one slur on Christmas feast, there was placed the work is the quite topical one in the great churchyard a huge of over-aUiteration, which in some stone, in the centre of which was instances is of such an exaggerated placed a sword, with the inscrip- character as to render the exact tion above it, " Who pulleth out meaning exceedingly obscure. this sword of the stone is rightwise king born of England." None MORTE D'ARTHUR. A collection of could move the stone but Sir Arthurian tales compiled by Sir Arthur, who is then crowned Thomas Malory {q.v.) in 1469. It King of England. A great war was, however, not printed till takes place, shortly after, between 1485, when it was published by Arthur, King Bors, and King Ban Caxton. There followed two edi- alhed against eleven northern tions by Wynkyn de Worde, in kings. The war is ended by the 1498 and 1529, and by 1660 four intercession of Merlin. Arthur more editions had appeared. The then begot on Lionel's daughter Morte d'Arthur was undoubtedly of Saman a son named Borse. A one of the favourite romantic battle is fought, then the kings, books of the fifteenth and six- Bors and Ban, take leave of teenth centuries, and as a specimen Arthur to return to their own of mediaeval Enghsh it has never country. MerUn prophesies the been surpassed. The original death of the eleven kings all in one manuscript has not been found. day. Arthur afterwards departed For the most part, Malory's unto CarUon, whither came King MOR 248 MOR

Lot's wife, his sister, as messenger, Grail Castle, Bahn is Mlled in but really as a spy. During her combat against his brother Balan, stay he begot on her Mordred, who also dies. They are both unwitting that she was of the unaware of each other's identity same blood as himself. The follow- until just before they expire. ing day he chases a " questing Book III. KingArthur is married beast." Igraine, Arthur's mother, in the Church of St. Stephen's in whom he has never seen, is sent Camelot to Guenever, daughter of for, that they both may know Leodigrance. Tor, the son of each other, and a feast is held. King PeUinore, is made knight. A messenger from the Roman King PeUinore, whilst resting over- Empire arrives demanding tribute night in a wood, overhears a plot of Arthur, who, refusing, challenges to poison King Arthur. the emperor. War ensues, and Book IV. Merlin becomes very the Emperor Nero is defeated. fascinated with Nimue, lady of the Arthur, in passing a lake, perceives court of King Arthur, with whom in the centre the arm and hand of he goes overseas to visit King a lady holding a sword, which he Ban of Benwik. He prophesies receives from her on rowing out. of the Knight Lancelot, son of Merlin alludes to her as the Lady King Ban. He (Merhn) returns of the Lake. Later he issues an with the maiden to Cornwall, edict for the destruction of all where by dint of magic, she im- children bom on May-day, that prisons him in a stone. Five Mordred may be amongst them. kings now make war against They are aU placed on a ship, and Arthur, destroying cities and sent to sea. The ship is driven castles, and slaying his people. against a castle, and all are After which King Arthur and two drowned, except Mordred, who is knights slay the five kings, causing cast upon a rock, and nourished their armies to flee. On the spot by a good man until he is fourteen. where they are killed. King Arthur Book II. King Eience of North builds the Abbey of La Beale. A Wales wastes Arthur's lands, doing fight ensues between Arthur and much damage. Later Rience is Sir Accolon, who has obtained the captured by a knight, Bahn, and magic scabbard of the sword his brother. Balin succeeds in Excahbur. Arthur loses much drawing from the sheath a sword blood, and is almost beaten, but for worn by a lady of mystery, a feat the enchantment of the Lady of the none other could perform. The Lake, who caused the wonderful sword proves one of great power, sword Excahbur to fall from the and with it Balin beheads the hand of Sir Accolon into that of Lady of the Lake. He also later Arthur, who wounds his opponent, kills his assailant. Sir Lanceor. and discovers his relationship, and The twelve kings, as prophesied that his sister Morgana had given by Merlin, are all killed in battle the scabbard to Accolon. Later, against Arthur in one day. Merlin Sir Accolon dies. Queen Morgan prophesies a great battle at Salis- le Fay again steals the scabbard bury, in which Mordred, Arthur's from Arthur while he sleeps, and, son, is against the king. Bahn on being pursued by him, she kills the invisible Knight Garlon, throws it into a lake. The Lady who is guilty ot slaying two of the Lake saves Arthur from a knights. After adventure in the mantle which should have burned MOR 249 ^OK him. Three knights of King army then retreats in confusion, Arthur meet three maidens, each leaving one hundred thousand knight taking one, and they all dead on the field. Arthur, with make a compact to meet at the his army, then proceeds through same spot twelve months after- Almaine, and so into Italy without wards, a promise which the three much resistance, except at Urbino, couples kept, after which they where a battle is fought, after again separated, and came into the which Arthur enters Rome and is court of King Arthur. crowned Emperor. He and his Book V. King Arthur, having knights return in triumph to been at peace for some time, is England. again compelled to fight in defence Book VI. Sir Lancelot-du- of the empire against the aggres- Lake, noted for his gallantry, sets sions of Rome. Refusing to pay out in search of adventure, and, taxes to the Roman Emperor, while sleeping in the shade, is Lucius, that monarch invades made prisoner by the enchant- Arthur's possessions in Prance. ment of four queens, and brought After a successful march, Britain to the Castle Chariot. They then is threatened. Holding a Privy offer him their love. After refus- Council at York to select a regent, ing, Lancelot escapes by the aid Arthur leaves Britain to defend of a damosel, whose father is called his foreign possessions. The re- Bagdemagus. On the arrival of gents appointed are Sir Bawdwin Sir Lancelot, the daughter of of Britain and Sir Constantine King Bagdemagus leads him into of Cornwall. To the latter Arthur the abbey, and sends for her wills the sovereignty should he father. On his coming, Lancelot never return. While crossing the explains to him how he has been sea on his way to Barflete, in betrayed, and speaks of the obliga- Flanders, Arthur dreams of a tion he was under to his daughter, fight between a dragon and boar, promising at the same time to the former animal being victorious. assist the king who is at war with On arriving in Flanders, Arthur the King of NorthgaUis. Request- kills a giant who had murdered ing the assistance of three knights, the Duchess of Brittany. Having he ambushes himself In a little completed his task, Arthur then wood hard by the place of tourna- despatched messengers to the ment. Seeing the King of North- Emperor Lucius, commanding him gaUis encounter King Bagdemagus to quit the country. The Emperor and his knights, Lancelot rushes refuses, and Arthur's messengers on the men of Northgalhs, and does are assailed, which causes a general mighty execution, so that the conflict, resulting in victory for party of Bagdemagus prevails. Arthur. Another battle takes Departing from the king's castle place on the next day, and though to seek his brother. Sir Louis, who Arthur's army is inferior in num- has strayed while he slept, he bers, it completely annihilates the meets a damosel who tells him that enemy. A final battle follows, in a neighbouring knight. Sir Tur- which Arthur kills the Roman quine, had imprisoned many Emperor Lucius, and the Sultan knights of Arthur's court. She of Syria, the King of Egypt and leads him to where Sir Turquine of Ethiopia, are killed, with other dwelt, and they encounter one seventeen kings. The Roman another, Turquine being slain. MOR 250 MOR

Lancelot frees Turquine's pri- other gifts would be asked of him. soners, and is led by the damosel Arthur granted him his wish. He to the hold of a robber knight, causes the displeasure of Sir Kay, whom he overthrows. Coming to who deems him of low blood, and the castle of Tantagil, he slays two who subsequently names him giants, who guarded it, and dehvers Beaumains. He is in reality Sir their prisoners. Passing by a Gareth of Orkney. The year meadow where were pitched three passes, during which we hear httle pavihons, and dressed in the of him, except that Sir Kay causes armour of Sir Kay, he jests with him to live amongst the scullions. the knights, who Ue in their tents, There comes a maiden to the and overthrows them, subse- court, who asks for the assistance quently overthrowing four knights of a knight to release her sister of the Round Table. Following a from the tyranny of the Red hound into a castle, he finds Knight. Beaumains steps for- therein a dead knight, and a lady ward, requesting that he may be who mourned him grievously. appointed to the adventure, which Returning to the forest, he meets is one of his boons, the other being with a damosel, who begs him to that Arthur would make him assist her brother, who is sore knight to Sir Lancelot. The wounded, saying that unless he king having granted both requests, entered the Chapel Perilous, and Beaumains sets out after the there procured a sword and a maiden, who reviles him on account bloody cloth, that the knight's of his low rank. Sir Kay sets out wounds should never be healed. after him, jousts with Beaimiains, Lancelot, after dreadful adven- and is overthrown. Then Sir tures in the Chapel, procures the Lancelot, having put the young talismans, and cures the knight, man's skUl to the test, invests him whose name was Sir Mehot. Pass- with the order of knighthood. ing by a castle, a lady begs him to Beaumains proceeds on his errand, get her hawk, which had got and is continuously abused by caught in a tree. Disarming him- the maiden, who little knows of self, he chmbs into the tree, when his rank. Many thrilling tacidents the lady's husband attacks him. do they experience ere the castle Snatching a great bough, Lancelot of the Red Knight is reached. kills the knight with it. Pursuing Their first encounter after leaving his way, he observes a knight Sir Lancelot is a fight with six chasing his wife with intent to thieves, who had imprisoned a slay her. The knight, feigning to knight. Beaumains assails them, forgive his lady, suddenly slays and kills three, the others making her treacherously ; whereupon good their escape. Proceeding on Lancelot lays it upon him to their way, Beaumains slays two carry the corpse of his lady with knights who oppose his passage him to Rome to obtain absolu- over a river. No sooner had they tion. Returning to Arthur's court, crossed the river, when Beaumains Launcelot relates his adventures. espies a banner, and a shield of Book VII. At the time of the black hanging from a tree. He is feast of Pentecost, there came to immediately assaUed by the owner, the court of Arthur a young man, a knight of the Black Laundes. who requested the king's hospi- The fight ends in the death of the tahty for one year, after which two Black Knight, and Beaumains, —

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possessing himself of his enemy's encounter. On his recovery, some armour and horse, rides on till he days after, Sir Gareth is attacked meets the brother of the slain in like manner by the same knight, knight, who jousts with him. who again is beheaded. Mean- Subsequently yielding, the Green while there arrives at the court of Knight offers to Beaumains thirty Arthur, Sir Gareth's mother, de- knights, who commands them to manding her son. The Mng, not be in readiness to serve Arthur. knowing of his whereabouts, sends Then again, on proceeding. Beau- for Dame Liones, who at the same mains fights the third brother time announces a great joust, thus the Red Knight, who likewise hoping by these means to attract yields, and likewise offers Beau- Sir Gareth. The tourney, which is mains a number of knights. The attended by the king, is one of maiden continues her abuse of great briUiance. Sir Gareth, dis- Beaumains, who patiently suffers guised for each encounter that he her, eventually winning her re- might not be recognized, changes spect. In passing a meadow they into different armour each time. meet with Sir Persent, who jousts His vaUant display throughout the with Beaumains, yielding to his tourney meets with such approval superior skiU. Beaumains dis- as to cause the king to inquire closes his identity to Sir Persent after his rank. No man knowing, and the maiden. Beaumains and Arthur is obUged to engage spies, the lady thendepart, and when they who discover Sir Gareth's rank by were come to the castle in which the legend on his helmet. Sir her sister is imprisoned, a dwarf Gareth, after the tourney, betakes counsels them. After which Beau- himself to a castle for rest, where mains challenges the Red Knight, he encounters a duke, whom he who'wams Beaumains of the peril of slays. He furthermore slays the his task, but he, paying little heed duke's knights who had attacked to the advice, assails the tyrant. him. Departing, Sir Gareth fights The fight is of long duration. with a knight, who had im- After some repose, the combat is prisoned thirty widows in his resumed on foot, meanwhile the castle. KiUing the knight, he ladies encourage Beaumains, who releases the ladies, commanding speedily brings his enemy to earth. them to go before King Arthur. The Red Knight pleads for mercy, Sir Gareth then, unknowingly, which is granted him on condition fights with his brother, and not that the lady will be released, and until the intervention of Linet that he will pay homage to Arthur. do they recognize each other. The lady. Dame Eiones, de- While they are seated, the king,

clines Sir Gareth's advances ; but his knights, and their ladies dis- no sooner had he departed than cover them, and great rejoicing she regrets her action, whereupon ensues. Then follows a meeting she sends her brother off in search between Sir Gareth and Dame of Sir Gareth, who, being found, Liones. After which, amidst great returns. He then makes love to rejoicing, they are married. the lady, which causes her sister Booh VIII. We now hear of Linet annoyance. During the Sir Tristram de Liones, whose night Sir Gareth is attacked by a mother died at his birth, his mysterious knight, who is be- father, Kling Meliodas, for the headed by him after a fierce second time, marrying the daughter MOR 252 MOR of King Howell, of Brittany. returns to her husband. King She, jealous of Tristram, tries Mark, anxious to rid himself of Sir several times to poison him, Tristram, sends him to Ireland. eventually being discovered by A storm rising. Sir Tristram is his father, who would have slain compelled to land in England, her, but for the boy's pleading. when he hears of a charge of Sir Tristram is then sent to France, treason against King Anguish at to be educated. After a long Arthur's court. Sir Tristram sojourn in that country, he returns offers help to Anguish, completely to England, when he goes to the defeating his adversary. Sir Tris- assistance of King Mark, of Corn- tram and Anguish then return to wall, who is being assailed by a Ireland for the purpose of bringing knight from King Anguish, of back Isond, whom King Mark Ireland, who demands tribute. desires for his wife, and soon after, The fight is fierce and of long he, with Isond, returns to Corn- duration, ending in Sir Tristram wall, bringing the lady to King wounding Sir Marhaus, who es- Mark, who subsequently marries capes, and subsequently dies. Sir her. Tristram is also severely wounded, Sir Palamides, envious of King and, as he is not hkely to recover, Mark, succeeds in getting Isond by the advice of a wise woman, is into his castle, when Sir Tristram sent to Ireland, where he is cured. attacks him, badly wounding the Disguised as a harper, and under abductor. The queen is then the name of Tramtris, he appears restored to her husband. Hardly before King Anguish, who, Httle had this been accomplished when knowing of his connection with Sir a watch is set on Sir Tristram, who Marhaus' death, put him under deeply loves the queen, and, on the care of his daughter. La Beale their meeting. Sir Tristram is Isond, with whom he falls in love, caught by thirty knights, who but he soon reaUzes that he has carry him as prisoner to a chapel. a rival—Sir Palamides. Shortly Releasing himself from his cords, after, a tourney is announced, and he slays ten of the knights, and Tramtris is requested to joust, escapes. Meanwhile Isond is which he does, completely defeat- carried to a lepei^'s hut. Imme- ing Palamides. Sir Tristram's diately Sir Tristram hears of this, stay is then cut short, for the he hastens to release her, bringing queen, discovering him to be her her to a house in a forest, where, in late brother's slayer, succeeds in his absence, she is discovered by procuring his banishment. Sir King Mark, and is carried off. Tristram, ere he departs from Isond having contracted leprosy. Ireland, promises Isond that he Sir Tristram departs for Brittany, will remain faithful. Returning in search of her sister. La Blanche, to Cornwall, to the court of King that she might have her assistance. Mark, with whom he fights for the While in Brittany, Sir Tristram love of a lady, he succeeds in meets with many adventures. defeating the king. He then Marrying Isond's sister. Sir Tris- departs after the lady, whose hus- tram assists King Howell in many band assails him, and is eventually wars, proving himself invincible. overcome. Sir Tristram subse- Meanwhile, a knight of Brittany quently defeats three knights, who goes over to King Arthur's court, abduct the lady, after which she relating the marriage of Sir —

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Tristram, which causes surprise, fence is overcome and taken and Tristram is much abused by prisoner. Sir Lancelot decides to the court. The knight returns to release his comrade, and having Brittany, and Tristram and his caused the Lord of the Castle to bride set sail for Britain. Later yield, frees him. Returning to his wife returns to her native land. King Arthur's court. Sir La C6te Book IX. Leaving Tristram for becomes Lord of Pendragon Castle, a space, we turn to the adventures and marries the maiden -Male- of a young man who appeared at disant. the court of King Arthur clad in Returning to Sir Tristram, we an ill-fitting coat of cloth of gold. find La Beale Isond keenly dis- He is desirous of knighthood, and appointed at his marriage to her not wishing to divest himself of sister. Writing to Sir Tristram, the coat until he is avenged of his she beseeches him to return with father's death (to whom the coat his bride to his court. Meanwhile belonged) he receives from Sir Kay Sir Tristram is in the forest when the name La C6te-Male Taile he is met by the Lady of the Lake, meaning " ill-fitting coat." He who requests him to rescue King soon proves his bravery in slaying Arthur from a false lady. This he a Uon which had broken loose, and accomphshes, but refuses to dis- which, but for him, would have close his identity to the king. devoured the queen. King Arthur He sails into Cornwall, and is then knights him. He offers to welcomed by Isond. He discovers assist a damsel, who has appeared that Sir Kehydiers is in love with at the court for help, that a quest her. Thinking her a traitress. Sir after a dead knight might be ful- Tristram puts Sir Kehydiers to filled. The pair set out while fiight, and then in despair he de- La C6te is continuously abused by parts into the forest. He becomes the lady, Maledisant. Meeting insane, and lives with the shep- with ill luck in the many jousts herds, the while he kills the giant which he has, he is eventually Tawless who has attacked a rewarded by success. Coming to knight and his lady. Meanwhile a castle. Sir La C6te is assailed at the court of King Mark it is by a hundred knights. Dismount- rumoured that Sir Tristram is ing he shows great bravery, and dead, and but for the king, Isond after slaying twelve of them he would have taken her life. King escapes by the aid of a lady. Sir Mark, hearing of the madman Lancelot, hearing of Sir La C6te, kiUing the giant, has him brought foUows iiim, and offers him his to the castle. Not recognizing friendship. Shortly after, the him as Sir Tristram, the king young Imight is assailed by six orders every care and nourishment knights, and is taken prisoner. to be given him, and soon Tristram Sir Lancelot, once more in search recovers. Isond, desirous of behold- of Sir La C6te, causes the Lord of ing this strange man of whom she the Castle to yield, releasing the hears, goes with her hound to see prisoners. The tourney is con- him. Immediately the hound tinued, and coming to a fortress recognizes Sir Tristram as his old Sir La C6te decides to enter, master, which causes the queen leaving Maledisant and Sir Lance- exceeding Joy. Subsequently King lot to watch. Having entered, the Mark banishes Sir Tristram from young knight after a brave de- Cornwall. Landing in England Sir MOR 254 MOR

Tristram with Sir Dinaden dis- guests killed two of his sons at the covers a plot against Sir Launcelot, tourney. On signs of acute sick- and succeeds in preventing it, ness, the three knights are re- slaying the culprits. Time passes leased. The three depart in on, and one day Sir Tristram falls different directions, and Sir Tris- asleep by a well, and when there tram in lodging at a castle over is met by a damsel with letters night is made Queen Morgan's from Isond. Upon reading them prisoner. The following day, on he promises to reply after the promising to defend her banner, tournament of the maidens, which she presents him with a symboHc is due to take place. Entering the shield, and he is released. Sir tourney in disguise. Sir Tristram Tristram then hastens to a touma- meets with success, and after the 'ment, at which his shield is the first battle is over he wins the centre of attraction. prize. The following day he goes Book X. Doing much execution, over from King Arthur's side, to Tristram jousts with King Arthur, the King of NorthgaUis, that he whom he severely wounds. He might be revenged of Sir Palomides then departs into the forest, meet- who is on Arthur's side. Having ing with Palomides, whom he again achieved much success, and secures from ten knights. Sir won renown, he hastens into the Tristram and Palomides in depart- field to escape detection. ing from each other arrange to On the third day of the tourney, joust at a later date, which they Sir Tristram resumes the same do, without either being successful, position, and he succeeds in consequently they become friends. unhorsing Sir Palomides. Sir Having continued on his journey Tristram continues to do much Tristram jousts unknowing with execution, until he is assailed by Sir Lancelot, on which occasion Sir Lancelot, who wounds him their identity is disclosed. Then seriously, causing him to withdraw Lancelot brings Tristram to the from the field. But feeling im- court of King Arthur, where he is patient, Sir Tristram returns, de- made welcome. Meanwhile King feating Sir Palomides. In doing Mark, hearing of Tristram's popu- so his identity is disclosed. No larity, decides to seek him, that by sooner had Sir Tristram retired treachery he might be slain. Meet- from the field, than Sir Lancelot ing with many adventures on his is awarded the prize. He refuses way. King Mark proves himself it, and yields it to Sir Tristram. none other than a coward and a Sir Lancelot with the king and murderer. He, having slain several other knights go in search of just knights, is brought before Tristram, but fail to locate his Arthur, to whom he appeals for whereabouts. The searchers return mercy. At about this time to Arthur's court, and seal a com- Arthur hears of his sister's (Queen pact that they will not rest until Morgan le Pay's) cruelty towards Sir Tristram is found. Meanwhile his knights at her castle. He Sir Palomides riding in the forest commands several knights to has a fall and is conveyed to the assail her, which they successfully house in which are also Sir Tristram do, and succeed in abolishing the and Sir Dinaden. Later the three wicked custom of the place. The knights are imprisoned by their king announces a joust at which host, who is told that one of his tourney Sir Lamorak defeats many MOR 255 MOR

Knights of the Round Table, in a fit of jealousy, murders Boudin causing Arthur to congratulate his brother, whose wife Anghdes him, to the displeasure of Sir he put to flight with her young Gawaine and his followers. At son, AMsander, who at his coming the request of Tristram, King of age is knighted, when his mother Mark, by Arthur's commands, charges him to avenge his father's promises to love Tristram, and death. Then Sir Alisander departs take him into Cornwall. Mean- for London, that he might enter while Percival, the son of King Arthur's service. Proceeding on Pellinore, appears at the court, his journey he meets with many desirous of knighthood. King adventures, faUing into the clutches Arthur having conferred the order of Morgan le Fay, who makes him on Percival, a maiden commands prisoner. He however escapes by him to arise and follow her. the aid of Alice la Beale Pilgrim, Bringing him to the Castle Perilous, whom he marries, and by whom she makes him its overlord. he has a son. Arriving at Arthur's Arthur hears of Sir Gaharis having court he is hailed with pleasure. slain his own mother, who is loved Sir Galahalt, by the king's per- by Sir Lamorak. The king, feeling mission, announces a tournament, angered, banishes Sir Gaharis from in which Sir Launcelot is con- the court, who pursues Sir Lamo- spicuous by his prowess. The im- rak, intent on his slaughter. Sir portant event, on the fourth day Dinaden visits Sir Palomides bear- of the tourney, is the encounter ing the news of Tristram's arrival between the King with the Hun- in Cornwall. Meanwhile the king dred Knights, and those of the and his queen and Sir Lancelot Round Table, ending in victory receive letters from Tristram. In for the latter. Sir Palomides, replying the king and Lancelot causing much destruction amongst warn Tristram to beware of King Arthur's court, is assailed by Sir Mark's treachery. King Mark also Lamorak, who defeats him. The receives letters from the same seventh day's tourney ends after source, and is much enraged at a brilliant display in Lancelot the contents, which betray his carrying off the prize. intentions towards Tristram. Re- Returning to King Mark and plying, he rebukes Arthur with the Tristram the former, desirous of reminder that he also can manage Tristram's end, arranges a masked his household. Arthur and Lance- tourney. This fails in its purpose, lot annoyed at Mark's letter, the since his nephew is too slalful. latter entrusts Sir Dinaden to Then in despair Mark, feigning compose a lay on Mark, sending sympathy with his nephew, suc- EUot the harper before him. En- ceeds in drugging him, and casting raged at the harper's audacity, him into prison. The uncle is, Mark demands an explanation. however, made to reahze his The harper in defence states that brutal conduct by the revolt of he is sent by Sir Dinaden, there- his subjects. He then forges upon he is banished from the letters purporting to have come castle. Shortly afterwards King from the Pope, requesting Mark Mark and his lords are threatened, and his army to go unto Jerusalem, and but for Tristram, who slew and subdue the Saracens. These the king's assailant. Sir EUas, he sends to the imprisoned Tris- they would have been lost. Mark, tram, who refuses to serve his MOR 256 MOR uncle, and discovers their fraudu- sons' brutal deed. Palomides de- lent manufacture. Sir Tristram is parts into the Red City, where he then released by Sir Percival, but encounters his enemy. After a soon after is again cast into prison long and grim struggle, both sons through his love for La Beale are slain, and Palomides is Isond, who very soon releases her acclaimed king. He, however, lover, and they both take ship for sets saU for Arthur's court, and England, where Sir Tristram jousts meeting with Tristram, relates his in a tourney with Sir Lancelot. adventure. The following day Succeeding in winning favour, he Tristram, Palomides, and other discloses his identity to Arthur knights, accompanied by La Beale and Lancelot, who both rejoice Isond and her siiite, set out for exceedingly. Lonezep. Having pitched their While hunting one day Tristram tents Palomides successfully jousts hears of Mark's imprisonment by with Sir Gilihodin, Sir Gawaine, his own knights. Then follow and others. many encounters. Meeting with A tourney is announced at which Sir Dinaden he refuses to joust, Arthur and his knights are well but on pursuing their way Sir represented, and where Tristram Palomides assaUs them. Tristram, defeats Arthur, and Palomides knowing Sir Palomides' hate to- overthrows Lancelot, eventually wards him, overthrows him. winning the prize. On the second Palomides promises true fellowship day's battle, Palomides crosses for ever. On approaching the over to the opposing force, as he Castle Lonezep Tristram hears of fears Tristram, whose ranks he the death of Sir Lamorak at the had left. He, however, disguises hands of Sir Mordred. Coming to himself afresh, and assails Tris- Humber Bank, Tristram and Palo- tram, who after much difSculty mides espy a rich vessel, wherein succeeds in unhorsing his opponent. they find the dead body of King The prize for the day goes to Hermance, in whose hand is a Tristram. Returning to their letter. Tristram, reading it, is pavihons. La Beale Isond com- loath to voice its request which plains to Tristram of Sir Palomides' implores the finder to avenge the treachery towards him, but he dead king on his enemies. For this takes little heed. The following achievement his castle and estate day's battle brings to a head the will be the reward. Seeing it im- quarrel between Tristram and possible in face of circumstances Palomides. The tournament termi- to comply with the letter, Tristram nates, and all depart. Palomides, charges Sir Palomides with the on his journey, encounters with a mission of revenge. Sir Palomides knight, whom he fights for the then proceeds on his errand, and love of a lady, after which he is sailing down the Humber eventu- imprisoned for slaying another ally comes to a castle high up on knight. Tied to a horse he is the seashore, where he is made hastened to a castle. Fortunately welcome. He is then told of the Tristram hears of Palomides' treachery of the late Hermance's phght, and succeeds in rescuing sons, and how in slaying him the him. Sir Palomides' love for La king commanded that a knight Beale Isond is so great that, of the court of Arthur should reahzing her indifference, he decides avenge him and his people of his to end his life, and departing into MOR 257 MOR a forest falls asleep and sings of afterwards Lancelot leaves the his love. Meanwhile Tristram castle, and still in his insane con- happens to ride past and hearing dition engages in a chase after a the sleeper, wakes him. Both boar which attacks him, but enraged through jealousy, they eventually getting near the boar agree to fight on a certain day. he slays it. Almost exhausted In the interval, however, Tristtam through loss of blood, a hermit is hurt, which causes the post- succeeds in saving Lancelot's life. ponement of the duel. Sir Palo- Escaping from the hermitage, he mides hearing of Tristram's acci- comes to the city of Cadin and dent, departs. After Tristram is running into the castle court, is healed he pursues his opponent, captured as a madman, the in- but fails to locate him. mates little knowing him to be Booh XI. Eetuming to Sir Sir Lancelot. Some time after- Lancelot du Lake who successfully wards. King Pelhs's nephew has battles with a dragon, and releases the madman brought into the a lady from enchantment, he castle, and clothing him in his becomes the guest of King Pellis, old robes, sends Lancelot into the cousin unto Joseph of Arimathie, garden. He falls asleep and is on whose daughter, Elaine, he discovered by the king and his begot Galahad. King Arthur daughter Elaine. Recognizing returned from the continent after their captive to be Lancelot, they a successful war against Claudius, carry him into the castle, where gives a feast, to which comes by the aid of the Holy Grail, he is Elaine, of whom Queen Guenever cured of his insanity. Lancelot is jealous. Rebuking Lancelot feeling ashamed of his recent because of his love towards Elaine, behaviour, changes his name,/ de- the queen causes him to flee from siring to be known as La Chevalier the castle into a forest, where he Mai Fet. He is presented with goes mad. The queen in her the Castle of Bliant, on the Joyous sorrow commands a search to be Isle, and with Elaine and their made for him. In the meantime suite departs to dwell therein. Lancelot slays Sir Goodewin, who Sir Percival coming to the castle had kiUed one of his squires. jousts with Lancelot, whose name Afterwards Sir Peroival jousts with is discovered by Percival disclosing Sir Ector, both being severely his own. Sir Lancelot then de- wounded. A maiden appears be- parts for Arthur's court, so that fore them, carrying the Holy his son Galahad might receive his Grail through which power they knighthood. His reception is of are healed. ' a most cordial nature. Counselled Book XII. Meanwhile Sir by La Beale Isond, Sir Tristram Lancelot wandering in the country departs for the feast in honour comes one day to a pavihon and of Lancelot's return. On his fights with a knight, its occupant, journey he meets with Sir Palo- who is defeated. Realizing his mides, and remembering past victor to be Lancelot, the knight differences successfully jousts with sends him to Sir Selivant who him, who being a Saracen is then clothes him, and with him Lancelot christened at Carlisle. Pursuing remains. Seeing Selivant being their way the two knights arrive assailed one day, Lancelot rushes at Arthur's Court. forward and rescues him. Shortly Book XIII. Sir Galahad having MOR 258 MOR

been installed in the Siege Perilous, declaring that the shield should is visited by Arthur and his be preserved until the last of his knights, who take him down to line was bom, who would be the river in the centre of which known as Galahad. Joseph then is a stone containing a sword, died, and having related the story, which no other knight is able to the White Knight takes his leave dislodge but himself. Having of Galahad. secured the sword, Sir Galahad Resuming the journey with his along with the king and his squire. Sir Galahad is led by a knights return to the court, where monk to a tomb from which leapt in fulfilment of a prophecy, there a demoniac being, which would appears in their midst the vision have attacked him but for his holy of the Holy Grail. The king per- quest. The monk explains to ceiving their departure on such a Galahad that the creature betokens perilous expedition, and reahzing the sin of man for whose sake the loss to the court, experiences Christ died. Galahad then knights a feeUng of dismay. Sir Galahad his squire, who is found to be having joined in the quest, comes Mehas de Lile, the son of the King to an abbey wherein was King of Denmark. Proceeding, Mehas Bagdemagus, who informs him is injured by a wicked knight, of a white shield, bearing in the and taken to a priest, who heals centre a red cross, which on finding him. Meanwhile Galahad success- Bagdemagus presumes to claim fully jousts with Sir Lancelot, who despite his disquahfication for does not recognize his opponent such an honour. Girding around until after Galahad's departure. him the shield, he goes into the Coming into a forest in which is country, and being badly wounded, an old chapel, from the broken is brought back to the monastery, door of which shines the hght when the shield is, as prophesied, of many candles. Sir Lancelot restored to its rightful claimant. falls asleep, dreaming that a Galahad wearing the shield, pro- wounded knight enters the church, ceeds on his quest, and meeting where he is healed by the power with a knight, he is told of the of the Holy Grail, which appears origin and adventures of the white as a vision. The knight recover- shield, how the knight Joseph of ing takes Lancelot's horse and Arimathie, who took our Lord sword, going on his way. Awaking, from the Cross, and departing Lancelot realizes his loss, and the with a large party from Jerusalem, truth of the dream, and that his arrived at Sarras where King worldly sins are many, and that Evelake was engaged in war for such a Holy Mission he is all against the Saracens. He, by the unfitted. He departs into a hermi- of advice Joseph, pledged his faith tage, and confesses his sins. in the Holy Trinity, and made a Book XIV. Meanwhile Sir shield which bestowed great power Percival in search of Sir Galahad its owner. upon Joseph, accom- comes to the house of his aunt, panied by King Evelake, left for who informs him of his mother's Britain. Soon after their arrival death, and relates Merhn's pro- Joseph took ill, and bleeding from phecy concerning the search for the nose, had the shield brought the Holy Grail. Realizing that to him. In its centre he outUned Galahad is the chosen one, to a Holy Cross in his own blood. whom is allotted the discovery of MOB 259 MOR the Grail, Sir Percival decides to smoke. Peeling enraged at his befriend him, and on his aunt's faithlessness he enters the ship of instruction rides on his way. the holy man, which had re- Coming to a monastery where he appeared, and sails away. hears mass, Percival perceives in Book XV. Meanwhile Sir Lance- a bed a wounded man, who is lot journeys from the hermitage. found to be King Evelake. He He sees therein a dead priest. He, had landed in Britain with Joseph as a token of good fortune, pro- three hundred years ago, pursued cures for himself some hair, which the search of the Holy Grail, and is cut from the dead man's head. having trespassed in the search too Falling asleep by a cross he dreams far, is stricken bhnd by the Lord, that seven kings and two knights and not until Galahad had achieved appear before him, appealing to the Grail would he die. Sir Percival God for recompense for their departs, more eager in the search earthly achievements, when there for Galahad than ever. He is descends out of the clouds a spirit assailed by twenty knights. Gala- surrounded by angels chastising had strangely enough comes to them for their vain love of earthly his assistance, and putting the glory. Arising, Sir Lancelot comes assailants to flight, hastens away to a hermit, and relates his vision. before Percival could thank him. The hermit describes the seven Feehng dejected over Galahad's kings as Lancelot's ancestors, and hasty departure, Percival wanders one of the knights as himseK who on, and losing his horse through was of mighty force. The other jousting with a knight, he is con- knight is Galahad, begotten of fronted by a strange woman, who Lancelot, who would achieve much. suppHes him with a fresh steed. Lancelot submitting to his adviser's The horse being bewitched leads entreaties, becomes humbled, and him to a fiery and tempestuous as a holy man. The following sea, and shakes his rider off. He morning Lancelot goes on his way, then plunges into the raging meeting with a company of torrent. Percival's bewilderment is strangely apparelled knights, who increased by the appearance of were split into two sections, and wild beasts, which approach him were fighting fiercely. Seeing the from all sides . Descending into the defeat of the weaker side, he joins valley he witnesses an encounter them, but is eventually over- between a serpent and a Hon. thrown. With a sad and heavy Seeing the hon in difficulty, heart, he departs from their com- Percival slays the serpent. During pany. Falling asleep under a the night, there come to him in a cross there appears before him in dream two ladies each riding on a vision an old man, who rebukes a beast, foretelling a battle which him for his lack of faith and his he will fight. Arising he comes evil will. Arising with an uneasy to a ship wherein is a holy man, mind, he hearkens to the words of who confirms the dream. The a prophet, who likens the tourney following day another ship appears to a battle between the pure and in which is a lady who informs the impure, and because Lancelot Percival of Sir Galahad, and his took the side of the impure knights, adventures. He falls in love with who were overcome, he is told the lady, who mysteriously dis- that he yet lacks faith, and is still appears in a thick volume of evil. Departing with renewed MOR 260 MOR

spiritual strength, Lancelot suffers them. Thus strengthened by this himself to go through a burning mystic occurrence, which Bors stream, and to be beaten by a attributes to God, he continues his black knight in the name of the journey. A vision appearing before Lord. him one night directs him to the Book XVI. We next turn to coast where on entering a ship he Sir Gawaine and Sir Ector, who meets Sir Percival. both in search of the Holy Grail Book XVII. We now return to are despondent at their lack of Sir Galahad, who after rescuing success. They come to an old Percival rides on to the Castle church, which they enter, and Carbonek, where a maiden com- where they fall asleep. A vision mands him to board a ship. Doing appears befoi'e them signifying as she bade him, Galahad meets their unfittedness for such a sacred with Sir Percival and Sir Bors. quest. Awaking, they are much SaiUng away they are driven near afraid at an apparition which to a rock against which was passes through the church, bearing another ship. Entering it they a bright candle saying unto them, discover by the side of a bed a " Knights of evil faith, and poor richly jewelled sword. The maiden beUef, thou shalt not come to who had accompanied them, relates the adventure of the Sangreal." the history of the mystic sword, Desiring an explanation to this how that it had been coimected mystery, they sorrowfully seek the with Cain and Abel, Solomon, and aid of a hermit. On their way Sir David, and how it had wounded Gawaine slays his brother, Sir many who tried to bear it. Then Unwaine. They arrive at the Percival and Bors try to draw it hermitage, where the hermit from its scabbard, but they failing explains the vision, and the appari- Galahad essays to do likewise. tion which he tells them signifies Reahzing the nature of the weapon the Holy Ghost. After this good on which is written, " Who that counsel they depart from the draweth me shall never fall of hermit. Sir Bors riding in the shame of his body, nor wounded quest, meets with a hermit, who to the death, but no man shall advises his confession, since he grip the handles but one, and he is on such a holy mission. This shall pass all others," Galahad is Sir Bors agrees to, and coming to induced to wear the sword. a chapel he is made fit to pursue Leaving the ship, they come to a such a sacred purpose. Arrayed chapel. The maiden who accom- in a pure vestment, as a sign of panies them, and who is Percival's his chastity, the hermit sets Bors sister, sacrifices her Mfe by bleeding on his way. Then follow many that a sick lady might, through trials and temptations, which Bors her blood, be healed. Placing the with patience, and meekness, lady's body on board a barge it is suffers, that he might achieve the sent to the Holy City of Sarras quest. So strong is his faith, and where the Sangreal would be so meek does he become during the achieved. The three comrade mission, that he suffers his brother knights then separate. Sir Lance- to treat him with much cruelty. lot at this time is commanded in During their quarrel there appears a vision to go into the sea, where a bright flame which descends upon he should find a ship into which their shields utterly destroying he must enter. Arising, and MOR 261 MOR

coming to the ship he finds therein lies unconscious for several days. Percival's sister. Taking from her Recovering from his comatose con- dead hand, the writ which had dition, and after resting a while, been placed there by her mourners, he takes his leave of his friend he discovers how she had sacrificed King PeUis. Meanwhile Sir Bora her life. Remaining there for had arrived at the castle in search several months, Galahad arrives of Lancelot who is his brother. there causing Lancelot to rejoice. Lancelot returns to Arthur, and Galahad is commanded by a relates his adventures, and how voice to leave his father that the he was permitted into the presence quest might be fulfilled, and of the Holy Grail. departs. Lancelot, who with the Galahad, Percival, and Bors ship is driven far away, comes to meet, and the trio enter the Castle a rock, on which stands a castle. Carbonek, where they behold the Commanded in a vision to leave Holy Grail, and enter into holy the ship, and go to the castle, he communion. Commanded by a sets forth. Meeting with a dwarf voice, which comes into their he is sorely wounded, but van- midst, they seat themselves at a quishes his enemy. A voice re- table, and partaking of meat and proves him for his lack of faith, drink from the holy vessel, enter and casting his armour away, he into the spiritual atmosphere of enters the Castle Carbonek. the ceremony. Our Lord then Coming to a chamber, Lancelot appears and commands Galahad hears from within a beautiful to carry the GraU forth from the singer, and thinking it to be the castle into the Holy City of Sarras. guardian of the Holy Grail, he Quitting the country with the tries to enter. Failing to unfasten sacred vessel, and taking the the door, Lancelot sinks on to his syinboUo sword, Galahad accom- knees and prays to God. panied by his two comrades arrives Arising, the door opens, and in the land of Babylon. Pro- Lancelot stands spellbound at the ceeding to Sarras, they heal a scene. The room is flooded with deformed man. King Estorause light, from the centre of which hearing that enchanted knights appears a silver table, holding the have come to his land, casts them Holy Vessel, which is covered with into prison, where during their a rich cloth. Around it he per- confinement they are sustained by ceives angels bearing candles, and the Holy Grail. Soon the king from their midst, and hovering dies, and they are released. Gala- over the sacred vessel appears a had assuming the kingship, is priest, on each side of whom are shortly afterwards called away. two men, while another he holds ReaUzing that his time has come, suspended in the air. Afraid lest Galahad bids farewell to his noble the suspended object should fall, companions, and from their midst Lancelot, forgetting his surround- he ascends into heaven. Soon ings, rushes forward, but is cast after Percival follows. Sir Bors to the ground by a hot, scorching in fulfilment of the prophecy breath which renders liim insen- returns to the realm of Logria sible. He is carried outside of to relate to Arthur and his court the chamber, where he lies until the adventure and mission of the inmates of the castle discover the Holy Grail, in the fulfilment him. Placed upon a bed, Lancelot of which Galahad and Percival MOR 262 MOR had entered into the spiritual entrapped in the castle, but is sub- world. sequently released by a lady, After the adventure of the Holy Arthur meanwhile is told of the Grail, Guenever gives a banquet scandal. Lancelot succeeds in to the wanderers. Meanwhile she slaying his treacherous enemy. has driven Lancelot from the Hardly had this scandal subsided, court for his apathy toward her. when through jealousy Sir Gawaine A tragic sequel to the banquet is discloses to Arthur the famiharity the death of Sir Patriae, due to of his queen toward Lancelot. poisoning. Sir Penil, hating Sir The king gives the knight and his Gawaine, had hoped to dispose of comrades leave to capture the his enemy by injecting poison into lovers when together. Lancelot apples, which he knew Gawaine and the queen are trapped, to be fond of. By misfortune but Lancelot succeeds in Patrise becomes the victim of his escaping by fighting his way treachery. The queen is imme- through the spies. Arriving in the diately suspected, and in a fit of company of Sir Bors, he relates madness the dead man's brother. Ms misfortune, and reahzing the Sir Harden, charges Guenever with situation of the queen, he devises treason. As there is no knight a scheme of rescue. Bors, his present who would defend her, brother, offers his help along with she appeals to Arthur, who, re- other fcaights. A spy is sent to gretting Lancelot's absence, ad- the court that Lancelot might be vises her to seek the aid of Sir prepared for action. The king Bors. Realizing the consequences dooms his wife to be burnt at the should she fail to exonerate her- stake. Preparations are made, self, she gains the favour of Bors, and the spy reports to Lancelot. who reports to Lancelot the pre- He accompanied by his followers dicament of the queen. He is attacks the assembled throng, deprived of the adventure by inflicting great slaughter. Rushing Lancelot, who enters the field of to the stake, Lancelot frees combat in disguise . The challenger Guenever, and with her he rides appears, and assailing the queen's away to Joyous Gard. Arthur defender is defeated. The queen decides to assail Lancelot's castle. is then released, and she discovers Lancelot prepares for a siege. her saviour to be her old lover. Arthur marches forward. A state Later, however, the mystery is of war foUows, which, lasting for cleared up by an enchantress who some time, is terminated by the exposes Sir Penil as the murderer. intervention of the Pope through Sir Harden is then appeased by the the Bishop of Rochester, who queen. Guenever riding in the causes Lancelot to dehver Guenever country one day is captured by up to Arthur. Forming a brilliant Sir HeUagrance Sending a page procession, he marches into Car- to Lancelot, the queen is released, lisle, and presents Guenever to and being pardoned for his treason, Arthur before his court. Lancelot HeUagrance offers his hospitahty is then assailed by Gawaine. to the queen and her company. Lancelot in despair collects his He on the following day accuses loyal followers together, and de- the queen of falsity toward her hus- parts across the sea unto Benwick, band. Challenging his host to dividing his new possessions joust before Arthur, Lancelot is amongst his knights. —

MOR 263 MUR

Arthur hearing of this sets sail he agrees, and going to Glaston- with a great army. Landing on bury enters the monastery. Other the shores of Benwick, and noble knights follow his example. destroying everything which op- Several years having passed he is poses his progress, he arrives at commanded by a vision to go into the city of Benwick, where Lance- Almesbury, and return with lot and his followers are lodged. Guenever's body, which is to be A siege is proclaimed. Lancelot buried with her husband. Arising, appeals to Arthur to return, but he does as he is commanded, and Gawaine prevailing over his uncle, returning places Guenever's body prevents a reconciliation. Gawaine, in the tomb of Arthur. boasting of his prowess, incites Soon after Lancelot himself dies, his enemy to joust, who defeating and by his request is buried at him on two occasions, causes Joyous Gard. The remaining Arthur and his host to depart for knights each depart to their England. Gawaine dies during the respective lands. Sir Constantine, journey back, and expresses a Sir Cador's son, is chosen King of wish that he might receive Lance- England. lot's forgiveness. Meanwhile, MORUNG, OfNifland. (Vide" Gnd- during Arthur's absence, his son, run Lay," under second portion, Mordred, had assumed the king- " Hagan and Hettel.") He it was ship and had attempted by false who first told King Hettel of the means to marry Guenever, who beauty of Hilda, daughter of flees to the Tower of London. Hagan, and suggested that Hettel Arthur and his army are assailed should seek to wed her. He was by Mordred on landing at Dover. a member of the embassy which Hostilities between the rival brought her to Hettel. He took armies commence, the first battle part in the struggles described in deciding against Mordred. " Gudrun " (q.v.), as the third Dreaming that he sees Gawaine, division of the Gudrun Lay. Arthur is advised not to meet in the combat with his son, until a MOYS, WOYSES. Moys attempts to month hence. Through the in- sit down in Galahad's seat at the fluence of an adder, however, the Round Table, and is swallowed up treaty is never fulfilled. The rival by the earth. It is supposed to armies meeting together, a terrible be reserved for a very holy man carnage ensues, Arthur driving Sir Galahad—^and would seem to his enemy into Cornwall. Still pur- typify the personal absence of suing Mordred, Arthur causes him Christ from the table. to turn. Mordred inflicts the death- MURCIA, QUEEN OF. Vide " Florice blow upon the king, who in turn ( and Blanchfleur.") Wife to Prince slays his treacherous son. Arthur FeUx, ruler of Murcia, and mother dies, and is interred at Glaston- of Florice. She befriended To- bury. The queen, hearing of her pase, and, following the birth of husband's death, becomes a nun Blanchfleur, she fostered the child. at Almesbury. Lancelot returning from Benwick hears of Arthur's MURDER OF THE MASTER OF and Mordred's death. After paying SAINT lAGO. This mediaeval homage at his late chief's tomb, Spanish romance tells how Don he visits Guenever who persuades Fadrique (Frederick), a brother him to become a monk. To this of Don Pedro, King of Castille, MUB 264 MUR

called " The Cruel," was one of spearmen, horses and mules with two natural sons of the King him, the Journey being accom- Alphonso and a lady of the power- pHshed within a week. But it ful family of Guzman. This wo- has been disastrous to him, as he man was actually proclaimed his loses horses, mules, his fine dagger, queen, and her sons were brought and a faithful page is drowned in up in the Palace as princes, the a stream. On his arrival at the real wife and mother of Pedro gate of Seville a priest warns him being treated with contempt. At from entering, and although he the death of Bang Alphonso, Pedro notices that no arrangements have became Mng, and Doima de Guz- been made for the tournament, man and her sons retired to various and his followers are not allowed strongholds to protect themselves to enter the town with him, he from his authority. Pedro was walks up to Pedro who receives suddenly seized by iUness, and him coldly, calling him a traitor Donna de Guzman and her sons and ordering him to stand off, were suspected of intriguing for declaring that his time on earth possession of the throne should was short, and that his lady he die. On his recovery, his required his head as a New Year's mother the Queen Dowager so gift. He summons a yeoman to persuaded him, it is said, of the draw his sword, and the master's truth of this, that Donna de Guz- head is cut off and placed in a man was arrested and put to charger which is presented to death. Don Fadrique, who had Padilla as a gift from the king. obtained the rank of the Order of Padilla having an intense hatred Saint lago, fled to a fortress in for Fadrique shows it in the manner the Coimbra, and his brother she treats his head, for, after seizing Henry to Arragon. Castille was it by the clotted hair, she heaps all continually in a state of rebeUion kinds of scornful and extravagant through these baleful influences imprecations upon it, and then and also in consequence of Pedro's flings it out of the window, urging own cruel behaviour. Don Fa- her dog to lick the face. The drique made friends with Pedro , and mastiff tosses the head to and fro accepted an invitation to Seville and picks it to the bone, a gaping to take part in a tournament. crowd looking on. King Pedro, Pedro, although married to hearing the noise without, asks Blanche of Bourbon, deserted her the cause of the disturbance. for Maria de Padilla, a woman who He is told that the master's head exerted a wicked influence over was torn and eaten by the mastiff, him, and who is said to have in- and an old woman who had stigated the cruel murder of Saint nursed the two brothers upbraids lago in the year 1358. him for his cruelty to his brother. There is a pecuharity in the He now rues the vow he had construction of the ballad which carried into effect, and disgusted describes this story. Fabrique at with the vindictive Padilla he the commencement narrates his rushes up to her bower and old story, and after he is executed carries her to a dark and deep another voice takes it up. Fa- dungeon, hurling all manner of drique receives a letter from King curses upon her for being the Pedro inviting him to join in a cause of the dark and bloody tournament at Seville. He takes deed. MUR 265 NAS

MURDOUR, SIR. {Vide " Bevis of the Danaans {q.v.). From Murias Hampton.") Brother of the Em- came the cauldron of the Irish peror of Allemayne and lover of god, Dagda, a vessel that could Sir Guy's wife. He slew Sir Guy, feed a host without requiring to married his widow, and took his be refilled. lands. Killed in battle by Sir Bevis. MURNA OF THE WHITE NECK. In MURIAS. In Irish romance, one of Irish romance wife of Cumhal and the four great cities whence came mother of Finn (q.v.).

N

NABON,SIR. Lord of the Isle. Men- same time as King Evelach, tioned in Arthurian romance as and that he changed his original a giant. He was subsequently name, Seraphe, into that of Nas- slain by Sir Tristram {q.v.). His ciens. Several miracles would possessions then went to Sir Sag- also appear to be connected with wandes. (F*

NASCIENS (2). Son of Celidoine, women were left to land in Ireland. and the daughter of King Label He won four battles against the called after his grandfather of the Fomorians {q.v.), but, with many same name. of his people, died of a plague. The Fomorians then seized the NASCIENS of Celi- (3). Grandson rule of Ireland with a strong and doine. cruel hand ; till the oppressed NAYMES OF BAVARIA (1). A peer under the leadership of Fergus of CJharlemagne, celebrated for revolted. Finally only thirty of his wisdom as for his valour. In the Nemedians survived. These, The Song of Roland he offers to be according to ancient belief, left Charles's ambassador to Marsile, Ireland to die ; according to a the paynim King of Saragossa, later tradition, the Britaiu family but the emperor denies his re- of the Nemedians left its name to quest on the ground that he is a the Island of Great Britain, while wise man, " and shall not go so two others returned to Ireland, far from him." In -Ferwmfiras he is at a later period, as the Firbolgs alluded to as one of the twelve {q.v.), and the Danaans {q.v.). peers sent by Charlemagne to NEMGLAN. In Irish romance the demand the liberation of his king of the birds of the immortal nephews. He was imprisoned at father of Conary Mor {q.v.). When Aigremor, and having his beard a lad, Conary, after playing with set on fire by King Lukafere, he his foster-brothers on the Plain of was so angry that he threw him on Liffey, had returned towards Dub- the hearth and let him bum to lin, when before him he saw a flock death. of beautiful birds. Upon his aim- NECHTAN, SONS OF. Warriors of ing his catapult at them they Connacht, who had slain more men turned into armed men, but Nem- of Ulster than were living when glan, their chief, protected him Cuchulain (q.v.) looked down and related his strange history upon their dun. With his two and declared his geis or those arms the great hero wrenched actions of which he must beware. away the pillar that stood before NENNIUS. {Vide " Historia Brito- the fortress of Nechtan, and round num.") It is which was a collar bidding every only on the autho- rity of the two extant prologues warrior-man to hold it geis (or to the Historia taboo), not to depart without Britonum that we ascribe challenging one of the sons to its authorship to one, Nennius, of single combat. Both pillar and whom we know little more than collar he flung into the river that the name. It is, how- iiowed hard by. Then one by ever, probable that he was a native one he slew the brothers, and of South Wales, who ampli- fied and fastened their heads to his chariot. redacted about the year 826, a compilation of the seventh NEMED. In Irish legend son of or eighth century, consisting of Agnoman. He was the second extracts from a Life of St. Ger- man after the Partholanians {vide main, to which he added a short " ") Partholan to settle in Ireland. History of Britain, written in Of his people who wandered upon 679, which he extended, but which the sea for a year and a half only had been added to before his himself with four men and four time. He is described in one of NER 267 NIB

the prologues to the work as a present shape it consists not of disciple of ELhadus or Elvoduzus, a mere collection of pieces put Bishop of North Wales, who died into sequence by a compiler, but in 809, and the date of the original of an actual fusion of previously MS., of which the authorship is existing elements. There is, in- assigned to him, is given as 858 deed, great difference of opinion A.D., but no copies are known as to whether it was to be con- earlier than the twelfth century. sidered as one poem or as many, But the earliest MS. ascribes the but the latter conclusion is almost work to one " Marcus the Anacho- certainly the correct one. The rite, a bishop of the British spirit of the poem is one of epic nation," who wrote in 946 or wrath. Destiny looms as terribly _ 947 A.D. It IB probable that through its most auspicious pas- Nennius was only one of the sages as in the CEdipua or the several editors of the work which Antigone It is, indeed, the equal bears his name. of the Iliad in tragic intensity and awfulness of denouement. But in NEROVENS, SIR DE LILE. A knight unity, proportion and general ade- of Sir Lancelot {q.v.). quacy it is sadly lacking. There NESSA. In Irish romance, daughter is httle doubt that the Nibelungen- of Echid Yellow-heel, wife of lied is a reproduction of the Lay Fachtna {q.v.), mother of Conor of the Volsungs (q.v.). The few (q.v.). points of difference He in the change of names. Gunnar is Gun- NIAM. In Irish romance wife of thar, Sigurd is Sigfried, Gudrun Connal of the Victories (q.v.) ; is Kriemhild. Like Sigurd, Sig- she tended Cuchulain (q.v.) during fried has bathed his body in the the madness brought upon him dragon's blood, and only one by the children of the Avizard spot between his shoulders is Calatin (q.v.), till one of these by vulnerable. He is visibly the sun- magic set her wandering. hero, as is his prototype of the NIBELUNGENLIED. Mbelungen- Volsung tale. The poem is written noth, or Lay of the Niblungs. A in quatrains, rhymed couplet and great German epic cycle belonging couplet, not alternately, but evi- in its earUest actual shape to the dently intended for quatrains, as beginning of the thirteenth cen- the verse frequently overlaps at tury (1210). Its detached portions, the second line, but regularly stops however, are considered to have at the fourth. The normal num- been composed between 1190 and ber of syllables in a line is thir- 1210, whilst a Latin original, teen. founded on ballads, or folk songs, At Worms in Burgundy, the may have been compiled between noble and beautiful maiden Kriem- 960 and 980. The chief difficulty hild hved with her mother Ute connected with the cycle lies in and her three brothers, Gunther, the discrepancies found between Gemot and Giselher, whose Court it and the legend embodied in includes many heroes, most note- the Edda. The motives of the worthy being Hagen von Tronei various characters are essentially and his brother Dankwart the different, and their actions by no Swift, Volker of Alzeye, skilled means similar in the older and alike with sword and fiddle, Mar- later versions of the tale. In its grave Eckwart, Ortwin of Metz, —

NIB 268 NIB

Rumolt, the " cook-master," and (q.v.), Sigfrid makes it a condition many others. One night Kriem- that Gunther shall consent to his hild dreams of a falcon which she tmion with Kxiemhild. Queen nurtures, till two eagles destroy Brunhild, exceedingly beautiful, it, which dream her mother inter- and of great strength, has made prets as foretelhng for her a noble it a condition that whoever would husband, whom "may God pre- wed her must first beat her in serve lest " thou lose him too early ; three trials of prowess, losing his thus comes the first presentiment head as a penalty of failure. of the terrible woe that is to Sigfrid makes an expedition to the follow. land of the Nibelungs, whose King Meanwhile Sigfrid of the Ne- Alberich is imder an oath of therlands, the son of Sigemund fealty to him, and returns with and Sigehnde, a young hero famed men and treasure. Taking Gun- for his valour and comeHness, has ther's place and donning the been growing to manhood, wan- " cloak of darkness " the hero dering through the world, doing wins the trials of strength on his wonderful and mighty deeds, win- friend's behalf, aU men, and Brun- ning the sword and treasure of hild herself, believing Gunther to the Nibelungs (q.v.), conquering have accomplished the feat. In their King Alberich and gaining Scandinavian Sagas, where this " possession of his cape of dark- legend (originally a German one) ness." Important among his ex- is preserved in its pagan form ploits was the slaying of a dragon Brunhild was a Valkyr, or war- in whose blood he bathed, coming maiden of the great Teutonic forth invulnerable save at one God Wotan, who sent her to spot, where, unknown to him, a sleep with a prick of a magic linden-leaf had stuck between his thorn, and imprisoned her within shoulders so that the magic fluid a circle of flame, through which did not protect him in that place. Sigfrid, the God of Nature, Spring- " (For fuller details, vide Sigfrid," tide and the Sun, broke, delivering and "Volsunga Saga.") Hearing the captive and taking her as his of KJriemhild's beauty, Sigfrid sets wife, soon, however, departing from out with his retinue to win her. her. In the " Nibelungenhed " Reaching Worms, heis received with this mythic background is either honour, but not for a year does presupposed or intentionally omit- he see Kriemhild. He enters Gun- ted, possibly through the influence ther's service, and overcomes Euit- of Christianity, but we are led to gart, King of Denmark, and Luit- understand that Brunhild had a ger. King of Saxony, who had previous claim to Sigfrid's love, declared war against Burgundy ; and when she comes to Worms, proving himself the hero of the and is betrothed to Gunther, sad- fray, and his valour is recounted ness and Jealousy wring her heart to Kriemhild, whose heart glows on seeing Sigfrid and Kriemhild with love and admiration. At also exchange the kiss. On the the festivities in celebration of the night of her marriage to Gunther, victory, Sigfrid meets Kriemhild she wrestles with him, conquering for the first, time ; strong is their him easily and binding him with love for one another, and when her girdle, and next day he appeals Gunther seeks Sigfrid's aid in the to Sigfrid for aid. So that night wiiming of Brunhild of Iceland Sigfrid, wearing his magic cape, NIB 269 NIB contends with the bride and over- When Hagen bids farewell to comes her, she beUeving him to be Kriemhild, she recommends Sig- Gunther. Sigfrid takes from her frid to his care. Suspecting no her girdle and ring, which he gives evil, she tells him of her husband's to KriemhUd. Sigfrid takes Kriem- vulnerable spot. He induces her hild back to his own land, where to mark the place, by sewing a they Hve for many years, a son silk cross on her husband's tunic. being bom to them, whom they The conspirators next announce name Gunther, while Brunhild that peace had been made, and a also has a child named Sigfrid. hunting expedition is organised. Some years later, however, Brunhild The poem dwells at length on the still thinking of Sigfrid, persuades hunt and Sigfrid's exploits. Rest- Gunther, that it is time Sigfrid ing after the chase, Hagen speaks and Kriemhild visited their Court. of a fountain near, and he and Gunther yields, though fearful of Sigfrid race to it, followed by his deception being discovered, Gunther. Sigfrid courteously and sends messengers to Sigfrid, waits until Gunther has drunk, who accompanied by Kriemhild, then stoops down to the spring, Sigmund and his retinue, comes when Hagen suddenly plunges to Gunther's Court. Soon, how- his spear through Kriemhild's ever, Brunhild and Kriemhild silken cross. Sigfrid strikes at quarrel concerning the respective Hagen, but faUs, mortally wounded. standing of their husbands, and Dying, he reproaches his mur- each declares she wUI take pre- derers, and commends Kriemhild cedence of the other in procession to Gunther, if indeed she "can to church. At the Minster door still be true to any one." Hagen, the cHmax is reached, when Kriem- resenting the insult to Brunhild, hild taunts Brunhild with the fact places Sigfrid's body at Kriem- that Sigfrid had won and deserted hild's door. Unspeakable is her her, showing the girdle and ring grief when she finds her beloved as proof, though indeed Sigfrid had husband dead—Sigmimd and Sig- said no such thing to Kriemhild, frid's retainers rush to arms, but merely stating that the ring and Kriemhild bids them bide their girdle had belonged to Bnmhild. time tiU they have the murderers Greatly distressed, Brunhild com- in their power. The Burgundians plains to her husband, and great pretend that Sigfrid was slain by is her wrath against Sigfrid for robbers, but as Hagen approaches overcoming her on behalf of Gun- the body the wounds begin to ther, and for betraying her to bleed, and Kriemhild knows him Kriemhild. Sigfrid is very angry for her husband's slayer. Grief with Kxiemhild, and, protesting and revenge possess Kriemhild's his innocence, appeases Gunther. soul, rendering her indifferent Hagen, however, finds Brunhild even to her son, so that she refuses weeping because of the insult, and to leave the land where her be- revenge is determined upon. Ort- loved one is buried. Giselher and win and Gemot join in the plot, Sigmund and their men return and Gunther, weakly and hesita- to the Netherlands, Eckwart re- tingly, agrees also, Giselher alone maining "to serve his lady till endeavouring to dissuade them. his death." So a false alarm of war is raised, For four years Kriemhild, speak- and an expedition arranged. ing never a word to Gunther nor NIB 270 NIB

looking on Hagen, spends her gary with Rudiger, stopping at time in a chamber near the his castle Bechlam, where live Minster, where Sigfrid lies. To his wife Gotehnd and his daughter propitiate her, the Nibelimg trea- DietUnde. The journey to Vienna

sure is sent for, but she employs is detailed ; crossing Bavaria they it to give magnificent gifts, till rest at Passua with Krimhild's Hagen, fearing that her purpose uncle. Bishop Pilgrin, and proceed is to win hearts and power to by Molk to the castle of Zeizen- wreak her revenge, seizes it, and mauer, where countless hordes with KriemhUd's brothers sinks under Etzel's sway join the pro- it in the Rhine, all swearing never cession. At Tulna Etzel meets to divulge the secret of its where- them, accompanied by 24 kings abouts. It is important to note and princes and a great retinue, at this point that when the trea- the most noteworthy being Diet- sure of the Nibelungs comes into rich of Bern, King of the Goths the land of the Burgundians they (q.v.), who with his band of " take the name of " Nibelungen Wolfings is a guest at Etzel's in the same way that Sigfrid was court, Blodelin, Etzel's brother, called Lord of the Nibelungs on Hawart the Bold, King of the possessing their treasure and ruhng Danes, and his retainer, Iring the them. For which reason this True {q.v.), and Infrid, Landgrave latter part of the poem was at of Thuringia (q.v.), (in history, the time of its composition called Hermanfrid, son-in-law of Theo- "Nibelungen Not," the whole now deric the Great), and many others. bearing the name "Nibelungen- At Vienna the wedding takes lied." (For fuller particulars and place with great magnificence, remarks regarding the Nibelung's but Kriemhild's heart is sad, " hoard, vide Nibelung.") Many thinking of Sigfrid. Seven years years after the murder of Sigfrid, pass and she bears Etzel a son, Helche, wife of Etzel, King of the Ortheb. Six years later she deems Huns (q.v.), having died, he wishes the time ripe for vengeance, and to marry again, and his faithful causes her husband to send to CouncUlor Margrave Rudiger of invite her kindred and friends Bechlam suggests KriemhUd. to visit his land. Etzel sends Etzel despatches Rudiger to win Werbel and Swemhn, his minstrels, her, and the Burgundians are all to Gunther. He and his court in favour of the marriage, save decide to accept, but Hagen is Hagen, who fears disaster should " grim loath " and warns them Kriemhild gain power. She her- that Kriemhild's heart is fixed on self will not think of consenting, vengeance, but rather than allow till Rudiger suggests that if she them to go alone, or appear afraid, has the Huns to defend her none Hagen joins the expedition. HI dare insult her ; immediately she omens beset them, and on coming makes Rudiger swear to avenge to the Danube they find its waters her wrongs, and he does so, httle swollen, and Hagen, foreboding dreaming of her dark schemes, evil, searches for a ferryman. the woe his and oath will bring Finding two " wise women " bath- to him and his. Etzel is a ing, he seizes their garments and "heathen," but Rudiger assures will not return them till they Kriemhild that she is likely to prophesy concerning the future. convert him, so she goes to Hun- One, Hardebure, foretells good, but "

NIB 271 NIB

the other, Sigelint, warns him that Nibelung treasure, which Hagen none shall return from Hunlandsave tells her is sunk in the Rhine. the King's chaplain. The ferryman When going to meet her kinsmen next refuses to take them across, Kriemhild kisses only Giselher,

and attacks Hagen, who kills a significant fact ! Next, under him. Hagen tests the truth of the guise of friendship, she re- the prophecy by flinging the quests them to deliver up their chaplain into the river, and when, arms, but they refuse, and Kjiem- despite him, the man escapes, hild asks who has " warned Hagen knows thenceforward that them. Dietrich replies boldly, " I all are doomed, and breaks up am he," and Kriemhild, bitterly the ferryboat after they land. fearing Dietrich, goes thence. This whole passage is intensely Dietrich and Hagen converse, and vivid and dramatic. In passing Etzel joins them, speaking of through Bavaria they fight with Hagen's father Aldrian, who with " Gelfrat, and his brother Else, Walther of Spain was his man," killing Gelfrat. Coming to Passau, which passage is remarkable, con- where Bishop Pilgrin receives them, necting as it does the Nibelungen they reach Bechlam, where Rudi- cycle with the Latin poem of ger entertains them with unbound- "Walthar of Aquitain " (q.v.). ed hospitahty and friendhness. Too lengthy to detail are the A match is ultimately arranged various attempts of Kriemhild between Diethnd and Giselher, to gain her end. She offers gold and when the Burgundians leave to any one who will slay Hagen, Rudiger showers gifts upon them but the Huns fear him. Dietrich without stint, giving also to Gun- and Hildebrand both refuse to ther a suit of armour and to Gemot assist her, the Burgundians are her his favourite sword, while Hagen relatives and have come trusting chooses from Gotelind a famous to her good faith ! Next a tourna- shield which had belonged to her ment takes place, and Volker dead father Nodung. Rudiger ac- unluckily kiUs a Hun, but Etzel, companies the Burgundians to who looks on his guests with Etzel's court. Dietrich and Wolf- favour, protects them. Kriem- hart (q.v.) meet them, Dietrich hild bribes BlodeUn, who, with warning them that Kriemhild 1000 men, attacks Dankwart and prays daily for vengeance for his retainers. Dankwart slays Sigfrid's murder. On arrival, him, but his followers kill all Hagen and Volker sit outside the Dankwart's men, the hero himself palace, at sight of Hagen Kriem- escaping with diificulty. Rushing hild weeps, and bids Etzel's men to the haU where the rest sit swear to avenge her sorrow. feasting with the Huns, and where When she descends, Hagen sits Ortheb, Kriemhild's son, has been with Sigfrid's sword Balmung introduced to the Burgundians, across his knee, and Kriemhild in bursts Dankwart, shouting to recognizing it demands how he Hagen in fury concerning what has dared to come ? He answers has befallen. Up rises Hagen that he has come because his and slays Ortheb and his attendant " masters have—^he is their man." and strikes off Werbel's hand, and Then Kriemhild accuses him of a terrible fight takes place till at slaying Sigfrid, and Hagen boldly last Dietrich, at Kriemhild's en- admits it. Then she demands the treaties, intervenes. Gunther at NIB 272 NIB once permits Dietrich and his slaughter of the Burgundians, men, with Etzel, Rudiger and tiU at last Gemot reluctantly has Kriemhild, to leave the Hall, to engage Rudiger, and they fall after which the Burgundians slay by each other's hands, and aU aU Etzel's attendants. Desperate, Rudiger's men are slain. Uni- Etzel and Kriemhild offer heavy versal is the sorrow at Rudiger's bribes to any one who will kill death, and Dietrich sends ffilde- Hagen. Iring, Margrave of Den- brand (but unarmed and in peace) mark, bravely makes the attempt to inquire the reason of his being twice, but is slaia, and Imfrid slain. Pierce Wolfhart and Die- and Hawart are also slain with trich's knights follow in armour, their men. Till night-fall does ere Dietrich can prevent it. Sadly the awful conflict continue, when does Hagen bewail Rudiger's death a temporary truce is called. From and Hildebrand asks for his body, the Burgundians' position inside but " of spite of Etzel " the Bur- the Hall GiseUier reproaches his gundians refuse to give it up. sister with her treachery, and Wolfhart provokes a fight, and, Kriemhild agrees to spare her contrary to Dietrich's orders, a brothers, but only on condition conflict takes place. Dankwart that they deliver up Hagen. This perishes, Giselher and WoKhart they will not hear of, thinking slay each other ; Volker kills death infinitely preferable to such Sigstap, nephew of Dietrich, HUde- a deed, and Kriemhild sets the brand slays Volker, and is in turn Hall on fire. The Burgundians mortally wounded by Hagen, who well-nigh perish, yet in the morning is heartbroken at Volker's death. 600 strong, they stUl hold the Hall At length all he dead save Gunther against every attack, tiU Kriem- and Hagen, and of the other side hild and Etzel appeal to Rudiger to HUdebrand, who returns to Die- aid them. He is aghast at the trich with the terrible news. Die- idea of being a traitor to his trich goes to Hagen and Gunther, friends, having pledged his honour and on learning how things have for their safety. Then Kriemhild come about offers them safe- demands fulfilment of an ancient conduct to their own land if they oath to her. Rudiger, torn by wiU yield. They reply that it is conflicting claims of honour, has not fitting for brave men to sur- in anguish to decide to serve his render, and after some " woman- sovereign, and arming his men ish bickering " between Hagen and goes reluctantly forth against the HUdebrand, Dietrich, seeing Ha- Burgundians, Giselher rejoicing gen's " grim mood," fights and to see him, supposing that he defeats, first Hagen, then Gun- comes to aid them. But sorrow- ther, though with difficulty, and fully does Rudiger explain that binds them. He carries them he cannot help himself. They to Kriemhild, honouring them for plead with him that there be not their bravery and bidding her blood between them, but in sad- spare their lives, which she says ness he feels he has no alternative, she will do. Dietrich then sadly and Hagen and he exchange leaves. But httle mercy does their shields, Hagen and Volker Kriemhild really feel ; separating pledging themselves never to strike Hagen and Gunther, she offers a blow at Rudiger. The conflict safety to Hagen if he will reveal commences, and great is the the hiding place of the Nibelung —

NIB 273 NUA — treasure. He refuses " whilst would rise from her bed at night any of my lords live I will show to gaze upon her lover who came the hoard to none." Quickly to his window, and this made her then does she have her brother lord wrathful. Inquiring the Gunther slain, and carries his cause, he was informed by her head to Hagen, but Hagen de- that she loved to hear the night- clares that all is now finished ingale sing. But the husband aU are dead—but never will he "purposed that very soon the

reveal the secret ! So to Koiem- nightingale should sing within a hild nothing remains but Sigfrid's net," and requested his servants

sword ; seizing it she herself slays to set snares about the house. Hagen. Hildebrand, enraged at Soon the bird was caught in the her deed, when his master Diet- snare, and the husband wrung rich has asked for Hagen's safety, its neck. But the lady wept its springs up to avenge " the bold evil fate. She embroidered the one of Tronei " and slays Kriem- whole story on a piece of white hild. Thus in darkest gloom ends samite, wrapped the body of the the tragic " NibelungenUed." Uttle bird in it, and sent it to her NIBLUNG. (F»c?e"Volsungs.") Son lover. He caused a little shrine to be fashioned, and carried the of Hogni {q.v.). He aided Gu- body of the unhappy bird with drun (q.v.), in her scheme of re- venge against Ath. him wherever he went. NOIRONS. A name for Nero in the NICODEMUS. Mentioned in the Grand St. Graal. Grail poem of Joseph of Arimathea. He was sent by Pilate to see that NOISE. (F4

OCEAN SWEEPER. In Irish ro- dreams of a dragon belching fire mance the magical boat of the at her and devouring her children. sea-god, Mananan, sail-less, oarless, The emperor, injured at the and steered by the wishes of its deception, swears to put an end occupant. It was brought by to the Ufe of his unfaithful wife, Lugh the Sungod from the Land and to the lives of the children, of the Living that lay in the by burning them at the stake. A unknown, misty west. fire is prepared without the city and the doomed trio despatched OCTAVIAN, EMPEROR, There are at the appointed hour. The queen several different versions of this overcome by grief, appeals to metrical romance, one of which heaven for succour. So pathetic is preserved in the hbrary of is the scene that the emperor is Lincoln Cathedral, while there is moved by pity arid finally with- only one copy of the French draws his threat by banishing his original known to exist—that in wife and her children. the Bodleian Library, dating from In her lonely wanderings she the fourteenth century. The lies down to rest by the side of story recounts how Octavian, a hermit's well, and while reposing, Emperor of Rome, and his queen both of her children are carried mourned long over the non-ful- off, the first by an ape, the second filment of their desires for an heir by a lion. The hon, whose den to the throne. An abbey is is situated on a hiU, had scarcely built to the glory of God and the reached its lair when a griffin empress is sent thither in the swoops down upon him and the hope that their prayers would be child, and carries off the pair to answered. The emperor receives an uninhabited island. But imme- a message announcing the birth diately the lion places his feet of two sons. His Joy knows no on the soKtary land he retahates bounds, and in humble thanks- on his enemy by slaying it. A giving he attends mass in the fondness springs up between the chapel. During the service his lion and the child. mother, who is also present, in- The distressed mother resumes forms him that the children over her journey, and finally arriving whom he is rejoicing are the sons on the coast of Greece she im- of a knave of the castle. After plores of some shepherds to give imparting this story, she quits her food. This they gladly do; the chapel, and, instructing a but anxious to procure more for knave of the palace to enter the themselves several of them set sick-chamber of the empress, out in a boat for a desert island. she waits the arrival of her son. On reaching their destination they The emperor's joy is changed discover a hon and a child. The to anger : and hastening to the hon gives chase, two of the men chamber of his queen he slays are devoured, the rest make good the knave, whom he beheves to their escape and return to tell be the culprit. The empress, ttie story of their adventure. who is asleep during this deed, The banished queen, conscious OCT 275 OGI

that the child is her son, entreats Again Sir Florent attempts to the shepherds to row her across gain the maiden MarsabeUa. War to the island. This they do with is declared between the Christians some reluctance, but the mother and the Saracens with Clement is rewarded by the discovery of at the head of the former. Florent her son, whom she brings back with takes part, and Olyvan, chamber- her, followed by the faithful lion. lain to MarsabeUa, directs the The queen again sets sail, when young knight to his mistress. the ship brings them to the dis- She flees with her lover to Paris. tant shores of Jerusalem. The The Emperor Octavian, mean- king of that city makes her his while, is opposing a body of queen and knights her son Octa- Saracens at Jerusalem, who have

vius ; while the lion, become besieged the Christian inhabitants harmless, is permitted to live. of that city. Florent joins his The other child, who had been father's forces and finaUy effects carried ofE by the ape, passes an entrance into the beleaguered through the hands of several city. The result is the identifica- guardians. A knight slays the tion of the second son, Octavius ape and secures the child. Some and the banished queen. A re- robbers encounter the knight, cap- concihation is effected, Florent ture the infant and wound their marries MarsabeUa, and the re- opponent. They hasten to Paris united family, accompanied by and dispose of the child to the faithful Hon, return to the Clement, emperor of that city, city of Rome. gold. in return for a few pieces of ODILIA (1). Daughter of Elsung The foundling is christened (q.v.), Earl of Bern. She married Florent. Some time after, a giant Samson's {q.v.) second son, after appears before the gates of the a battle between her father and challenging any knight in city King Samson ; the upshot of the name of MarsabeUa, daughter which was the death of the two to a Saracen king. Florent ob- warriors. (Fide "King Samson.") tains his foster-father's permis- ODILIA Wife of Dietmar (q.v.) sion to enter the fray with the (2). and mother of Dietrich (q.v.), boastful giant, whom he finally {Vide " Dietrich of Bern.") slays. Without waiting to re- ceive the congratulations of the OGIER THE DANE. A sub-cycle of city he hastens off to claim the the Charlemagne Saga. It con- Saracen maiden, but her father, sists of twelve branches, and angered at his boldness, locks her belongs to the early period of the in her room. cycle. It possesses considerable Florent returns to Paris, to epic vigour, and as a whole is one of find that the Emperor Octavian the most notable of the incidents has arrived in the city. The connected with the legendary his- honour of seating himself between tory of the great Emperor of the the friendly emperors is bestowed West. Ogier was originaUy criti- upon him, and as the outcome to caUy recognized as a Norse rover, some questioning on the part of who had been " softened " into Octavian his identity becomes one of Charles's peers. But it is known, the father rejoices in his now put forward with much pro- son and dubs him " Sir Florent of bability that we must read for Kome." " Danois " " Ardenois," and that OGI 276 OGI the " Dane-March " which is defeat. He encounters with Ogier's country is simply the Chariot, the son of the emperor, " March " of Ardenois, or the the Lidian King Karaheut, and Ardennes. There certainly was the Turk Sadone. But other an Otker at the court of Charles, paynims interrupt the combat, but his nationahty is uncertain. and Ogier is made prisoner. He He became " Advocate " or pro- is given into the keeping of Glo- tector of Lifege in , and is rianda, daughter of Corsuble the stiU remembered there in legend. paynim Amiral, and Karaheut, The people of Denmark have shamed that his troth with Ogier erected Ogier into a national hero, should be broken, gives himself Holger Danske. Ludlow inclines up to Charlemagne as hostage for to identify him with a certain the young Dane's safety. The " Algisus, son of Desiderius the French give battle to the pagans Lombard, who seems to have and have all but routed them when figured as the hero of some lost '' the host of India " arrives to epic of which the echo has come succour them. Foremost among to us in the Novalesian Chronicle." the new-comers is Brunamont of The late Alfred Nutt beheved him Majorca, who beats the French to be " an Arthurian hero who back. The Amiral offers to bestow had strayed by accident to the Glorianda upon him because of court of Charlemagne," an im- his success, but she is faithful to possible elucidation. The poem, Karaheut, and puts forward Ogier which exists in an MS. of the as his champion. Brunamont twelfth century, bears the name agrees. Ogier conquers the Sara- of Raimbert de Paris. The story, cen, and takes his wonderful however, is made up of eleven horse Broiefort. The French then different strata, written at sepa- attack the Saracens, and Glori- rate dates, the earhest placed anda is taken prisoner, but she is about the middle of the work, the permitted to go free with Kara- latest toward the end. Raimbert heut, and the French return to was responsible for nine branches, their own country. The first or interpolations in these branches. branch of the poem which ends here Ogier, son of Duke Godfrey of is evidently in the main modem, Denmark, has been left as a hos- and probably dates from the end tage with Charlemagne, but as of the twelfth century. The birth his father has insulted the emperor of Baldwinet and the defeat of through his envoys, the young the Saracens are evidently adopted man's hostageship is forfeited, and from an older work of which a he is imprisoned in the Castle of further portion is obviously lost, St. Omer. While there the cas- as Ogier's leap into fame appears tellan's daughter falls in love with as much too sudden. him, and bears him a son, Bald- The second branch of The Song winet. Charlemagne vows to have of Ogier is considered the oldest, Ogier hanged, when news comes and forms the groundwork of the that the Saracens have taken epical portion of the poem. Char- Rome. The emperor sets forth lot, playing at chess with Bald- with his army to the rescue, and winet, Ogier's son, is checkmated Ogier is taken along with the host. by him, and in his wrath strikes He is instrumental in rescuing the youth with the chessboard the French army from serious and slays him. Ogier seeks OGI 277 OGI

Chariot's life, but the emperor ban- last. He leaps his horse into the ishes him. He attempts to kill Rhone and regains his castle. He the emperor, but slays Lother has now but ten knights, one of his nephew instead. He is at- whom, Hardre, a traitor, takes the tacked, but is rescued by Charles's keys to Charles. But Ogier, twelve peers. Pursued by the who has been asleep, wakes in emperor, Ogier wounds him, and time, and secures the gate. He Charles marches to attack him makes men-at-arms of wood, which in his dominions. Ogier, hunted the French take for real warriors. from place to place, seeks the Seven years pass, and famine court of Pavia in exUe, where he threatens Ogier. He leaves the receives great honour and estates castle to kiU Chariot in bed, but from Di(£er, its monarch. slays the wrong man, and is pur- The third branch opens with a sued. He once more escapes and declaration of Charles to take seeks his heritage in Denmark. vengeance upon Ogier and Didier He is surprised by Archbishop his new master. Bertram is sent Turpin (g'.v.),and is taken prisoner. to warn Didier to give Ogier up Turpin is permitted by Charles to to justice. He insults Ogier, who retain him, and does so for seven refuses to fight with him for the years. sake of his father, and Bertram In the fourth branch of the carries back the defiance of Lom- romance we are told how Brehus, bardy. Charles sets out with a King of Africa, invades France great host to take Ogier. Didier with a mighty host. Charles frees summons his army. In the battle Ogier in order to have his aid which ensues, Ogier at first drives against the paynim. Ogier re- the French back, and Charles is quires to have Chariot placed unhorsed. But at length the in his hands, to which the emperor French prevail, and the Lombards agrees. Broiefort, Ogier's horse, fleeing, Ogier is left with five is found harnessed to a porter's hundred knights only. He is, how- cart, but is brought back to Ogier. ever, succoured by Berron and Ogier is about to slay Chariot, Gerin, two Lombard chiefs, with who has been given up to him, their men. But they are slain, when St. Michael descends and and Ogier is forced to fly. In his holds his sword. A general re- flight he slays Bertram. He takes conciUation ensues. This brings a castle single-handed, and de- us to the end of the ninth branch, fends it against the emperor. the last of those believed to have He fights his way out under been worked up by Raimbert of cover of night, mounted on his Paris from earUer versions. Ogier steed Broiefort, and succeeds in sets out to encounter Brehus, reaching his stronghold of Castle- who has a magic ointment that Fort. Charlemagne prepares to can heal any wound, however reduce it. Ogier makes a des- grievous. Brehus wearies of the perate sally and wounds Charles. combat, requests a truce, and For five years the emperor sits sleeps. On the renewal of the before the castle. Ogier saUies fight, Brehus kills Broiefort, but out by a subterranean passage, is eventually slain by Ogier. The but is betrayed by a man of Pavia. eleventh and twelfth branches tell Bennet, his faithful squire, is of Ogier's love for the daughter slain, and Ogier is left alone at of the King of England, whom he OGM 278 ORA

rescues from the Saracens. A OLAF (1), KING. {Vide "Burnt great battle with the Pagans Njal.") Christian King of Norway, ensued, in which the French are and successor to the heathen completely victorious. Ogier Yarl Hacon. marries the princess whom he OLAF KING, {Vide " Grettir has rescued, and the emperor (2), Saga.") Successor to Yarl Svein gives him Hainault and Brabant. of Norway {q.v.). A text preserved in the British Museum relates the further ad- OLIVER. Son of Rainier of Genoa, ventures of Ogier. It dates from nephew of Gerard of Viana, and

the middle of the fourteenth brother of Alda ; the early rival century and tells how the hero and later the inseparable com- voyages to England, later sub- panion of Roland, and one of the duing the East. He subsequently peers of Charlemagne. For his undertakes a journey into the adventures and other matter con- Eand of Faery, where he meets cerning him, see " Gerard of Morgan le Fay, who frees him from Viana," "The Song of Roland," death. It is, indeed, chiefly in etc. this connection with Fairyland OLLAV FOLA. In Irish romance, a that the later ItaUan poets have king and the most distinguished celebrated Ogier. He is known Ollav (doctor) of Ireland, whose in EngUsh legend as the father of reign is placed about the year Sir Bevis of Hampton, and is the 1000 B.C. He heads all great hero of several of the Danish poUtical and national institutions ballads of the " Kempe-viser." as founder. With him compare OGMA. In Irish romance, a war- Goban the Smith. To him it was rior of Nuada of the Silver Hand said Ireland owed her triennial {q.v.), Lugh {q.v.), craving ad- Fair at Lara. mittance into Tara as a warrior, ONEYS, CHILDE. {Vide " Amys and was refused on the score that in AmyUon.") A faithful page to Sir the palace there was no need of AmyUon, he accompanied another such while Ogma dwelt whom there. during his master's affiction. As a reward, he succeeded to Amy- OISIN (Little Fawn). In Irish ro- lion's domains. mance. Son of Finn {q.v.), father ONUND. Vide " Gunnlanng of Oscar {q.v.). ILnowing no ( Saga.") Father of Rafn {q.v.). father, he Uved till he was a lad with his mother Saba {q.v.), who ORABLE. In the Charlemagne cycle had been changed into a hind : of romance, Queen of Thibaut or till one day she unwiUingly fol- Tybalt, the Pagan monarch of lowed the dark Druid, her hated Orange. When WiUiam of Orange lover. Alone on Ben Bulben, in came secretly to the city of that Shgo, the boy was found by Finn, name, she succoured him, and to whom he related his history, when he was captured connived whence the name given him. Ac- at his escape. She then offered cording to the ancient Ossianic herself to him as his wife, to which poems he lived to meet St. Patrick, he consented. She was chris- and to relate to him the doings of tened under the name of Guiborc. the Fianna {q.v.), hence this bardic {Vide " Wilham of Orange," fame. and " Prise d'Orange.") ORA 279 ORL

ORANGE, TAKING OF. {Vide "Prise duties of a well-bred woman, and d'Orange.") upon the wrong she has done knighthood in his person. To ORGANS. In St. Graal, a the Grand point the moral he winds up, at heathen king, whose island to mid-day in the open forest, with Pierre, sorely wounded, drifted a proposition which the repentant in boat. finding a His daughter, scornful one can only parry by Pierre dying on the seashore, the naive remark, " Seldom she tended him secretly till he was had found it warm in the embrace healed. father requiring a Her of a mail-clad arm." Not only champion, Pierre offered himself was it the lady's duty to yield conquered challenger. and the after a proper delay, but at times then converted baptized He and she might even make the first Orcans, who took the name Lamer advances, and be none the worse and married his daughter. thought of. Blanchefleur {q.v.) to Perceval's bed with ORFEO, SIR. May be briefly de- comes apology. Orgueilleuse, scribed as a Celtic adaptation of the scarce an with admiration at the familiar classical story of Orpheus overcome and Eurydice. Queen Heurodys Eed Knight's prowess, offers him her love. True, she has doubts as is carried off into Fairyland in to the propriety of her conduct, spite of all that human efforts can she submits them to avail. Orfeo follows her in des- but when the favoured lover for the pair as a minstrel, but his wonder- Gawain, time being, unhesitatingly ap- ful melodies at length succeed in he leading her back to the haunts of proves her. men. The tale is included in the ORKNEY, QUEEN OF. In Arthurian Auchinleck MS. {q.v.). The sub- romance, wife of King Lot ; sister ject of Orpheus and Eurydice was to Arthur ; mother to Mordred, Politiano's also utihzed in Favola begotten of Arthur (q.v.), Gareth, di Orfeo, performed at the court of Gawaine and Agravaine {vide 1483. It is rather Mantua in an " Morte d'Arthiu: "). She was sub- proper, eclogue than a drama but sequently slain by Gaheris, her son, it produced a veritable revolution because of her familiarity with Sir in Italian poetry, and its scrupu- Lancelot. lous imitation of antiquity pre- pared the way for the revival of ORLANDO. {Vide "Orlando Inna- the classic authors on the Italian morato," and " Orlando Furioso.") stage. Lord of Anglante, became mad when he discovered that Angehca ORGUEILLEUSE, DAME. An inte- had forsaken him for Medoro. He resting figure in Arthurian legend was afterwards restored to his as illustrating mediaeval moraUty. senses by Medoro. Having accompHshed the feat of the Ford Perilous, Gawain offers ORLANDO FURIOSO. A romance in love to her, which she flouts. As ItaUan, in which Ariosto con- Gawain feels he has done enough tinues Boiardo's narrative of the to win her love—and every knight amours of the Paladins at the served some lady be she matron court of Charlemagne during the or maid, he lectures her, as a fabulous wars of that monarch grave middle-aged man might against the Moors. {Vide " Or- some headstrong girl, upon the lando Innamorato.") The various ORL 280 ORL adventures of the many characters blacken Geneura's reputation, alluded to in its pages are so in- caused her to be openly accused tricate as to render the compila- of unchastity, and by the laws of tion of a synopsis a task of no Scotland condemned to death. little complexity. The following Incensed at Pohnesso's dupKcity, is offered as an outhne of the poem. Rinaldo took up her cause before When Orlando arrived at the the king, and entered the hsts Christian camp with AngeHca, with her enemy. Being van- Charlemagne gave her to Namus. quished by Rinaldo, Polinesso In a general battle Agramant and confessed the fraud, and thus MarsUius defeated the Christian Geneura's innocence was proved. Army. Angehca fled, and met Rogero, carried by the flying- Rinaldo, who fought for her with horse to Alcina's island, found a Ferrau. Escaping, she encoun- knight transformed into a myrtle. tered Sacripant, but their conver- After slaying a troop of monsters sation was interrupted by Brada- who opposed his egress, Rogero mant, who challenged the pagan, was met by two ladies belonging imhorsed him, and departed, when to Alcina's palace. Conquering Rinaldo appeared. Furious at Eriphila, and conducted by the Sacripant's seeming favour with two damsels, he arrived at the Angehca, Rinaldo attacked the palace, where Alcina received him Circassian King. Angehca flying, with great joy. Seduced by her met a hermit, who, by a magical allurements he led a life of luxury illusion, separated the two rivals. and effeminacy, until Mehssa, On returning to Paris, Rinaldo assuming the form of Atlantes, was sent by Charlemagne on an delivered him. He then travelled embassy to England. Brada- towards the country of LogistiUa. mant, seeking her lover Rogero, Leaving Scotland, Rinaldo arrived met Pinabello, who decoyed her in England, whence the Regent into a pit. Bradamant found transported him to assist Charle- herself in Merlin's cave, where she magne. Angehca, conveyed to a beheld Mehssa, who showed her desolate island, then cast into a in a vision all her descendants deep sleep by a hermit, was cap- who were to be famous in history. tured by mariners. Orlando, leav- Then she told the maiden how to ing Paris disguised, went out in dehver Rogero from the enchanted search of Angelica, and heard how castle of Atlantes. Following the people of Ebuda daily sacri- Mehssa's advice, Bradamant took ficed a virgin to a sea-monster. the ring from BruneUo, defeated He resolved to oppose these is- Atlantes, then set his prisoners landers, but beiug cast ashore by free. But the magician contrived a tempest, met Olympia, who Rogero's flight from Bradamant explained her expulsion from her on the griffin-horse. Meanwhile hereditary dominions, whereupon Rinaldo, entertained at an abbey, Orlando undertook both her re- heard of the misfortunes of Gen- storation and revenge. Rogero, eura, daughter to the King of journeying towards EogistiUa, Scotland, and undertook her arrived safely at the castle, where defence. Dalindo related the Alcina in vain endeavoured to loves of Ariodantes and Geneura, oppose him. He departed on the exposing the treachery of PoU- griflSn-horse to Europe, visited nesso, who had contrived to England, and was present at the ORL 281 ORL review of the forces raised to ducted by Andronica and Sophro- assist Charlemagne. Passing syne on his passage home. When Ebuda, he beheld AngeUca bound they reached the Persian Gulf, to a rock, ready to be devoured the knight pursued his journey by a sea-monster. Rogero res- by land, arrived at Egypt, and cued AngeUca, made love to her, took captive CaUgorant the giant. but by aid of the magic ring she He found Gryphon and Aquilant became invisible, and, deceived by fighting with Orilo, whom Astolpho Bradamant's vision, he was de- slew, then all entered Jerusalem coyed to the enchanted palace of where Sansonetto welcomed them. Atlantes. Orlando, in pursuit of Gryphon met Origilla, who, having AngeUca, found Olympia exposed been proved faithless, charged to be devoured by the ore, a him with inconstancy. Rodomont monster which he killed. Oberto, continued to besiege Paris with King of Ireland, married Olympia, fearful slaughter. While Agra- and Orlando resumed his search mant led his forces in by a gate- for AngeUca. Deluded by her Uke- way, Rinaldo came to succour the ness, he was drawn to the en- Christians, but Rodomont de- chanted castle of Atlantes, where stroyed all with fire and sword, AngeUca arrived, found Orlando, until opposed by Charlemagne. Sacripant, and Ferrau, all of Gryphon, Martano, and Origillo whom she deUvered by her magic arrived at Damascus, w^here a ring. While Orlando and Ferrau knight hospitably entertained contended, AngeUca departed, them, and related how Lucina, foUowed by Sacripant; Orlando, loved by Norandino, was rescued in quest of Angelica, found a from the ore by Mandricardo and damsel detained in a cave of Gradasso, whereupon Norandino outlaws. He heard how Isabella, celebrated the event by a tourna- loved by Zerbino, whose trust ment in which Gryphon overcame Odorico had betrayed, was cap- aU opponents, but Martano by tured by these outlaws, from fraud obtained the prize. Rodo- whom Orlando deUvered her. Bra- mont, attacked by Charlemagne damant lamented Rogero 's ab- and his Paladins, left Paris, and sence, but was comforted by repassing the Seine, heard that MeUssa, who instructed her how DoraUs was carried o£E by Mandri- to deUver him from the castle of cardo. The emperor returned, Atlantes, conducted her thither, and renewed the battle, Lurcanio then left her. Meanwhile Agra- being slain. Gryphon revenged mant prepared to muster his his disgrace by slaying many forces. Mandricardo, searching people of Damascus. Marphisa, for Orlando, met Doralis, be- Astolpho, and Sansonetto, con- trothed to Rodomont, attacked quering aU opponents at the her guard, and carried her off by Jousts, with Aquilant and Gryphon force. Rinaldo led the Christian embarked for France. Cloridano army to the walls of Paris, and Medoro, seeking to bury Agramant began the assault, and Dardinello, whom Rinaldo slew, Rodomont scaled the ramparts, were captured, and Qoridano amidst fearful slaughter of the killed. AngeUca found Medoro Christians, who made a gallant wounded, healed him, became defence. Astolpho, dismissed with enamoured, then married him. presents from Logistilla, was con- The four knights and Marphisa, ORL 282 ORL escaping shipwreck, were cast on and Medoro, became mad with the land of the Amazons. Mar- grief. Zerebino and Isabella met phisa, having killed nine cham- Almonio and Corebo, who brought pions, fought equally with Guido Odorico to receive from Zerebino the Savage, who related how, by punishment for breach of faith. ancient law, every invader per- Mandricardo and Rodomont ished unless he conquered the fought for Doralis, till, at her Amazon's ten champions. Guido request, they desisted, and de- deplored his thraldom under parted to aid Agramant. When female sway, helped the knights Rogero arrived with the damsel, to escape, but when nearly over- after slajdng a hundred who powered Astolpho blew his magic opposed him, he delivered Richard- horn, which so terrified the Ama- etto, who accompanied him to zons that all embarked. After- the castle of Agrismont, where wards landing, Marphisa separated they were entertained by Aldiger. from the knights, and met Gab- The three knights now undertook rina, whom he defended against to rescue Malagigi and Vivian Pinabello, then against Zerebino, from the Pagans, defeated the to whom he consigned Gabrina. troops of Maganza, and Uberated Zerebino next fought with Her- the two prisoners. Hippalca ar- monides, who related how Ga- rived, explained how Rodomont brina, married to Argeo, had en- stole Frontino from her, and deavoured to seduce Philander, when he appeared Rogero claimed the brother of Hermonides, caus- his horse. Malagigi fearing for ing him to slay Argeo in mistake Richardetto 's safety, caused a for Morando. Astolpho arrived demon to enter Doralis' horse, at the enchanted palace of At- which carried her away, followed lantes, blew his magic horn, dis- by Mandricardo and Rodomont, solved the enchantment, and libe- pursued by Rogero and Marphisa. rated the prisoners. Rogero The four warriors, joined by meeting Bradamant, departed Gradasso and Sacripant, attacked with her, then they were asked Charlemagne so fiercely that the by a damsel to deliver Richardetto Christian army fled. Rogero from being burnt aHve for vm- again claimed the shield of Hector, chastity, after which Rogero de- Rodomont and Sacripant disputed feated the four knights who Rogero 's horse Frontino, BruneUo threatened to despoil aU strangers was forcibly carried off by Mar- passing that way. Bradamant phisa, and Doralis preferred Man- after slaying Pinabello in revenge, dricardo to Rodomont, which so lost herself in a wood, where enraged the jealous king of Algiers, Astolpho found her. Meeting her that he left the camp. At a brother Alardo, she went with country inn Rodomont heard how him to Mount Albano, then sent Astolpho and Jocundo, finding Hippalca to Rogero with his horse their consortsfalse,visited Flanders, Frontino, which Rodomont after- France, and Albion in quest of wards took from her. Zerebino, love ; on realizing that other finding PinabeUo's dead body, men's wives were also unchaste was accused by Gabrina of the they returned home. Rodomont murder, doomed to death, but set out for Algiers, but seeing a delivered by Orlando, who, on deserted chapel, resolved to reside discovering the loves of Angelica therein. IsabeUa arrived with the ORL 283 ORL dead body of Zerbino, slain by country. Meanwhile Astolpho, Mandricardo. The Algerian king flying through the air, reached fell in love with her, urged her to the capital of King Senapus, in break her vow of virginity, but Ethiopia, drove the harpies from she preserved her honour by the king's table to Hell, where he telling him of a herb, which, met the ghost of Lydia, punished distilled, would render him in- for scorning her lover on earth. vulnerable. Medoro and Ange- The English duke then flew to lica, about to embark for India, Paradise, where St. John the were accosted by Orlando, and Evangehst instructed him how with great difficulty, escaped from to restore Orlando to his senses, the madman's hands. Contending then conveyed him to the moon, for the shield of Hector, Rogero where he beheld the three fatal

slew Mandricardo ; Bradamant, sisters spinning the thread of life. inquiring as to her lover's welffire Bradamant had now met Flordelis, heard tidings of the absent one and undertook to deliver Brandi- by Hippalca. On arriving at mart from the hands of Rodomont. Mount Albano, Rinaldo prepared This feat she accomphshed in a with six other knights to go to joust with the pagan king on a assist Charlemagne, while Brada- bridge, then on reaching Arli, mant remained behind at Mount sent Flordehs with a challenge to Albano. Meeting Guido the Rogero, after which she unhorsed Savage, they were challenged by at three separate encounters, Per- him, and Richardetto, Alardo, pentino, Grandonio, and Ferrau. then Guichardo were in turn over- Marphisa was next unhorsed by thrown, but Rinaldo engaged him the intrepid damsel, and when

until stopped by dusk ; then all Rogero appeared he also was arrived at Charlemagne's camp attacked. The lovers then re- and defeated Agramant. There- tired to a solitary grove, pursued after Gradasso enjoined Rinaldo by Marphisa, who now assaulted to finish their contest for Bayardo. Bradamant. Rogero interposed, Having fled to Arli, the African but Marphisa turned fiercely on monarch was relieved by Marphisa, him, until the combat was broken who caused Brunello to be hanged off by a Voice which proclaimed for steahng her sword. Brada- them brother and sister. Rogero, mant, meeting a Gascon knight, Bradamant, and Marphisa, meet- learnt that Marphisa now usurped ing three damsels whose garments Rogero 's affections. Leaving were chpt away, undertook their Mount Albano, she met Ulania, revenge. They arrived at Lemnos arrived at Sir Tristram's lodge, and heard how Morganor, on being unhorsed three kings, and was deprived of his two sons through hospitably received by the lord love of women, banished all of the castle. Next morning the females. The undaunted three female warrior unhorsed the three attacked the castle, took Morganor kings a second time. While prisoner, and Marphisa decreed Rinaldo and Gradasso fought for that henceforth, every husband Bayardo, the horse was attacked should be ruled by his wife. by a monstrous bird. They Astolpho, dismissed from Paradise ceased fighting, Gradasso caught, by Orlando's wit, returned to then mounted, the affrighted Nubia, restored Senapus to sight, steed, and embarked for his own who besieged Biserta. Where- ORL 284 ORL upon Agramant sent an embassy tuan knight, Rinaldo embarked to Charlemagne, urging him to in a vessel, heard how the judge decide the war by single combat. Anselmo had sentenced his wife

The emperor agreed, so Rogero Argia to death for infidelity ; but and Rinaldo were the champions she, finding him also false, thereby chosen. As they contended, became absolved. Reaching Lipa- Agramant, by Mehssas' device, dusa, Rinaldo thence proceeded broke the truce, and a general with Orlando, Sobrino, and OHvero battle ensuing, the knights sepa- to the island of the hermit, where rated. Landing in Africa, Astol- they met Rogero, to whom Rinaldo pho received Olivero, Sansonetto, promised his sister Bradamant, Brandimart and other Christian then all departed for Marseilles, knights, then mad Orlando en- where Astolpho joined them, and tered the camp, and the Enghsh together they entered Paris in duke restored him to his triumph. Amon, having pre- senses. Agramant, sailing from viously promised his daughter ArU, was attacked by Dudon's to Leon, quarrelled with his son fleet, and his ships destroyed. Rinaldo, whereupon Bradamant The African monarch escaped left her father's court, and was with Sobrino, and at the siege of immured in a castle. Leaving Biserta, Brandimart put Agra- Paris to Mil Leon, Rogero assisted mant to flight, who, meeting the Bulgarians against the Greeks, Gradasso, enhsted his aid. The whom he defeated. Whilst asleep three pagans then challenged the brave knight was seized by Orlando, Brandimart, and Olivero. Unguardo, dehvered over to Theo- Rogero, following the king to his dora, desirous to revenge the native Africa, arrived at Marseilles, death of her son, killed by contested with Dudon, and released Rogero. After defying Leon, seven kings captured from Agra- Bradamant returned to Amon's mant. He embarked with them court, Rogero was released by for Africa, and in a dreadful storm Leon, then fought Bradamant all perished but himself. The in Leon's stead. Marphisa inter- three Christian knights departed ceded for Rogero with Charle- for Idpadusa, and left Flordelis magne, and contested Leon's behind in great affliction. Rogero claim, which Amon opposed. escaped by swimming to an island, Searching for Rogero, Leon where he was entertained by a accosted MeUssa, who conducted hermit, and received Christian him to the warrior, then all baptism. In the combat Agra- returned to Charlemagne's court. mant, Gradasso and Brandimart The Bulgarian ambassadors were slain. Rinaldo, hearing offered Rogero the crown of Bul- from Malagigi that Angelica had garia, Amon and Beatrice con- left France with Medoro, resolved sented to his marriage with Brada- on pursuit. In the forest of Arden mant, and Melissa presided over he was attacked by Jealousy, the nuptials. At the festival, dehvered by a knight, and by Rodomont appeared, challenged drinking at the fountain of Dis- Rogero, who slew the fierce Sara- dain, cured of his love for Ange- cen in the duel. lica. In Orlando, mad for love of After refusing to drink of the Angehca, cured by disdaining enchanted offered cup by a Man- those charms formerly prized, is ; ;

ORL 285 ORL

displayed an intimate knowledge tures of the redoubtable Rodo- of the heart, which brooks no mont, excite an interest which rival in its affections. Angelica, in popularity was surpassed only forsaking Orlando for Einaldo, by iioiosto, who continued the then espousing Medoro, represents romance in Orlando Furioso (q.v.). a type of feminine fickleness, Charlemagne proclaimed a solemn liable to form new attachments. feast and tournament in Paris, Astolpho, transformed into a at which many foreign princes myrtle by Alcina, and recovering and knights were present from his former shape by MeUssa, various parts of the world, both in allegory, represents the true pagan and Christian. On a cer- image of the man lost through tain day, when all the nobles and sensuahty. Alcina personifies strangers were assembled, an un- vice, by whom men are captivated known knight and lady entered by Logistilla is meant reason, the hall, attended by four giants which deUvers them from sin. of great stature. The lady, whose Rogero, intoxicated with the charms dazzled all the spectators, beauty of Alcina, is seduced from addressed herself to the emperor. virtue by the siren's alluring She told him that her name was

charms ; but detecting her de- Angelica, that she came with her pravity, he ultimately escapes brother Uberto from a distant from her power. Bradamant, kingdom, attracted by the fame the female warrior, in love with and the magnificence of his court Rogero, is a noble character, that her brother who earnestly loyal to truth, zealous in every desired to prove his valour with good cause, whose fidelity wins the warriors then present, was her wayward lover's heart. The ready to meet any of them in the most exalted sentiments of honour field, whether Saracen or Christian; are expressed by Rinaldo, ever upon condition, that whoever was ready to succour the distressed, unhorsed by him, should imme- to avenge cruelty, or to estabhsh diately become his prisoner. If justice. Isabella, in despair when he should be overthrown, he pro- her lover Zerbino is slain, with mised to depart with the giants, dignity upholds the sanctity of and leave his sister as the prize love, which she renounces for of the conqueror. The fair reHgion. Rodomont, who loved stranger concluded by saying that DoraUs, and when discarded by her brother would expect them at her became enamoured of Isabella, his pavilion without the city. whom he ultimately killed, then Having received a gracious answer fell a victim to his own impor- the lady retired with her company tunity, points the danger of defying while every knight, captivated ordained laws. with her charms, felt the utmost impatience to enter the lists with ORLANDO INNAMORATO. An Ita- the strange warrior. But above lian treatment of the Charlemagne the rest, Orlando, whose eyes had Cycle by Count Maria Boiardo been riveted on so beautiful an (1430-1494) (q.v.). The valour of object, confessed the pangs of Orlando, the charms displayed by love, though he studiously en- Angelica, who exercises supreme deavoured to conceal his inward power over the hearts of the emotions. Even Namus could knights, the marvellous adven- not resist the power of such ORL 286 ORL perfections, nor was Charlemagne passions that inspired him from himself wholly exempted from the a nearer view of her charms, he general contagion. Meanwhile could no longer resist the powerful Malagigi, a cousin of Rinaldo, impulse, but advanced to embrace who was deeply skilled in magic, her. Angelica, who had the ring suspecting that the visit of these upon her finger, which preserved strangers boded no good to the her from the force of his incanta- Christians, had recourse to his tions, suddenly awoke, and finding art, and upon consulting his herself in the arms of a man, familiars received intelligence that uttered a loud cry. Argalia ran the lady was daughter to Gala- to her assistance, and seized phron, King of Cathay ; that the Malagigi, while the princess made knight her brother was not called herself mistress of his magical

Uberto, but Argaha ; that the book, and calling upon his spirits, king their father, to effect a great commanded them to convey the design which he meditated, had prisoner to her father's kingdom, procured for his son a suit of which was performed in an instant. enchanted armour, a golden lance In order to put an end to the of such hidden virtue, that the dissension that had arisen in the least touch of it would dismount Christian court, each champion the stoutest warrior, and a horse claiming the preference to first of incomparable swiftness. To enter the hsts with Argalia, the these gifts he added a ring of such emperor commanded that lots wonderful efficacy, that being con- should be drawn. The names veyed into the mouth, it made the that appeared were Astolpho, person invisible, and, being worn Ferrau, Rinaldo, and next Charle- upon the finger, had the power magne, who would not be excluded to frustrate aU enchantments. notwithstanding his age. After The king, however, confided chiefly these came many more before the in the beauty of his daughter, not name of Orlando appeared. As- doubting that her charms would tolpho being armed, as the first fascinate the champions of Charle- on the hst of combatants, pre- magne, and that she would bring sented himself to encounter Arga- them prisoners to the throne of ha, was unhorsed by the golden Cathay. Malagigi, having heard lance, and sent prisoner into the this, conceived the design of pavilion. Next morning at day- delivering his country from the break, Ferrau, a Spanish knight, impending danger. He caused came from the city to try his himself to be transported by his fortune, and was overthrown in spirits to the paviUon of Argaha, the same manner. But refusing whom he found asleep, with Ange- to yield to the conditions of the lica near him, guarded by the four combat, the giants endeavoured giants. These he soon cast into to seize his person. These he a deep slumber by the force of slew, and compelled Argaha to his spells, and drew his sword with engage him on foot. AngeUca, a determination to put an end to fearing the issue of their combat, hfe of this the dangerous beauty. fied, when Argalia, perceiving But as he approached her, he her flight, followed her, and was began to feel sensations of a very as suddenly pursued by Ferrau, different nature, tiU every reso- who, after some time, entering giving lution, way to the softer the forest of Arden, found Argalia ;

ORL 287 ORL asleep, who had not been able to immediately found his love for overtake his sister. The Spaniard Angelica changed into hatred. determined that he should not He then came to the other foun- escape him, turned Argalia's horse tain, Ukewise the work of Merlin, loose, and waited, with the utmost called the Fountain of Love, impatience, till his enemy awoke. which had the faculty of inspiring An obstinate battle then ensued, the breast with that passion. till victory at last declared for Here, tempted by the beauty of Terrau. Argalia, finding himself the place, he alighted from his mortally woxmded, entreated that horse, yet, as he had before when he was dead, his body, with quenched his thirst, he drank not all his armour, might be thrown of the stream, but stretching into the river, that no one might himself on the turf, soon fell into wear it after him, and reproach a profound sleep. Angehca, who his memory for suffering himself had fled while her brother was to be vanquished when he was engaged with Ferrdu, was led defended with impenetrable ar- by chance to the same place mour. Ferrau promised to grant where Rinaldo lay. The princess, his request, having first desired fatigued with her flight, and in- the use of his helmet for a few vited by the clearness of the days, his own being demoUshed water, drank a large draught, and in the battle. After the departure conceived a violent passion for of Argaha, Angehca, and Ferrau, the sleeping knight, whom she Astolpho having recovered his stood contemplating with inex- liberty, mounted his horse, took pressible pleasure, till he awakened. the golden lance which Argaha As soon as Rinaldo opened his had left behind him, and returned eyes, and beheld Angelica, who to the city. In his way he met was now become the object of his Rinaldo, who was impatient to most bitter aversion, he remounted learn the issue of the combat his horse, and left the place with and having heard what had passed the utmost precipitation, in spite determined to go in search of of the most moving entreaties AngeUca. .Orlando, who had felt which the lovesick virgin urged no ease since the appearance of to detain him. About this time the lovely stranger, after Astol- Gradasso, King of Sericane, having pho 's return, left the court of long been desirous to get posses- Charlemagne, set out Ukewise to sion of Durindana, Orlando's foUow Angelica, and in his way sword, and of Bayardo, Rinaldo's met with various adventures. horse, passed with a great army When Rinaldo first left the court into France, and Orlando being of Charlemagne to follow Angelica, absent, he defeated Charlemagne he entered the forest of Arden, in a general battle, and made him where he came to the enchanted and many of his leaders prisoners. fountain made by Merlin the Charlemagne promised, at the re- magician, to cure Sir Tristram turn of Orlando, to give up to him of his passion for Isolta. But Durindana and Bayardo, but Or- although it so happened that the lando refused to resign them, and knight never tasted of the water, challenged Gradasso to the Joust, yet the virtue of it remained overthrowing him with the ever after. Rinaldo, arriving golden lance. According to the here, drank of the fountain, and conditions of their encounter. ORL 288 ORL

Charlemagne and all the prisoners Rodomont, King of Sarza, burning were set at liberty. Gradasso with desire to revenge the death then joined himself to Marsilius. of his father Troyano, slain by After the return of Angelica to the Christians, ordered a coimcil India, Agrican, King of Tartary, to be called in the city of Biserta, and father of Mandrucardo, de- the capital of his empire. When manded her in marriage. Being thirty-two kings, his tributaries, refused by her, he raised a great were assembled, he proposed to army, and besieged her in Al- them his design of invading the bracca, the capital of Cathay, kingdom of Qiarlemagne. After inviting other nations to join many debates it was at last him. Many gallant actions were resolved to transport a powerful performed at the siege. Orlando, force into France, notwithstanding Brandimart, Sacripant, Marphisa, the prophecy of the King of Gara- Astolpho, and many others, took manta, who declared that the the part of Angehca. But B;inaldo, expedition would prove fatal to who at that time hated Angehca, Agramant and his army. When from his having drunk of the the King of Garamanta had in enchanted fountain, joined him- vain endeavoured to dissuade self to her enemies, in consequence Agramant from his designed in- of which he had several encounters vasion of France, he told the with Orlando. After various suc- monarch that there remained but cesses on either side, and an one expedient by which he might infinity of adventures engaged in hope to meet with any success by the several knights during the against the Christians. This was, siege, Agrican was slain by Or- to take with him a yoiuig hero, lando in single combat. Angehca, named Rogero, who then resided hearing that Rinaldo, whom she with Atlantes the magician, on then loved, had gone to France, Mount Carena. Agramant, having, persuaded Orlando to accompany in consequence of his advice, made her thither. After her departure, many fruitless researches to find the enemies of Albracca, taking the fatal warrior, was directed, advantage of the absence of Or- by the King of Garamanta, to lando, and her other brave de- procure the enchanted ring, then fenders, took the city by storm, in possession of Angehca, daughter and reduced it to ashes. When of Galaphron, King of Cathay, Angelica, after the taking of without which the retreat of Albracca, returned to France with Atlantes could never be discovered. Orlando, she passed again through Thereupon, Agramant offering the Forestof Arden,and,in herway, great rewards to any one that happened to drink of the fountain would undertake this adventure, of hatred, which entirely obhte- Brunello, a person of mean extrac- rated her former passion. About tion, but well versed in the arts the same time Ronaldo, meeting of fraud, engaged to perform it. with the contrary fountain, drank Accordingly, he went to Albracca, of the waters of love. While the stole the ring from the princess, siege of Albracca was being carried and brought it to Agramant, who, on, Agramant, the young King of in recompense for his good service, Africa, only twenty-two years of made him king of Tangitana. In age, and the bravest knight in this excursion, Brunello, likewise, the dominions of Africa, except stole Sacripant's horse, Marphisa 's ORL 289 ORL sword, Orlando's sword which he notwithstanding all the argument had won from the enchantress used by Atlantes, to dissuade the Falerina, and the famous horn king from taking Rogero with which he had taken from Almontes. him in that expedition. During Agramant, having got possession the battle between the pagans of this precious ring, went, with all and the Christians, Rogero so his court, to the mountain, where distinguished himself that Brada- Atlantes was said to reside. The mant, struck with his manly de- ring having dispelled every mist portment, was desirous to learn that enchantment had cast before who he was, and received from his eyes, they soon discovered the him the account of his origin. rock on which was the wonderful Bradamant, in return, revealed dwelling. But the height for- her birth and name, and taking bidding all approaches to it, off her helmet, surprised the young Agramant, by the advice of Bru- warrior with her beauty. At this nelLo, ordered a tournament to instant a band of pagans fell in be held on the plain at the foot with them, one of whom wounded of the rock. Rogero, roused by Bradamant in the head, which the sound of the warlike instru- was then unarmed. Rogero, who ments, and fired with the sight of had by this time conceived a horses and armour, which he violent passion for the fair warrior, stood for some time contemplating and enraged at the brutality of from the summit of the rock, at the action, advanced furiously to last made Atlantes, though with revenge it on the author. The great reluctance, descend with Pagans then attacked him all at him to the plain. Brunello, who once, and Bradamant, who now carefully watched the success of began to feel the tenderest senti- his project, soon espied Rogero ments for Rogero, immediately with Atlantes, and drawing near joined him. Their united force them, entered into conversation. soon vanquished their adversaries, Brunello, being then completely who were either slain or put to armed and mounted on Frontino, flight. But it so happened that observed that Rogero was struck in the pursuit the two lovers were with the beauty of his horse and separated, this being their first armour, so he presented them to meeting. Throughout the war the him, and the young warrior im- young Rogero was accompanied patiently arming himself, and by Atlantes, who, since he could girding Bahsarda to his side, not divert his charge from the leaped on Frontino, and entered pursuit of glory, was prompted by the lists, where he overthrew his anxiety to be near him in every opponent, and obtained time of danger. The enchanted the honours of the day. All the castle represents the carnal appetite combatants were astonished at which holds men prisoners; by

the valour of this unknown cham- Atlantes is figured love ; Brandi- pion, till Agramant, having at mart and Flordelis, pagans by last discovered him to be Rogero, birth, converted to Christianity, whom he had so eagerly sought represent patterns of conjugal for, received him with open arms, affection. Sacripant, one of Ange- and conferred upon him the honour lica's most faithful lovers, affords of knighthood. He engaged Ro an example of the brave and noble gero to accompany him to France, actions love can inspire. Angelica u —

ORT 290 OTK

is a natural lively picture of the the sufferings which Gerlinte in- coquetry and levity of the fair flicted upon that princess to induce sex, and never takes hold of the her to marry Hartmut. Ortrun heart as do the more steadfast pled her brother's cause with Bradamant, Flordelis, or Isabella, Gudrun, but in vain. When Gud- these models of female excellence. run's rescuers came, she saved Astolpho, decoyed to the palace Ortrun and her maidens from the of Alcina, illustrates the danger fury of Wate (q.v.), taking her of tampering with vice. Mar- with her to Hegelingen, where she phisa, who vowed to capture the prevailed upon her mother, Hilda, three kings, Gradasso, Agrican, to receive Ortrun with kindness. and Charlemagne, shows what Twice Ortrun induced Gudrun to may be accomphshed by tenacity intercede for Hartmut's safety, of purpose. For the continuation once during the fight at Ormany, of the romance, see Orlando Fu- and later at Hegelingen. {Vide riqso. " Hartmut.") Up to 1545 the poem would OSANTRIX. seem to have been extremely Son of King Hermit popular, for between that date (q.v.) and husband to Oda {q.v.). ruled and the date of the editio princepa He over the Wilkinmen and was a consistent it had passed through no fewer enemy of Dietrich of Bern {q.v.). than sixteen editions. But after He was slain by Elgel {q.v.). 1545 it was never again printed until 1830, when Parrizzi pub- OSCAR. In Irish romance son of lished an excellent edition with Oisin {q.v.), grandson of Finn notes in nine volumes. {q.v.). The fiercest warrior of the ORTLIEB. {Vide " Nibelungenhed.") Fianna, he was slain in siagle Son of Kriemhild and Etzel. He combat with, and slew the King was bom seven years after Kriem- of Ireland, Cairbry {q.v.), in the hild (q.v.), married Etzel (q.v.). Battle of Gowra {q.v.). King of the Huns, and he was six OSILE. (F«e "Guy of Warwick.") years old when the Burgundians Daughter of the Duke of Lorraine. came to the Court of Etzel. During Married Sir Thierry. a great feast Ortlieb was brought in and introduced to Gunther OTHO.DUKEOFPAVIA. (See "Guy (q.v.) and his retinue, but was of Warwick.") He was over- slain by Hagen {q.v.) in his wrath thrown by Sir Guy at a tournament at the attack on Dankwart {q.v.), at Rouene. He placed some who burst into the hall telling of warriors in ambuscade for Sir how he had been attacked by Guy, but he escaped. Otho was Blodehn (q.v.) by order of Kriem- wounded at the siege of Louvain. hild. He acted in a very treacherous way to Thierry and ORTRUN. (F»(^ "Gudrun Lay"— Osile, and took them prisoners, but third division of, under heading Sir Guy dehvered them and " Gudrun.") Daughter of Ludwig killed Otho. and Gerlinte, King and Queen of OTKELL. (FjcZe "Burnt Njal.") A Ormany, sister of Hartmut. rich and covetous farmer who, Married Ortwein, brother of Gud- refusing to sell food to Gunnar run. Sweet and gentle, she loved {q.v.), soon afterwards found his Gudrun and endeavoured to lighten store-house robbed and burnt. By OTR 291 OTU

Mord's (q.v.) cunning Hallgerda portion of his lands to the Saracens, {q.v.) was found to be the thief. he would ravage all France. Sir She and her husband, Gunnar, Otuel was very haughty and were summoned to court upon the insolent in manner, and made so lying advice of Skamkell (q.v.), many insulting remarks that he Gunnar, however, triumphing. roused theindignation of his hearers But one day, Otkell's spear having and a knight attacked him, but by mishap made a gash in Gunnar's he drewhis famous sword Corrouge, ear, Skamkell noised it abroad and after having slain the man, he that Gunnar had wept. This he defied the assembly. He challenged brought about the death of Otkell, Roland, and they agreed to meet Skamkell, and their six com- in single combat. After a severe panions, who were slain soon encounter, Roland began to have afterwards, by Gunnar and his a high opinion of his antagonist, brother Kolskegg. By Njal's wise and thinking how useful he might counsels the matter of these be as an ally, he repeated an ofier slayings was settled to the satis- made by Charlemagne, that if faction of aU. Otuel would become a Christian, he would be given the king's OTRANT. In the cycle, Charlemagne daughter^ the beautiful Behsent, the pagan King of Nimes. {Vide in marriage. The king, afraid " Charroi de Nimes.") that Roland might be slain, prayed earnestly that Otuel might be OTTER. Son of Hreidmar {q.v.), converted, and immediately a brother to Regin {q.v.) and Fafnir miracle happened. A white culver {q.v.). He was slain by Loki descended on Otuel, who demanded {q.v.), the Scandinavian god of a parley, then promising to forsake evil, covered his skin with gold who " his gods, said : To your God ich rings, which his father received will take." He was baptized next as blood-money. (FteZe "TheBay day by Archbishop Turpin, married of the Volsunga.") Behsent, and Joined the Christian OTUEL, SIR. An EngUsh romance of army. Then preparations were the Charlemagne cycle, probably made for an attack upon Garsie of the thirteenth century. The and a day and place fixed for theme is an account of various battle. Roland, OHvier, and Ogier battles fought between the Chris- went out first in search of adven- tians and the Saracens. A Saracen ture, and had an encounter with King, Garsie of Lombardy, was some of the fiercest Saracen determined to extirpate Chris- knights, when Ogier was taken tianity, and as Charlemagne was prisoner. Then Sir Otuel set out its greatest champion, he sent an and met with King Clarel, whom ambassador to him in the person he slew in single combat. After of Sir Otuel. He chose the occa- this the two armies met, and the sion of a great festival when Saracens were completely defeated. Charlemagne was surrounded by Ogier escaped from prison and his peers and his great heroes, Joined Roland and Ohvier in Roland, OHvier, and Ogier. Sir pursuit of the Saracens. King Otuel gave his master's message, Garsie was overtaken by Otuel, which was that imless Charlemagne and brought prisoner to Charle- renounced Christianity, became a magne, becoming his vassal on vassal to him and handed a condition his life was spared. —

OTO 292 PAL

Shortly after this Charlemagne hear it. Sir Baldwin and Sir fought against the Saracens under Terry found him, and soon after Ibrahim, King of Seville, and he expired. Charlemagne re- routed them, killing Ibrahim. venged the death of his nephew After making a conquest of Spain, in a battle at Saragossa, when Charlemagne desired to return to Baligand was slain, and Sir Otuel France, but insisted first that re-appeared and slew the King of Marsile and Bahgand should Persia, while Ganelon was hanged. either be baptized or pay him ODRY THE GERMAN. Vide " Garin tribute. He chose Ganelon as ( the Lorrainer.") Nephew of the ambassador to them, but the Eorrainers. helped Saracen kings bribed him to act two He them in their battles against traitor and lead the French army the Bordelais. into the defiles of the forest of Roncevalles. skilfully Ganelon OWEN (1). In Irish romance, son managed so that Roland and his of Duracht. He alone obeyed friends found themselves in the Conor's order to slay the sons of forest, entirely surrounded by Usna iq.v.). Fox, one of them, Saracens in overwhelming num- carried away Deirdre (q.v.), the bers. They were all slain except intended bride of Conor. Roland, who after finding out " Marsile and killing him, was too OWEN (2). (Vide Gododin.") Son severely wounded and too faint of Urien. He was a great Oymric to do more than sound his ivory warrior, who was slain at the horn, hoping some friend would Battle of Cattreath.

PALFREY, THE. A French romance, refused. He, therefore, consulted probably of the thirteenth century, with the maiden, who advised him which relates how a brave knight, to request his old uncle a, very named Messire William, fell in wealthy man—to intercede with love with a fair lady of noble birth, her father for him ; and as who returned his affections. Her Messire William was his heir, to father objected to the union, on advance him money, which he account of the knight's poverty. would repay after his marriage. The damsel was so well guarded The knight complied ; the uncle that they could only hold converse acceded to his wishes, and Messire through a breach in the courtyard WiUiam rode bhthely away to a wall. The knight on these occa- tournament. During his absence, sions always rode a beautiful grey the uncle asked the maiden in palfrey, which became famiUar marriage for himself, and because with the track through the forest. of his wealth, her father agreed. This continued for some time, till When the knight returned, he he felt he must have his fate was sorely grieved at the trick decided one way or the other. So played on him. The palfrey was to the lady's he went father, an borrowed for the use of the aged prince, boldly asked his wedding guests, as they had to daughter in marriage, and was ' ride some distance to church. A PAL 293 PAR

feast was given in honour of the disappointed. He is an enemy on wedding, the lords became heavy that account of Sir Tristram, but with wine, and slept soundly. they possess a deep sense of each The warder being dazed, mistook other's worth. He is a conspicu- the bright moonlight night for ous follower after the " questing early mom, and sounded his horn beast." (Vide "Morte d'Arthur.") for the cavalcade to make ready. On another occasion he undertakes The maiden was placed on the the perilous task of avenging King palfrey and they set forth. The Hermance's [q.v.) assassination, guests were so drowsy with sleep overcomes the assassins and re- that they scarcely observed stores the liberty of the Red City. where they were going. The pal- He repeatedly displays a love of frey, knowing the way, ambled Justice, always fulfflUng his pledges along unattended, till he came to In battle, or in sport. He be- the path which led to Messire friends Sir Launcelot, who for a William's house and entered the timegovernor of Benwick, advances well-known track without any of him to the Duchy of Provence. the party missing him. The {Vide "Morte d'Arthur.") maiden gave him the rein, and allowed him to go where he listed. PARTHENAY or THE TALE OF MELU- After fording a river, he brought SINE. A metrical romance trans- her straight to his master's castle. lated from the French of Ea The warder, recognizing the horse, Condrette before 1500 a.d. The ran and told the knight, who, French version is superior to the when he beheld the maiden, English translation, the MS. of brought her in amid great rejoic- which is in the Trinity College, ings. The next day they were Cambridge. There is also a copy married, and when her father of the romance In prose in the heard about it, he decided that it British Museum, but it difiers In was too late to mend matters. detail from the others. The version of the MS. in Trinity PALMERIN OF ENGLAND. In ro- College is in octosyllabic metre, mance son of an Edward, one of and was undertaken by one named the English kings. La Condrette, a Poitevin, at the PALMERINDE DE OLIVA. Succeeded request of WiUiam, Lord of Par- to the throne of his grandfather, thenay, and continued by him King of Constantinople. He won after this Wilham's death in 1401 the hand of Trineus. The son of at the request of his son John of his daughter who is said to have Parthenay. The romance resolves English Edwards marriedone of our itself into five parts. became known as Palmerin of (i.) The story of King Helmas England (q.v.). and the Enchanted Mountain.— PALOMIDES, SIR. A noble knight Helmas was King of Albany. He of Arthur's Court. He plays an married a fairy named Presine, to important part in Arthurian ro- whom he swore that he would mance. As a warrior he proves never see her at the time of his prowess in all encounters, childbirth. She gives birth to either in sport or battle. As a three daughters, named Melusine, lover he is somewhat conspicuous MeUov, and Palestine {vide " Melu- as paying court to Isond (Ysolde), sine.") Helmas breaks his vow, but in this respect he is repeatedly and his daughters shut him up PAR 294 PAR in an enchanted mountain until of Armenia succeeds in doing so, death. Presine, angered at her but on asking her to become his children's behaviour, turns Melu- wife she slays him. sine into a serpent every Saturday. (v.) Palestine's Treasures.— MeUov is banished for ever to Palestine guards her father's a " Sparrow-hawk Castle " in treasures on the top of the moun- Armenia, and Palestine is directed tain in Arragon, assisted by a to watch over King Helmas' huge serpent, a great bear and treasures, which are deposited on innumerable snakes. An English a mountain-top in Arragon. knight slays the bear, passes the (ii.) Count Raymond, who is snakes, but is devoured by the adopted by Amery, the youngest great serpent. The romance con- son of the Earl of the Forest, cludes with many praises of John marries Melusine, who exacts from of Parthenay, and with a lament him a promise not to inquire for his father's death. whither she goes every Saturday. PARTHOLAN. Son of Sera. With He, however, breaks the vow and his Queen Dalny and several com- is forgiven ; but in anger one day panions of both sexes, he is sup- he calls her a serpent. She im- posed to have been the first man mediately departs in' that form ; to land in Ireland. In Caesar we and afterwards the count is ab- learn that the Celts boasted of solved by the Pope and becomes a descent from the God of the Dead, hermit at Montserrat in Arragon, in the land of the mystic west. where he dies. ThePartholians fought victoriously (iii.) TheThree Sons of Raymond with the Fomorians {q.v.), but and Melusine. Melusine has ten — were exterminated by a pestUence, sons in aU, amongst whom three of perishing upon the original plain them achieve object. Geof- some of Ireland. frey, with the great tooth, succeeds his father as Lord of Parthenay, PARTINAL. Lord of the Red and slays the giants Guedon in Tower. Nephew of Espinogre and slayer Geurrande and Gremold in North- of Goon Desert, whom he slew disguised umberland. He also discovers the as one of Goon wonders of the enchanted moun- Desert's {q.v.) knights. Perceval tain. Fromont, after committing vows to avenge the murder, and an atrocious deed, becomes a coming to his castle espies a fir tree whereon hangs a shield. This monk ; but Geoffrey is displeased and bums him aUve. Horrible, Perceval casts down, whereon Partinal the third son, is put to death by appears and is slain. his mother because of his wicked- Perceval cuts off his head and ness. The last two, Raymond and places it on the highest tower of Thierry, attain high positions. the GraU Castle. The former becomes Earl of the PARTONOPEUS DE BLOIS. A French Forest, and the latter succeeds romance dating from the thirteenth Geoffrey as Lord of Parthenay. century, which has been assigned (iv.) The Sparrow-hawk Castle. to Denis Piramus. The tale is —The lady Mehov is given the in its essence a variation of the power of granting a boon to any legend of Cupid and Psyche. knight who watches the deathless Partonopeus is represented as sparrow within the castle for three having lived in the days of Clovis, nights without sleeping. A king King of France. He was seized ;

PAR 295 PAR

while hunting in the Ardennes, and one day met with some knights of carried off to a mysterious castle, the court of Arthur, he follows the inhabitants of which were them, arrives at Nantes, where invisible. Melior, empress of Con- Arthur was residing, and begs to stantinople, came to him at night, be first instructed, and afterwards stipulating that he must not received, as a knight. But Parzi- attempt to see her for two years val must instruct himself, and and a haK. After successfully gain his spurs in the midst of fighting against the Saracens, led adventures. He sets out, arrives by Lornegur, King of Denmark, at the court of Cundwiramour of he returned to the castle, armed Pelrapeire, with whom he falls in with an enchanted lantern which love, and who is eventually to be

broke the spell. His consequent his wife ; he comes afterwards to misfortunes had a happy termina- the court of Amfortas, King of the tion. The tale had a continuation Greal, who is iU on account of a giving the adventures of Fursin or sin he committed, and whose cure Anselet, the nephew of Lornegur. will only be effected when his Partonopeus is generally assumed successor Parzival, seated with to be one of the Seven against him at the banquet of the Greal,

Thebes. shall ask • an explanation of the wonderful things he beholds. PARZIVAL. A German Grail ro- Parzival, ignorant of this condition mance adapted from the Conte du imposed on him by his destiny, Graal (q.v.) of Chretien de Troyes and restrained by too much dis- by Wolfram von Eschenbaeh (q.v.). cretion, keeps silence at the ban- It teUs how Gamuret, the son of quet, and leaves the castle of Gandin, Duke of Anjou, marries, Amfortas without inquiring into during his wanderings in the what he has seen. Thus frus- East, the Moorish queen Belacane, trated, unknown to himself, and by whom he has a son called partly by his own fault, of the Feirifiz. Impelled by his desire brilhant destiny which awaited of returning to the west, Gamuret him, he begins anew to seek

leaves the queen and his son ; he adventures, until, after many a returns to France, where, being fight, he meets with his friend, elected Duke of Anjou, he takes Gawain, who takes him back to for his second wife Herzeloide the court of Arthur. There but shortly afterwards he dies, Cundrie, the witch, the messenger and his second wife gives birth of the San Greal, informs him of to a posthumous son, called Parzi- the great wrong of his silence, not val. Herzeloide, anxious to guard only to himself, but also to the her son against all danger, above King Amfortas, who is his uncle. all against those incidental to the Parzival, full of grief and regret, adventurous life of knights, retires at once sets out to find again, if with him to a solitude in Soltane. possible, the castle of Amfortas, Parzival is destined, however, to and repair his fault. At the same become a model of knighthood. time his friend Gawain also leaves Notwithstanding the ignorance in the court of Arthur, and, after which he is kept by his mother, having fought in many an adven- the knightly inchnation of the ture, succeeds in freeing ladies im- youth and his curiosity irresistibly prisoned in the Chastel Merveil by manifest themselves, and having the fierce necromancer Klingschor, PAR 296 PAR the nephew of the celebrated Cardeiz. After this he directs magician, Virgil of Naples. As for his steps towards Montsalvagge, Parzival, after protracted wander- the Templpis come out to meet ings, he arrives at a hermitage at him, the banquet of the San some distance from the castle and Greal is celebrated, and the con- the temple of San Greal ; the ditions imposed by destiny being hermit's name is Trevrizent, who fulfilled, Ajnfortas is cured of his eventually makes himself known disease, and transmits the royal to him as his maternal uncle. dignity to his nephew Parzival. Knowing Parzival to be destined The new king again meets with to become King of the Greal, but his brother on his father's side, not yet worthy of this dignity, he Feirifiz, King of India, who, makes known to him that the wandering about in search of Greal is only accessible to him who adventures, has chanced to come is called to it by heavenly grace. to Montsalvagge. But, being a He recommends him, before ap- heathen, he was ignorant of the proaching it, to purify his soul sanctity of the place and the from aU sin, and seeing the good mystery of the San Greal. Feiri- dispositions of the neophyte, he fiz, seeing at Montsalvagge Parzi- initiates him into its mysteries. val's aunt, Urepanse-de-Joie, falls The Greal, he tells him, is made in love with her, and, after receiv- of the lapis exillis, gives its ing baptism, marries her, though servants bodily and spiritual the decease of his first wife, nourishment, and communicates Secondille, whom he had left in fresh forces for a week to those the East, is as yet unknown to him. who see it. Every Good Friday a The newly-married pair set out dove from Heaven comes and for their kingdom in India. On places upon the stone a white their way they hear of SecondiUe's wafer, which communicates to it death. Urepanse-de-Joie gives mysterious virtues. A writing, birth to a son, who receives the which suddenly appears on the name of Jean-le-prStre, Prester vase, always indicates who is John. As for Parzival, he destines destined to its service and guard. his son Loherangrin to succeed Parzival, thus initiated into the him one day in the kingship of mysteries of the Greal, departs to the Greal. This young man early prepare himself forhis high destiny. distinguishes himself in an adven- He returns to the knight of the turous expedition which he under- Round Table, and strives to takes into the Duchy of Brabant. acquire the knightly virtues WoKram von Eschenbach ends his necessary to become a Templar, romance as Guyot had ended his, and King of the Greal. At last, without teUing us what becomes when he is worthy to reign, of the San Greal. He only seems Cundrie, the witch, again appears to hint that Prester John wUI at the court of King Arthur, and succeed his cousin Loherangrin, announces to him that the writing and the kingship of the Greal of the Greal has pointed him out continue in the marvellous country tobeKingof Montsalvagge. Before of India. going to the temple of the Greal, In the romance we have Just Parzival visits his wife Cundwira- analyzed, the German poet follows mour, who has borne him two exactly the same course as Guyot promising sons, Loherangrin and in the corresponding episode of PAR 297 PAT his poem ; he only adds a few centre of Asia a Christian Church, details of his own invention, such whose popes bore the title of as, for instance, the details regard- Prester John. This tradition ing Klingschor the necromancer, spread in Europe towards the end the history of Prester John, and of the twelfth century ; it was perhaps also the history of Eohe- perhaps known to Guyot and rangrin. Chretien de Troyes, but neither of Khngschor has become the type them connected it with the history of the necromancer in the German of the San Greal. Wolfram von poetry of the middle ages, hke Eschenbach, on the contrary, Merhn with the Bretons, and availed himself of it in his romance. Virgil of Naples with the ItaUans He looked upon the supposed and Spaniards. But the Germans Christian Church of Asia as a con- modified this type in their way, tinuation of the priesthood of the after having received it from south Greal, which priesthood was, after Italy or Sicily, which was the the death of Eoherangrin, trans- country of Klingschor. For there mitted to his cousin, Prester John. is no doubt that Klingschor origi- This ingenious fiction, which, on nally was an historical personage, the whole. Wolfram von Eschen- like Merdhin le Gallois in Brittany, bach only indicated in his romance, Virgil of Mantua in Italy, and was afterwards developed by Doctor Faust in Germany. Albrecht von Scharfenberg in his As regards the tradition of Pres- poem entitled Titurel. ter John in Graal romance a fabled Pope of Eastern Christendom, it PARZIVAL AND THE ROUND TABLE. is scarcely probable that it was A romance, of which a manuscript known to Guyot. In the twelfth still exists in the library of the century there was in China a great Vatican, was composed by Nicolas Mongol tribe professing Buddhism Wisse and PhiUp CoUn, goldsmith such as it had developed itself in of Strasburg. They dedicated Tibet. This religion bore in its it in 1336 to Ulric, Lord of Rappolt- sacerdotal hierarchy and in some stein, in Alsace. These meister- religious rites and ceremonies so sanger chiefly followed the romance striking a resemblance to Catholic- of the French poet Manessier, the ism, that not only the Nestorian continuator of Perceval le Gallois, Christians dwelling among the by Chretien de Troyes. They were Mongols, but also the strangers also acquainted with the romances who visited Mongolia, mistook of Wolfram and of Albrecht von the Buddha rehgion of Tibet for Scharfenberg, and placed their an Oriental Christian religion. ambition more in being complete, The temporal and spiritual prince and relating all kinds of amusing of this supposed Christian tribe anecdotes, than in composing a took the half-Chinese, half-Mongol poem faultless in conception and title of Oiianh-kohan, literally poetical execution. " prince-chief." The Nestorian Christians, who spoke the Syriao PATRISE, SIR. A knight of Ireland, language, rendered this by the cousin of Mader de le Porte, the homonyms louchnan-koMn, mean- unfortunate victim of a poisoning ing in their language, " John the tragedy at the court of Arthur. Priest." Such is the origin of the {Vide "Penil.") His cousin Mador tradition that there was in the gallantly attempts to avenge his PEL 298 PER

death, ignorant of the real culprit. avenged upon Gawaine, whom he (FtcZe " Morte d'Arthur.") hated. Sir Patrise partook of the poisonous fruit and immediately PELEUR. The name in the Queate dropt dead. Th.§ company little del Saint Graal of the Maimed King realize who is the true culprit, or Fisher King {q.v.). and accuse their hostess of treason. PELLEAS, SIR. Of the Islea, known Subsequently, he is exposed by an as " the lover." Sometime knight enchantress and is forced to flee for " to Queen Guinever. He was slain safety. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") by Sir Meliagrance {q.v.) in defend- ing his mistress. {Vide " Morte PEPIN, {Vide " Garin the Eor- d'Arthur.") rainer.") Son of Charles Martel {q.v.), King of France. He be- PELLES, KING. Father of Elaine, came king when he was a boy, the mother of Galahad {q.v.). He and was ruled by his advisers, is also alluded to in Arthurian among whom Count Hardre was romance as cousin to Joseph of chief. He was constantly being Arimathea {q.v.). He plays an asked for assistance by some of indirect part in the quest of the the rival families in France. He Holy Grail. He receives a wound tried to make peace between the from the Grail Sword because of Lorrainers and the Bordelais on his attempt to interfere with it. several occasions. He married The sword is subsequently chosen Blanchflower, the lovely daughter by Galahad. His most important of Thierry {q.v.), King of Savoy occupation in the holy mission is {q.v.). He had intended to aUow the care of the holy vessel in his Garin the Lorrainer to marry her, castle of Corbonec. It was here but when he saw her, he fell in that the missioners caught their love with her himself, and, by the first glimpse of the Grail, and from advice of the archbishop of Rheims, here the chosen three carried it to married her. its resting place. Pelles was per- mitted witMn the sacred chamber, PERCEVAL. An important figure but there his holy duty ended. in Arthurian romance. Only once {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") (in the metrical romance of Sir PELLINORE, KING. In Arthurian Percyvelle) {q.v.) is he alluded to as romance, a monarch who followed the nephew of Arthur, at whose " after the questing beast." {Vide court he does not reside, except "Morte d'Arthur.") He discovered at intervals. The earliest form a plot against Arthur and was of the many romances which bear subsequently slain by his son, his name is found in the Conte dd Lamorak. Oraal or Perceval of Chretien of Troyes, and PELLOUNCES, SIR. Father to Per- his continuators, and the Parzival sides, and a venerable knight of of Wolfram von Eschenbach, England. The defender of the under which titles an account "Round Table." (Fide "Morte of his adventures and d'Arthur.") career will be found. Both these poems are undoubtedly derived PENIL, SIR, LA SAVAGE. Cousin of from the same source, but the Lamorak de Gahs. At a * banquet connection between them is slender. given by Guinever he poisoned Perceval, brought up in the desert the apples that he might be by his mother, and gradually ;

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evolving into the flower of knight- of Arimathea, who kept the lanco hood by dint of his love of high with which Christ was pierced and ideals and natural spirituaUty, is the holy vessel in which his blood the hero of the two epics alluded was gathered. On his father's to above. The more sophisticated side Perceval was descended from Perceval of the Quest of the Holy Nicodemus. The Fisher King (vide ' Grail is by no means so naif, so ' Amfortas ") was his uncle . In the natural. The other notable ro- time of his youth he went to the mances in which Perceval figures Fisher's castle, but does not ask are the Middle English romance of of what avail was the Holy Grail,

. Syr Percyvdle of Galles, the prose hence wars arise, and the king falls Pereslavaus or Percival li Gallois, into sickness. Gawain and Lance- and a romance by Robert de lot arrive at the Grail Castle. Borron, which is now only to be Gawain goes first to that part of found in a prose form. He is, of it called the Castle of Enquiry, course, the hero of the Grail quest where the sword that was used to par excellence, for information on behead John the Baptist is pre- which phase of his legend the served, but he does not speak in reader is referred to the principal the castle, where he sees the Grail and alhed articles on the Grail and lance. Lancelot cannot see " (" Grail, Holy ; Conte dd Graal the Grail on account of his carnal Parzival, etc.). In his Brythonic love for Guinevere. The Fisher or Welsh form of Peredur ap King dies suddenly, and his lands Evrawc, Perceval is the hero of are taken by his brother, the King the story of that name, which is of Castle Deadly. Perceval fights summarised under its title, and against him, conquers, and wins which appears in the Mabinogion. the Grail Castle. He is visited by In its Celtic form his legend has no Arthur, Gawain, and Lancelot. connection with the Grail story. Perceval latterly sails away on a A chief of his name fell in the vessel with a white sail, on which battle of Cattraeth in the beginning is a red hon, and never has man of the sixth century, according to learned what became of him. the bard Aneurin, and he is men- This legend, ends the MS., was tioned by Gruffydd ap Meredydd, found on the shores of the Moor who flourished about the end of Adventurous, where Arthur and the thirteenth century, in his elegy Guinevere are buried. on Tudor ap Goronwy. PERCIVAL, SIR. Son of King Pelli- PERCEVAL LI GALLOIS. A romance nore {q.v.) and knight of the of the Grail quest. It is written Round Table. He appears in in prose, and was written for a Arthurian romance as a man of certaiu John of Nesle in Flanders, high chivalry and purity of hfe. who was living in the year 1295. He is destined along with Galahad Of aU the tales concerning the (q.v.) to accomplish the Holy Grail. quest for the Holy Grail {q.v.) this This high honour is accorded to is the most confused. It declares but few, and as one of the privi- itself to be written by Joseph of leged he acquits his duty nobly and Arimathea at the bequest of an well. With Bors and Galahad he angel, and tells how the good patiently and resolutely makes his knight Perceval is descended way through the intricacies of the through his mother from Joseph quest. Arriving at their mission's ,

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end, he willingly, after seeing up to the king and peremptorily Galahad's ascension, submits him- demands knighthood, threatening self to the same honour, realising death if refused. Arthur notices that he had done the duty for the the resemblance to his father in the purpose of which he was bom. young man's countenance, and (F»(^e"Morted'ATthur.") recalb the prophecies that heshould avenge his father's untimely end. PERCYVELLE, SIR. An English Percyvelle exhibits disquietude metrical romance found in the and reiterates his demand for Thornton MS., written shortly knighthood. Whilst the assembled before the middle of the fifteenth guests are regaling themselves at century. It teUs how Percyvelle's the banquet, the Red Knight parents were Percyvelle and Ache- enters the hall, and for the fifth flour (Arthur's sister). His father time in as many years seizes and was noted for overcoming the carries off Arthur's cup, none Red Knight in a tournament, but daring to bar his progress. There- was ultimately slain by him. His upon, Percyvelle, grieved at the mother thereupon betakes herself king's discomfiture and lamenta- to the woods with the young boy, tions, undertakes the quest of where he receives httle instruction kiUing the Red Knight and re- save that of great mother Nature covering the cup, if the boon of herself until the time of his reaching knighthood be but granted him. his fifteenth birthday, when his The king acquiesces and Percyvelle natural mother teaches him how immediately follows hard upon to invoke the great Author of his the tracks of the purloiner, who

surroundings . Shortly afterwards derides him, but he is woimded to he meets with three knights of the death by an unerring dart. He court of Arthur—yclept Ewayne, rides up and secures the Red Gawayne, and Kay, whom—his Knight's horse, and being xmable mind filled with mysteries—^he to remove his armour recalls his mistakes for supernatural beings. mother's injunction, " out of the Persuaded, however, that they are iron bum the tree," lights a fire but true and puissant knights of to consume the corpse. Gawayne, the Round Table, he resolves to go who has followed Sir Percyvelle to Arthur's court himself and win closely to be at hand with friendly his spurs. He catches a wild succour, shows him how to unlace horse, and, returning to his mother, the armour, and when that is announces his intention. She accomphshed, Percyvelle casts the advises him to be always courteous Red Knight's body into the now and respectful in his demeanour leaping flames. Bethinking him- to knights when he meets them, self now as great as his lord and and on his finally taking leave master the king, Percyvelle dis- presents him with her ring as a dains to return, but sends the token. He sets out and at length cup back by Gawaine, and sets wearied by the journey, he revives out again for the fields and his drooping spirits with meat and pastures of fresh adventures. But drink at a wayside house. Dis- before proceeding far on his Journey covering a fair damoselle asleep, he comes upon an old witch—^the he exchanges his mother's ring for mother of the Red Knight as it that of the lady's. Arriving at turns out—who invokes him as her Arthur's court he rides straight ofiFspring. He speedily makes —

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short work of the old beldame by knights—Arthur, Ewayne, Ga- running her through with his spear, wayne, and Kay. He pricks and she serves as further fuel for against them, and Gawayne re- the glo'wing embers of her son's ceives ]the onslaught. They soon death pyre. He next comes upon recognize each other and they all ten knights, who, mistaking him proceed to Lufamour's castle. The for the all-dreaded Red iSught, following day, the Sowdane chal-

are about to fly, when haUing them lenges all comers ; Percyvelle, now and raising his vizor, he reassures dubbed knight by Arthur, slays them. The oldest of the knights him, and thereafter weds Lufa- then recounts how the Red Knight mour. At the end of a year he —since fifteen years agone when he recalls his mother's loneliness, and had done his brother to death sets out to find her. Hearing a bore him and his sons bitter maiden bewailing her fate in a hatred. Hearing, however, that wood hard by, he discovers her Percyvelle had vanquished this tethered to a tree, and learns that bane of their existence, he invites a year before, while sleeping, a him to his castle. But "adven- stranger had despoiled her of her tures " are to the adventurous 5 ring, leaving his in exchange. scarcely were they seated at a Now her ring was of a stone of generous repast than a messenger such virtue that neither death nor comes in from the Maiden-land, hurt could come to the wearer begging help for the Eady Eufa- thereof. He unfastens her thongs, mour against a " Sowdane " who defeats the Black Knight who had would feign wed her. Percyvelle bound her, reconciles them, and sets out with three of the old claims his own ring for the ring he knight's sons, whom, however, he had taken. But the Black Knight sends back one after the other had given it to the lord of the at the end of each of the first land—a giant. Percyvelle kills

three miles . Meantime, the king the giant, and obtains the ring at Carebedd, lamenting for Percy- from the seneschal. The latter velle, also receives a message from relates to him how his master, Eufamour and gleans from it loving a fair lady, had proffered tidings of Percyvelle, and there- her that same ring, but she, upon sets out with his court to accusing him of kilHng her son, follow him. On Percyvelle reach- hid herself in the forest and ing the Sowdane 's camp he is set became bereft of her wits. Percy- upon by the guard, but he kills velle assumes the skin of a goat, them all and then betakes himself and after searching for her for to slumber beneath the castle nine days discovers her. A magic wall. At dawn Lufamour's hench- potion of the giant throws her men inform her of the disaster to into a three days' trance, after her enemies. She perceives Percy- which, clothed and in her right velle and bids her chamberlain, mind, she returns home with her Hatlayne, fetch him to her cham- son. Percyvelle ultimately goes ber. Whilst seated together news to the Holy Eand, and there at is brought that the enemy has length death overtakes the hero. nearly succeeded in capturing the town. Percyvelle attacks them PEREDUR, THE SON OF EVRAWC. at once single-handed and spares A Welsh romance included in the none. He then reconnoitres four fourteenth century Welsh MS., PER 302 PET known as The Red Book 0/ Hergest. to avenge the death of his mur- The first portion of the tale agrees dered cousin (whose head he bore very much with that of Chretien in the charger) upon the enchant- (the Confe del Graal) (q.v.) in its resses of Gloucester and the laming sequence and the character of of the Fisher King. The Welsh its circumstances. But there is a tale is thus in a large measure a notable difference in the incident logical and straightforward version which deals with what takes place of a hero's vengeance upon super- at the castle of the Fisher King. natural beings for the injuries {Vide "Grail," " Conte del Graal," inflicted by them upon his kindred. and other Grail articles.) First . . . Had we the story in a purerform Peredur beholds a lance which we should find that the injury, so drips with blood, then a charger far as he is concerned, consists in in which a man's head is swimming the enchantment of hideous and in gore. Neither of these things unsexing disguise, an enchantment answer to what he has heard of from which the consummation of the Holy Grail. After its descrip- the vengeance can alone free him. tion of this enterprise the Welsh The object of the talismans is version, whilst corresponding here to remind the hero of the generally with Chretien, has some wrong done and to supply the especial features. Peredur guards necessary weapon." Peredur is a from injury a certain castle against vengeance tale pure and simple. the sorceries of the enchantresses PERIGON. (Fit^e" Sir Otuel.") King of Gloucester, one of whom hails of Persia. Killed by Sir Otuel at him as their destined conqueror. the Battle of Sarragossa. He learns from these enchantresses the use of arms and the knowledge PERSANT, SIR. Brother to Sir Grina- of chivalry. A considerable por- more, a knight of the Round tion of the romance, nearly one- Table. He was amongst the slain third in fact, answers to nothing in the defence of Guinever against in Chretien's work or any French Sir Meliagrance (c[.v.). {Vide version in existence. In the latter " Morte d'Arthur.") portion, after the coming of the PERSE, PRINCE. Vide " Florice and ungainly damsel, the Welsh ver- ( Blanchfleur.") A noble heir to sion, whilst offering in great rich domains in Italy. He was measure the same sequence of married to Topase, and while circumstances as in Chretien's and journeying to the Holy Land, was Gautier's poems, recounts them slain by Felix {q.v.). in a far more coherent manner. The romance concludes with the PERSIDES SIR. Son of a worthy advent of a youth who discovers knight. Sir Pellounces. He was a himself as the cousin of Peredur. friend of Tristram {q.v.), and dis- He it was who had borne the head played conspicuous prowess in " on the charger swimming with battle. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") blood, and had taken upon himself PETIPASE, SIR. Of Winchelsea, a the guise of the ungainly damsel frequent visitor to the court of who urged Peredur to continue Arthur. {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") his quest for the Grail. His object in bearing the bloody head in the PETRONE. Mentioned in the Gfrand charger and aiding and inciting St. Oraal as a holy man and kins- Peredur in many adventures was man of Joseph of Arimathea. He PET 303 POL

christened the daughter of King subdued and made to pay homage Label. to King Arthur., (Vide "Moxte d'Arthur.") PETRUS. One of the figures intro- duced in a casual way at the POLITIANO, ANGELO (POLITIAN). table emblematical of the Last A celebrated Italian poet, who was Supper in the Legend of the Holy born at Monte Pulciano on July Grail. 24th, 1454. He early exhibited ex- PHILOSOFINE. Alluded to in Ger- traordinary epigrammatic powers, bert's continuation of the Gonte and upon the publication of a poem del Qraal as the mother of Perceval. on a tournament in which Julian She came to Britain with Joseph de' Medici was the victor, in 1468, of Arimathea and bore the Grail he was received by Lorenzo de' plate as distinct from the dish Medici into his palace, became his itself. confident, and afterwards tutor to his children. The tournament PILGRIN BISHOP. Filled the see of poem commences almost in epic Passanform 971 to 991, and took style, and bears every mark of the a great share in the conversion of spacious thought of the age in the Hungarians to Christianity. which it was composed. But he He is mentioned in Die Klage as had by no means made choice of a having had the Nibelungenlied story suitable hero, and soon abandoned " set down in Latin letters that the work. The technique and men might deem it true." M. spirit of his verse are equal to Am6d6e Thierry has suggested those of Tasso or Ariosto. He that the Eddie version of the represents Juhan in the flower of Nibelung story in which Attila is his youth, devoted to arms, and still the ferocious monarch of despising love. He draws the history may have been touched youth surrounding him to the up and moralized by Bishop Pilgrin chase. But Bove has his revenge for the Hungarians, whose national by drawing him from the hunt by hero Attila was, so as to soften all means of a beautiful white hind, the harsher features of his charac- which changes after a stem chase ter. But no Hungarian version into a beautiful maiden, Simonetta. of the Nibelungenlied has been Julian becomes deeply enamoured preserved, and the Hungarian of her, and Cupid, proud of his chronicle sensibly depart from the victory, flies to his mother in the Nibelung account of Attila or Isle of Cyprus, and boasts of his Etzel. success. The description of Venus' palace served as a model PITE^ SIR BRUESE LAUNCE. A felon to Ariosto and Tasso for the enchanted domes knight mentioned repeatedly in of Alcina and Armida. In Arthurian romance as a robber the second book, Simonetta, arrayed and seducer of women. (Vide in the armour of Pallas, appears " Morte d'Arthur.") to Juhan in a dream, and reminds PLAINE DE FORCE, SIR; PLAINE him that only by valour can she D'AMODR, SIR; and PLENO- be won. Juhan awakens amidst RIUS, SIR. The three brothers the aspirations of glory and of who assail La C6te Male-tail6 love. Here Politiano relinquishes (q.v.) in his errand of succour to the work. Politiano revived on Dame Lyonese (g'.».). They are the modem stage the tragedies of ;

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the ancients, and created a new title of Prester John. This tradi- species of pastoral tragedy. His tion spread in Europe towards Favola di Orfeo was performed at the end of the twelfth century Mantua in 1483. It was com- it was perhaps known to Guyot posed in two days. Later in life and Chretien de Troyes, but he abandoned poetry for philo- neither of them connected it with sophy. Had he elected to culti- the history of the San Graal. vate his real talents instead of Wolfram von Eschenbach, on the entering a domain for which he contrary, availed himself of it in was almost totally unfitted, he his romance. He looked upon the would undoubtedly have risen to supposed Christian Church of Asia a height of fame equal to that of as a continuation of the priesthood the greatest names in Italian of the Grail, which priesthood literature. was, after the death of Loheran- grin, transmitted to his cousin, PORTUGAL, KING OF. Vide " Florice ( Prester John. This ingenious and Blanchfleur.") An ally of fiction, which, on the whole. the King of GaUcia, who fought Wolfram von Eschenbach only against Fehx (q.v.) to obtain indicated in his romance, was freedom from his oppression. afterwards developed by Albrecht PRESTER JOHN. In Grail romance von Scharfenberg in his poem of a fabled pope of Eastern Christen- Titurel. dom. As regards his tradition, PRIADAM THE BLACK. A knight it is scarcely probable that it was who oppresses the lady of a castle known to Guyot {q.v.). In the whose cause is championed twelfth century there was in by Bors {q.v.). Bors overcomes Pria- China a great Mongol tribe pro- dam and reinstates the lady in fessing Buddhism such as it had her possessions. developed itself in Tibet. This rehgion bore in its sacerdotal " PRIMAUS. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") hierarchy and in some religious Formerly a Saracen leader, he was rites and ceremonies so striking converted to Christianity by King a resemblance to CathoUcism, that Arthur, who defeated him, after not only the Nestorian Christians which he became a knight of the dwelUng among the Mongols, but Round Table. also the strangers who visited PRINSAMOUR, SIR. count of Mongolia, mistook the Buddha A Artois and father of Crystabell rehgion of Tibet for an Oriental {q.v.), a notable character in the Christian religion. The temporal romance of Sir Eglamour Artoys and spiritual prince of this sup- of {q.v.). He displayed much hosti- posed Christian folk took the half- lity toward Sir Eglamour {q.v.) Chinese, half-Mongol title of Owanh- who desired his daughter but to kohan, Hterally prince-chief. The ; prove the latter's Nestorian Christians, who spoke prowess he sent him on three adventures, which the Syriac language, rendered this were by the homonyms louchnan-kohan, accomphshed. He banished his daughter meaning, in their language, John after discovering her dishonour, and subsequently met the Priest. Such is the origin of his death by falhng from tower. the tradition that there was in a the centre of Asia a Christian PRISE D 'ORANGE. (The taking of Church, whose popes bore the Orange.) A romance of the PRI 305 PRI

William of Orange sub-cycle of her that WiUiam Short-nose has the Charlemagne saga. It was sworn to come to the city and probably composed in the first destroy it. But Salatr6, a Saracen quarter of the eleventh century, recently escaped from William's but modernized after 1076, and city of Nimes, recognizes him and forms in its present shape the most his companions GuieUn and Gil- modem branch of the sub-cycle. bert, and makes him uncover hia (Vide "WiUiam of Orange.") It face by means of a blow. Aragon, tells how WiUiam of Orange waking the king, tells him that he will in the palace of Otrant " the slay him and scatter his dust cursed," the Saracen king whom through the mountains, but he has conquered, complains to WiUiam brains Salatr6, and the Bertram, his nephew, of the quiet- three Frenchmen among them slay ness of the times, and of how the fourteen Saracens. The remainder Saracens and Slavons " let us they drive out, and drawing up sleep and rest so much." A the chains of the drawbridge, knight who has been a prisoner shut" themselves up in the citadel of the Saracens for many years of Glorietta. Orable arms the arrives at Nimes, and tells Wilham heroes, and they prepare for a how great a town and fortress is stout resistance. They make the Saracen city of Orange. great havoc among the Saracens, WiUiam hearkening, covets the and Aragon offers to let them go city, and swears a mighty oath if they wUl give up Glorietta. that he wiU behold it. He sum- WiUiam repUes that they never mons Gilbert, the knight who has mean to leave. A French host just regained his freedom, to sets out to succour them. Pharaoh, accompany him thither, as he King of Benevent, advises that knows the language. But Gilbert the Christians should be burnt tries to dissuade the fiery chief out with Greek fire. But an old from his purpose, as does Bertram. Saracen kadi, Orquenoy, reveals a WilUam, however, wiU not be subterranean passage to Aragon, gainsaid, and they prepare to by means of which he enters the start on their journey. They dis- citadel of Glorietta. The French guise themselves as Saracens, and, make great slaughter, but are having arrived at the gates of taken, and Orable begs them as Orange, they declare themselves her prisoners, in order that they to be pilgrims come from Africa. may be devoured by snakes. The WiUiam interviews the king, who Frenchmen are imprisoned pend- teUs him that had he " Short- ing the arrival of other Saracen nose " (William's nickname) in his notables. Orable comes to the power he would torture him, and prisoners, saying that if WilUam cast his bones to the wind. They will have her for his wife she will are conducted to the tower of set them free and become a Glorietta, where they admire the Christian. William assents to this, marble piUars and waUs, the and she takes them up to Glorietta windows carved in silver, and and tells them of another secret Lady Orable, the Queen, who is passage leading to the Rh6ne. dressed in scarlet cloth and is They are overheard by a Saracen fanned by the Eady Rosianna with who teUs Aragon, who discovers a silver fan. WiUiam trembles WiUiam and Orable playing chess. with love at sight of her, and tells They are at once imprisoned, and X PUC 306 PUL

are again brought before the Pay- order being Beine d'Oriente, Appo- nim, when William falls upon lonio di Tivo, and Bd Gherardino. them and does great execution. Another notable work from his pen They succeed in shutting them- is II Gentiloquio, which is a metrical selves up in Glorietta a second version of the chronicle of Giovanni

time, but Bertram, WiUiam's Villani ; while in addition he nephew, arrives before the city, wrote La Guerra di Pisa, the enters it by means of the under- subject of this last being the war ground passage, and takes pos- waged between the Florentines session of it, killing Aragon. Orable and the Pisans from 1362 to 1365. is baptized under the 'name of Pucci is generally regarded as Guibor, ^nd marries Williapi. For the supreme humorist of medisBval thirty years he dwelt in Orange, Italy, while as an heroic poet he which became his own city. A Ukewise holds a tolerably high continuation of the romance is the place. His Gentiloquio is con- Enfance Vivien, which see. tained in Delizie Degli.

PUCCI, ANTONIO. A mediaeval PULCI, LUIGI. A Florentine, the Italian poet. The dates of his youngest of three brothers, all

birth and death are not definitely poets ; he was bom in 1431. He known, but it would seem that composed and read at the table of he was bom at Florence in the Lorenzo de Medici his middle of the fourteenth century, Maggiore, a chivalric romance in and that the greater part if not verse in the form which became the whole of his career was spent pecuhar to the of in his native town, where he died Italy, and forecasted the metre eventually about 1398. He must employed by Ariosto. The poem have been a man of comparatively was pubUshed in 1485, and is humble origin, for it is recorded alternately vulgar or burlesque, that he began his career as a beU- serious or insipid, or else rehgious. ringer, and subsequently became The principal characters of the

town-crier ; but it appears that, romance are the same which first at a later date, he acquired some appeared in the fabulous chronicle more important post in the service of Turpin in the thirteenth cen- of the municipality. An ardent tury. His real hero is Orlando admirer of Dante, he early began rather than Morgante. We are to write verse himself, and even introduced to the paladin of from the outset his work was Charlemagne at the point when characterized by singular care. the intrigues of Ganelon de May- In course of time he won great ence compel him to flee the em- favour in Florence, the pubhc's peror's court. (Vide "Song of attention being commanded in Roland.") Orlando encounters particular by his humorous writ- three giants, two of whom he ings, and thereafter he turned his slays, and makes the third, Mor- attention to doing a series of gante, prisoner. Him he converts martial tales which he called and baptizes, and paladin and Sirventes. These songs might be giant become brothers in arms.

either martial or pohtical ; while The entire romance consists of he also wrote a number of poems warlike adventures, and quite a based on popular legendary lore, secondary position is given to the sahent among his works of this theme of love. This is the less PWY 307 PWY

regrettable as the constitutional Rhiannon, daughter of Hevydd

coarseness of Pulci was little I Hen, to whom he gives cljase. suited to the deUneation of the Going to her father's palace, Pwyll tender passion. The poem termi- is asked by a certain Gwawl to nates with the death of Orlando at grant him a boon, and upon his RoncesvaUes, and the punishment promising anything in his power, of Ganelon's treachery. Pulci is the youth requests Rhiannon as extolled by the Italian critics for his bride. Rhiannon asks him to the purity of his style, which for return in a year. To this he the most part consisted in fidelity assents and duly returns. As to the Tuscan dialect, but there is they make merry a beggar enters much music in his metres, and the haU carrying a bag. He craves some native splendour of diction. Gwawl to grant him sufficient food He died in 1487. to fill the bag. Gwawl assents. The bag holds everything on the PWYLL, PRINCE OF DYFED. A table, and Gwawl protesting, is Welsh romance included by Lady told that he must enter it himself Charlotte Guest in The Mabino- to declare that enough has been gion, and drawn from a fourteenth- put therein. He does so, and is at century MS. known as the Red once tied into it. The followers of Book of Hergest. It recounts how Pwyll rush in, and on being told Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed in Wales, that the bag contains a badger, was one day hunting when he en- kick it violently. Gwawl offers to countered a pack of supernatural abandon Rhiannon if released, so is hounds, engaged in pulling down permitted to go with his men. a deer. He drove them from the Pwyll then weds Rhiaimon. A quarry, when he was confronted son is bom to them. He dis- by their master, who rebuked him. appears, and the nurses in their Pwyll offered to make amends for terror place the bones of a cub in the deed, and the stranger, who is the bed, and declare that Rhiannon Arawn, King of Annwn (Hades), has devoured her child. In pen- accepts his offer, and asks him to ance she is forced to stand at the exchange kingdoms for a space, as castle gate, and carry strangers in he is sore pressed by an adversary, on her back. A certain Teimyon, Hafgan. Pwyll undertakes the fearing the theft of a new-foaled rule of Annwn, and defeats Haf- colt, is sitting up with it when a gan. During his stay in the great arm reaches into the stable Otherworld, he sleeps nightly with to seize it. He cuts it off. There Arawn's wife, who, as he had is an outcry, and he finds an infant taken upon him her husband's lying outside the stable door. shape, did not guess of the change, Teimyon notices his resemblance to but refrains from making advances Pwyll, who recognizes him as his to her. Having ended his labours son Pryderi (Trouble), and Rhian- in Annwn, Pwyll returns to earth non's misfortunes are brought to a to find that Arawn on his part has close. Considerable mythological governed Dyfed well, and the degradation is shown in this tale. monarchs once more resume their Annwn, the Otherworld, was in proper shapes and dwell thence- the older Celtic tales a distant and forth in fast friendship. Shortly shadowy realm oversea. But here after Pwyll, sitting on the en- it is obviously a mundane region, chanted mound of Arberth, espies seemingly bordering upon Dyfed. FYS 308 QUE

The portion of the story which quota of alUteration. Despite this refers to the struggle for Rhiannon elaborate manner, the verses between Pwyll and Gwawl may be mostly have the semblance of explained by regarding Rhiannon complete spontaneity, while at as the moon for which the Night times they are marked by rare (Pwyll) and the Sun (Gwawl) happiness of phraseology and strive, the solar hero being trapped beauty of cadence. Indeed the in the bag of Night, and released poem must be ranked as one of again. the best things in early Scottish literature. PYSTIL OF SWETE SUSAN, THE. A Among ancient manuscript Scottish poem of the fourteenth copies of The Pystil of Swete Stisan, century. It is almost certainly the most important are one in the from the pen of Huchown of the Bodleian Library and one in the Awle Ryle (q.v.), for Andrew of Cotton Library. The farmer, Wynton, in his enthusiastic eulogy known from its donor's name as of that writer contained in The the Vernon manuscript, appears Originate Gronyhil of Scotland, from the nature of the hand- names among Huchown's works writing to date from about the end " The pystal ala off Swete Susan." of the fourteenth century, while It is concerned with the famiUar the Cotton version was probably story of Susannah and the elders written by a scribe of a somewhat recounted in the Apocrypha ; and later period. This document is it is written in stanzas of thirteen shorter than the other by several lines each, very intricately rhymed, stanzas, while otherwise the two and embodying the usual large disclose sundry variations.

QUELGNY, THE CATTLE RAID OF. who comes to Arthur's court to The greatest of Celtic legendary achieve the adventure of the Siege tales. {Vide "MeieY.") Finn Mac Perilous and the sword driven into Gorman, Bishop of Kildare, in the the block. It also recounts the year 1150 included this tale in the coming of the Holy Grail, a vessel Book of Leinster, of which tradition which fills every one who sees it regards Fergus Mac Roy {q.v.) as with such sustenance as he longs the original writer. He was said for, and of Sir Gawain's vow that to have written it in Ogham he wiU seek it for a year and a day. characters on staves of wood The other knights of the Round which a bard carried to Italy. Table express a desire to go with There are many legends dealing him on the quest. The adventures

with the recovery of this poem : which happen to Galahad and the one telhng how it was regained other seekers are much the same as from Fergus. prophesied in the Grand St. Graal, and tell of unholy love and the QUETE DEL ST. GRAAL. This virtues of Galahad. Lancelot romance, the author of which is discovers a maimed knight in luiknown, recounts the adventures quest of the Holy Grail. It is of Sir Lancelot's son, Galahad, observed, but Lancelot refuses to ;

QUE 309 RAL

speak when he beholds it, for which had, and tells him to go to Sarras, afterwards much unhappiness is whither the Grail is going, as his lot. Sir Percival discovers Britain is unworthy of it. But that Mordrains, a character origi- first he must heal the maimed king. " Grail.") trio then em- nally connected with the Grail, is ( Vide The still aUve, having eaten nothing bark on a ship, and are thrown into but the Lord's body for the term prison, but are miraculously fed by of 400 years, and waiting the the Grail. A last appearance pre- arrival of a good knight. Eancelot cedes the death of Galahad, who is goes to a castle called Corbenic, soon followed in death by Percival. where he lies unconscious for many Bors then returns to Britain, and days as he has approached too recounts the adventures of the closely to the Grail. Galahad, seekers for the Grail, which were Percival and Bors at last come to set forth on parchment and kept the castle, where they are met by in SaUsbury Abbey, whence Walter nine other knights. Josephes, Map {q.v.) perhaps drew the son of Joseph of Arimathea, who materials for the book as we first possessed the Grail, appears, possess it. (Vide "Grail," and " and celebrates the sacrament for Conte del Graal.") them aU. Christ comes to Gala-

" RABENSCHLACT. ( Fi

to take the " estate of the dead RAUF COILZEAR. { Vide Ralph the Count Herbert of Vermandois. His Collier.") squire Bemier dislikes the task, for Count Herbert was his father's A French ecclesiastic friend. Raoul cruelly bums the RAYMOND. chronicler of the eleventh town and convent of Vermandois, and century, sometimes styled Ray- and Bemier's mother is slain. He mond d'Agiles and more often remonstrates with Raoul, is struck, Raymond d'Aguilers. He was and leaves his service . Bemier goes of Church of Buy, to his father Ybert, who marches canon the and went to Palestine along with against Raoul. In the battle which he the first band of crusaders, acting ensues Raoul is slain by Hemant of Tou- and Bemier. Red Guerry swears as chaplain to the Count latter's entourage vengeance, as does young Walter, louse. The Raoul's nephew. Guerry and Wal- chanced to include a certain scholarly soldier, Ponce de Bala- ter, after five years' time, attack agreed to Vermandois. Walter defeats Ber- zun, and Raymond with this person in nier. Feud follows feud. At length collaborate writing an account of the expedi- a peace is patched up, and Bemier tion scarcely had they com- becomes Guerry's man, and marries ; but ere de Balazun was his daughter. But the king lays an menced work accordingly, the ecclesi- ambush for the wedding guests, killed, and, astic carried out the work single- and gives Bemier's wife to Erchim- This did not preveni; bauld of Poitiers as his wife. handed. him, however, from taking a singu- The wedding day is fixed, but as larly active part in the campaign the two are to be made one, Ber- 5 at the capture nier bursts forth from conceal- and he was present Jerusalem and the battle of ment with 3000 knights and frees of ; while once, when the his wife. Time passes. Bemier and Ascalon were besieged at Red Guerry go on a pilgrimage. crusaders Antioch in 1098, he headed a On passing the place where Raoul sortie, carrying the sacred lance was slain, ancient hate surges up in his hands. Subsequently, it in Guerry's soul, and he slays appears, he accompanied the Count Bemier by a felon stroke. Guerry, de Toulouse on a pilgrimage to the pursued by Bemier's sons, goes into Jordan, but otherwise no informa- exile and becomes a hermit. The tion is forthcoming concerning his poem was highly popular, but is career. Raymond's work, written narrow in subject, and appears to is Historia Fran- have been compiled from more in Eatin, entitled corum qui ceperunt Hierusalem, than one source, and there are and it is the more precious because several obvious interpolations. Its he was an eye-witness of nearly all date would seem to be the latter the events he described ; while, end of the twelfth century. It moreover, when he differs from possesses great freshness and dra- historians he is invariably matic power, and may be by th other careful to give his reasons for so same hand as Garin the Lorrainer. doing. His history is printed in " Oesta Dei per Francos and in RATHBONE. ( Vide Bevis of Hamp- ton.") A thief who by using black Eecueil des Historiens Occidentaux magic stole Arundel, Bevis's horse, des Groisades, while a French trans- killed by Saber. lation is contained in Guizot's RQA 312 REG

Memoirea swr I'Hiatoire de France, Conor {q.v.) and with Cuchulain 1824. {q.v.).

REALI DI FRANCIA. The substance RED GUERRY. A noble who figures of the French chansons de Oeste in the Charlemagne cycle. He is (q.v.), dealing with the subject of first the implacable enemy of Charlemagne and his peers, was Bemier {q.v.), the squire of Raoul very early naturalized in Italy, of Cambray, but afterwards gives and took shape as a compilation him his daughter in marriage, called the Reali di Francia, which but in the end slays him treacher- achieved great popularity in me- ously. diaeval times, and coloured the work of Boiardo, Pulci and Ariosto. RED HUGH. In Irish romance an It was probably compiled by one Ulster Prince, father of Macha Andrea da Barberius at the be- {q.v.) ; brother of Dithorba of ginning of the fifteenth century. Kimbay {q.v.). The Uterature which it evoked RED KNIGHT, THE (1). Figures in was thus almost as extensive and Arthurian legend as the knight important as that which gave it who carries off King Arthur's cup birth, and it was more complete, while he sat at a banquet at inasmuch that it represented the Carduel, " none daring to hinder Charlemagne legend at every stage, him." However, Sir Perceval historic and fantastical, without a {q.v.) follows after him, slays him gap or omission. The Arthurian and assumes his armour with the romances were highly popular in help of Sir Gawaine, who shows Italy, but the Carlovingian chan- him how to unlace it. His body sons in their native dress must is cast into a fire kindled by Sir have proved even more acceptable Perceval (or Percyvelle) and his than they. Judging from their mother a witch also meets with comparative influence upon the — — the same fate. (2). Of the Red literature of the peninsula. This Laundes, notable for his treachery. may be observed, for example, in He imprisoned Dame Eiones, who the frequent references of Dante was afterwards released by Gareth to the Carlovingian heroes, where- {q.v.). {Vide " Morte d'Arthur.") as those concerning the Arthurians are but few. REGIN. Son of Hreidmar {q.v.), and " brother to Otter {q.v.) and Fafnir REDBEARD. ( Vide Grettir Saga.") An outlaw sent by Thorir of Garth {q.v.). He became tutor to Sigurd (q.v.) to murder Grettir in his (q.v.), whom he accompanied on loneUness. But Redbeard himself many adventures. Sigurd subse- met the death intended for his quently slew him through the ad- victim. vice which he received from the birds after the kiUing of Fafnir. RED BRANCH. In Ultonian legend {Vide " The Lay of the Volsungs.") an order of chivalry in the reign of Conor mac Nessa, with its seat REGNIEH, SIR, {Vide "Sir Otuel.") in Emain Macha. These warriors Chamberlain to Charlemagne. He were descended from Ross the Red was told by the king to take care {q.v.), King of Ulster, and from that Sir Otuel was protected from collateral relatives and allies. any attack while he was acting as Their glory passed away with representative of King Garsie. BEI 313 REY

REIGNIER, Emperor of Germany. satire is lost, but traces of it are {Vide " Guy of Warwick.") to be found in the later Roman de Renard. It was probably made RENAN DE {Vide MONTAUBON. use of by Heinrich der GUchezare, " Four Sons of Aymon.") an Albatian writer, who wrote the RENIER DE GENNES. {Vide "Garin first German version, Reinart, de Montglane.") about 1180. From a French poem on the same subject written by a RENOUART. In Carlovingian ro- priest, Pierre de St. Cloud, in the mance son of King Desrame, the beginning of the thirteenth cen- Saracen. In his boyhood he had tury, came the Flemish poem of been taken prisoner by the Franks, Reinhart by Willem. Translations and his enormous size and strength and versions multiplied after this. recommended him to William of Professor Saintsbury thinks that Orange when he was merely a " the original language of the epic scullion in the kitchen of Louis le is French, but French of a Wadson Debonair. He performed wonders or Picard dialect, and that it was of valour at the battle of Arles- written somewhere between the chans {q.v.), in which he fought Seine and the Rhine. A number against his own kin. For this he of French continuations came into was granted the hand of the being, the chief among which are Princess Alice, daughter of King Le Gouronnement Reynard, Renart Louis. He was a great hero with Le Nouvel, Renart Le Contrefait, the sculUons and kitchen-folk of and so forth. mediaeval times as personifying The purpose of these later strength, drunkenness and laziness. versions was a satirical one, the " ( Vide Marriage Renouart.") institution against which their shafts of scorn were levelled being {q.v.) father RERIR. Son of Sigi and the church and the nobility. The of Volsung {q.v.). He succeeded beasts represented but few bestial father's throne. {Vide "The to his qualities, and are too anthropo- Eay of the Volsungs.") morphic to escape detection as men thinly disguised. Renard is a REYNALD DE AUBEPINE. {Vide "baron" of "King Noble" the " Roland and Ferragus.") A brave lion, and his chicanery and vulpine knight slain by Ferragus in single raiding of hen-roosts appear combat. characteristic of the habits of the REYNARD THE FOX. A satirical thirteenth century. The ass is beast epic of the Middle Ages, the Church, and other animals and versions of which appeared in birds represent various persons or French, German, Flemish and institutions. EngHsh. Much controversy has Caxton's translation was made been waged upon the question as from the low German, probably to whether it was originally written that of Gerard Leen (1479), and in French or German. The first was printed at Westminster in poem on the subject is the Beinar- 1481. It begins by relating how dus VuVpea of a Flemish priest, the animals lodged a multitude of Nivardus of , written about complaints against Renard with 1148. Reynard or Reginhard Noble, the lion. His Majesty calls means a hardened evil-doer. The for vengeance upon the male- earliest French version of the factor. Bruin, the bear, sent to RHI 314 RIG

apprehend him, comes to mis- the Saga of bietrich of Bern (q.v.) fortune through Renard's cunning, as having attempted in league as does Tybert, the cat. Grym- with Sibich {q.v.) to bring Ermen- bart, the badger, brings Renard to rich to destruction. He easily be- law before Noble, and he is ad- came the tool of his colleague, judged to be hanged. But Renard with whom he plunged his master's saves himself by telling the king empire into war with Dietrich. of a great treasure which he boasts of. Thus escaping, Renard pur- RICHARD. (F»de"SirFerumbras.") sues his old career of rapine. Once Duke of Normandy. One of the more the beasts lay their com- twelve peers sent by Charlemagne plaints before Noble. But for the as a delegate about the liberation second time Renard's crafty of his nephews. While prisoner in tongue saves him from a weU- Aigremor, he was deputed to saUy deserved doom. Iseugrim, the out in search of help from Charle- wolf, lodges a complaint against magne. He found him and re- Renard for the ravishment of his turned with him to the Bridge of wife. Renard accepts his chal- Mantribe, which was defended by lenge to do battle on a certain day. Algolupe. Richard slew the giant, They fight, but when Renard is and remained in Mantribe with 200 undermost, he so flatters Iseu- knights, while Charlemagne pushed grim that he releases him forth- on to Aigremor. with, whereupon Renard wounds him treacherously. In the event. RIENCE . In Arthurian romance King Noble forgives Renard the whole of North Wales. He was the un- of his evil deeds, and creates him compromising foe of Arthur, and second to himself in the realm. was at last taken prisoner by Bahn The story of Renard was one of and Balan {q.v.) and brought to the most popular and widespread Camelot. of the Middle Ages. By its means satire was popularized, and the RIGAUT. {Vide" Garin the Lorrai- way laid for reform and the ner.") Son of Hervi the villein. gradual breaking down of privilege. He was a great rough man, but of kindly nature and high quahties. RHIANNON. (Alluded to in the MaU- Bego chose him to fight with nogion story of Pivyll, Prince of Fromondin at a tourney, and Dyfed.) She was daughter of promised him Fromondin's horse. Meyedd Hen, and wife of Pwyll, He defeated Fromondin and took and was nearly lost to him through him prisoner. He won the prize the strategy of Gwawl. (Vide by his exploits at the tourney, and "Pwyll.") She is probably the was knighted. He avenged Bego's representative of an ancient Celtic death by ravaging the country moon-goddess. After the death of round Blaives. He refused to Pwyll, she was bestowed by her enter into a son Pryderi upon Manawyddan, truce with the Bor- delais and fought against Fre- the son of Llyr, and her subse- mont, defeating him. He further quent history is detailed in the raided Bourges. His grief was so Mabinogion tale that bears his name. great for Bego's death, that when told he was buried, he insisted on RIBESTEIN. Minister to King Ermen- seeing the body, and when it was rich {q.v.). He is mentioned in disinterred, he fainted. RIN 315 ROB

RINALDO or RINAUD (1). Oneof the tion of his wicked impulses, that four sons of Aymon (g.».)- He he was bom in answer to prayers slew Bertolais, nephew to Charle- addressed to the Devil, He was magne iq.v.), and with his other directed by the Pope to a hermit, brothers fled the country on his who imposed on him by way of faithful steed Bayard. Charle- penance that he should maintain magne sets siege to his castle absolute silence, feign madness, Montauban, Rinaldo making peace take his food from the mouth of a with Charles and goes on a pil- dog, and provoke ill-treatment grimage to the Holy Land, subse- from the common people without quently meeting his death at the retaUating. He became court fool hands of some jealous workmen to the Emperor at Rome, and whom he joined in the construc- deUvered the city from Saracen tion of the Cathedral at Cologne. invasions in three successive years in the guise of an unknown knight, RINALDO (2). (Vide "Orlando having each time been bidden to Innamorato " and " Orlando fight by a celestial messenger. Furioso.") Son of Amon, and Tbe emperor's dumb daughter re- brother Bradamant. fought to He covered speech to declare the with Orlando for Angelica, and, identity of the court fool with the inspired by her, performed deliverer of the city, but Robert prodigies of defended valour. He refused the hand of the princess Geneura against Polinesso had who and the imperial inheritance, and accused her slaying of unchastity, ended his days in the hermitage in duel. her enemy the of his old Confessor. The French RING, KING. (Vide "Prithjof Saga.") romance of Robert le Didble is one The nuld and gentle old king who of the oldest versions of the figures in the Icelandic Saga of legend, and apparently originated folk-lore Frithjof (q.v.). Desiring Ingebjorg from a source. to wife, he sent messengers to ask ROBIN HOOD. Is first her from her brothers Helgi and mentioned by the Scottish historian Fordun, who Halfdan (q.v.), but the former died in 1386. According to Stow, answered them with a sneer. Then he was an outlaw in the reign of the king warred upon the sons of Richard I. (twelfth century). Bele, conquered them, and married He entertained one hundred " tall their sister. Years later, visited men," aU good archers, with the by Frithjof, who beUeved he was spoil he won, but " he suffered no unknown to all in the castle save woman to be oppressed, violated, the queen, he tested the faith of or otherwise molested poor men's his guest, and found him true. ; goods he spared, abundantly re- Then he thrust his sword into his lieving them with that which by own breast and renounced his wife theft he got from abbeys and to her lover. houses of rich carles." He was an ROBERT THE DEVIL. Was the son of immense favourite with the com- a Duke and Duchess of Normandy, mon people. Stukeley says he was and by the time he was twenty Robert Fitzooth, Earl of Hunting- was a prodigy of strength, which don. Robin Hood and Little John he employed, however, only for having had a quarrel, parted com- outrage and crime. At last he pany. Little John fell into the learnt from his mother, in explana- hands of the Sheriff of Nottingham, ROC 316 ROL

who bound him to a tree. Mean- RODOMONT. (Vide "Orlando Inna- while, Robin Hood met with Guy of morato " and " Orlando Furioso.") Gisbome, who had sworn to slay King of Algiers, made incredible the "bold forester." The two slaughter among the Christians. bowmen fought, but Guy was He was unhorsed by Bradamant, slain, and Robin Hood rode to the then performed penance for this tree where Little John was bound. disgrace. At the festival of Ro- The sheriff mistook him for Guy of gero's marriage he challenged the Gisbome, and gave him charge of bridegroom, and was slain by him. the prisoner. Robin cut the cord, handed Guy's bow to Little John, ROGERO. (Vide "Orlando Inna- " " and the two soon put to flight the morato and Orlando Furioso.") sheriff and his men. Robiil Hood Son to Rogero of Risa, who was put to death treacherously by married Galicella, daughter of a nun, instigated to the foul deed Agolant. Losing both parents, by his kinsman, the Prior of he was brought up by Atlantes, a Kirklees, Yorkshire, near Halifax. magician. For his bravery in The most complete legend con- battle, Agramant conferred upon cerning him is preserved in the him the honour of knighthood. pubUc library of Cambridge, and wiU be found in Percy's Eeliquea of ROHAND, EARL OF WARWICK. ancient English poetry. Father of Fehce, who wedded Sir Guy of Warwick (q.v.). ROC. In Ossianic romance a steward ROLAND. Peer of France. A of Angus Og (q.v.). His son was famous champion, nephew of metamorphosed into the Boar of and Charlemagne. He is regarded as Ben Bulben (q.v.). the mediaeval beau-ideal of chi- ROCHESTER, BISHOP OF. Men- valry and personal prowess. His tioned in Arthurian romance. To early rivalry and subsequent friend- end the hostihty between Arthur ship with Ohver (q.v.) are pro- (q.v.) and Lancelot [q.v.), he was verbial. He commanded the rear- instructed by the Pope to dehver guard of the Frankish army leav- to the belligerents a pair of sacred ing Spain, and with Turpin, Ohver bulls, as a symbol of peace. His and many other peers, was cut off " intercession was successful, and by the Saracens " at Ronce- Lancelot readily returned Guinever valles. He was betrothed to iq.v.) to Arthur, thus bringing the Oliver's sister, Alda. (Vide "Gerard " of Viana," " Song of Roland," etc.) war to an end. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") ROLAND AND FERRAGUS or RODGEIER. King of Salem, men- VERNAGU. Although this Eng- tioned in the romance of Samson lish romance was written to tell (q.v.). He ruled with wisdom and the story of Roland and Ferragus, stem Justice, but not for long. it opens with a lengthy description Samson, who was his knight, re- of Charlemagne and his enterprise fused the hand of his daughter in behalf of the Christians against Hildeswid. Despite the refusal, the Saracens. The Christians had the hero carries off Rodgeier's appealed to Constantius, Emperor daughter. Rodgeier pursues Sam- of Constantinople, for help against son, at whose hands he is slain. the pagan Emperor, Ibrahim of ROL 317 ROM

Spain. Constantius in a dream horse's neck, but in his turn was advised to appeal to " Charles Roland unhorsed Ferragus, and the Conqueror," who consented they both fell to the ground. to visit him at Constantinople. They remounted, but each killing Nothing important resulted from the other's horse, they had to' that visit, but some time after- carry on their combat on foot. wards Charles was impressed by This lasted till night, without any seeing a flight of stars appearing result. Next day, Roland tried a to settle over Spain, and St. James knotty oaken club, then they told him in a dream that these threw stones at each other, till the stars were a sign that he would giant became very sleepy and conquer that country, so accord- suggested a nap. Roland agreed, ingly he raised an army and be- but hearing alarming sounds pro- sieged it. By miraculous aid, he ceeding from the giant he thought totally defeated the Saracens, only he must be in pain and sought out a few towns offering any resistance. a stone suitable for a pillow and At certain great festivals, Charles placed it under his head. On displayed much magnificence, and awaking, Ferragus was most grate- at one of these he received a chal- ful for this kind act, and they lenge from Ferragus, a general of began to converse most amiably. the Soudan of Babylon, to meet Roland managed to extract the him in the field at Vasers. Ferra- information that Ferragus had one gus was an enormous man. To vulnerable spot. Then they began quote the poem, " He had twenty to discuss their different religions, men's strength, and forty feet of and Roland tried to teach his length . . . four feet in the face quondam enemy some of the

. . . and fifteeninbrede" (breadth). Christian verities. Tiring of dis- After seeing Ferragus, Charles de- cussion, Ferragus said they must chned the challenge, but allowed decide by force, so they again Ogier the Dane to accept it. The Joined battle, which ended in giant made short work with the victory for Roland. He pierced Dane. He unhorsed him, tucked Ferragus with his sword in his one him under his arm and carried vulnerable part and the giant ex- him off to the castle of Vasers. pired, calling on Mahomet. Next day, Reynald de Aubepine met the same fate, and Ferragus ROMAIN. (F«e" Roland and Ferra- gus.") knight in the service of jeeringly called to Charles : A Charlemagne. He died at Ba- " Sir ! thou wonnest Spain ! " yonne, leaving all that he had to Hadst thou none better tho' ? the poor. His executor appro- On the following day, Sir Con- priated the money, and on the stantino of Rome and Howel of release of the knight from purga- Nantes, and two other knights tory, he appeared to his former were slain by this formidable friend in a dream, threatening opponent, and then Roland, against him with speedy punishment for the king's wishes, determined to his theft. While the executor was attack him. When Ferragus saw relating this vision he was carried this great champion approaching, off by demons and dashed to pieces he exerted aU his strength and on a rock in Navarre, where his succeeded in unhorsing Roland body was found afterwards when and putting him before him on his the army passed the place. ROM 318 ROM

ROMAN DE BRUT. A chronicle in The tale of how Uther, Arthur's verse, written by a Norman poet, father, gained access to the wife Wace (q.v.). It occupies a sort of of Gorlois is dealt with. The vex- intermediary position between the ing of the Britons by Octa the prose chronicle and the metrical Saxon occupies considerable space. romance. It was in some measure When we find Arthur at last there the forerunner of many of the is no doubt, as in other chronicles, metrical romances on the Arthurian that he is the rightful heir. At the subject. But it must not be con- time of his coronation he is "a founded with the pseudo-histories damoiseau of fifteen years." His such as that of Geoffrey of Mon- wars with the Saxons and the mouth, for one excellent reason. people of Scotland and Ireland What Wace set down he wrote in are recounted at length. Wace good faith, believing in every touches on " the marvellous gestes" circumstance as a verified fact. of Arthur's reign with a critical He even took the trouble to ability wonderful for his period. journey to the Forest of Broce- " Such rhymes," he says, " are liande to verify or unmask the neither sheer bare Ues nor gospel tales of faery which he had heard truths. They should not be con- connected with that place. And sidered an idiot's tale [good advice to those tales he gives a fervent this, to the critics of the seven- denial. Therefore when he writes teenth 'and eighteenth centuries!]

of Arthur, we must take him as or given by inspiration . . . the writing of that he beheves to be truth stands hid in the trappings actual history. He is clear and of a tale. Thus to make a de- minute in his details, and had a lectable tune to your ear, history remarkable power of visualizing. goes masking as fable." This is the In his pictures and descriptions he very standpoint of Euhemerus ; is as complete and full as Homer. and might almost have been for- Basing his narrative on that of mulated by the Miillerian school

Geoffrey, he yet so controlled his of mythologists ! The conquest of source as to ehminate manifest Norway by Arthur is next de- absurdities, and he moreover in- scribed, as is that of Gaul. Wace's troduced a love-interest, obviously description of Arthur's court, if to gratify his patronesses. Queen more polished and Frenchified Eleanor, who zealously propagated than that of Geoffrey, is still in England the chivalric ideals neither so magnificent nor ro- then current in her own Southern mantic. It occupies a consider- France. Nor does he draw all his able space, after which we find the material from the Historia of Roman campaign dealt with much Geoffrey. Several of the legends as in Geoffrey and Malory. So he adduces are certainly of Celtic runs the story to its end, showing (probably Breton) origin. He great similarity to the other does not add much to our know- Arthurian pseudo-chronicles. ( Vide ledge of Arthurian hterature, but " Arthurian Cycle.") he smoothed over many ugUnesses in the story, and gave it its French ROMAN D'ALIXANDRE, An import- colouring. In his narrative we ant French romance of the twelfth first encounter Merhn in the semi- century, written in mono-rhymed mythical time of Vortigern. He laisses of Alexandrine metre, a appears as living in several reigns. measure which owes its name to ROM 319 ROM this poem. In style it closely and shuts them off by his famous resembles the chanson de gestes. wall. An armistice is concluded It was probably written by two with Porus, after which the hero authors, Lambert li Tors, and travels to the Pillars of Hercules. Alexander of Bemay or Paris, and The return to Macedon is begun, amounts to over twenty thousand and marvels thicken. Strange lines. It contains both authentic beasts attack the Greek army, and and fabulous matter, and has the troops arrive at the valley counterparts in the Enghsh King whence none may return, Alex- AUsaunder {q.v.), and in German ander only receiving permission and Icelandic versions. It begins for his men to pass through it by with Alexander's childhood. The dooming himself. He is, however, enchanter Nectanabus is not here assisted to pass it by the aid of a credited, as in some versions, with friend whom he sets free. Coming the fatherhood of the hero, but is to the sea, sirens lure many of the regarded in the Ught of a tutor or host to destruction, and the three adviser. Nicolas, King of Csesarea marvellous Fountains of Youth, (a legendary monarch), insults Immortality and Resurrection are Alexander, and war ensues, which discovered. They also encounter ends in his defeat and the gift of a forest of Maidens or " Flower- his kingdom to Ptolemy. Alex- women." The men who bathe in

9.nder threatens Athens, but is • the Fountain of Youth become as dissuaded from her destruction by men of " thirty years old." They Aristotle. Arriving home, he is then come to the Trees of the Sun just in time to prevent the marriage and Moon, which oracularly foretell of his father with Cleopatra, whom Alexander's death. Porus hears he sends back to Egypt. The next of this, and when the army returns episode is the war with Darius. to India he picks a quarrel, and After many adventures he arrives the two kings engage in combat. at Tarsus, which he reduces. The Bucephalus is slain, but Porus also siege of Tyre follows, and an meets his death. Alexander episode which takes up a great marches on Babylon drawn in a part of the romance is that of the car to which grif&ns are harnessed. " Foray of Gaza," which is almost Much slaughter takes place there, a complete tale in itself. A visit after which the incident of the to Jerusalem and two battles of Amazons is treated. Alexander Arbela and Issus are speedily returns to Tarsus and Queen passed over, as is the murder of Candace, and the poem concludes Darius. Alexander passes the with the death of the world- desert and visits the bottom of the conqueror, who is poisoned by sea in a glass chamber, after which Anipater and Divinuspater. he gives battle to Porus, Darius 's See edition of Michelant, Stutt- ally. Here we have a lengthy gart, 1846. description of some interest of the peoples and customs of India ROMANCE OF THE ROSE. A French which furnishes us with a faithful poem of the thirteenth century in idea of how the east appeared to two parts, the first written by the minds of mediaeval folk. Porus Guillaume de Lorris about 1337, fights again in Bactria and is and the second by Jean de Meung beaten, after which Alexander about 1378. The romance is a pursues his alUes Gog and Magog, product of Central France, and ROM 320 ROM

approximates closely in spirit to culled from the romances of the the work of the Provencals. It is Table Round, and then vanishes. essentially allegorical, and in its He cannot get at the Rose, and is pages we meet such figures as in pain thereat, when there ap- Sloth, Avarice, Anger, and Pride. pears to him Bel-Acueil, the son The great English translation was of Courtesy, through whose good partly the work of Chaucer. The offices the Lover has nearly reached first portion, consisting of a little the object of his desires, when an over four thousand lines, possesses ugly personage named Danger ap- an atmosphere of its own, and is proaches, who abuses Bel-Acueil in touch with the poetical thought for admitting the Lover to the of the period. The poem opens Rose, and turns the unfortunate with the description of a dewy swain out of the park. Reason mom in May. The raconteur is appears to the disconsolate lover strolling past a great park, when in the garb of an elderly female of he beholds carven on its walls dignified appearance. She up- certain images of Hatred, Felony, braids him for having placed him- VUlainy, Avarice, Envy, and so self under the rule of Idleness, and forth. These are described at thereby having laid himself open length, and despite their unpre- to the snare of love. She teUa possessing characters, the Eover, him that he has added another as he is described, fears not to enemy to Danger, her own daughter enter the enclosure. He is admit- Shame, not to mention Scandal. ted by Dame Oyseuse (Idleness), The Lover wiU not hearken to her, who teUs him that DeUght and all but announces that he belongs to his train haunt the park and its Love, and sends her about her environs, and that he has had the business. He betakes himself to ugly images made to heighten, not his friend, who tells him that to retard, enjoyment. Entering, although Danger is rough and the Lover finds himself in a veri- surly he may relent if spoken to table Eden, and beholds the com- softly. Danger, at first very panions of Dehght sitting hearken- wroth, hearkens to what he has ing to the sweet singing of Dame to say, and tells him that he has Eyesse (Pleasure), surrounded by no objection to his loving the Rose jongleurs and all manner of enter- if he will keep out of its way. tainers. Courtesy asks him to The Lover gains the powerful aid Join the dance, and he acquiesces. of Pity and Frankness, who plead There are present the God of Eove, to Danger on his behalf, so that his bow-bearer, Sweet-Glances, who the surly guardian permits Bel- aims at the Lover, but is interrup- Acueil to return to him and take ted by some one telhng the tale of him to see the Rose once again. Narcissus. Meanwhile the Lover Venus even assists him to kiss the has espied among the flowers of beauteous blossom. But Shame the garden one which he is speci- and Scandal are aroused by these ally attracted to—a Rosebud. proceedings, and are assisted by While he strains to approach it. Jealousy and Fear, who once Love aims his arrow at him, and more wake up Danger. Jealousy strikes him. He yields himself digs a trench aroimd the Rose, and prisoner, and Love locks his heart builds a tower where Bel-Acueil with a golden key, gives him a is imprisoned, and the unfortunate homily on the duties of a lover, Lover, his case ten times more ROM 321 ROM hopeless than ever, is left lament- country. The story was retold in ing outside. At this point the Walloon by a mediaeval Flemish work of De Lorris ends. Jean de poet, Henri van Aken ; while it Meung takes up the tale by intro- penetrated to Italy, and there it ducing Reason, who holds a lengthy was crystallized in a sequence of discussion with the Lover. Love sonnets by Durante, a contem- besieges the tower where Bel- porary and possibly a friend of Aceml is imprisoned, and succeeds Dante. Then, as EngHsh readers in freeing him. Danger, however, need scarcely be reminded, Chaucer stiU guards the Rose. Love in- is credited with a version of the

vokes the aid of Venus, who sends tale ; while, reverting to France Nature and Genius to aid him. during the reign of Henry II., the But all to no avails and it requires courtier poet Clement Marot re- the presence of Venus herself to wrote the Roman de la Rose, and render it possible for the Lover to his rendering thereof won a popu- pluck the Rose at last. In this larity almost equal to that which famous poem we find the amorous the original edition had enjoyed. poetry of troubadour and trouvere enshrined in symboUsm, with not ROMANCE, NATURE, ORIGIN, AND a little of that satire added which RISE OF. The true character of was symptomatic of the period. romance is not easily defined. The The consummate excellence of the nature of epic proper is solid and second part of the Roman has made serious, that of romance fantastic it the object of many ardent and mysterious. But aU epic is not eulogies, and the writer has been serious, nor is aU romance fantastic, styled the Voltaire of the middle and we cannot regard such a state- ages, whUe he has likewise been ment as a true definition of the compared to Rabelais. The latter meaning of the term " romance," comparison is certainly apt, Jean as we find the fiction of the being anything but prudish, and " heroic " age shading into epic evincing in fact a strong Macabre on the one hand and into pure instinct, a taste in winch he is phantasy on the other, with, in curiously at variance with his pre- both instances, a leaning towards decessor, de Lorris, who is es- pseudo-history. It is true again sentially refined throughout if that what we know as romance not actually idyllic. Jean is to flourished during a definite era. Guillaume, in short, very much " Romance " originally designated

what Chaucer is to Spenser ; while a story written in reman, that is at the same time Jean's parts of eleventh or twelfth-century French, the Boman de la Hose reflect a instead of in Latin; therefore brighter intelligence than Guil- " romance," to use the term in its laume's, an intelligence manifestly strictly technical sense, is some- tinctured moreover by sound erudi- thing essentially French. How " tion. Over two hundred early far the term romance " is to be manuscript copies of the poem are associated with the adjective in existence, scattered over the " romantic " in its modem accepta- libraries of Europe, and this tion is really beside the question, diffusion must have been going on but will be dealt with in the course even in the author's day, for of this article. acquaintance with his work was But the roots of romance—the by no means confined to his own chiefest manifestation of which Y ROM 322 ROM

was the Mati^ri de Brefagne, other- and hausfrau. In romantic fiction wise the Arthurian cycle (q.v.)— we find the relations between the were sunk in a period still older sexes altered in a manner which than its own, and it owed much of reveals the workiags of a semi- its subject-matter to that Celtic philosophic system of exceptional worldwhose mythology, characters, natural depths and power, if of and incidents it so successfully little breadth of outlook. In the translated into the terms of its Chanson de Geste, woman, though own time without capturing its respected as a mother and a wife essential spirit of forlorn and in true Teutonic fashion, is still mystic beauty. It had also a regarded as if not a saleable at direct forerunner in France—the least an exchangeable commodity. Chanson de Geste, or old French In romance pure she is a divinity. pseudo-epic, best instanced by the Thus romance is the triumph of Matidre de France, or Charlemagne the Gallic over the Teutonic ideal, Cycle. The Chanson de Geste par- if it is safe to apply ethnological took more of the nature of epic terms to literary phases. in its seriousness, its relation of The origin of this change is feats of arms, and its sustained obscure, but probably it may be spirit of lofty heroism. We find traced to the influence of the ia it much more of what is called fostering of an " art of love " by " " the romantic by modems, and a literary coterie who had imbibed it contained many of the germs of the amorous teachings of Ovid, later romance. Indeed, the dramatis Virgil, and other classical writers. personcB of the romantic tales are This spirit was principally com- nearly all foreshadowed in the municated to society through the chansons, the geographical science agency of lyric poetry, poetic con- of both types is almost entirely tests and " courts of love " in similar, and the chansons are full which great ladies adjudicated of miracles and phantasies no less upon affairs of the heart. The exaggerated than those to be met romance of the day reflected this with in Arthurian story. Indeed, spirit no less than did lyric verse. the exaggeration to be foxmd in The young squire or page attendant the chansons surpasses anything on a knight must remain unmarried in the Arthurian cycle. In the for many years for lack of means chansons " wonder " is genuine ; to support a wife. He therefore in the romances it is employed in fixed his regard upon some lady a merely theatrical manner. usually in a more exalted position But the saUent difference be- than himself, whom he worshipped tween the types was this : the with a reverence in which platonio romantic school had discovered the affection was strangely inter- uses of a love-interest in fiction. mingled with the most ardent This it employed in a manner feeUngs. In this spirit we have which has been surpassed by no an almost infaUible index to what writers. body of Love illuminates constitutes romance. If a senti- and emblazons the pages of the mental love-interest be awanting, of the romantic writings school we are justified in relegating the with its refined gold, making pale tale under dispute either to the olden the sagas of the days when realms of pseudo-epic or to that was the mere breadwinner man class of story which partakes of the and woman the food-distributor I nature of both epic and romance. ROM 323 ROM

By the twelfth century the that to be found in the Chansons poetry and art d'amour of Pro- de Geste. Their sophistication is venge had taken vigorous hold of noticeable in that it has almost the French mind, and had deeply entirely robbed them of the ability coloured French fiction. The to see with the eyes of romance. esprit gauloise plus the esprit They are in reality the least d'amour of the GaUic South had romantic body of writers con- invaded and conquered the more ceivable. They are the Byrons of Teutonic north. Love was per- the MiddleAges—exploiting cyclads haps a more natural state with and singing of strange journeys these fiery southerners, and that to please a people who had newly its art should have been systema- trodden on the skirts of the tized and expressed so didactically Orient, with a keen eye towards by a people so passionate is not profits and a keen ear towards surprising when we think how applause. Elegant, and with a intense was the hold it had upon fine sense of craftsmanship, they them. It was indeed their " whole are yet woefully deficient in know- existence," and they felt the ledge of the real mati^e de poesie. imperious need of a system that They possess the narrower tricks would dictate exactly in what of music and something of its spirit, manner the love-hfe was to be led. but phantasy and the magic of As the ancient Egyptian Uved the remote mean nothing to them. solely for his reHgion and subordi- The note of the new French nated all other interests to it, so poetry, did the Proven9al subordinate " Le cor est triste dans le bois," everything to love, which was his religion. Thus from passion was would have left them unmoved. evolved a reasoned religion of love This is shown by the circumstance as many religious systems have that they readily adopted the been evolved from the frenzies of figures and subject-matter of Celtic fanaticism. myth without capturing its spirit In such a community the older of aloofness. Its far voices whis- literature of love was at a premium. pered nothing to souls seared and Ovid's Art of Love was its text- sophisticated by passion. The book, and his Heroides and Meta- romance-writers as the pioneers morphoses, as well as the works of of a new and highly involved Statius and Virgil, were also highly system were too world-worn to

esteemed. The love-stories of dwell on old simplicities ; and they Dido and Medea were regarded had not yet learned to employ that as " very precious," and these simphcity which conceals the ugh- heroines as suitable mirrors in nesses of art. They certainly pos- which the grandes dames of the sessed a love of strange things. period might reflect themselves. But it was a love of novelty, not The French romantic writers of of remoteness, and again they the twelfth century form a definite were compelled to utiUze the school more by reason of their dis- machinery of the marvellous as covery of love as a Hterary asset demanded by the popular voice. and the circumstance that their Their merit is that they faced new efforts were conscious and sophis- problems and solved them. Where- ticated than from any explicit as before their time fiction had difference of subject-matter from been a mere recital of tribal or ROS 324 ROS

family tradition they chose the ment three foreign lords, who in world as their collecting ground return promise the young Roswall for ideas, and in this they were their Ufelong friendship, after perhaps assisted by the westward which they depart to their native journey of world-stories. How- land. The long confinement has ever thin and formal their efforts, altered their appearance consider- they broke away from the limited ably. The noble prince is accused enclosure of what was, when all is of releasing his father's prisoners, said and done, merely the " tribal and but for his mother's pleadings lay." They discovered that fiction he would have met his death. has wings. But in mounting her The royal father still enraged to seek far countries, they kept proposes to banish his unfaithful ever in sight of land, and never son. This the good mother re- permitted their newly-freed luctantly agrees to, and after Pegasus to soar into the clouds. many tears the prince and his steward depart. Meanwhile ROSS THE RED. King of Ulster. arrangements have been made Husband of Maev {q.v.), husband between the King of Naples and of Roy, originator of the Red the King of Bealm that the latter Branch. would receive the prince into his ROS WALL AND LILLIAN, THE household. The journey proves HISTORY OF. A popular Scottish eventful. RoswaU, Httle suspecting romance. The date of its com- his steward of treachery, dismounts position is not known nor do we at a small river to drink. The possess the original MS. But it is steward seizes his royal master evident by the frequency of its and threatens to drown him unless mention in ancient writings that he resigns himself to the rufiBan's it retained its popularity amongst dictation. RoswaU must also hand the Scottish people much longer over his wealth and letters. This than many others. This is sup- the frightened boy agrees to, but ported by the fact that less than fearing further treachery, he five decades ago it was not an escapes from the disloyal steward uncommon occurrence to hear it as they approach the Castle of chanted in the streets of the Bealm. Hurrying into the village Scottish capital. The first, or the prince, finding the day far earhest printed edition discovered spent, resolves to seek for shelter. is that of 1663, followed by a Approaching a small cottage which reprint in 1679, since when there he timidly enters, he applies to a appears to have been quite an decrepit old housewife for a night's abundance of editions. But these shelter. This the woman gladly vary in length causing no little accedes to, adding that her only confusion. While the first edition son, who is about his own age, gives us 846 lines in the epic, the would welcome the stranger's com- editions subsequent are reduced panionship. RoswaU is quite considerably in length. The tale delighted at this humble honesty, commences with the birth of but his royal bearing betrays him. Roswall whose father is the King He is forced to assume the name of Naples. The young prince is "Dissawar," to which the old much admired for his beauty. He woman demurs, as she beheves meets with the displeasure of his him to come from royal blood. father, by releasing from imprison- The time passes quietly away. SOS 325 ROS

The old dame's son and Roswall She in turn swore that no one but enjoy each other's companionship, her " Dissawar " would she marry. and attend the same school. The The intimation of the marriage master is particularly pleased with was announced at both courts, his new pupil and shows great and in keeping with kingly custom kindness to him. But the vil- a tournament was opened several lainous steward begins to frequent days preceding the wedding day. the village, the whUe he assumes The tourney commences in real a royal bearing at the court of the earnest. Roswall in disguise takes King of Bealm. Coming one day a part in the battle, and meets to the school-house he observes with approval from all sides. At his young master, and straightway last the king becomes anxious. resolves on his capture. Gtoing to He has seen the wonderful prowess the kind old dame he mentions of the prince who has inflicted that her adopted son must accom- defeat upon aD who met him. pany him to his master's court. The king orders the strange knight She objects, but in vain, and to be captured, but the forest " Dissawar " is taken away. He proves Roswall's best friend. is brought before the court of the Hastening towards it, he dis- king of Bealm, to whom he becomes mounts, resumes his disguise and a hired servant ; nor is his identity proceeds to the castle. At last, revealed. Plodding away without the tourney draws to a close, the a grumble, the unfortunate Roswall wedding day approaches and 'soon attracts the attentions of the nothing short of a miracle will king's daughter, who grows to love prevent its fulfilment. Lilhan has him ; but as she beUeves that he resigned herself to her fate, while is not of royal blood, therefore the steward is inwardly exultant. she must love in secret. BeUeving, But the three lords, whom Roswall however, in her heart that this freed, are peers of the King of " Dissawar " is a prince in dis- Bealm's realm, and hearing of the guise, she chooses Roswall to be approaching marriage, present her chamberlain, which angers the themselves at his court. They jealous steward and gives the mix freely amongst the guests, and young prince more hberty. In all meet with " Dissawar," whom chivalrous games " Dissawar " is they readily recognise as their allowed to display his prowess. saviour from the prison of the He soon meets with the king's King of Naples. They quickly approval, who begins to suspect inform EilHan, who appeals to her the true character of his daughter's father to permit her to marry valet. The prince's parents be- " Dissawar," but he pays no heed come anxious for their son, since to her request. The sorrowful girl they have never heard from him. is wedded to the vile steward. Meanwhile, messengers are speed- The feast begins, but the king hears ing to Naples to convey to the of the steward's impostures, while young prince's father the know- the noble lords disclose the true ledge of his forthcoming marriage. personaUty of " Dissawar." At This felonious message had been this the king is wroth. He orders invented by the base steward, who the wicked steward to be hanged, pretended to be the real prince, after which " Dissawar " discards and who intended to marry Lillian his assumed name, taking his the King of Bealm 's daughter. loving Lillian before the alter. "

ROD 326 RYM

They are married. After the feast- Ercildoun made by him to the ing, he takes with him his bride, convent of Soltra in 1299. He and journeys to the house of his is said to have prophesied the father, to find on his arrival that death of King Alexander in. of the king has died, and his mother Scotland in 1280, so that he must in her old age is mourning her long- have died between these two lost son. The rejoicings at hia dates. Among his countrymen he home are renewed. He and his is celebrated as a prophet or seer wife Uve in peace and happiness, as weU as a poet, and many of his while their family of five grows saws and predictions, or at least into maturity. (See D. Laing, those ascribed to him, will be found Early Scottish Metrical Romances.) in the second volume of The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. ROUND TABLE, THE. A table, said The Prophecies of Thomas the to have been made by Merhn, at Rhymer were printed at Edinburgh which the knights of Arthur in English and Latin in 1691, and habitually sat. It is mythologicaUy have been re-published frequently. considered to represent the sun- He is alluded to by Pordun, sphere as Arthur represents the Wyntoun, Bhnd Harry and other Sim-god. early Scottish historians, and poets, and Robert de Brunne, an English RUADAN, ST. {Vide " Dermot poet who was contemporary with Mackerval.") him, states that he was the author RUDIGER, MARGRAVE. (Jide of a metrical romance entitled " Nibelungenhed.") Husband of Sir Tristrem, supposed to be lost till of it discovered in Gotlind {q.v.), and ambassador to a copy was King Elgel. He went on an the Auchinleck MS. {q.v.) in the embassy to Kriemhild. He refused Advocates' Library in Ediaburgh, to turn against the Burgundians, and published in 1804 with notes but was latterly slain by Hagen and an introduction by Sir Walter in error. Scott. It is noteworthy that the majority of the prophecies accre- RYMOUR, THOMAS. Erroneously dited to " True Thomas," as he designated Learmonth, a poet, was designated by the Scottish romancer and seer who was pro- peasantry, relate to the counties bably bom between 1226 and of Berwick and Aberdeen, and this 1229, and who held the territorial lends colour to a tradition that at title of Ercildoune or Earlston in one time he suffered banishment Berwickshire. He is said to have from his patrimonial estate and resided in a tower situated at the sojourned in the latter county. western extremity of that village, The poems popularly ascribed to the ruins of which are stDl to be him at a late date are : The Whole seen, whilst on a stone in the front Prophecies of Scotland, England, wall of Earlston church is an Ireland, France, and Denmark, inscription in rhyme to the efiect Marvellous Merlin, Beid, Berling- " that his race Ues in this place." ton, Waldhave, Eltrain, Bannister, An ancient charter describes him and Sybilla, but it may be said as "Thomas Rymor," whilst his of these as of the alleged works of son is aUuded to as "heir to many another ancient writer that Thomas Rymour of Ercildoun there is Uttle ground for referring in the assignation of the estate of any of them to Thomas. There is :

SAB 327 SAB

more likelihood that the pro- tells of his abduction by the phecies traditionally ascribed to Queen of Faerie. Cox, Mythology

him and current among the Scot- and Folklore, p. 160, note, says : tish peasantry originally emanated " No one, probably, will attribute from him. Regarding the question the names Horselberg and Ercil- of the authenticity of his author- doune to accident. In each case ship of the Tristrem poem with we have the berg, hill or down of which he is credited, see " Auchin- the moon-goddess Ursel or Ursula, leck MS." a name which through the forms Although Thomas is not to be Ursa, Arktos, and Arksha takes regarded as a mythical hero pure us back to the original word and simple, yet the accretions of denoting splendour or brightness myth have, perhaps inevitably, which gives us the Hindu Raja, crystalHsed around his name, or and the Latin Rex, reg-is on the he has become the centre of a one side, and the Hindu Rishi with myth, probably local, and con- the Teutonic on the other." siderably older than the century There would appear to be a germ which gave him birth, lake Tann- of probability in the etymology, hauser he is supposed to have although it possesses somewhat disappeared underground at the the appearance of a Miillerian call of " Venus," and an old ballad philological triumph.

SABA. In Ossianic romance, the wife gathered his forces and departed of Finn (q.v.). She was the mother to attack them. On the eighth of Oisin (q.v.). She appeared to day he returned victorious, but to Finn as a fawn, as he was one day find Saba gone. The enchanter, returning from the chase. His in the hkeness of Finn with his man-hounds, Bran and Skolawn, hounds, had lured her from the having gained upon her, began to dun to give her again a fawn play around and lick the animal shape, and by his magic she was so Finn gave her protection in his at last forced to leave her son and Dun of Allen. Next morning he to follow the Druid. awoke to find a most beautiful SABARYZ. (Vide " Sir Ferumbras.") woman beside his bed. She had A brave Roman who defended been changed those three years, Rome against liaban. He was she said, by the sorceries of her killed by Estragot, King of hated lover, the Druid of the Babylon. Fairy Folk, into a fawn. But " from one of his slaves she had SABER. ( Vide Bevis of Hampton.") learned that her human shape Uncle and foster-father of Sir Bevis. would be restored to her, could she He went to the Isle of Wight after but reach the Dim of Allen. Finn Sir Guy's death, and defended it made her his wife, and no longer against Sir Murdour and his wife. found pleasure in the battle or the He sent his son Terry, disguised chase. At last, however, hearing as a pilgrim, to find Bevis. He that the Northmen's war-ships was a great dreamer, and on were in the Bay of Dublin, he several occasions was of the '

SAC 328 SAM

greatest " Florice service to Bevis, such as SALIM. ( Vide and Blanch- rescuing Josyan from Ascapard, fleur.") A loyal servant to Plorice. and finding his horse Arundel. He bore messages between the two lovers. He acquainted Florice SACRIPANT. {Vide " Inna- Orlando with Blanchfleur's exile to Baby- morato," and " Orlando Furioso.") lon, and accompanied his master King of Circassia, of the one in his search for her. bravest and most faithful of Angehca's lovers. When this SALMON OF KNOWLEDGE. {Vide princess was besieged in Albracca " Fintan.") by Agrican, he marched to her SAM. (Fif^e " Burnt Njal. Gunnar's assistance with a numerous army, ") (g.w.jfaithfulhound. Treacherously and performed many gallant slain Gunnar's murderers ; be- actions. by fore he died he gave his master SADOK, SIR. A knight at the court warning of their approach. of King Mark (q.v.). Afterwards a follower of Lancelot. He was SAMSON, KING (Samsing). Aromance charged with the Earldom of of the Amelung cycle. Once there Surlat, under Lancelot, who as- lived a noble yarl (earl) who ruled sumed for a while the chieftain- so justly that Salem, his country, ship of that ' prospered. In his service was a country. ( Vide Morte d'Arthur.") powerful man called Samson, who displayed great might in battle. SADONE. In Carlovingian romance, The yarl becomes king, and at a a vahant pagan who seconds feast which followed, Samson and Karaheut {q.v.) in his combat with his loyal follower ask a boon. Ogier. {Vide " Ogier the Dane.") The king granting the warrior SAGRAMORE LE DESIROUS, SIR. leave to speak is astoimded at his Knight of the Court of King request. Samson had asked that Arthur. He was slain by Sir he might marry his master's MeHagrance, while acting as Queen daughter, Hildeswid. But the Guinever's body-guard. {Vide perplexed king could not grant " Morte d'Arthur.") such a boon to a commoner, despite his bravery. Commandiag SAIGREMORS. Knight. Mentioned the dejected Samson to carry some in the Legend of the Holy Grail in sweetmeat to the room of Hildes- connection with the dehverance wid, he offers the silent warrior of a damsel from ten robber as much consolation as he could. knights. Some fifteen hundred Samson being a fickle-tempered verses are devoted to the doings man obeyed the king's command of this doughty champion. without a murmur, but not with- out feeling ST. FINNEN. An Irish abbot of the that his rebelhous sixth century who sought hospi- spirit would achieve his purpose. Proceeding tahty from the pagan chief Tuan to Hildeswid's room, with the mac Carell {q.v.), and from him plate of sweetmeats, he learnt the history of Ireland. commands her to prepare to accompany him to his home. The SALADOS. A giant knight and robber bewildered girl hesitates, but not of lands. He was subdued by for long. Reahzing his ungovern- Sir Ewaine, Knight of the Lion able temper, she hastens to comply {q.v.). with his commands They then SAM 329 SAM leave the palace, and hastening subdues the men and kills the through the forest arrive at Sam- king. He is sorely tempted to son's dwelUng. After much diffi- end his mother's life, but, despite culty they are admitted into the her betrayal, refrains. The men dingy grange by an old woman, of Salem then proceed to elect a the mother of Samson. The new king. Samson hopes that he dwelling arouses a feehng of horror may be selected. Brunstein, in the mind of the princess, who brother of the late Rodgeier, is is, however, soothed by her ab- chosen, who, feeling it his duty to ductor. The old mother pleads punish the outlaw, gathers an that they have no food, and her army together and marches against son accuses her of miserliness. But Samson. But Samson is cunning, a satisfactory meal is provided. and catching the weary army After which Samson proceeds to asleep one night sets fire to their deal with his pursuers, who had encampment. Brunstein per- by this time discovered the abduc- ceiving through the fitre and smoke tion. The princess left alone be- the huge frame of Samson takes comes weary, and desiring the old flight. The remnant of Brun- woman's companionship goes in stein's army then retreat. The search of her. Passing from room fugitive king comes to the dwelHng to room she emerges upon a low- of Samson, and after conferring ceilinged apartment where she with Hildeswid discovers her to perceives at one end, in the dim be his niece. She advises him, light, the ancient dame stooping however, to flee from the wrath of over a chest filled with gold. The her husband. But it is too late, princess hesitates for a moment Samson is upon him, and after a to listen to the whispered chant desperate struggle the unfortunate of the cunning creature, but is monarch is slain. Samson then horrified when she reahzes that the proceeds to dictate to the burghers wretch means to murder her for of Salem. Meanwhile he had the sake of her jewels. Just then gathered together a large host, the evil crone turns round, and and with the help of his uncle catching sight of the spy runs Dietwar he proceeds to threaten forward, grips the princess by the the terror-stricken district. The throat, and would have strangled citizens see that there is no other her, had not Samson appeared. alternative, and requesting the He in his rage draws his sword to burghers to communicate with slay his wicked mother, but, Samson, they gladly acclaim him remembering he is her son, spares as their king. The hero, seeing her. Samson vanquishes the pur- that his wishes had been complied suers, but is quickly assailed by with, sends for his wife, and the king. Proceeding through the together they ride into Salem, forest the king asks of an old amid the greatest enthusiasm. woman the whereabouts of Sam- The new ruler governs with a son's dwelling. At first she refuses stem sense of justice, and ad- to divulge it, but upon being ministers the laws with equal bribed she readily answers their regard for all his subjects. His inquiries. This old wretch is the country develops and his people mother of Samson. The king and prosper. Peace reigns within her his men then attack the house. borders, and commerce grows. The Samson by his mighty strength people learn to love their king. SAN 330 SAN

But Samson thought that this SANCHAN TORPEST. Chief bard of prolonged peace was not a healthy Ireland in the reign of the High sign, since military prowess was King Guary. He figures in Sir the chief glory of his age. So in- S. Ferguson's Lays of the Western vesting his eldest son with the Gael, a poem combining the " regency of the kingdom, he legends that bear upon the " Tain assembles together his army and or " Cattle Raid of Quelgny " {q.v.). reminds his forces of their need Taunted at the feast by the king for patriotism. In the meantime that he could not recite the he issues a note to the proud yarl " Tain," Sanchan Torpest deter- Blsung of Bern (Verona) demand- mined to recover the poem, and ing that he should pay tribute to to that end sought Ireland and his hege lord. Samson further Alba (Scotland) for traces of it. demands that the earl should give But he could only find fragments his daughter OdiUa to his second of the lay, and therefore sent his son. These terms the earl refuses, two sons to Italy to learn what and makes elaborate preparations had befallen the stafE-book. At to meet the insolent Samson. In Loch Ein, however, the elder reply, the king marches his forces brother discovered Fergus mac upon Bern. There the armies Roy's grave, and at the expense meet, and great is the slaughter. of his hfe and love recovered for At length Samson's herculean his father the long-lost lay. strength prevails. After slaying the brave earl, his army gain the SANAZZARO GIACOMO, author of victory. The defeated Bernese the celebrated Arcadia, was bom seeing their ruler slain, wisely at Naples in 1458. He belonged choose Samson as their king, thus to a distinguished family, but did putting an end to the hatred not inherit any fortune, owing all which embittered the struggle. that he possessed to the favour of The king and his host commence the Neapohtan royal family. He their return journey. The victory distinguished himself in classical satisfies Samson, who made captive studies in early life, but the love the dead king's daughter. She at of a lady, Carmosrna Bonifacia, first refuses to accept his son, but determined him to praise her in the king's wrath frightened her, his native tongue. Her he praised and, yielding in mortal fear, in his Arcadia, and in many Odilia consents to wed the prince. sonnets, and when she died, he Samson then assures her of peace returned to his tatin verses. and protection. These arrange- King Frederic gave him the dehght- ments made, the king and his ful VUla Mergohna, a fairy-like victorious host proceed. But on residence, where the poet the way, Samson feU ill. The attempted to realize his dreams woxmds that the earl had inflicted of happiness in an Arcadia of his upon him began to pain him, own. The wars of the French and forcing him to rest at a wayside Spaniards overwhelmed him in village. He grew worse, the common ruin with his benefactors. wounds would not heal, and after a He sold aU his possessions to relieve short and painful struggle, Samson the necessities of King Frederic yielded to death, naming his young- when that dethroned monarch was est son ruler of the Ehineland, sent as a hostage to France, with Fritilayung as his residence. whither Sanazzaro followed him, SAR 331 SAX

and shared his exile from 1501 to is mentioned in the Legend of the 1505. Returning to Italy on the Graal (or Grail) in connection with death of Frederic, he passed the Joseph. rest of his life in village on the a SATYN, KING OF. Father of slopes of Vesuvius. His Arcadia, Adaranta {q.v.), in whose land on which his reputation princi- Uved the boar which was slain by pally depends, was commenced in Eglamour (g.w.). (F»ie"Eglamour early youth, and pubhshed in 1504, of Artoys.") when he was forty-six. A species of romantic pastoral in prose SAURLI. (F»de"Volsungs.") Son of serves to connect twelve romantic Gudrun (q.v.). He and his brother and pastoral scenes, and twelve avenged Swanhild's (q.v.) death by eclogues of shepherds in arcadia. slaying King Jormfinrek (q.v.). In the seventh Sanazzaro himself SAWAN. In Irish romance, brother appears in Arcadia, recounts the of Kian and Goban (q.v.). exploits of his family, and how love had driven him into exile. SAXO GRAMMATICUS. A Danish The ancient Arcadia is to Sanna- historian and poet, belonged to a zaro nothing more than the poetical family of warriors, his father and world of his own age. He awakes grandfather having served under in the twelfth eclogue as from a Valdemar I., King of Denmark. dream. The execution is elegant Brought up for the priesthood, in the extreme, and if some of the Saxo entered the service of Arch- sentiments expressed are somewhat bishop Absalon about 1180, and trite and affected, they do not remained in that capacity until lack warmth and nature. The that prelate's death in 1201. It stanzas in which each eclogue ends was at the archbishop's instiga- are in the lyric form of canzoni, tion that he began, about 1185, and some of them are instinct with to write the history of the Danish beautiful music. Sanazzaro died Christian kings from the time of in 1530. SwejTi Astridson (d. 1076), but later Absalon prevailed on him SARRAQUITE, QUEEN. Queen of to write also a history of the Sarras (q.v.). In the Grand St. earlier heathen times, and to it is recounted how she was Oraal combine both into a great work, Christian, as Christ had secretly a Oesta Danorum, or Historia Danica. appeared to her. She had been The archbishop died before the baptized although she feared to work was finished, and therefore her faith to her husband. avow the preface, written about 1208, (q.v.) brings her with her Josephes dedicates the work to his successor baptized under the husband, now Archbishop Andreas, and to King of Mordrains, to the Grail name Waldemar. Saxo, from his ap- shows them the Grail. shrine and prenticeship as the archbishop's she sends messengers in Eater secretary, had acquired a brilliant of Nasciens and her husband search but somewhat euphuistic style, she regains. She dies on whom and wrote fine Latin verses, but day as Nasciens and the same otherwise he does not seem to Flegentyne. have had any very great learning SARRAS. A town in the Holy Land or extensive reading. His sources from which the Saracens are said are partly Danish traditions and to derive their nomenclature. It songs, partly the statements of SCH _332 SET

Archbishop Absalon, partly the Christiem Pedersen. This edition accounts of Icelanders, and lastly, was reprinted at Basle, 1534, and lists of Danish kings and short at Frankfort, 1576. There is an chronicles, which furnished him English translation by O. Elton with some reUable chronological and F. W. PoweU (London, 1894). facts. SCHIR WILLIAM WALLACE. A The first nine books of the Gesta long poem recounting the military Danorum comprise traditions of and other exploits of Wallace the kings and heroes of the semi- Scottish hero, written during the mythical period up to about fifteenth century by Blind Harry, 950 A.D. Here we have traditions but based chiefly on traditions about Fredf»ode, Amleth (Hamlet) handed down oraUy since Wallace's and Ferye, about HroHr KraM, own period, the end of the thir- Hadding, the giant Starkather, teenth century. (Vide "Blind Harald Hildefaun and Ragnarr Harry.") Lodbrok. In this earher history Saxo has also embodied myths of SEAT PERILLOUS. The seat left national gods who in tradition had empty at the Round Table for become Danish Kings, for in- Sir Galahad, son of Lancelot {q.v.). stance, Baldar and Hother, and of It probably received its soubriquet foreign heroes hkewise incorporated of " perillous " on account of the in Danish history, as the Gothic untimely end which met would-be Jormunrek (A.S. Eormenrie) the occupiers of the seat, such as that AngUan Vermund (A. S. Garmund) which befell Moyses {q.v.) when and UfEe (A.S. Offa), the German the earth opened up and swallowed Hedin, and Hild, and others. him on his aspiring to seat himself Frequently the narrative is inter- thereon. rupted by translations of poems, SEGARD OF WALLINGFORD. (Vide which Saxo had used as authentic " Guy of Warwick.") Steward and sources, although they are often counsellor of the Earl of Warwick, only a few generations older than and father of Sir Guy. himself. In the later books (X.- XVI.) of his work he follows to a SEGWIN. (F4(ie" Guy of Warwick.") greater extent historical accounts, Duke of Louvain. and the more he approaches his SEMION. 'In Irish romance son of own time the fuller and the more Stariat. He settled in Ireland, trustworthy his relation becomes. and from him descended all the Especially brilHant is his treat- Firbolgs and other two tribes. ment of the history of King Valde- mar and of Absalon. But his SERA. (The West.) In Irish legend patriotism often makes him partial father of Partholan (q.v.). to his countrymen, and his want SERAPHE. The quondam name of of critical sense often bhnds him Nasciens (q.v.) before he was con- to historical truth. verted. Saxo's work was widely read during the middle ages, and several SETANTA. In Irish myth, the earliest extracts of it were made for name of Cuchullm (q.v.). The smaller chronicles. It was pub- maiden Dectera (q.v.) had dis- lished for the first time, from a appeared with her fifty companions MS. afterwards lost, at Paris in from the Court of Conor (q.v.). 1514, by the Danish humanist After three years the king and his SEV 333 SIB

nobles were lured by a flock of seille, a monk of the Abbey of birds to the Fairy Mound of Angus Hati'teseille, with the title of on the Boyne, where one of them Dolopathus. Three metrical met Lugh {q.v.) and the long-lost romances exist in English, probably maidens. Next morning in the based on the French. The most shelter-hut the Ulster warriors important of these is The Seven found a new-bom infant boy. Sages, by John RoUand of Dal- With Conall {q.v.) his senior, he keith, edited for the Baimatyne was nursed by Dectera's sister, Club. (Edinburgh, 1837.) Finchboom, ConaU's mother. In SEYFRID OF MOORLAND. King of the Court of Conor he learnt the Carady. Vide " Gudrun Lay " and warrior's art. It was when a boy ( " Guiun.") One of the suitors that the name CuchuUin was given for Gudrun's hand. While Her- him. Being late to arrive at the wig {q.v.) is attacking Hegelingen, feast of CuUan (q.v.) he was Seyfrid ravages Seeland, till Her- attacked by, but slew that Smith's wig, aided by Hettel {q.v.), drives enormous watch-hound. He then him back. On Gudrun's abduc- took the place of the hound until tion by Hartmut and Ludwig its whelps might be trained to {q.v.), peace is made between Sey- guard the palace, hence his name frid and Herwig, and Seyfrid "The Hound of CuUan." {Vide aids in the unsuccessful attempt "Cuchullin.") to rescue her. He brings men SEVEN WISE MASTERS, THE. A and pinnaces to the later expedi- tion which rescues Gudrun from cycle of stories of Oriental origin. Ormany, and finally weds a sister They tell how a Roman Emperor of Herwig. causes his son to be educated away from the court in the seven liberal SGEIMH SOLAIS. (Light of Beauty.) ' . arts by ' seven wise masters " On Daughter of Cairbry {q.v.), in his return to court his stepmother Irish romance, she was asked in the empress accuses him to her marriage by a son of the King of husband, and seeks to bring about the Decies. On the arrangement his death by seven stories which of the alliance the Fianna {q.v.),

she relates to the emperor ; but claimed a tribute of twenty ingots her narrative is each time con- of gold, and by the exorbitancy of futed by tales of the craft of their claim precipitated hostihties, women related by the sages. which resulted in the Battle of Finally the prince's lips are un- Gowra {q.v.) (Garristown, co. sealed, the truth exposed, and the DubUn), in which the Fianna were wicked empress is executed. This almost exterminated, and Cairbry cycle of stories, which appears in and Oscar (q.v.) slew each other. many European languages, is of " Eastern origin. An analogous SIBICH. {Vide Dietrich of Bern.") collection occurs in Sanskrit, but A marshal of the realm of Ermen- the Indian original is unknown. rich {q.v.). His avarice knew no Travelling from the east by way of bounds, and he plotted to secure Arabic, Persian, Syriac, and his master's downfall. Through Greek, it was known as the Book his wicked influence the empire into war. He was of Sindibad, and was translated was plunged from Greek into Latin in the assisted in his vile work by twelfth century by Jean de Haute- another minister of the realm SID 334 SIE

named Ribestein (q.v.), whom he to be made at Toledo by Roger de bribed. His chief aim was to Palermo, a minorite friar in the embroil his master in war against thirteenth century. A King of Dietrich. In this he was success- Spain then commanded it to be

ful ; but not to the satisfaction of translated from Eatin into Arabic, his own ends. His master was and sent it as a most valuable defeated, and he almost suffered present to Emir Elmomenim, Lord

death ; but for his former services of Tunis. It was next given to he was saved. Frederick II., Emperor of Ger- many, famous in the Crusades. SIDHE, PEOPLE OF THE. (Fairy This work, which is of considerable Mounds.) In Irish romance, the length, was translated into EngUsh Danaans (q.v.) in the later fairy verse by Hugh Campeden, under state. the title The Historic of King Bocchus and Sydrack in 1510. It SIDRAC. A French romance current is in the " minstrel metre," and in England in the early part of the possesses neither elegance of fourteenth century, and fully diction nor harmony of versi- described as Le Livere Sydrac le fication. PhilosopJie le quel horn appele le livere de la funtane de totes science. SIEGE OF MILAN, THE. Written in It appears to have been very twelve stanzas in English. It is popular from the frequency with perfect in the middle and at the wMch its MS. are met with. It is end, 1602 Unes remaining. No in reality a system of natural French original is known of this philosophy, and treats of the poem. The Saracens under Sultan virtues of plants. It undoubtedly Arabas, after plundering Rome and originates from an Arabian source, other cities, take Milan. The probably an offshoot of the litera- Lord of Milan, Sir Alantine, hastens ture of the Moors in Spain. to Charlemagne, who sends Roland Sidrac, the philosopher of this with an army to Milan. The

system, was astronomer to an French are defeated ; Richard of Eastern king. He lived 870 years Normandy is killed, and Roland after Noah, of whose book of and three other paladins are taken astronomy he was possessed. He prisoners. The captives are converts Bocchus, an idolatrous brought before Arabas, who taunts king of India, to the Christian them by ordering a crucifix to be faith, and by him is invited to burned. Miraculous flames burst build a mighty tower against the forth from it which blind the invasions of a rival monarch. Saracens. Guy of Burgundy After the death of Bocchus this slaughters Arabas, and the book of Sidrac fell into the hands prisoners ride back to France upon of a Chaldean renowned for piety. celestial horses. It then successively becomes the Charlemagne himself prepares to property of King Madian, Namaan march on Milan. Meanwhile the the Assyrian, and Grypho, Arch- Saracens have crowned " Sir bishop of Samaria. The latter had Garcy " (the Garsile of the French a priest named Demetrius, who Otinel (q.v.)) as their Sultan. brought it into Spain, and here it The Saracens meet the army of was translated from Greek into Charlemagne, and are driven back Eatin. This translation was said on Milan ; the French prepare a SIK 335 SIG

siege of the city, and at this 8IGEN0T. A High German poem, juncture the poem breaks off. probably of Tyrolese origin, dating Edited for the Early English from the latter part of the thir- Text Society by Sydney J. Werr- teenth century, and part of the tage. It forms the bulk of the Saga cycle relating to Dietrich of volume called The Eniglish Charle- Bern (q.v.). It recounts how magne Romances, Part II. (1880). Dietrich riding through the forest encountered the sleeping giant SIEGFRIED. (" Nibelungenlied.") SigenSt, whom he awakened Son of King Siegmund of Xanten. roughly. Sigenot felled him with He divided the treasure of the his club and cast him into a deep Nibelungs between Nibelung and snake-infested pit. Hildebrand, SchiUung, slew both brothers, and a follower of Dietrich's, next en- overcame the dwarf Alberich (q.v.), countered the giant, who seized he slew a dragon and bathed in the him also, and would have thrown blood, whereby his skin being him beside his master, had his turned to horn, no weapon could prisoner not espied Dietrich's harm him. He married Kriemhild sword at the mouth of the pit. He of Burgundy, and won Brunhild seized it, and slew the giant, sub- of Isenstein {q.v.) for Gunther, his sequently rescuing Dietrich with brother-in-law. But Brunhild the aid of a dwarf Eggerich. See loved him, and out of jealousy for Deutsche Heldenhuch, BerUn, Kriemhild urged her husband to 1866-1878; E. Henrici, Daa slay him, a murder which was Deutsche Heldenbuch, vol. vii. of efEected by stealth. He is the Kirschner's Deutsche National great hero of the earher portions Litterratur ; J. M. Ludlow. of the Nibelungenlied. Popular Epics of the Middle Ages, SIGEBANT. (FicZe "Gudran Bay.") London and Cambridge, 1865. King of Ireland, father of Hagen " (q.v.). SIGENOT, ( Vide Dietrich of Bern.") A giant related to Grim (q.v.). He SIGEHEB. A son of the Emperor unsuccessfully attempted to avenge Dietwart (q.v.). He is mentioned Grim's death, but met his own end in the legend as being the only son at the hands of Dietrich and of a family of forty-four, who Hildebrand (q.v.). survived the death of his parents, said to have lived for who are SIGGEIR. King of the Goths hundred years. (Vide " Diet- five " Volsungs "), who married Signy wart.") (q.v.) daughter of Volsung (q.v.). SIGELINT. (See "Nibelungenlied.") He attempted to destroy Sigmund One of the two merwomen whose (q.v.), and SinfjotU (q.v.), but his raiment Hagen seized when he own treachery brought him to his found them bathing by the Danube, death. His wife Signy (q.v.) and wished to compel them to fore- perished also at the same time. tell the future. She contradicted the false prophecy of her com- SIGI. Son of Odin, and father of " panion (vide " Hadebruc "), and Rerir (q.v.), a character in The " foretold that none of the Burgun- Lay of the Volsungs (q.v.) who, dians should ever return to their forced to flee from his father's land, save only the King's chaplain, wrath, settled in Hunland. He which prophecy was fulfOled. was slain by his own followers. SIG 336 SIR

SIGMUND. {Vide " Volsungs "), son {q.v.) and his queen Grimhild of Volsung {q.v,), father of Siiafjotli {q.v.). Later in the shape of (q.v.) by his sister Signy {q.v.). Gunnar {q.v.) he rode through the He wedded Borghild (q.v.) who flames on to Brunhild's castle, and bore him two sons, Helgi {q.v.) thus won her for Gunnar. He and Hammund {q.v.). He after- afterwards repented of his decep- wards destroyed l^er for poisoning tion, but Brunhild had by then Sinfjotli. He then married learned the truth. He was slain Hjordis {q.v.) daughter of King by Gunnar's brother Guttorm at Eylimi {q.v.), who gave birth to the request of Brunhild, and in Sigurd {q.v.) after his death. He turn slew the murderer. was latterly assailed by King SIGURD, {Vide " Grettir Lyngi {q.v.), a rival in love, who Saga.") slew him and King EyUmi. Husband of Lady Spes {q.v.). SIGNY. {Vide "Volsungs.") The SIGWARIDES, SIR, LORD OF THE daughter of Volsung {q.v.). She ISLE. A noble knight in Arthur- married King Siggeir {q.v.), to ian romance, and husband of an whom she bore two children, who, imfaithful wife. He is slain by Sir by her wish, were slain by Sig- Lancelot in the rescue of Queen mund {q.v.) her brother. Dis- Guinever from the stake. {Vide guised as a witch, she dwelt for "Morted'Arthur.") several days with her brother, and afterwards bore to him Sinfjotli SINEND. In Irish legend daughter {q.v.). She subsequently perished of Lodan, and thus granddaughter with King Siggeir her husband, of Lir {q.v.). She went to a certain when her brother set fire to his well named Connla's well, under dwelling. the sea (that is in the Land of Faerie), by which the hazel trees SIGURD. Son of Sigmund {q.v.) and of the science of poetry blossomed. Hjordis {q.v.). {Vide " Volsungs.") Omitting certain rites in drawing He was bom at the court of HJal- nigh it, she was overwhelmed by prek {q.v.) after his father's death. the waters, and washed up on the He became very powerful. His shores of the river Shannon, where tutor Begin {q.v.) accompanied she died, giving to the river its him on many of his exploits. He name. received the foal Grani from Odin. He revenged his father's death by SINFJOTLI. {Vide "Volsungs.") slaying Eling Lyngi {q.v.) and the Son of Signy {q.v.) begotten of sons of Handing, after which he Sigmund {q.v.) her brother. He overcame the dragon Fafnir {q.v.), met his death through Borghild's whose heart he ate, this endowing {q.v.) treachery. him with the power of under- standing the language of birds. SIR GAWAYNE AND THE GRENE These advised him to slay Regin, KNYGHT. One of a number of which he did. He then raised Enghsh metrical romances on the Brunhild {q.v.) from the trance subject of Gawayne. The romance into which Odin had placed her. relates that as King Arthur and He tried to win her love, but his knights sat down to dine one drunk having a potion which made New Year Day a strangely forget her, him he wedded Gudrun appareUed horseman entered the {q.v.), daughter of King Giuki hall. In height and fierceness of SIR 337 SIR regard no knight could equal him. until he came within sight of the He bore in one hand a bunch of drawbridge, which in response to holly, and in the other a well- his signals was let down. Here sharpened axe. Everything that he was lodged, and as his host he wore, and even the trappings of assured him that the chapel was his horse, were of green. The king near at hand, he did not hesitate had not seen such a strange sight to prolong his stay, for it yet before, and in haste to welcome wanted six days ere the New Year. the fierce visitor he asked him to Every morning his good host went join in the feast. But the knight to the hunt, and during his absence refused, for he had come to test his wife tempted her guest. But the bravery of the king's cham- Gawajme remained virtuous. The pions. Brandishing the axe in last morning of his stay duly the air, he challenged any one of arrived, and as he would not the assembled knights to deal him respond to his temptress she pre- a blow on the neckwith the weapon, sented him with a green buckle. on condition that on the same day This he concealed from the gaze one year hence the acceptor would of his host by fastening it under submit to a similar blow at his his armour, and resumed his fatal own hands. The amazed on- Journey accompanied by a servant lookers could not allow this chal- to lead the way. At last the lenge to go unheeded, and to the servant halted, and, pointing in reUef of all, Gawayne arose and the direction of the chapel, bade accepted it. The Green Knight the knight go on alone. With an dismounted, laid bare his neck, ill-boding he came to a cave almost and commanded Gawayne to concealed by evergreens, and strike. Down came the sharp blow, deeming this to be the Green cutting through skin and bone, Chapel he dismounted and peered and sending the severed head roll- within. Nothing but green met ing along the floor. The head- his gaze, and at last raising a less knight took the axe, picked shout, he was answered by the up the head and mounted his Green Knight caUing him to come steed. As he rode towards the forward. On he went without door the head turned round and faltering, but beheving none the warned Gawayne on his peril not less that his last moment had to fail to be at the Green Chapel come. The greeting from the next New Year Day. The court Green Knight, whose head rested talked long about this adventure. as soundly as ever on his body, But as the year roUed on Gawayne was cordial, and anxious to end only was mindful of the event. the suspense, he commanded the Soon the year drew to a close, and fated knight to dofiE his helmet after a farewell carousal the sad and lay bare his neck. This done, but brave-hearted knight set off the Green Knight swung the axe, for the Green Chapel. He wan- but Gawayne flinched. The dered over hill and through dale, Green Knight uttered a word of but the meeting-place appeared warning, and once more swinging not in sight. One evening as his his weapon, brought it down upon weary horse led him through a forest SirGawayne's neck. To Gawayne's he espied through a clearing of surprise his head was still secure, the branches a many-towered for the axe had but bruised the castle. On he spurred his steed skin. Then he turned to the SEA 338 SON

Green Knight and beheld him to learn feats of war, the last two be his good host, who told him being the crossing of the Bridge of that his name was Sir Bemlake, Leaps which led to her dun or and in his house lived Morgan-le- dweUing, and the use of the Gae Fay, who had led his wife to tempt Bolg(g'.z;.). Cuchullin (g'.w.) accom- his guest. But now that he had plished the first, and was taught proved a man of valour and noble the second. virtue he could not suffer so young SKEGGI. {Vide " Grettir Saga.") a head to roll in the dust. The One of the company that went two knights parted, and Gawayne with Thorkel to the king. Both rode back to the court of Arthur. he and Grettir lost their meal-bags The substance of this tale is on the way. But Skeggi finding almost identical with that in which one, Grettir demanded it of the Irish hero Cuchulain takes him, the quarrel ending up the challenge by the demon in Skeggi's death and in a three years' banish- caUed " The Terrible " (q.v.), cuts ment for the victor. off the monster's head, and next day submits to a like test himself, SKENA. In Irish romance wife of escaping unharmed. It is notice- Amergin {q.v.), son of Miled {q.v.). able that "The Terrible" is a As the Milesians were sailing for water spirit, and the garb and Ireland she died on the way, and dwelling of the Green Knight was buried at Inverskena, the would seem to point to the cir- ancient name of the Kenmare cumstance that he had a similar River. origin. That the Arthurian story is founded upon the Irish one is SKAPTI. {Vide "Grettir Saga.") obvious, and this would appear The lawman and friend of Grettir. to afford an illustration of some SOLOMON'S SHIP. The ship on value concerning the presumed which in Arthurian legend Sir Irish source of many Arthurian Galahad's {q.v.) sword was found. The legend tells how the heroes SKAMKELL. (F*(ie " Burnt Njal.") came upon the sword at the foot The fawning friend of Otkell of a rich bed with its blade six inches (q.v.) ; with whom he was slain out of the scabbard. Gala- by Gunnar {q.v.) and Kolskegg had examining the sword finds {q.v.). the scabbard made of serpent's skin. He also sees written on the SKARP-HEDINN. {Vide "Burnt blade that none should draw it Njal.") Eldest son of NJal. He who could not strike better than avenged Gunnar's death ; assisted the others. Sir Perceval's sister in the slaying of Thrain {q.v.) and supphes hangLQgs made of her own Hrapp {q.v.), and in that of hair and names the sword " The Hanskuld {q.v.). For this murder Sword of Strange Hangings," and he was burnt with his parents the scabbard " Memory of Blood," and his brother Grim {q.v.) in and Galahad girds on the weapon. Njal's home. SONG OF ROLAND, THE. A poem of SKATHA. In Irish romance a the eleventh century, and the first mighty woman warrior — of the recorded of the Carlovingian cycle. Land of Shadows (Skye ?). To The earhest text extant which her went many Irish warriors to purports to be written bv Turold "'^ SON 339 SON

or Theroulde (q.v.), is preserved of the fight among the Pyrenean at Oxford, in the Bodleian Library. peasantry. The battle took place The Song is not the work of a in 778 A.D. according to the finished poet, but its lofty tone Annates of Eginhard, Charle- of courage, patriotism and devo- magne's chronicler. tion to duty as well as its affecting The Song begins by stating that and impressive native nobility at the period of its commencement place it among the great epic the emperor had been " full seven poems of the world. The resolve years in Spain," and had con- of the valiant few to face the quered that land as far as the sea. hosts of Saracens who confront He only requires to reduce Sara- them, and the strong but simple gossa, which is held by King language in which they exhort Marsile, who worships Mahomet. each other must appeal powerfully Marsile calls his lords to council to every brave man, whilst the as to how he may best rid himself sorrow of the paladins for those of Charles. Blancadrin advises who have fallen and the affecting him to send a friendly embassy to circumstances of the deaths of the emperor, offering to go and do

( I Roland, Oliver, and Turpin are fealty to him at Michaelmas and

. f scarcely to be read with dry eyes. receive baptism, and further to The childlike honesty and trans- give hostages. The Franks wiU parency of the whole work is then depart, and Marsile need not marvellously refreshing, and the keep his promises. The hostages military spirit with which it is win be hanged, but it is better so infused stirs the heart like a than that the Moors should lose trumpet-call. The Song of Roland Spain the bright. The advice is is to be regarded as Norman in its taken, and envoys are sent with origin, and was probably written the mendacious message. They by a certain Theroulde, tutor of arrive at where Charles is, sur- William the Conqueror. It was rounded by his peers, whom he certainly chanted by the Norman calls into council. Roland dis- warrior Taillefer, as he rushed on likes the terms, and suspects the Saxons at the battle of treason. Ganilo, Roland's step- Hastings, and the improbable father, and a traitor, presses the theory of M. Genin is that the assembly to accept them. Roland Oxford MS., after passing through then suggests that Ganilo himself Taillefer's hands, was deposited in should proceed to Marsile's head- an MS. chest by a second Theroulde, quarters and come to an arrange- Abbot of Peterborough, who died ment with him. This enrages in 1098. But the Oxford MS. is Count Ganilo, and he resolves to manifestly not the original, nor is destroy Roland, whom he hates, it the first work of its kind, as can and Oliver with him. He takes be proved by internal evidence. his leave on his errand, hate of The Song tells the story of Ron- Roland in his heart. He comes cevaux, which combat it is now to where Marsile is, and tells him considered was a Basque ambush that Charlemagne will give him to cut off the retreating French one-half Spain in fee if he becomes rearguard in the Pyrenees, and a Christian, the other half he will not a Saracen strategem, as the give to Roland, his nephew. At poem has it. The Basque song the instance of Blancadrin Marsile of Alta-hicar enshrines the memory bribes Ganilo to assist him in the SON 340 SON

destruction of Eoland. Ganilo, But after four successful en- who desires nothing better, tells counters, the French knights are him that Eoland will be in com- all slain save sixty. Roland says mand of the rearguard of the to Oliver that he will blow his French, only 20,000 men in all, horn for the purpose of attracting and that when they retreat into the French vanguard with the their own country, imagining that emperor, but Ohver dissuades Marsile has surrendered, the him, saying that it would be shame Moorish king should raise 100,000 to crave succour. Turpin, the men and cut ofE the French and archbishop, says that it is useless, slay Roland. So would Charles for by the time Charles arrives lose " the right hand of his body." they will all be cut to pieces. But, Ganilo then returns to the em- nevertheless, the king may avenge peror Charles, and tells him that them. So Roland blows his ivory Marsile has agreed to become his horn, and Charles hears it thirty man, and wiU follow him to France leagues away. He recognizes it, in a month's time. The French but Ganilo laughs him to scorn. then depart for " sweet France." The emperor in wrath sees through The pagans follow in their wake, Ganilo's treachery, has him seized, four hundred thousand strong. and returns to assist the rearguard. OUver in the rearguard says to his The French under Roland knowing friend Roland that he hears a that they will receive no quarter, noise of trumpets afar off. He and askmg none, renew the fight mounts a high pine-tree, and espies like lions. The Saracen Marganice the paynim host. He cannot strikes OUver from behind, but is count even the troops of them. slain by him. Ohver loses much They draw near. The Franks blood, and when Roland comes form in battle array. Archbishop nigh he mistakes him for a Saracen, Turpin addresses them, absolves and deals him a terrible blow, as them, and for penance commands does Vivien to Wihiam of Orange them " to strike." The battle in the Coveriant Vivien. Ohver begins by a single combat between feels that death is nigh, descends Roland and Asbroth, whom the from horseback, and hes down on Frankish knight slays with a the ground. He expires. Roland mighty stroke. The combat waxes laments over him " full sweetly." furious. The French knights do All the French are now slain save tremendous execution. The Arch- the doughty archbishop and bishop Mils Siglorel the enchanter, Walter of Luz. Roland returns who, led by Jupiter (mistaken by to the fray. He does great execu- the author for a Moorish deity), has tion. He weakens. His temples already been in Hell. The pagans are burst by his blowing of the horn, die by hundreds and by thousands. which once more he sounds. The In France there is a mighty tem- French host approaching rephes pest, prophetic of the great loss with a fanfare of sixty thousand which that land will suffer through trumpets, the sound of which the slaying of her best warriors. reaches the hard-pressed warriors. Now comes with full Roland and Turpin stand together. thirty troops to the rescue of those The archbishop goes off and who flee. So vaUant are the searches the field for the bodies French, however, that victory of the peers, finds them, and places seems long to remain with them. them in a row. Roland faints, and SON 341 SON

Turpin trys to find water for him. tries Ganilo. During the trial But so weak is the archbishop Alda, a fair damsel, enters the hall that he falls dead of his many- and asks for Roland. She is the wounds. Roland feels that death sister of Ohver, and Roland's is near. He ascends a tree under betrothed. {Vide " Gerard de which are four blocks of marble. Viana.") On hearing of his death A Saracen thinking him at his last she suddenly expires. The barons gasp seizes him and his sword, but agree that Ganilo should be freed. is slain. He cannot see any more. But Thierry opposes this. Pin- He strikes ten blows on a rock abel, Ganilo's kinsman, takes ex- with his sword Durandel—the last ception to this, and the twain blows of a proud, dying man. He fight. Thierry slays . lies down and turns his head to Ganilo is sentenced to be torn to the pagan folk, that all should say pieces by horses. At night the that he died a conqueror. Roland emperor is lying in his vaulted is dead. The emperor reaches chamber when he has a visit from Roncevaux. He is amazed at the St. Gabriel, who bids him summon slaughter. He calls for the peers, all his hosts that he may go into but finds all slain. The French the land of Syria to the succour of pursue the fleeing Saracens. The King Vivian, who is besieged by amiral (Emir-al-mumenim) of pagans. The emperor fain would Alexandria, Bahgant, comes to not go. " God," he cries, " so the succour of Marsile, and rides painful is my Ufe." And with this at once to meet the emperor. hint at his bitter sorrow for his Charles, meanwhile, finds the body nephew and his repugnance to of Roland. The French bury further slaughter the Song ends. their dead, but the hearts of Roland, Oliver, and Turpin are SONG OF THE SAXONS, THE. Aro- taken out and placed in urns, and mance of the Carlovingian cycle, their bodies, wound in stag- and flfth in number of the Romans leather, are placed upon carts. des Douze Pairs de France. It The Saracen army approaches. was composed by Jean Bodel, a The combat becomes general, and poet of Artois, who flourished to- the French do wonders. Charles wards the middle of the thirteenth slays Bahgant, the pagans flee, century, though, indeed, in a and the French pursue. Brami- Turin MS. the authorship seems domie, Marsile's wife, sees the rout to be claimed by one Guerris. It from the towers of Saragossa, and lies upon the borderland between cries out that all is lost. On traditional history and pure hearing her, Marsile turns his face romance. The subject is his- to the wall and dies of chagrin, torical — Charlemagne's invasion giving his soul to the devils. The of Saxony on his return from emperor breaks down the gates Roncevaux. The work is scarcely of the city and enters it. The to " be considered as original,

inhabitants are baptized by force, despite the ' contempt which the " and the queen is led a prisoner to author throws upon the villein France, where she is converted. joglers " who " could neither tell Leaving a garrison at Saragossa, the verse of it nor the song." Charles departs. He buries Ro- And is almost certainly founded on land, OHver and Turpin in St. the ruder songs of the joglers, as Roman's Church at Blaye. He the subject is treated in several SON 342 SON poems which are as old if not even favourite, and with her and other " more ancient than the " Song ladies, estabhshes herself on the itself. However, the opening of banks of the river to act as decoys the poem shows clearly that it to the Franks and to turn them " belongs not to an age of mere to folly." She falls in love with songful activity, but to a period Baldwin, a nephew of Charle- of Uterary composition. There magne's to whom she sends a love- are but three subjects worthy of message. On the death of her song, says the bard,—of France husband, GuitecUn, she is given in (that is of Charlemagne) of Britain marriage to Baldwin by the em- (of Arthur) and of Rome the Great peror, and the twain are crowned (of the Gesta Romanorum). King and Queen of Saxony. Charlemagne receives news of a Hehssend is united to Berard, a Saxon invasion. The heathen Frankish champion. The two have taken Cologne, have killed sons of Guiteclin with one hxmdred Duke Milo, and have carried off thousand Russians and Bulgarians Hehssend, promised bride of and the giant Ferabrus of Russia, Nerard of Montdidier. The march on Tremoigne to avenge barons of Herupe (the north-west Guitechn's death. Baldwin has provinces of modem France) but fifteen thousand troops to refuse to march against the foe oppose them, but refuses to send until Charles first introduces into for succour to Charlemagne, who Herupe " our customs and our has returned to his dominions. laws." They are at last appeased, At length he is prevailed upon to and Charles invades Saxony, do so, and attacks the invaders reaching the banks of " Rune the with five thousand men, putting deep," beyond which hes the their vanguard to flight. Baldwin Saxon king Guiteclin's palace of refuses to re-enter the city, Tremoigne, supposed to be Dort- although attacked by the main mund in Westphalia. After a force of the paynim. He Mils siege of two years and more the Ferabrus, and unhorses one of barons grumble, and ask Charles Guitechn's sons. But numbers to call out the men of Herupe to tell, and the Franks are forced to their assistance. This is done, retreat into Tremoigne. The and the men of Herupe respond messenger despatched to Charle- loyally. They ask where they magne comes up with him at are to lodge their troops, and the Cologne, and the emperor starts emperor points to the other side in haste for Saxony with ten " of the Rune," to the Saxon lines. thousand men. Arrived at the The Herupians take him at his beleaguered city, Charlemagne word, and seize the position after attempts to efiFect a Junction with a tremendous struggle. A bridge his nephew, who boldly throws is built, and the army passes over himself into the pagan ranks and it ; the Saxons are discomfited, slays large numbers. Uncle and and Charlemagne kills Guitechn in nephew join forces, and the battle single combat. At this point " the is renewed with fury. Baldwin, slender vein of historic truth which mortally woimded, cleaves a runs through the poem may be Saxon to the shoulders and dies. considered as quite exhausted." Charlemagne bitterly inveighs Sebile, the wife of GuitecUn, has against fate at his nephew's death, taken the captive HeUssend as her and quits the field. He is met by SOT 343 STO

Sebile, who inquires concerning her STEIN (2). The lawman who suc- husband. Charlemagne shows her ceded Skapti, who figures in the his corpse and she faints away. same tale. Her lament is most beautiful and impassioned. Charles that night STORY OF BEYOND THE SEA. A rode the rounds himself, armed French romance of the twelfth cap-k-pie. Finally the men of century. A certain Count of Herupe come up in force and rout Ponthieu had a very fair daughter the Saxons. An abbey is founded and by his second wife a son. In on the field, and is entered by the same county there dwelt at Sebile. Dyalos, a baptized Saxon the same time a dame of Dommare Idng, receives custody of the king- who had a noble and much beloved dom, and the emperor returns son, named Thibault. This youth with the bodies of Baldwin and was heir to the Count of St.' Pol, Berard. The poem as it stands is but without inheritance during his nbt to be considered as original, as uncle's lifetime. But his valiant the compiler refers to MS. autho- bearing won him a post in the rity at the convent of St. Faro at household of the Count of Pon-

Meaux on two occasions, and the thieu ; and his lord prospering subject is certainly referred to in through this servant's prowess poems which are older or at least rewarded him with the hand of his of equal antiquity with the >Sio?igr daughter. For five years the pair

of the Saxons, for example The Four hved happily ; but at the end of Sons of Aymon, in which Charle- that period they set out for the magne is made to refer to the shrine of St. James, the Apostle of summoning of the men of Herupe Spain, to pray him to send them and the conquest of GuitecUn. a child. The road lay through a dangerous forest, and the lady and In the Icelandic Saga of SOTE. her lord entering that forest alone (q.v.), the Viking who stole Frithjof were sorely insulted by robbers. Wayland's aimlet from Thorsten. The lady was shamed, and in her " of Warwick.") and anger sought to slay SOUDAN. ( Vide Guy madness Saracen emperor. He besieged the knight. But he returned Greece, but was defeated by Emis, home with her, having honoured who obtained the assistance of Sir St. James, and treated her as Guy. Sir Guy afterwards cut off gently and honourably as before. his head, and carried it to Emis. All these sore mishaps during his pilgrimage the Count of Ponthieu SPES, LADY. (F»(ie"GrettirSaga.") heard from his son-in-law ; and in She ransomed Thorstein Dromond his wrath thrust his lovely daughter (q.v.), Grettir's brother, from into a tub, secured the top of it prison and death, and finally and cast it into the sea. A Flanders wedded him. merchantman came in the tub's STARN. In Irish romance son of path. These traders with the Sera (q.v.), brother of Partholan Saracen hoisted the tub on board ; (q.v.), original father of Tuan and seeing the lady gain fresh life MacCarell (q.v.). and beauty with their care and " nurture, gifted the Soudan of STEIN (1). (Vide Grettir Saga.") The priest of Sandheaps whose Ammaire with this lovely prize. homestead was rid of the spirits In return he greatly forwarded which haunted it by Grettir. their business. The lady abjured ;

SUA 344 SUP her faith and was wedded to the child WilUam, and remarried Thi- paynim lord. For two and a half bault and Ponthieu's daughter. years these two hved in happiness, In time Wilham married the rejoicing in their little son and daughter of Raoul des Preause and daughter. Meantime the lady's became Lord of Preause ; Count father, husband, and brother Ponthieu's son died ; Thibault and sorrowed greatly for her fate ; and his lady had two sons who became securing each the cross upon their heirs to the realms of Ponthieu mantles made devout pilgrimage and St. Pol ; the daughter of the to all the sacred places in the Holy Soudan was wedded to a brave Land. Then having served for a Turk, Malakin of Baudas. This year in the Temple, they took lady gave birth to the mother of the ship at Acre for the return journey. Sultan Saladin, a courteous, wise, Fate, however, sent a storm, which honourable and conquering lord. cast them into the hands of the SUALTAM. Father of Cuchullin in Soudan. In grievous phght they Irish romance. After the carnage were all three, since they had of Murthemne {vide " Cuchul- so firmly bound themselves to- lin "), he took the Grey of Macha, gether during the storm, that his son's matchless steed, and they were taken together and attempted to rouse the province thrown into the same dungeon. of Ulster. But as he rode through The Soudan, as was the pajmim the land, crying that its inhabitants wont, in celebrating his birthday were in the direst peril through granted his people any captive immediate invasion, the people they wished as a target for their only stared at him stupidly as even arrows. One after another these did King Cathbad and his court. three unhappy Frenchmen were In wrath Sualtam turned his horse's demanded as the people's prize head to leave the royal precincts, but the Sultana, knowing her when the animal stumbled, and captives, sought them as gifts from Sualtam's neck coming into sharp her lord . The people were satisfied contact with his shield, his head with another of the French captives. was shorn off and fell to the ground. Now, having cautiously disclosed But even then it continued to her identity to her prisoners, she exhort Cathbad and his peers to schemed for their and her deliver- take immediate action if Ulster ance. Her Christian husband she was to be saved, until the " curse sent to the wars with the Soudan, of Ulster," the stupidity and where he acquitted himself so glamour which had been put upon gloriously that he gained his the people by Macha (q.v.) was favour. Then falling iU with child lifted, and Conor rose and sware a she requested permission to breathe mighty oath to " restore every her native air, as her condition woman to her hearth and every demanded it. Therefore, having cow to its byre." received leave to sail to France and to take her three captives and SUPPINABILES, SIR. A knight of her little son with her, she landed Brittany. He paid a visit to at Brindisi. A message was sent England during Tristram's so- back to the Soudan that she would journ in Brittany, and returned not return. All five then sought to relate the scandal about Tris- absolution of the Pontiff at Rome ; tram at Arthur's court. {Vide and the bishop christened the " Morte d'Arthur.") SVE 345 SYR

SVEIN. {Vide " Gunnlaug Saga.") hermit discovers the infant in the Co-ruler of Norway with his morning, reads the letter, educates brother Yarl Eric. him until the age of twenty years, and then sends him into the world, SWANHILD " (1). {Vide Volsungs.") giving him the gloves, which he Daughter of Gudrun {q.v.). She tells him will fit no lady but his was betrothed to King Jormunrek mother. The youth, who is called {q.v.). On her voyage to his court Degore, sets out in search of she fell in love with Randver adventure, and saves an earl from {q.v.), but on their arrival, she and a terrible dragon, which he slays. her lover were put to death the by The earl invites him to his palace, king. dubs him knight, supplies him " with a horse and armour, and offers SWANHILD (2). ( FicZe Dietrich of Bern.") Second wife of King him half his territory. Sir Degore offer unless the gloves Ermenrich {q.v.). She met death refuses this at the hands of her husband, who, which he has received from the at the suggestion of his marshal hermit will fit any lady of the will fit of Sibich {q.v.), trampled her under court. But they none his horse. them. He proceeds on his way, and meets with a large train of SYR DEGORE, An English romance knights who, he is informed, are probably of the thirteenth cen- going to tourney with the king of tury. It recounts how a king's England who would give his daughter of England who is ex- daughter to that knight who could tremely beautiful, is asked in conquer him in single combat. Sir marriage by the monarchs of Degore accompanies them, over- various kingdoms. Her father throws the king, and obtains the publishes it abroad that only he princess. He marries her, but im- who can unhorse him at a tourna- mediately after the ceremony he ment will be adjudged worthy of bethinks him of the gloves, and the lady. The suitors all prove tries them on her hands. She unsuccessful in this. During a draws them on with the greatest journey to his wife's tomb the ease, declares to Degore that he is king, whose daughter accom- her son, and gives him an account panies him, loses her. She has of his birth. Giving Degore his strayed into the forest, and has father's pointless sword, she puts there encountered a knight, who it into his mind to find his sire. prevails over her chastity, and at He sets forward on this search, parting gives her a sword without and on the way comes to a a point and a pair of gloves which castle, where he is entertained by will fit no hands but her own. fifteen beautiful damsels. The (Compare the myths of Hercules lady of the castle tries every and CuchulUn.) At length she artifice to tempt him to remain, finds the road to her father's but to no avail. Degore rejects castle, where she is dehvered of a all her temptations, and proceeds boy. She places him in a cradle, on his journey. In a forest he with money and the gloves given meets a knight richly accoutred, her by the stranger knight along who asks him why he has presumed with a letter, and consigns him to to enter his forest without per- one of her maidens who leaves him mission. They fight, and the in a wood near a hermitage. The strange knight observing the TAI 346 TAN

curious sword carried by his his lady-love are reminiscent of adversary, calls a halt. He fits those bestowed on their mistresses the sword to a point which he had by Hercules, Abraham, and the always kept, and which had for- father of CuchuUin. The marriage merly broken off in an encounter of the son to his mother is parallel with a giant. By this circum- to some degree in the myth of stance he discovers Degore to be CEdipus, and the combat between his son. They both return to son and sire is of widespread England, and Sir Degore's father character, being found in the tales is married to the princess, his of Sohrab and Rustem, and the mother. This romance bears a Hildebrandeslied. (Vide "Dietrich close resemblance to various of Bern.") The romance was world-tales more or less well printed by one WiUiam Copeland known. The pledges or tokens in 1560. given by the stranger knight to

TAIN BO CUAILGNE (thawn bo wickedness in which he is dwelling, quelgny). The Cattle Raid of and quits the court of Venus. Quelgny. (Fitfe "Maev.") With the object of obtaining absolution for his sins he travels TALTIU or TELTA. Daughter of to Rome, and seeks mercy from the King of the Land of the Dead, Pope Urban IV. But the Pope and wife of Eochy Mac Ere, a tells him that the papal staff he Firbolg (q.v.) Mng. In Irish holds might blossom as soon as legend she is spoken of as having mercy be extended to such a siimer a palace at TeUtown, called after as he. Tannhauser in despair her, where in the middle ages a returns to Venus. But three days great fair was annually held. afterwards the Pope's staff TANNHAUSER. A German legend blossoms, and he sends messengers of the middle ages once popular in to every country in the hope of ballad form, and sung in the saving the minstrel. But to no district of EntUbuch as late as the avaU, for he cannot be found. As year 1830. The story may be has been indicated, the story traced in its Hterary form as far possesses a mythological basis. It back as the fourteenth century. is connected with the Horselbei^ But it is obvious from its details near Eisenach, in which the Lady that it possesses a far greater Holda, a German earth-goddess, antiquity. It recounts the adven- later confounded with Venus, was tures of a minnesinger or minstrel, supposed to dwell. As in the who, in the course of his wander- similar legend of Thomas the ings, comes to the Horselberg or Rhymer (q.v.), we have in the hill of Venus, into which he is HSrselberg, or the ErcUdoun of invited to enter, and where he the Scots seer, the berg, hill, or remains for a space wallowing in doun of the moon-goddess Ursula. the Joys of Hell, and forgetful of The goddess of night is always his better nature. In time, how- regarded as a being of singular ever, he becomes aware of the beauty and seductive power. It ;

TAS 347 TAS

is evident that we have, then, to for he wrote in prose and verse deal with an ancient pagan myth a gift his son inherited in a on which has been superimposed a more marked degree. Torquato's later legend, coloured by modem mother was Portia di Rossi, who or mediseval and Christian was also of good parentage. thought, and the original hero of Young Tasso showed early signs of which has been displaced by a hero genius, and was committed to the of later popularity. Tannhauser care of Manritio Catanio, who was a veritable minnesinger of the assiduously cultivated his pupil's middle of the thirteenth century, studious tastes. After the death who resided at the court of the of Sanfeverina, Bernardo returned Austrian duke Frederick II., the to Italy, and entered the service of Quarrelsome. On the death of Guglielmo Gonzaga, duke of that prince he attached himself to Mantua. Shortly after, his wife Duke Otto II. of Bavaria, and died, and Bernardo sent his son having Uved prodigally, was forced to the University of Padua. to lead a wandering existence. He While stiU a student at Padua, he was highly in favour among the wrote the poem of Einaldo, which minnesingers of his time, and his was publisher^ in his eighteenth restless and intemperate life seems year. This initial success decided

to have marked him out as a him in his poetical career : a probablehero for suchan adventure decision which offended his father, as has been attributed to him. He who had hoped that his son might was the author of many baUads of turn his studies to a more profit- considerable excellence, which are able market. While at Padua, pubUshed in the second part of Tasso formed the design of his the Minnesinger (collection by celebrated poem "Jerusalem De- Von der Hagen, Eeipsic, 1838), and livered " {q.v.). He finished it a in the sixth volume of Haupt's few years later while residing at Zeifschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, the palace of his patron, the Duke

Eeipsic, 1848. of Ferrara ; but in the interval he lAteratwe: The version of the had pubUshed a pastoral poem legend which may be regarded as called "Arminta." Tasso was the most authentic is that given in in his thirtieth year when he Uhland's Alte, hack und nieder- completed Jerusalem Delivered, deutsche Volkslieder (Stuttgart, but it was to his lasting regret 1845). See also Kommann, Mona prematurely printed by his patron,

Veneris, Frankfort, 1614 ; Grasse, and before he had time to make Die Sage, vom Bitter Tannhamser the final corrections. The poem (Dresden and Eeipsic, 1846). See met with great success, and was also the allusions in Grimm and the translated into several languages. Heldenhuch. The drop of bitterness in his cup of elation was the death of his TASSO, TORQUATO. Descendant of father at Mantua. After this, the illustrious house of the Torre- good fortune seemed to desert giani, was bom at Sorento, on him. His Jerusalem Delivered was March 11th, 1544. His father severely censured, and the aca- Bernardo Tasso, was a faithful demy of Crusca pubhshed a adherent of Ferrante of San- scathing criticism on the poem. feverina, prince of Salerno. He Becoming entangled in an affair was also a man of literary ability. of honour, he was arrested by the TAW 348 THI

Duke of Ferrara. After a year's TERRY, SIR. {Vide " Sir Otuel.") imprisonment, he effected his A knight of Charlemagne. He escape, and fled to Turin. He was along with Sir Baldwin heard discovered by the Duke of Savoy, Roland's horn and finding him who showed him great kindness. dying in the forest of Roncesvalles, Being suspicious of his friendship, attended to him. he set out for Rome, where he THEODORIC THE OSTROGOTH. Vide stayed with his old friend, Man- ( " Dietrich of Bern.") ritio Catanio. Desirous of be- holding his native country, he THIBAUT. {Vide " Garin the Lor- journeyed to Sorrento, where he rainer.") Knight of Plaissis. He stayed some time with a widowed had hoped to marry Beatrice, and sister. In the hope of obtaining when he heard of the marriage to his writings, which were in the Bego he determined to lay an duke's possessions, he again re- ambush for them on their way turned to Ferrara. But his home from Blaives. A pilgrim attempts to do so were futile, and having warned Bego, he prepared he was imprisoned for seven years, as far as possible, but he was out- and nearly lost his reason. The numbered and was severely only apparent motive for the wounded. Unless help had come duke's harsh treatment was that to Bego he would indeed have been Tasso had aspired to the hand of slain. Thibaut was present at the princess Leonora, the duke's Lens when a forester brought him sister. On his release, he stayed news of Bego whom he had seen in for time some at Naples, and also the forest, and he joined the men at Bifaccio, where his melancholy who went out to Mil him. Fro- took the form as was then mont put Thibaut in prison for thought of possession by a famihar this, but Wilham of Montclin spirit. afterwards He returned to pleaded for him as he was a kins- Naples, where he composed and man. Wilham of Blanchfort after- pubhshed his poem Jerusalem wards freed the prisoners. Thibaut Conquered. Tasso was feted now was killed by Hemaud in battle. and welcomed by the high digni- taries of the Church of Rome, and THIDREKS SAGA. A prose version the pope granted him the honour of the " Dietrich of Bern Saga- of being crowned with laurel in cycle " {q.v.), written in Icelandic the Capitol. He had a foreboding in the middle of the thirteenth that the ceremony would not take century from poems and tales then place, a presage which came current in Germany, and later re- true for ; in the midst of the pre- edited and extended by another parations he was seized with a hand. Commencing with Die- fatal illness. He died at Rome in trich's ancestry, we are given the his fifty-second year, and was history of his youth and Ms friend- buried in the church of St. Oim- sMp with Hildebrand, and how he phrius, 1595. forced the dwarf Alberich to give Mm Ms sword Nagelring, TA WLESS. The Giant kiUed by Tris- and Uke deeds of emprise. tram [q.v.) during the latter's The story then digresses period of insanity. (Vide "Morte to include the Wilkina d'Arthur.") Saga, a group of tales concerning the Sclavomc monarch WilMna. TERRIBLE, " THE. ( Vide Briccriu.") This is followed by the Wayland THI 349 THI

Smith legend {q.v.), Wayland or loyalty as a nephew. Dietrich Wailand being the grandson of refuses, and Ermenrich marches Wilkina. The birth of Witege, an army against him. Dietrich Wayland's son, is described, and flies to the court of Attila, and we return to the story of Dietrich. engages in many expeditions on Witege comes to Bern to challenge behalf of the Hunnish monarch. Dietrich. He receives the magic After an exile of a score of years, sword Mimung from Hildebrand, Attila provides him with an army and is on the point of worsting which defeats that of Ermenrich, Dietrich when Hildebrand inter- at the cost of the death of his venes, and Witege remains at the younger brother and Attila 's two court of Bern as Dietrich's friend. sons. Once more the dramatis Dietrich, smarting under his defeat, personce of the Nibelungenlied rides forth alone on adventure (q.v.) are brought upon the scene. bound, and after vanquishing two This digression commences with giants slays an elephant and a the quarrel between Brunhild and dragon. We next find Dietrich, Kriemhild and the incidents sur- like Arthur, the central figure of a rounding the death of Siegfried court to which heroes eager for are recounted. Dietrich holds fame arrive in large numbers. aloof from the schemes of Kiiem- Dietrich Joins Attila in a war hild, but when his companion against Santrix, King of Wilkina- Riidiger is slain, he sides against land, and later undertakes other the Burgundians and takes Hagen, similar expeditions. Still another their last survivor. digression deals with the youthful Returning to Berne mourning adventures of Siegfried {q.v.), the the loss of all his men save Hilde- hero of the Nibelungenlied. Hearing brand, they hear of the death of that Siegfried is at the court of Ermenrich. Dietrich regains his Isung, King of Bertangaland, throne at last, and the remainder Dietrich challenges him to a series of the saga deals with extravagant of combats between his own and adventures, ending with the deaths Isung's heroes. For two days of its principal characters. Dietrich and Siegfried fight, but " on the third Dietrich employs the THIERRY, SIR. ( Vide Guy of War- magic sword Mimung, and over- wick.") A knight who served comes him, whereupon Siegfried under the Duke of Lorraine. He becomes his henchman. At this was in love with Osile, daughter of point a number of minor interludes the duke and was carrying her off are introduced, such as the stories when he was attacked by men sent of Herbort and Hilda, Walter of by Duke Otho and nearly killed. Aquitaine {q.v.), and Hildegund, and He was rescued by Sir Guy, who so forth. When the saga is once befriended him and carried him more resumed it is told how through the many adventures he Ermenrich, the uncle of Dietrich, and Osile experienced before they having dishonoured the wife of were eventually married, and re- one Sibecke, that person contrived conciled to the duke. He after- the deaths of Ermenrich's three wards lost his possessions, and sons and two nephews by means of being met by Sir Guy fell asleep false accusations. He instigates beside him. A white weasel came Ermenrich to requtest Dietrich to out of his mouth, went to a rock pay him tribute as a test of his I near, then came back and ran THI 350 THO

down his throat again. Sir Guy romance Adenes le Roi ; but his went to the same spot as the weasel own nationahty is matter for con- and found a sword and treasure jecture, and the hkeUhood is that, which he gave to Thierry, and like several other English authors afterwards fought for him and got of the middle ages, he emanated him reinstated. from a family which had come to England in the train of some Nor- THIERRY, KING SAVOY. Men- OF man baron. It has frequently tioned in Garin the Lorrainer. Four been suggested that he was the Moorish kings besieged Savoy, and original author of King Horn, but he appealed to Pepin for help it is probable that long ere the which was at first refused. But advent of Thomas the tale was four young knights persuaded famihar throughout England, and Pepin to let them go. agreed, He that his work consisted simply in and gave the command to the two gleaning it orally and writing it Lorrainers. The Saracens were down, at the same time augment- defeated, but King Thierry was ing it. A certain popularity fatally wounded. When dying, would seem to have been gained by he grieved that his daughter was his version, for numerous mediaeval not married, and as he considered manuscript copies are extant, one that Garin had saved his country, being in the Cambridge University he asked him to espouse her, Library and one in the Harleian which Garin agreed to do, with collection in the British Museum Pepin's consent. ; while another is among the vast THOLOMES, KING. In Grail ro- batch of manuscripts bequeathed mance, he wars successfully against to the Bodleian Eibrary by Francis Evelach {q.v.), whom he takes Donee (1757-1834), and the story prisoner, and defeats his army. was printed from the latter by The White Knight appears on Joseph Ritson in Early English the scene and performs prodigies jRomawc&s, 1802. The manuscripts of valour, overcomes Tholomes, which Donee left behind him at rescues Evelach, whose armies death also included a copy of become victorious. Thomas's Tristan and Iseult, but, by some curious mischance, this THOMAS. A mediaeval English did not find its way into the author, sometimes known as Bodleian although the Ubrary Thomas of Brittany. He is re- was its legitimate legatee. The membered by his metrical versions present domicile of this docu- of King Horn and Tristan and ment is unknown, but at one Iseult, but nothing is recorded con- time it passed through the hands cerning his life, while even the of the French historian, Francisque period at which he hved has never Michel, who had it duly printed been determined, some authorities and pubhshed along with a preface placing him in the second half from his own pen, 1835. A good of the thirteenth century, but deal shorter than most other others holding that he belongs to versions of the story, Thomas's the reign of Richard I., who was Tristan nevertheless enjoyed con- crowned in 1189. He wrote in siderable vogue in the author's French, and the style and tenor time, and it is supposed to have of his output proclaim him to have been laid under contribution by a been influenced by the French number of immediately subsequent THO 351 THO

writers on the theme, sahent speech of the author's time, and among these being the German more particularly for the vast romancer, Gottfried von Strass- amount of information it contains burg (fl. 1310). He avows a debt concerning feudal manners and to one Thomas of Brittany, and customs. Among the people who hence the frequent bestowal of figure therein is Walther von der that name on the EngUsh Thomas, Vogelweide, a minnesinger whose but it is possible that they were name is universally familiar on two wholly difEerent men. account of Longfellow's poem THOMAS A READING, THE about him. Literature : See the edition of PLEASANT HISTORIE OF. This Der Welsche Gast annotated by prose tale, dating probably from Ruckert (1852), and also Zeit- Ehzabethan times, recounts the schrift fur Deutsche Philologie, vol. doings of the fraternity of tailors ii. p. 431. and clothiers in the reign of " Henry I. It possesses but little THORBIORN ANGLE. ( Ftci!e Gret- central plot, and consists of a tir Saga.") A bonder who bought series of episodes connected with up all the island of Drangey, and the several members of the con- sought by promises, threats, and fraternity and their wives. So far craft, to wrest it from Grettir. from the portion which recounts At last, by the assistance of his the doings of Thomas, the tailor witch foster-mother Thurid, he of Reading, being " pleasant," it came upon the great Icelandic deals with the rather melodramatic outlaw, and with Old Karr's sword circumstances surrounding his mur- smote off Grettir's head. But this der by the host and hostess of an murder was a-venged upon him by inn where he lodges, who precipi- Thorstein Dromond {q.v.), Grettir's tate him from his bed in an upper brother. chamber through a trap-door into THORBIORN THE TARDY. {Vide a brewing-tub full of boiling water " Grettir Saga.") Icelandic sailor. which stands in the kitchen A braggart who, by jeering at beneath. The tale well exempli- Asmund, Grettir's father, provoked fies the Elizabethan rage for mur- the son to slay him. der-stories, and, save for a goodly " spice of mother-wit, is common- THORBIORN OXMAIN. ( Vide Gret- place and rather rambling in tone, tir Saga.") Brother of Thorbiom much resembling the chap-book the Tardy (q.v.). He avenged the type of story. death of his brother by Grettir upon that hero's THOMASSIN VON ZITCLARIA. An brother, Atli. He knocked one harvest eve upon ecclesiastic and poet who lived Ath's door, all being from home about the end of the twelfth cen- save the son and his mother tury. Though bearing a German Asdis ; then hiding upon one side, name, and writing in 'German, he he pierced the unsuspecting Atli was a native of Aquil6c in Frioul. with his spear. But during the The work by which he is re- outlawry of Grettir, Thorbiom and membered is Der Welsche Gast, a his son Amor were slain by him. poem of almost fifteen thousand " verses ; and, apart from its THORD. {Vide Gunnlaug Saga.") literary worth, it is valuable as A son of a Hraunhaven farmer, being typical of the High-German who challenged Gunnlaug and his THO 352 THO

companions to a wrestling match. THORIR (2) OF GARTH. (Also in The victorious Gunnlaug sprained " Grettir Saga.") Father of the his ankle, however, and was thus men who were accidentally burned delayed in keeping his tryst with in their refuge-house by Grettir. Helgi {q.v.). THORIR (3) OF THE PASS. (Also in " Saga.") " THORFINN. { Vide Grettir Grettir Saga.") Father of Gun- Lord of the Island of Haramsey. nar and Thorgeir, who were slain He harboured Grettir who slew by by AtU in self-defence. a trick twelve berserks that had THORKEL. (Vide " Grettir come in his host's absence to rob Saga.") Son of the dead his homestead and carry off his Old Karr (q.v.), womenfolk. This kindness - and one time host of Grettir. finn never forgot, and paid for THORN, THE LAY OF. A lai of Grettir several blood-fines. Brittany, written by Marie de THORGEIR. {Vide "Burnt NJal.") France (q.v.). A certain king in A kinsman of a man slain by Brittany had a son. This child dearly Gunnar (q.v.). Desiring to avenge loved his step-mothej-'s this man's death Thorgeir sought daughter, and she returned his love, the advice of Mord (q.v.). Now which time changed into a this cunning feUow knew that NJal stronger and deeper affection. had warned his friend not to slay The pair were found clasped in twice in the same stock. He there- each other's arms when the queen fore advised Thorgeir to work shut up her daughter, whom she upon the son of the dead OtkeU reprimanded with the greatest severity. (q.v,), slain by Gunnar, to avenge Unable to endure his his father's death. Gunnar's end friend's grief and imprisonment, was near, for he slew the youth. the prince sought knighthood of his father and leave to depart to " THORGERD. (Vide Gunnlaug a foreign land. This the king Saga.") Sister of Thorstein granted, but prayed him to stay Egilson. Privy to her sister- yet a year about the court that in-law Jofrid's deception, she, he might assist at tournaments. gave her brother's child Helga During this time neither prince to a woman on her homestead to nor princess had sight of each other. be brought up ; and presented the Eight days before the Feast of maiden to her father when six St. John, the prince was dubbed years old. Thorstein then took knight. The king spent the day the child to his heart and his home. at the chase, and after the evening feast listened to the minstrel's THORHALL. (Vide " Grettir Saga.") songs. In the company was a The owner of the haunted farm in maiden who told of an adventure Waterdale, Iceland. that awaited the bold at the Ford " of the Thorn THORHALLA. ( Vide Burnt Njal.") upon St. John's Eve. Wife of Helgi (q.v.), Njal's youngest The young knight desired to son. achieve this adventure, and this news reached the ears of his friend. THORIR (1). (Vide " Grettir Saga.") Stealing to the orchard she sat Chief of the berserks who intended upon the roots of a tree and prayed to steal the womenfolk of Thorfinn God to help him. Then she fell in his absence. into a sleep several times, and at THO 353 THO

last was borne by strange means eagle, and he too sought her love ; to the Ford of the Thorn. Here whereupon, the rivals fought she beheld her knight, who at first fiercely together until both fell did not recognize her. At the ford dead, leaving the swan sad and he won a red-eared white steed lonely. Thorstein's friend, the from a red-armoured lord, and skipper of a merchant ship, inter- jousted with two other knights, to preted the dream thus. The swan his own glory. With the maiden was his friend's daughter, to be he returned to his father, related bom to him, and the eagles two his adventures, and the loving pair youths who would contend for her were wed. love. Hl-pleased at such a reading of his dream, Thorstein com- THOROLD, SIR. Vide " Guy of War- ( manded his wife to nurture their wick.") A brave knight who unborn infant if it were a man- accompanied Sir Guy on his child, but to cast it forth if it were travels. He was killed in the a woman-child. But the mother fight with the Italians. could not renounce the little " Thor- THOROM. ( Vide Gunnlaug Saga.") maiden, and sent her to A powerful robber of London, who stein's sister Thorgerd. The in- borrowed money from Gunnlaug, fant was given to a woman on the

having no intention of returning it. sister's homestead to be nourished ; Gunnlaug then did battle with and at the age of six was presented Thorom, and with King Athelred's by Thorgerd to her father, who at gift, a sword that was proof against once loved the beautiful child. witchcraft, slew him. Thorstein thanked his wife and sister for their deception, and THORSTEIN DROMOND. {Vide carried the child home with him. "Grettir Saga.") The second brother of Grettir. He scarcely " THORSTEN. ( Vide Frithjof Saga.") figures in the saga until we meet Father of Frithjof {q.v.) ; thane and him seeking out Thorbiom Angle. friend of King Bell. Having slain him and thus avenged Grettir's foul death, Thorstein THRAIN. {Vide "Burnt Njal.") was cast into prison to await Son-in-law of Hallgerda {q.v.). He capital punishment. But his brought upon Grim and Helgi, cheery singing attracted Eady Spes NJal's sons, much trouble on {q.v.), who ransomed him, and account of Hrapp {q.v.), a felon having cleverly brought about a whom he succoured against their divorce from her husband, finally wishes. The brothers made peace wed with her lover. Both by with the king, and thus added to common consent ended their days Hrapp's hatred of them that of in a penitential cell in Rome. Thrain. Both Thrain and Hrapp, however, were slain by Njal's EGILSON. (Fiie " Gunn- THORSTEIN sons. laug Saga.") Father of Helga, husband of Jodfrid. One night THREE KINGS OF COLOGNE. The he had a dream, to the effect that three Magi, called Gaspar, Mel- upon his house-roof there sat a chior, and Balthazar. They are lovely white swan. From the alluded to by other names, but north there flew an eagle, black of those given are the most generally eye, which cooed lovingly to her. accepted. They are supposed to Then from the south came another be those " Bangs of the East " who 2 A —

THR 354 TIT

appeared at the birth of our Several times he shunned the evil- Saviour, and skulls said to be looking log, but at last it was theirs are preserved in Cologne brought to the hut by his unwitting Cathedral. comrade Noise. As Grettir sought to hew it, his sword glanced flat- THREE KINGS ' SONS, THE. A prose wise and struck him a ghastly romance translated from the wound in the thigh which proved French in forty-five chapters. dangerous, and rendered him help- The three kings' sons are Philip of less against his enemies. France, Humphrey of England, and David of Scotland. Philip TIERNA. Abbot of Qomnacnois, in leaves his father—King Charles Ireland, an Irish historian who secretly and serves against the flourished in the eleventh century, Grand Turk under Ferant the and who critically separated the seneschal of the King of Sicily. elements of romance and fact in Phihp calls himself "La Des- Irish history. puriieu," but the Princess lolante of of Sicily gives him the title of TIRRE. Son Sir Bernard of Astolat "Le Sumome." The King of (q.v.). (Vide "Morte d'Arthur.") Sicily appeals for help, and com- TITUREL. A German Grail, ro- panies of French, EngUsh, and mance of the end of the thirteenth Scottish troops are sent to his aid century, composed for the most under David of Scotland. David, part by Albrecht von Scharfenberg however, is shipwrecked and falls (q.v.). This romance, one of the into the hands of the Turks, but most popular of the middle ages, he escapes and serves under and a masterpiece of poetry and Ferant, calling himself " Athis." piety, contains several pieces from Humphrey is also led to Join the two or three different poets. The same service, and takes the name most remarkable of these pieces of " Ector." The King of SicUy are the fragments composed by is elected Emperor of Germany. Wolfram von Eschenbach for his The Turks are defeated : the poem Titurel, left tmfinished. As Grand Turk turns Christian and regards the details of the history marries the sister of Humphrey, of the Grail, Albrecht generally King of England ; but after his followed the fable invented by death his people retract from their Guyot, and reproduced by Wol- allegiance. He leaves no children. fram ; but other details of his A tournament is held for the romance show that he was also hand of lolante, and Philip now acquainted with the version of becomes the King of France and Walter Mapes. Thus, in marries the princess. Albrecht's Titurel, the San Graal The French MS. was transcribed has not, as in Guyot, a purely at Hesdinin 1463 by David Aubert, symbohc signi- ficance, but is librarian to PhiUp the Good, Duke identified with the vessel of Burgundy. of the Holy Supper. The sacerdotal and not the chivalric THURID. {Vide " Grettir Saga.") spirit preponderates in it. Ortho- A witch and foster-mother of doxy, asceticism, and intolerance Thorbiom Angle (q.v.). Casting towards the infidels are in striking spells upon a tree-trunk, she sent contrast with the philosophic and it floating to Drangey Island, that concihatory spirit prevailing in Grettir might it take for firewood. the romance of the Angevin poet. TIT 355 TIT

Albrecht, above all, delights in that of Wolfram von Esehenbach, developing the history of Prester without, however, being superior John, and adorning it with all to the latter in conception or the prestige of his poetry. This poetical execution. The following history*, for which WoKram had are the principal features that but few data, and which, for this compose the romance of Titurel. reason, he had only indicated in PariUe, the son of Sennabor of his Parzival, could now be con- Cappadocia, having embraced the siderably amphfied by means of Christian faith with his brothers the new information furnished to and sisters, assists the Emperor the poet by the reports of the Vespasian at the siege and capture Pope's legate and the French am- of Jerusalem'. As a reward for bassadors who had returned from his services, the emperor gives him the East. Jean du Plan de Carpin, his daughter ArgusiUa in marriage ; of the order of the Minorites, had and moreover, gives him the king- been sent by Pope Innocent IV. dom of France in fief. PariUe has to Mongol Tartary, where he had a son, Titurisone, wh6 marries stayed from 1245 to 1247. A new Eligabel of Arragon. The son of embassy, headed by the Franciscan Titurisone and Eligabel is called friar WiUiam de Rubruquis had Titurel, a name composed and been sent to Mongolia by Saint contracted from those of his father Louis in 1253. Lastly, the reports and mother. An angel from of the celebrated travellers Nicolo heaven announces that God has Polo and Marco Polo perhaps also chosen Titurel to be the defender furnished Albrecht with some new of the faith and the guardian of and interesting details. He exerts the San Graal. The youth receives his utmost talent to trace in the an education at once pious and history of Prester John the brilliant knightly, and after having fought picture of a true sacerdotal govern- with his father against the infidels ment, and we may say that, if in Spain, is conducted by angels Guyot depicted in his romance his to Montsalvagge. There he builds ideal of chivalry, Albrecht von the magnificent chapel in which Scharfenberg endeavoured to ex- the San Graal, on descending from press his ideal, or perhaps the heaven, has placed itself of its own ideal which his age had conceived, accord. Titurel marries the of priesthood and ecclesiastical Princess Richoude of Spain ; he hierarchy. Moreover, this im- watches over the San Graal, and portant subject, which transported propagates the Christian faith the reader into the land of wonders, among the infidels. When old, to the centre of Asia, at the same his son Frimutel is designated as time presented to the poet a the King of the Grail by an in- favourable opportunity to exhibit scription which appears on the his knowledge of geography, his- sacred vase. Frimutel marries tory, and natural sciences—^a kind Clarissa of Grenada, and has five of knowledge which he indeed children by her. These are Am- possessed extensively, and of fortas, who succeeds his father in which, Mke most poets of the the kingship of the Grail ; Trevri- middle ages, he did not fail to be zent, the wise hermit ; Tchoysiane, somewhat vain. The romance of who becomes the mother of Sigune, Albrecht von Scharfenberg em- and who dies on giving birth to braces a more extensive area than this child ; Herzeloide, the mother ;

TIT 355 TOM

of Parzival ; and lastly, Urepanse in India ; they implore the San de Joie, who marries Feirifiz, and Graal that the palace and chapel becomes the mother of John the of Montsalvagge be also trans- Priest. The beautiful Sigune is ported to India. Their prayer is brought up at the court of her aunt granted ; on the following day Herzeloide, and betrothed to both palace and chapel, miracu- Tchionatulander. This young lously transported through the air knight distinguishes himself in the during the night, are placed more East by his bravery, and stands beautiful and brilhant in India, in friendly relationship with the and the chapel again holds the Knights of the Bound Table. He sacred cup of the Grail. After the dehvers, conjointly with King death of Parzival, the son of Arthur, the kiiigdom of Canvoleis, Feirifiz and Urepanse de Joie invaded by the Duke Orilus, but becomes Priest John. After the is killed by this enemy in single disappearance of the Grail in the combat. Sigune is inconsolable West, King Arthur and the Knights for the death of her betrothed of the Round Table go in search of she has his body embalmed, places it : they travel over the world, but it it among the branches of a lime in vain ; they cannot find it ; tree, and sits by it a prey to the is for ever hidden in the far East. most poignant grief. There her cousin Parzival finds her, and she TOM A LINCOLN, THE RED ROSE informs him of the fault he com- KNIGHT. An Ehzabethan prose mitted by his too great discretion romance detaiUng the adventures at the banquet of the San Graal. of Tom a Lincoln, a natural son of Full of regret, Parzival desires to King Arthur. The king loved repair his fault ; after many efforts fair Angehca, the daughter of one and many an adventure, he at of his earls, and the fruit of their last obtains the kingship of the love was Tom, who was transported Grail at Montsalvagge. In the at birth by the midwife to the hut mean time, the West, more and of a poor shepherd who brought more given up to sin, is no longer him up. The lad became such a worthy of possessing the sacred mighty outlaw that the king sent vase. Parzival thinks of trans- for him, and, hearing that he was porting it to the East. He takes his own son, advanced him in his the San Graal, embarks at Mar- service, and gave him the com- seilles with the Templois, and mand of an army against the King arrives at the court of his brother of Portugal, who had murdered the Feirifiz, in India. The latter British envoys at his court. Tom draws an enchanting picture of acquitted himself so well that he the riches and sanctity of Prester inflicted a severe defeat upon the John, who is the spiritual and Portuguese arms, and returned to temporal chief of a neighbouring London, where he received a notable country in India. Parzival con- welcome, and traversed the streets sents to entrust this personage of the capital in triumph. Tom, with the Grail ; but the sacred on adventure bound, penetrated cup manifests the desire that to fairy land, where he was royally Parzival should remain king, and entertained by the maiden queen only change his name into that of that realm, who bore him a of Prester John. Consequently, son, as did her ladies to other Parzival and the Temploia settle of his knights. They departed, TOM 357 TOM promising to return. The Red Rose came to a certain castle, and Knight then journeyed to the court became the mistress of its owner of Prester John (q.v.), and there for seven years. The Black slew a dragon which guarded a Knight gave himself to hunting, golden tree. He was accompanied and so wild did he grow that he in these adventures by Sir Lance- became a veritable Orson. Tom lot du Lake, one of his father's a Lincoln, encountering a black knights, to whom he confided that slave of Aiightora's, learned from he loved the fair Anghtora, Prester him that she was hving in shame John's daughter. Prester John with the Knight of the Castle. would in no wise hearken to his Tom, proceeding to the castle, suit, so Tom persuaded Anglitora was met by his wife, who dis- to fly with him. They took ship sembled her knowledge of him, from the realms of Prester John. and sent him to a lowly chamber, CseUa, the Fairy Queen, beholding where he was lodged. That night the siiip of the Red Rose Knight Anghtora and her paramour slew pass her island, and persuaded that the Red Rose Knight, and buried he would not return, cast herself his body in a dunghill. The spirit into the sea, and her drowned of Tom appeared to his son, the corpse was found floating on the Black Knight, as he lay in the waves by her former lover. On wilderness, and apprised him of Caeha's body was found a letter ad- his mother's crime, whereupon the dressed to Tom a Lincoln, bidding Black Knight returned to the him farewell. Her body was taken castle and slew his mother. to England for sepulture. Coming The son of CseUa, Queen of to Pendragon Castle, Arthur's seat Faerie and the Red Rose Knight, in Wales, Tom was gladly wel- who was known as the Faeyrie comed by his father. The second Knight, Journeying in quest of part of the history relates how adventure, encountered the Black King Arthur on his death-bed told Kjiight lying asleep upon his Tom the secret of his birth, and father's grave. Learning their introduced him to AngeHca, his relationship, they took quest to- mother. Anghtora, his wife, gether, and came to a pagan city ashamed of her marriage, returned where they were imprisoned, but secretly to her father's court with whence they escaped by making her son, the Black Knight. a rope of their hair and chmbing Arthur's Queen, Guinevere, in her therewith over the walls. The hatred of Tom, issued a decree Faeyrie Knight sustained severe that no one should associate with injury by a fall, but, recovering, him in all the realm. Making a the brothers pursued their way, vow that he would not cut his hair, and eventually came to England, he in bed, eat other food than where they were gallantly enter- bread, and have no other drink tained. They raised a fair abbey than water until he regained his at Lincoln, their father's birth- lady's love, Tom set out to dis- place, where, after pious lives cover her whereabouts. Mean- they were eventually laid in while Angehca, Tom's mother, Is death. put to death by order of Guinevere, The romance is briskly told, and who herself died shortly after. abounds in picturesque passages. The Lady Anghtora, wandering in But the Elizabethan spirit o search of her father's dominions. tragedy and prohxity is present TOP 358 TOR

throughout, and somewhat mars ceeds in slaying two dragons the story. and several giants. On returning from one of these expeditions " Florice and Blanch- TOPASE. ( Vide DesoneUe, fain to show her appre- fleur.") Daughter to the Duke of ciation of the deeds he has done Ferrarra, niece to the Duke of in her name, grants him her love. Milan, and wife of Prince Perse. The king despatches him upon She was the mother of Blanchfleur, another adventure, and whilst he and accompanied her husband to is gone, the Princess Desonelle the shrine of Saint James. FeUx bears him twin sons. Enraged sent her to the court of his queen, at her loss of chastity, her father where she gave birth to Blanch- casts her into the sea along with fleur, dying shortly afterwards. her babes. But she succeeds in making the shore of a far country, TOR, SIR. Son of King Pellinore where her children are reft from and the wife of Aries the cowherd, her. One is seized by a griffin, and a knight of the court of King is afterwards discovered by Saint Arthur. He was slain by Sir Antony, a hermit, who carries it Lancelot. (Fi£fe"Morted'Arthur.") to his father, the King of Greece. TORRENT OF PORTUGAL. An Eng- The other child is found by the Ush metrical romance of the fif- King of Jerusalem, playing with teenth century pubHshed in 1842 a leopard. DesoneUe is met by by HaUiweU from an MS. in the the King of Nazareth, who recog- Cheetham library at Manchester, nizes her, and carries her back very incorrectly written, and, from to his wife with many marks of the number of blunders and omis- respect. Sir Torrent has mean- sions, conjectured to have been while proceeded to Norway to taken down from dictation. A meet a giant who torments that few short fragments also exist in country. He slays the monster a printed edition in the Bodleian and returns to Portugal, where he Library. No other copy of the hears what has happened to Deso- romance is recorded. The tale neUe. CoUecting has friends and is probably a later edition of an vassals, he falls upon the Mng, older English romance, itself trans- and commits him to the seas, lated from the French, as many where he is drowned. He then allusions are made throughout sets out for the East to war for " the poem to " the boke of Rome the Cross. After successfuUy (that is, " romance "). The tale laying siege to several pagan recounts how Torrent, the son of cities he comes to one defended a noble of Portugal, was, by the by Hobertious, his son, found by death of his father, left early the King of Jersualem, who takes the master of his own devices. him prisoner. At his plaint, how- Dwelling at the court of the ever, Hobertious sets him free. King of Portugal, Torrent becomes The King of Greece hears of his enamoured of his daughter, and warlike fame, and proclaims a did many doughty feats of arms tourney to which Torrent and for her fair fame. The Mag, not Hobertious betake themselves. relishing his suit, sends him on Here they do mighty deeds, and various dangerous quests, osten- meet Torrent's other son, An- sibly for the love of his daughter tony Fitz-Griffin, and DesoneUe. Desonelle, in which Torrent suc- AU are reunited, and saU back to TOW 359 TRI

Portugal, where Torrent and Deso- Two other copies exist in the nelle are married, and he reigns Bodleian Library, Oxford, and an over the country. His sons are MS. in the pubhc hbrary of Cam- proclaimed the heirs of the kings bridge. Arados, King of Arragon, of Greece and Jerusalem, and who reigned over an obedient after a well-spent reign Torrent people, shared his reign with the dies and affectionate and beautiful Mar- garet. But their perfect happi- " Leyth in Rome in a feire abbey." ness was not complete. They TOWER OP MARVELS. A tower longed for an heir to the throne. built over the remains of 150 Arados suggests a visit to the " Saracens " of Galafort by order Holy Land, but his wife refuses of Ganort, Lord of Galafort and to join in such a perilous under- the GraU company. These un- taking. The good king is deter- beUevers were drowned because mined to go, and unconscious they would not be baptized along that his prayers for an heir have with others of Ganort's folk. It been heard, he sets out on the was prophesied that a king named long journey. It unfortunately Arthur should reign, that from happens that Arados had left one blow of a sword adventures Marrock, his steward, to super- should arise lasting twelve years, intend the destinies of his king- until the last descendant of Nas- dom. This man, anxious to se- ciens should end them, and that duce the unprotected queen, makes till that time no knight of Arthur's love to her. She soon realizes that house should enter the tower her husband's regent, instead of without having to fight as good a cherishing the confidence of his man as himself. Thus should it sovereign, is possessed of a criminal be till he who was to end the passion towards her. The wicked adventures appeared. So they Marrock is quickly made to reflect built the tower, and it remained upon his honourable charge. Then until Lancelot destroyed it as seeing the queen will not stoop to (says the Grand Saint Graal) the his purpose, he decides to change Tale of Arthur's Death relates. his plan. Approaching her with an air of hunuhation, he appeals or TRIBUET. smith TREBUCET The for her forgiveness in the hope Sir Perceval's broken who mends that his treason will be concea,led sword. He adjures him to guard from her husband. The queen prince or con- it carefully, as no readily forgives him, but he, de- " queror had a better one." He parting from her presence, vows dwell near a lake into appears to vengeance upon her. Meanwhile dips the sword, which he whence the king accompUshes his vow, it emerges whole. by the slaughter of numberless Saracens, TRENDORN. Li Irish romance, the and returns to his people. He is overjoyed servant of Conor {q.v.). He told at again being with his wife, is daily his master of the beauty of Deirdre, who expecting but in spying upon her he was the birth of a child. The sly Marrock blinded in one eye by Naisi. boldly asserts that the child to whose birth he TRIAMOUR, SIR. An English ro- looks forward had been begotten mance, a copy of which is pre- in adultery. The king reproaches served in the British Museum. his steward with neghgence, but TRI 360 TRI

Marrock strengthens the untruth which she falls asleep. In this by rejoining that he slew the state she is discovered by a knight in whose arms he had found Hungarian knight. Sir Bernard de Margaret. The king, incensed at Mauservyne. Amazed at the this story, does not beUeve the sleeper's beauty, and presuming queen, who pleads for the sake of her to be of noble parentage, he her child. Arados, in his mad wakens the queen, offering her haste, banishes his wife from the his hospitality. To this generous

court. This hasty decision pleases knight she looks for help ; and the wicked Marrock, who prepares gladly accompanies him to his a plan for capturing the rejected castle. To the queen he appoints queen. A certain Sir Roger is a retinue suitable to her rank, commanded to act as a body- while her son is christened Tria- guard to the unfortunate queen, mour. Great attention is paid taking with him a dog. Amidst to the child, who receives an edu- great sorrow the doleful proces- cation befitting his rank. The sion leaves the palace of Arados. dog, which Margaret had been Marrock had previously set out, forced to abandon at the grave hoping to be rewarded for his of Sir Roger, guards with in- successful villainy. The retinue creasing devotion the remains of slowly wends its way along a his master. Seeking his daily country road. The steward, post- subsistence, as his chance of prey ing himself in a forest, awaits its diminishes the length of his chase passage. The procession arriving gradually increases, and at the at the spot is suddenly attacked. close of the seventh year, at the Sir Roger, altogether defenceless, festival of Christmas, he suddenly makes a brave attempt to over- appears in the hall of the King of come the villainous steward, but Arragon. Such an apparition ex- is slain. Having completed his cites the curiosity of Arados, who dastardly work, the steward goes faintly recollects having seen the in search of Margaret, who had dog. The animal becomes accus- meanwhile hid herself. Unable tomed to return every day, and to locate her, the disappointed after receiving his pittance returns murderer retraces his steps to- to his post. The king, now fully wards Arragon. The queen then recollecting the dog, orders his leaves her hiding-place to find steward to foUow after him, but that the faithful dog had scraped no sooner does Marrock appear out a grave for his dead master. in answer to his master's summons She reverently buries the noble than the dog springs upon him, Roger, while the dog refuses to the murderer of his master. Soon quit the remains. Unable to en- the unlucky steward is torn to tice the beast from the spot, the pieces. This proves to the king queen resumes her journey to that Marrock is the murderer. Hungary. Approaching the en- The dog after completing the trance to a wood, she alights from revenge hastens off to his post, her horse, and gives birth to a followed by the king's attendants. son. This new joy erases from The remains of Sir Roger are her memory the sense of her removed to a more suitable resting- husband's injustice, and her pre- place, within the precincts of

sent unprotected position. The Arragon ; and the body of Marrock mother washes the child, after is paraded throughout the city and TRI 361 TRI then hung upon a gibbet. The dog Triamour returns thanks to Arados, nieanwhile expires at the tomb of and hastens off to the care of his his master. King Arados is brought mother. Helen, disappointed at to regard these recent events as the disappearance of the victor, proof of his wife's innocence. endeavours to locate his residence, Soon he despatches messengers but without success. The com- throughout the land in search of petitors repair to the palace to her, but without avail. In the hear the decision of the fair Helen, meantime the young Triamour who declares herself bound by the

completes his education ; and conditions of the tournament, now accompHshed in the arts of which she herself had fixed. And chivalry, he expresses a wish to as the victor is not forthcoming display his prowess. Nor has she must be permitted to withhold he long to wait ere his wishes are her decision for one year and a gratified. The King of Hungary day, after which, on the non- dies at an advanced age, and is appearance of the victor, another succeeded by his only daughter tourney would be necessary to Helen, who has Just entered her decide her choice. This mandate fifteenth year. To one so young produces satisfaction. The beau- the responsibility of wielding the tiful Helen mourns the disappear- sceptre over vast dominions causes ance of her lover. But war clouds her advisers to suggest to their gather and Sir James's death queen the advisabihty of marriage. must be avenged. The bereaved But the young queen is beset by father decides to assail Arados, youthful nobles who are desirous whom he knows to be an accessory of wedding her. So, wisely an- to the deed, although not the nouncing a tournament, she actual slayer of his son. This decides by this method to select action was sufficient to draw the victor. To this tourney is Triamour to the aid of Sir Arados, attracted a brilliant array of whose relationship to himself had knights, every country sending not yet been divulged. Success forth a detachment. Amongst attends the German forces until them arrive the yoimg Triamour they arrive at the gates of Arragon, and King Arados. The day opens where a large force had mean- in brilhant array. The young while congregated. Triamour sets queen, set high upon a tower, forth to assist King Arados, who watches the progress of the con- had saved his life. The king flict with keen attention. Tria- greets the yovmg adventurer, and mour soon attracts the gaze of invests him with the order of the queen, who vainly tries to knighthood. Meanwhile the discover his hneage. The tourney German army has reduced the proceeds for three days, at the end defenders of the city to a state of of which young Triamour is pro- despair. Sir Triamour soon alters claimed the victor. Sir James, the fortune of the war by defeating son of the German Emperor, having the Germans, and causing them to been defeated by the young victor, disperse in confusion. The land determines to slay him. Ap- of King Arados is then freed of proaching Triamour as he leaves the enemy, and amid popular the field Sir James wounds him. Jubilation, the victorious knight But he is defended by Arados, sets out for Hungary. Approach- who kills his despicable assailant. ing the city he slays two giants who TRI 362 TRI

had tried to impede his journey. at his loss, expires, and leaves He enters the city to learn that the infant Tristrem in the charge another tourney for the hand of of Rohand, a faithful vassal, to the fair Helen is in progress. whom she entrusts a ring well This spurs him to action. He known to his Uncle Mark. Morgan enters the field, and rapidly assails seizes Ermonie, and Rohand pays another giant who proves to be him homage. To secure Tris- the brother of those whom he had trem 's safety he brings him up as previously encountered. The his own son. A Norwegian vessel queen witnesses his entry and puts in at the port near which soon learns that he is the original they dwell, and Tristrem wins victor, and the knight whom she such treasure by beating its cap- loves. Triamour again proves tain at chess that to avoid pay- his claim to the honour of her hand, ment of the debt the Norsemen and after a long struggle he sail off with him. A dreadful successfully overcomes the giant, tempest arises, and the captain winning the day. His victory is attributing it to his shabby treat- received by aU as a confirmation ment of the young prisoner sets of his rightful claim to their queen. him ashore on the coast of Corn- The wedding shortly afterwards wall, with all the treasure he has takes place, to the satisfaction of won, along with his tutor, who his mother, Margaret, and the was also seized. His skill in people of Hungary. Arados ap- venerie or hunting and his play- pears at the coronation of the ing of' the harp endear him to beloved pair, when he is rewarded King Mark, to whose court he for all his past sufferings by the comes. At length Rohand traces recovery of his faithful Margaret, him to the court of Cornwall, and and the pleasure of embracing his informs Mark of the youth's real son, to whom he owes the preser- history, which is confirmed by vation of his life and kingdom. the production of the ring of Blanche Flour. Mark knights TRIGAMOUR. {Vide "Triamour.") him, and provides him with men TRISTREM. A romance attributed wherewith to regain his patri- to Thomas Rymour (q.v.), and monial estates. This he succeeds discovered in a vellum MS., by in doing, and returns to Cornwall. Ritson, in the Advocates' Library He finds Mark threatened by the at Edinburgh. (See " Auchinleck King of Ireland for non-pajrment MS.") After stating that he of tribute. Tristrem slays the heard the tale from Thomas's Wsh ambassador, a giant named own Ups, the author tells of a feud Moraunt, but is wounded in the between two Cymric chieftains, thigh. He is declared his imcle's Duke Morgan and Rouland Rise, heir to the Cornish crown,, but Lord of Ermonie. A truce being his wound, which was inflicted agreed upon, they resolve to by a poisoned weapon, becomes visit the court of King Mark of so offensive that no one may Cornwall, where Rouland gains remain with him save his servant the love of Blanche Flour, the Gouvemayl, Tristrem leaves king's sister. From this union Cornwall and arrives at Dubhn, springs Tristrem. Duke Morgan where he takes the name of breaks the truce, and Rouland is Tremtris. His fame as a harper slain. Blanche Flour, inconsolable soon reaches the ears of the TRI 363 TRI

queen, who pays him a visit and put ashore, feigning sickness. cures his wound by means of a Tristrem places her upon his horse medicated bath. He undertakes and disappears in the forest, to instruct her daughter Ysonde where they sojourn seven nights. in poetry and music, and after a He then restores Ysonde to his year spent thus he returns to uncle, whose suspicions are not Cornwall. His praises of Ysonde excited until a revelation is made by so stir Mark's heart that he de- a companion of Tristrem's, Meria- sires to have her to wife, and he dock, who acts as the lago of the sends Tristram to Ireland to ask story. Ysonde, to prove her inno- her hand. Arrived at DubUn cence, offers to undergo the ordeal they find the people in terror of by fire. The trial is appointed a monstrous dragon which Tris- to take place at Westminster, trem slays. He is, however, and when about to cross the poisoned by the dragon's breath, Thames, she spies her lover dis- and the king's steward pretends guised as a peasant, and asks to have slain the monster, pro- him to carry her from the shore ducing its head. But Tristrem to the vessel in which she must recovers his senses, and is carried cross. When the oath prepara- to the palace, where it is discovered tory to the ordeal is administered that he is the veritable dragon- she swears that no man other slayer. His sword is broken, and than her husband had used greater Ysonde sees that a piece of it famiharity with her than the corresponds to the piece found peasant who had carried her from in the skull of her Uncle Moraunt, the shore to the vessel. Mark is whom Tristrem slew. She and satisfied, and foregoes the appli- the queen not recognizing him, cation of the ordeal. Tristrem attempt his hfe, but are restrained retires into Wales, and enters the by the king. Explanations follow, service of King Triamour, whose and Tristrem departs with Ysonde daughter Blanche Flour is sought and her maiden Brengwain for in marriage by Urgan, the brother Cornwall. On their departure the of Duke Morgan. Being rejected, queen entrusts Brengwain with a Urgan seizes Triamour's posses- love potion to be given to Ysonde sions, but they are regained by and the King of Cornwall, but Tristrem, who slays the usurper. in error she gives it to Tristrem, His uncle recalls him to Cornwall Ysonde also partaking. They are and makes him High Steward;

seized by a violent mutual passion ; but the old fatal love-spell brings Mark and Ysonde are wedded him once more into guilt with on the arrival of the latter in the queen, and both are banished Cornwall. An Irish lover of by Mark. They dwell in a cave Ysonde's comes to Mark's court, in the forest, and live on the spoils and brings a harp of cunning upon of Tristrem's spear. Once more which he refuses to play unless they are pardoned by Mark, and Mark grants him a boon. This Tristrem goes to Spain, Ermonie, the king rashly does. The harper and Brittany, where he makes a demands Ysonde in fulfilment song upon Ysonde. The daughter of his promise, and carries her off of the king of that realm is also to his ship. But Tristrem takes called Ysonde, and imagining that up his ivory rote, and plays so the song has been made/ about skilfully that Ysonde begs to be her, is offered to Tristremfby her :

TRI 364 TRI

father. Tristrem accepts her, but been selected for condensation as the marriage remains unconsum- being the most complete, even mated. After many adventures in its truncated condition, of all in Brittany he is accused of cruelty the Tristrem romances, and es- to his wife, by her brother, Gan- pecially as it is of British origin, hardin, who desires to know why and easily accessible to British the union has not been consum- readers. But some other con- mated. Tristrem tells him that siderations are perhaps worthy of he loves a fairer lady, and Gan- attention. In all probabihty the hardin, desirous of seeing her, tale was modelled upon that of sets forth with him to accom- Lancelot and Guinevere. It is plish that object. They meet clear that the lovers in both tales Ysonde and Brengwain, with the are merely counterparts. Tris- " latter of whom Ganhardin falls trem is one of the " fatal children in love. They are watched by who, bom in sorrow, hke MacduS spies, and the queen and her and Sigurd, is scarcely seen by his maiden return to court and Gan- mother, who names him " the hardin to Brittany. But Tristrem Unhappy." But the darkness of remains in Cornwall. A tourna- his infancy is dispelled by the ment is proclaimed, and Tristrem glorious nature of his manhood. with Ganhardin, who returns, van- Tristrem is the mighty hunter quishes all comers. The cham- and harper, a parallel with Or- pions return to Brittany, where pheus, Amphion, Hermes, and Tristrem receives an arrow in his Sigurd. He is wounded with the old wound. (Here the matter poisoned weapon of Moraunt (for of the Auchinleck MS. ends, but the violet-tinted rays of the morn- the conclusion is supphed by Sir ing sun are called los, or Ion, Walter Scott, who collated it with from the word oe, homonym for a similar French MS. as follows) a spear and for poison), and we The wound can only be cured by see in his relations with King Ysonde of Cornwall, and Tristrem Mark and Ysonde a repro- requests Ganhardin to take his duction of those witnessed in the ring to her, and to hoist a black Volsunga Saga, where Sigurd, sail on his ship on his return Brynhild, and Gunnar stand in like should he not succeed in bringing relation to one another. But, her back with him. Ysonde re- hke Sigurd, he must woo his bride turns with Ganhardin, and a for another, yet is he, Uke him, white sail is displayed. But doomed to wed another woman Ysonde of Brittany tells Tristrem whom he does not love, who in that a black sail has been hoisted, the event becomes his deadly foe. whereupon, concluding that Ysonde Like Herakles, he is able to slay of Cornwall has forsaken him, he single-handed scores of assailants, sinks back in despair and dies. it skills not how many. His is The queen on landing is informed the irresistible power of the sun, of his death, and rushing to where for he is unquestionably one of his body lies, casts herself down the many " Sons of the Sim," beside it and expires. Upon the "Men of the Sun," or "Sun- marvellously human and epic na- heroes," with whom the student ture of this stirring and pathetic is constantly brought into contact tale of hopeless passion there is in the study of myth, folklore and no necessity to enlarge. It has romance. TOA 365 TWO

TUAN MAC CARELL. An Irish le- TURENN, QUEST OF THE SONS OF. gendary personage, the story of A tale of Lugh (q.v.), the Irish sun- whose metamorphoses is to be god. (FWealso "Kian.") found in the "Book of the Dun Cow," a manuscript written about TUROLD or THEROULDE. (Vide " the year 1100 a.d. Tuan mac Song of Roland.") CareU, an Irish chief of the sixth TURPIN or . The warrior century, having returned St. Archbishop of Rhiems, and one of Finnen's visit, invited him and Charlemagne's peers. A stout his disciples to his fortress. Here fighter, he died at Roncesvaux he related to them the history with Roland and Oliver. (Vide of Ireland ; of the Partholanians "Song of Roland.") There is {q-v.), he alone remained aHve attributed to him a fabulous after the great pestilence, wan- Chronicle, which he certainly never dering in lonely Ireland. Now compiled. He baptized Ferum- disgusting in appearance and bras. He was one of those who miserable, he awoke one morning unsuccessfully remonstrated with to find himself changed into a Charlemagne at his decision about young stag. He was king of the the Uberation of his nephews. stags during the Nemedian occu- Charlemagne sent for him to pation of Ireland. Again, weary baptize Laban the Soudan, but with extreme old age, he was Laban assaulted the archbishop given the form of a wild boar, and and was so violent that he was became king of his kind. Then executed instead. He died of Semion (q.v.), son of Stariat, his wounds at Roncesvaux. He settled in L-eland. From him also baptized Sir Otuel when he descended the Firbolgs (q.v.), and turned proselyte, and Garsie when two other tribes. As an eagle he embraced Christianity. He he beheld the incoming of the was saying mass for the souls of divine Danaans (q.v.), and their the dead when he declared he conquerors, the sons of Miled {q.v.). heard the songs of the angels who Then in the form of a salmon he carried Roland's soul up to was caught and carried to the heaven. He heard of Roland's wife of Carell (q.v.). Bom of death from some black fiends, her he became man, son of who were carrying King Marsire's Carell. soul to the lower regions.

TUDVWICH HIR. (Ftde"Gododin.") TURQUINE, SIR. In Arthurian ro- Son of Kilydd (elsewhere called mance, a powerful warrior, and son of Prince Kelyddon, and an oppressor of good knights. He therefore a Strathclyde Briton eventually met his death at the Caledon). had lost from He hands of Sir Lancelot (q.v.). ( Vide his land, and with a strong re- " Morte d'Arthur.") tinue boasted he would disperse the invaders. He made havoc TWO LOVERS, THE LAY OF. A with the Saxons for seven days, Breton romance written by Marie and then was taken prisoner. de France (q.v.). The King of " His valour should have kept Normandy, who built the town of

him a free man ; his memory Pistres, had only one daughter, is cherished by his fair com- whom, his wife being dead, he panions." cherished dearly. Many a suitor TYR 366 URB

sought the maiden's hand. The climbed swiftly till near the sum- king, therefore, fearing lest his mit he flagged. Fearing to take child might be carried off, had it the potion in the pubUc eye, he proclaimed that only he who had given the philtre to the without rest or stay could carry maiden. But though she urged the princess to the pinnacle of him to drink it, he would not. the mountain that reared itself At last, almost upon the pinnacle near the city should wed his his heart burst, and he lay dead. daughter. Many essayed the The unhappy maiden loudly be- task, but unsuccessfully. There wailed her lover. Upon the barren was a certain squire, however, mount she flung away the philtre, who, having set his heart upon and there grew up many a saving the maiden, had his love returned. herb. As the lovers did not Now she desiring to have him for return, the king went to seek them, her husband, though she refused to and coming upon them dead in flee with him, sent him with letters each other's arms, swooned away. to her aunt in Saleone, who was When he recovered after three very cunning in the knowledge of days he buried them upon the medicine. Armed with a strength- mountain, and gave it the name giving potion, the young lover of the " Mountain of the Two returned to Pistres to ask for the Lovers." hand of the princess. Amused at the stripling's self-confidence, TYREN. In Irish romance, sister to the king summoned a large com- Muma, mother of Finn. She was pany to behold the ascent of the changed into a hound by the youth with his beloved. Nor did witchcraft of a fairy woman who she forget aught that might help loved her husband tJllan. The him, dressing but thinly and two hounds of Finn were her fasting. With joy in his breast children, who were bom as dogs and courage in his heart, he after her metamorphosis.

u

UGAINY THE GREAT. Ruler of d'Arthur. He is usually accom- Ireland in romance, father of panied by his companion Sir Laery and Conal (q.v.). Brastias, and what is said of the one is usually said also of the ULFIUS. A knight of King Arthur, other. one of the earhest mentioned as having any connection with him. URBAN OF THE BLACK THORN. He accompanied Arthur's father, Alluded to in the Didot-Perceval Uther Pendragon, when he entered as the guardian of a certain ford the castle of Tintagil in the shape which his lady had set him to of the Duke of Tintagil in order watch. He challenges the pas- to have access to the duke's sage of Perceval, who overthrew wife, Igraine, mother of Arthur. him. His lady comes to his aid He afterwards assisted Arthur with her maidens in the shape of mightily in the famous battle of birds. Perceval slays one which the eleven kings alluded to in the becomes a woman, and is carried first book of Malory's Morte off by the others to Avallon. URI 367 VAL

URIEN, KING. Husband of Morgan USNA. In Irish romance, father of le Fay and father of Sir Gawain. Naisi {q.v.). (F«d:e"Morted'Arthur.") UTA. {Vide " Gudrun Lay.") Wife URIENS or URIENCE. King of the of King Sigebant of Ireland {q.v.), Land of Gore in Arthurian ro- and mother of Hagen {q.v.). mance, and husband of Arthur's UTE (1). (Uote.) Wifeofffildebrand sister, Morgan le Pay. He leagued {q.v.). { Vide " Dietrich of Bern.") himself with the eleven Mngs " {q.v.), against Arthur. Morgan UTE (2). {Vide Nibelungenhed.") attempted to slay him, but was Mother of Kriemhild. She inter- prevented by her son Uwaine. prets Kriemhild's dream of a falcon (which she nurtures for a URRE, SIR. Knight of Hungary. time till two eagles swoop upon He was severely wounded in a it and destroy it), as representing fray with a noble knight whom he a noble husband " whom may God slew, causing the fallen champion's preserve lest thou lose him too mother to take vengeance by early." exercising her powers of sorcery over him, which prevented his UTHER PENDRAGON. King of wounds from healing. According Britain, and father of Arthur by to Arthurian romance, he goes to Igraine, wife of the Duke of England, where.after vain attempts Tintagil, afterwards his own wife. by Arthur and his knights, it is He procured access to her in the discovered that no one can heal shape of her husband by means him excepting Lancelot {q.v.), who of Merlin's magic arts. Within later entrusted him with the two years he fell sick of a great Earldom of Estratse in the land malady, and wUled that their of Benwick, over which Lancelot child, then unknown, should be ruled for a while. {Vide " Morte King of Britain. d'Arthur.") UWAINE, SIR, Son of King Uriens, URRY, SIR. {Vide "Guy of War- and Knight of the " Round Table." wick.") Sent by Roland to travel He met his death in combat with with Sir Guy. He was killed in his brother Gawaine {q.v.). {Vide the affray with the Italians. " Morte d'Arthur.")

VALENTINE AND ORSON. Sons of Knight. Orson was suckled by Bellisant, sister of King Pepin the bear, and when he grew to and wife of Alexander, Emperor manhood he became the terror of of Constantinople. The twin France, and was called the Wild brothers were bom in a wood, Man of the Forest. He was re- near Orleans, and while their claimed by Valentine, overthrew mother went in search of Orson, the Green Knight, and married who had been carried off by a Fizon, the daughter of Duke bear, Pepin happened to find Savary of Aquitaine. The ro- Valentine and took him under mance, which is of very consider- his charge. Valentine married able antiquity, will be found in Clerimond, niece of the Green the Bibliotheque de Romans. VIA 368 VIV

VIATDUR. Daughter of Constan- obviously compiled for the pur- tine (q.v.). Emperor of Rome. pose of recital at court. It con- She is mentioned in the romance sists of no less than 14,000 hnes, of Eglamour of Artoys (q.v.), as and is rambUng and contradictory having healed Eglamour of his in character. Dietrich is informed poisoned wounds caused through in his court at Berne that Virginal, his encounter with a dragon {q.v.). Queen of Jeraspunt, is oppressed by the Saracen Orkise, and sets VIRGILIUS. In the Gesta Roman- forth to free her with Hildebrand, orum. Virgil is represented as his companion. They lose each a mighty but benevolent enchanter. other, and Hildebrand comes This is the character which tradi- upon a maiden of Virginal's, who tion always gives him, and it is has been left in the forest as this traditional character that tribute to the Saracens. The in- furnishes Dante with his con- fidel appears, but is slain by ception of making Virgil his guide Hildebrand. Meanwhile Dietrich through the infernal regions. The has met and fought with Orkise's Virgil of romance was wise, and followers, from whom he is rescued as craft was considered a part by Hildebrand. Virginal invites of wisdom, especially where the the heroes to her court, but en overreaching of the spirits of evil route they encounter a fierce was concerned, so he is repre- dragon which they slay, freeing sented by mediaeval writers as a warrior named Rentnim from outwitting the Demon. On one its clutches. They halt at occasion, it is said, he saw an imp Rentnim's father's castle, where in a hole close by a mountain, and they make merry for a space. the imp promised to teach the Setting out once more for Jera- poet the black art if he released spunt, Dietrich, riding on ahead, him. Virgil did so, and after is feUed and imprisoned by a learmng all the imp could teach giant in the service of Duke him, expressed amazement that Nitger, whose sister saves him one of such imposing stature could from the other giants in the be squeezed into so smaU a rift. Duke's pay. Hildebrand arrives The evil spirit said, " Oh, that is before Nitger's castle with a large not wonderful," and crept into army, the giants are slain and the hole to show Virgil how it was Dietrich is delivered. Nitger is done—^whereupon Virgil closed up pardoned for his sister's sake, the hole and kept him imprisoned and all proceed to Virginal's there. palace, where they engage ia a VIRGINAL, DIETRICH'S ERSTE AUS- lengthy round of festivities, Die- FAHRT, and DIETRICH UND trich finally taking Virginal back SEINE GESELLEN. Similar ver- to Bern as his wife. sions of a Tyrolese tale, dating about the end of the thirteenth VIVIANE or VIVIANA. Merhn, hav- century and connected with the ing become enamoured of Viviane, saga-cycle of Dietrich of Bern {q.v.). daughter of Dyonas (probably The poem, a prolonged and dreary Dylan, the Brythonic sea-god), account of feast and foUy, tells was so incautious as to impart of Dietrich's captivity among the to her the secrets of his magical giants, and the rescue of a maiden arts, being driven to do so by from their fortresses, the whole fate, although fully aware of his VOL 369 VOL

folly. Weary of his importunity, the tenth century. The tale of she resolved to rid herself of him Fafnir proper (Fafnisbana II.) for ever, and obtained from him partly in prose, precedes the the secret whereby she might Tale of Brynhild, JBvdli's Daughter. " imprison him without chains Then follows the Third Tale of and without a tower," and by Sigurd, the First Tale of Ghidrun, means of enchantment alone. One Second Tale of Oudrun, Third Tale day whilst in the Forest of Broce- of Gudrun, The Tale of Atla, and liande she imprisoned Merhn with other minor lays from which the his own spell, and he was never Volsung story group was subse- afterwards beheld by mortal man. quently formed. (Ficie "Merhn.") Viviane is famous Sigi was the son of Odin. under the name of the Lady of Having slain a thrall he was the Lake as the guardian of the forced to flee his father's domain, young Lancelot {q.v.). (Vide also but carved out one for himself " Brocehande " and " Morte in Hunland. Li old age he was d'Arthur.") She is in some slain by those of his household, romances alluded to as Nimue. and was succeeded by his son Rerir, who overcame the rebels. VOLSUNG. Son of Rerir (q.v.), hus- In later life Rerir was troubled band of Lijod (q.v.), who bore because he had no son. But him twins, a son and a daughter : Freyja gave an apple to Rerir's Sigmund (q.v.), and Signy (q.v.). wife, so that she conceived, and He met his death at the hands after six years' labour, bore Vol- ofKingSiggeir(g.t).). (Vide" The sung. He wedded Lijod, the hand- Lay of the Volsungs.") maiden of Freyja, and she bore

VOLSUNGS , LAY OF THK. So-called, him twins—a son and daughter, or Volsunga Saga, an early Teu- Sigmund and Signy. Siggeir, tonic epic, probably a develop- King of Gothland, came oversea ment of certain Edda tales as to request Signy for his wife when the Nibelungenlied is a develop- she had arrived at a marriageable ment of it. It is likely that the age. In the great hall of the epic arose from elements current Volsungs stood the oak Branstock, as story about the eighth century. which overshadowed the entire These elements are to be found apartment, and in this place in the Elder Edda, compiled by Volsung held a mighty feast for Seemund between 1056 and 1121. Siggeir, to whom he gave Signy. The personages of the Volsunga But she held him in loathing. Saga are alluded to in the Song of On the day of the wedding-feast Hundla in the first volume of the there entered a stranger (Odin) Edda, where Sigurd is mentioned who thrust a great sword into the as the slayer of Fafnir, and in a trunk of the oak Branstock, saying, " later stanza we find the names Whoso plucketh out this sword of Gunnar and Haugn. The group shall have the same in gift from of poems referring especially to me, and will find that better . ' th&legend occurs, however, among brand he never bare ' All essayed the heroic pieces of the second to pull out the brand, but only volume. Thus the Sigurd cycle Sigmund succeeded. King Sig- proper opens with the tales called geir desired to buy the sword, " Sigurd, Fafnir's bane." This but Sigmund refused to sell it. is probably of late date, perhaps He then departed with Signy, 2 B ;

VOL 370 VOL after extracting a promise from back among the fia.mes for the joy Volsung that he and his sons of seeing King Siggeir bum. shoxild pay a visit to Gothland Sigmund and Sinfjotli, then jour- in three months' time. On their neyed to Hunland, and put down arrival there, they were warned b. man there who reigned in Vol- by Signy that Siggeir meant them sung's room. And Sigmimd harm. The men of Gothland at- reigned over Hunland, and took tacked them, slaying aU save the to wife Borghild, who bore him ten sons of Volsung, whom they two sons, Helgi and Hamund. took captive. He placed them Sinfjotli strove with Borghild's in a wood, and caused a great brother for the sake of a woman, beam to be laid over them so and slew him. Wherefore Borg- that they could not stir. Every hild poisoned him, and was put night a she-wolf came to the away by Sigmund, who married wood and killed one of the Hjordis, daughter of King EyUmi. brothers. Sigmund was the last, Kong Ijyngi, a rival for her hand, and he succeeded in beating her warred upon him, and both were off and freeing himself. He dwelt slain. Ere he died he conjured in the woods, and received food Hjordis to save the shards of his from Signy, who sent both her good sword Gram for the son she sons to him. He kiUed them was yet to bear. Alf the Viking because of their cowardice. Chang- landing at that juncture, Hjordis ing shapes with a wise woman, she requested him to ship her with her dwelt for three days with Sigmund, treasure to King Hjalprek's palace and afterwards bore to him Sinf- in Denmark, and this he did. The jotli. Him also she sent to her lay then tells how Helgi, the son brother, who trained him to a of Sigmund by Borghild, when he fierce and hardy life. They came to manhood went against dressed themselves in wolf-skins, King Hunding and slew him and and attacked men in the forest took his lands. He fell in love with for their wealth. Agreeing to slay Sigrun, King Hogni's daughter, Eang Siggeir, they secreted them- but she was betrothed to Hod- selves between the casks of ale brod, son of King Granmar, in his hall. Discovered by the whom she despised. Helgi made king's children they slew them, an expedition against Granmar, and cast their bodies into the hall slew Hodbrod, and wedded Sigrun. at Siggeir's feet. They were cap- But Hogni, Sigrun's father, came tured after a stem resistance and against him because he had taken buried in a large mound, with a his daughter, and was slain. Helgi, great stone between them. But however, spared Dag, his son as the earth was cast upon them, but Dag borrowed Odin's spear, Signy threw an armful of straw and slew Helgi. Sigrun buried into it, in which a sword was con- Helgi, but lay with him in his cealed. They sawed through the burial mound, so that she sickened stone with the blade, and cut and died. We now return to through the earth, thus escaping. Hjordis, who dwelt in Hjalprek's Then they heaped wood around palace in Denmark. There she Siggeir's palace and set it afire. bore dead Sigmund's son, and Signy came to the window, and called him Sigurd. Regin was told Sigmund that he was the his tutor, and from him he learned father of Sinfjotli. They rush magic. His mother married with VOL 371 VOL

Alf, King Hjalprek's son. He in armour, lying fast asleep. She received the foal Grani from Odin. was called BrynhUd. He awaken- Regin told him of the dragon ed her, and told her his name. Fafnir which dwelt on Glistening She told him that when Helm Heath, and guarded a great trea- Gunnar strove with Agnar that sure. Fafnir and Otter were she desired to assist the latter brothers of Regin. Loki, the god against the will of Odin. So of evil, slew Otter and was forced Odin had pierced her with the to fill his sMn with gold rings sleepthom, and doomed her when by Hreidmar, his father. EoM she woke to love but to possess caused the dwarf Andvari to pay not, to wed, but not to have her this fine with his treasure, but will. Yet she had vowed to wed Andvari retained one ring. But only a man who knew not fear. that also he was forced to give They pUghted their troth, and up, and this ring proved baneful, Sigurd rode away, journeying until for Fafnir murdered his father he came to the dwelling of a chief for the treasure, and grovelled named Heimar who had wedded until he became a dragon. Regin Bekkhild, a sister of BrynhUd. forged a great sword to arm BrynhUd came to Heimar's castle Sigurd against Fafnir, but it broke. to see her sister, and during her Then went Sigurd to his mother, stay embroidered upon a cloth Hjordis, and asked for the shards the deeds of Sigurd. At this task of his father's sword Gram, which he espied her, but was advised by Regin welded again. To avenge Alswid, Heimar's son, to cease to his father, Sigurd set sail for think of her, as she was a " war- Hunland, and slew Lyngi and the maid." But he went to BrynhUd sons of Hunding, winning back and sat beside her. She told him his father's reahn. Returning to that they might never abide to- Denmark, he set out with Regin gether. Sigurd was sorrowfxU, but in quest of Fafnir. He dug pits, gave her Andvari's ring in pledge, and hid himself in one of them. the luckless ring of Fafnir's hoard. Smiting upwards, he slew the South of the Rhine dwelt King dragon. Regin requested him to Giuki and his queen GrimhUd. cut out Fafnir's heart and roast They had three sons, Gunnar, it. But as it spluttered in the Hogni, and Guttorm, and a daugh- fire it burnt Sigurd's finger, then ter Gudrun. Gudnm dreamed he placed it to his mouth. Imme- an evU dream, concerning which diately he was able to comprehend she consulted BrynhUd. She told the speech of birds, which warned her that she dreamed that she him to slay Regin who meditated had captured a hart with golden his death. So he smote off his hair, and that a fierce woman head. Sigurd then ate of Fafnir's took him from her, and that in heart and put by the rest. He this woman she recognized Bryn- then secured the treasure, which hUd herself, who shot the deer, he placed on his horse's back. and placed a wolf-cub on her lap Passing the mountain HindfeU, instead. BrynhUd read her dream he saw a great hght go as foUows : that she would take up from it. Chmbing the height Sigurd to wife, but should not have he beheld a great castle, about him long, and that a great strife which all was desolation. Within should come between Gudrun and he came upon a fair maiden clad herself. Sigurd left King Heimar's VOL 372 VOL

hall, and travelled to that of King bitterness in her heart against Giuki. Grimhild, his queen, de- her brethren, went into the moors sired Sigurd for her daughter to mourn alone. Later she betook Gudrun, and gave him a potion herself to the palace of King Alf which caused him to forget Bryn- of Denmark, where she remained hUd. Sigurd was wed to Gudrun. for seven years. Grimhild, her Grimhild then put it into Gunnar's mother, journeying hither with heart to win Brynluld. But Gun- her sons, gave her a magic draught nar might not win through the which caused her to forget her flames that surrounded her castle. woes. Shortly afterwards she was Sigurd then took upon himself the wed to King Atli, Brynhfld's Hkeness of Gunnar, and rode brother. Atli, desiring the treasure through the flames. Brynhild, of Fafnir as a dowry with Gudnm, because of her oath, was forced to sent messengers to the Giukings to wed Sigurd in the shape of Guimar. come to his realm, in order that They exchanged rings, and Sigurd he might slay them. But Gudrun departed. Then King Giuki made sent a runic message to Gunnar a feast for Gunnar to which came warning him of her husband's Brynhild, who was married to purpose. A messenger altered this Gunnar. Then Sigurd's memory in such a manner that it appeared returned when all too late, and a as a request that Gudrun's brothers great gloom fell upon him. Bryn- should come. On their arrival at hild and Gudrun quarrelled some the court of Ath they foimd the time afterwards, and Gudrun told town full of armed men, and her that Sigurd had rode through received curt greeting from the the fire for her in Gunnar's shape. king, who called upon them to Brynhild fell sick on hearing this, give up Sigurd's gold. A terrific and attempted Gunnar's hfe. She combat arose. The Giukings did fell into a heavy sleep, and, tremendous execution, until only Gudrun pitying her, sent Sigurd Gunnar and Hogni were left aUve. to waken her. He confessed to In the end they were borne down her that Gudrun had grown dear by force of numbers and bound. to him, but that rather than Atli proposed to slay HjaUi, a Brynhild should die, he would thrall of Gunnar's, but he begged put Gudrun away and wed with so piteously for his hfe that Hogni her. Brynhild requested Gunnar asked to be slain in his stead. to slay Sigurd in Gudrun's arms. Gunnar and Hogni were led away Gunnar fed his younger brother, to prison, and placed in dungeons Guttorm, on woli's meat and set apart. Ath offered to spare Gun- him to slay Sigurd in bed. In this nar if he would tell him where he succeeded, but was also slain Sigurd's gold might be found. himself. So sharp was Gudrun's This Gunnar promised to do if sorrow that she might not weep Ath brought him the heart of his until she saw Sigurd's corpse. brother Hogni. AtH did so, and BrjTihild in her dreadful grief Gunnar said, " Now I alone know thrust herself through with her where the treasure is ; and the sword and died. And Gunnar secret is safe." Gunnar was cast built a mighty pile of wood.and laid into a pit of vipers. But Gudrun thereon the bodies of Sigurd and lowered a harp down to him, and Brynhild which were consumed upon this he played so skilfully by the bale-fire. Gudrun, with with his feet that he charmed aU ;

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the snakes asleep, save one, which Arthur and Eoland. The death stung him to death. At Gudrun's of the deadly viper which lurks request Atli made a great funeral in the meal-bag Imeaded by Sinf- feast for her brethren. Whilst jotli is the slaying of the darkness at the feast Atli requested Gudrun of night or winter. The capture to bring their children to him. of the heaven-gods Eoki (flame), She retorted that he had just eaten Odin and Hahnir by the father of their flesh and drunk of their of the otter and their golden blood, for she had slain them in ransom which fills the otterskin revenge for the death of her until not a white hair is visible, brethren, and given him them to typifies the freeing of the earth eat. Sick at heart, Atli took him- from the fetters of ice, and the self to bed. But Niblung, the spreading of the golden sunshine sun of Hogni, and Gudrun took of summer over it. Andvari's council, and stabbed him in his ring, which multipHes itself, sym- sleep, then set the palace afire. boUzes the reproductive faculty So perished Atli and all his folk of nature. Brynhild, the Val- with him. Gudrun, weary of life, kyrie, is the peerless maiden who attempted to drown herself in the has slept in a charmed slumber sea, which carried her to the burg caused by the thorn of winter of King Jonakr, who took her to thrust into her hand by Odin hke wife. She sent for Swanhild, her the Rakshas' claw which leaves daughter by Sigurd, who was Surya Bai, the sun-maiden, sense- asked by King Jormunrek in less in Hindu myth. Helgi (who marriage. Jonakr consented, but according to the Sagaman was in the voyage to Jormunrek's to be bom again), Sigmund and court she fell in love with Randver Sigurd are all men of the sun, who, his son, and on their arrival at although in the story they do not Jormunrek's dominions both were return as some sun-heroes do, prove slain by the king's order. But by their statements that in some Gudrun's sons by Jonakr, Saurli earlier version they were alluded and Hamdir, avenged her death by to as arising again. Gudrun, the the slaughter of Jormunrek and sun-bride, becomes the wife of his folk, in which combat, howeVer, two other kings, the gloaming and they were themselves slain. Gud- the darkness. As Medea slew run, hearing of this, fell into de- the children of lason after she had spair, musing how all her kindred sent the death-robe to Glauke, she had been cut off root and branch, gives AtU his children's flesh to and with a caU to Sigurd upon her eat. She then marries Jonakr, hps she died. Her sorrow-bound lord of the winter-land, and she heart thawed at last in the funeral passes away in an autumn twiUght. pyre. The entire series of incidents The Volsunga Saga recounts in belongs to the great tragedy of the a complicated form the world-tale year, and the drama of the four of the battle between hght and seasons—the eternal tale-basis of darkness. Like Arthur and The- primitive man. seus, Sigmund alone can draw Literature : Cox, Mythology of the sword Gram from the oak the Aryan Nations, Bk. 1, Ch. xii. Branstock, a weapon from the Dasent, Popular Tales from the same armoury as the sun-swords Norse (introduction) ; Miiller, and arrows of Phoebus, Achilles, Chips from a German Workshop ; a

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Vigfussen and Powell, Corpus swears that unless they make Poeticum Boreah ; W. Morris and them true he will have them aU E. Magnusson, The Volsunga executed. He reproaches them of his hospitahty, Saga (Camelot Library) ; W. with their abuse Morris, Sigurd the Volsung ; Cox and intimates his decision to and Jones, Tales from Teutonic them. Charles, in his despair, Lands; Ludlow, Popular Epics has his relics brought. An angel of the Middle Ages. appears to him, commands him never more to brag, but tells him VOYAGE A JERUSALEM (Charle- to be of good heart, for this time magne's voyage). A poem of aU the vaun^tings of the Franks the Charlemagne cycle (c. 1115), shall come true. The brags are " which serves well to illustrate fulfilled to the letter, and Hugo is the fading away into a mere so struck with the circumstance fable of the personality of the that he becomes Charles's man, great emperor." It is probably and agrees to hold his kingdom of one of the best known among him, as " God must love him." British Hterati, as a MS. of it Great festivities are celebrated, exists in the British Museum the Franks return to Prance, and " (King's Library, 16, E. VIII.). Charles forgives his queen for The subject of the poem is the the love of the sepulchre." The imaginary voyage of Charles to Abb6 de la Rue judges from the Jerusalem and Constantinople. language of this romance that it " Charles, told by his wife that is " much earUer than any other there is one monarch more kingly of the same class, and the latest [than he, Hugo the Strong, Em- date he wiU allow for it is the first peror of Greece, is deeply wounded. decade of the twelfth century. The Prankish king resolves to see This is agreed to by Michel. his rival. He, therefore, proclaims Ludlow thinks that according to as an excuse, a pUgiimage to the language and metre the Jerusalem. Eighty thousand men poem is to be referred to the middle accompany him, and reach the of the twelfth century, and per- Holy City safely. They after- haps even to its latter half. He wards proceed to Constantinople, also finds in it an echo of the where they are greeted by Hugo, " tumbhng of the Greek emperor the magnificence of whose sur- from the throne by Baldwin and roundings strikes the Franks with his Flemings " during the Fourth awe. After a sumptuous feast Crusade. Its fantastic character, Hugo takes Charles and his peers too, seems to him to denote a period into his sleeping apartment. The subsequent to the popularity of French begin to brag, a common the Arthurian cycle. Viewed as custom with the Teutonic war- an Anglo-Norman poem, it may, riors of the early Middle Ages, perhaps, be questioned whether and each of them vaunts that he the spirit of Charlemagne's voyage can accompHsh some feat more or is not one of satire upon France. less possible. A spy of Hugo's " The rivalry of the Third Crusade overhears them, and acquaints between Richard and Phihp— his master with what they have rivalry which was national as said. As all the vaunts emitted well as personal—^is perhaps here by the Franks have been more visible." or less offensive to Hugo, he (See Voyage d Jerusalem, ed. WAG 375 WAL E. Koschwitz, 1883 ; Ludlow, from the MS. in the British Popular Epics of the Middle Ages, Museum by Michel and Pickering, London and Cambridge, 1865. 1836. The romance has also been edited w

WAGE, RIGHARD (or, according to WAGHILDB. A mermaid {vide some authorities Robert), The most " Dietrich of Bern "), who assisted famous of the early writers of Wittich to escape from Dietrich British pseudo-history in romance by taking him to her submarine verse, was a native of Jersey, where castle. he was bom of a good family, pro- of King bably in the last decade of the WALCHTHEOV. Wife eleventh century. His father was Hrodgar {q.v.) of Jutland. She one of the Norman barons who gave Beowulf {q.v.) a gold cup and a ring necklace in gratitude accompanied the Conqueror to and England and fought at Hastings. for his slaying Grendel. Educated for the Church at Caen, WALDEMAR. King of the Reussen he completed his studies in various and son of Hermit {q.v.). He other parts of France, and after owed allegiance to Dietrich of visiting England he returned to Bern {q.v.), towards whom he was Caen, where he occupied the re- friendly. Latterly he was per- mainder of his hfe in writiug his suaded to turn against the hero of romance poems. Late in hfe he Bern, with whom he fought to his was made a canon of Bayeaux on own misfortune. the recommendation of Henry II. The first of his " chronicles " is the WALTHAR OF AQUITAIN.—WAL- Brut d'Angleterre, a translation THARIUS OR WALTHAR OF AQUI- into romance octosyllabic verse of TAIN. A Latin poem ascribed by the Historia Begum Britannice of Fauriel to the eighth or ninth Geoffrey of Monmouth, although century, and by Grimm and it contains many things which are Schmeller to the tenth. It is pro- not to be found in that work. bably the work of a monk, and is {Vide " Brut d'Angleterre.") This connected with the latter Nibe- poem Wace presented to Eleanor lungenlied, which contains repeated of Aquitaine, the queen of Henry allusions to it. Attila, King of II. His other great work is the the Huns, invades the Kingdom of Boman de Bou, or the Romance of the Franks ruled by Gibich. The Bollo, a chronicle of the Dukes of latter is advised to pay tribute, Normandy, and he also wrote and give hostages. His son Gun- poems on the subjects of the Virgin thar being too young, he sends and the Idfe of Saint Nicholas. instead a noble youth named There is reason for believing that Hagan, along with great treasure. he lived to an advanced age. The Huns next attack the Bur- Literature : Pluquet, Notice sur gundians, and are also success- la Vie et les Ecrita de Robert Wace, ful, King Herric giving his only 1824. (See also under "Brut daughter, the beautiful Hildegund, d'Angleterre.") as hostage. The Aquitainians also WAL 376 WAL coming under the power of the In return for ferrying them across, war-like Attila, King Alphue pays Walthar gives the ferryman fish, tribute and gives his only son and he sells them to King Gun- Walthar—^already affianced to thar's cook. The Mng deUghted HUdegund—^as hostage. On re- at their flavour, inquires where turning to his capital, Attila shows they came from. The ferryman is great kindness to his hostages, summoned, and he relates his and brings them up as his own ferrying across of the armed children. The young men are warrior, the fair maiden, and the instructed in all the war-Uke arts, horse laden with the two chests. tiU they surpass the Huns in Hagan, who is at the table, declares prowess. On hearing news of it must be his old comrade Wal- Gibich's death and of Gunthar's thar, and Gunthar, thinking this a succession, Hagan escapes. The good chance to get back his father's queen fearing Walthar might treasure, sets out in search of him, follow his example suggests to accompanied by Hagan and twelve Attila that Walthar should marry of his bravest chiefs. Meanwhile, a Hunnish maiden. He pleads Walthar in his flight comes upon a his unworthiness of the honour, and cave, wherein he decides to spend its interference with his military the night. Removing his heavy duties. The Mng is satisfied with armour, and bidding Hildegund his excuse, which seems confirmed keep watch, and rouse him if she in a victory gained by the army sees any one approaching, he takes under Walthar. He persuades his much-needed rest. But Gun- Hildegund to flee with him, saying thar is on his track, and Hagan he would have escaped before, warns him that Walthar roused but for his reluctance to leave her is not an easy enemy to deal with. behind. As she has charge of the Hildegund sees them coming, and treasure he bids her fill two large wakens Walthar, who puts on his chests with Hunnish money, take armour. She thinks they are out a complete suit of armour and Huns, and implores Walthar to have them in readiness for their kill her, rather than let her fall flight. On the day of their depar- into their hands. He expresses ture, Walthar gives a grand feast his behef that God will save them to the king and aU his household. from their enemies. Recognizing The wine is circulated freely, till Hagan's helmet, he discovers they the whole court is in a state of are Franks. On Hagan's advice, drunken helplessness. Walthar they hold parley with him. Wal- saddles his war-horse " Lion," and thar's Hfe will be granted on con- with the maiden and the treasure dition he gives up the treasure, the makes his escape. When the maiden, and also his horse. Wal- Huns awake from their stupor, the thar refuses, but promises to send absence of the pair is discovered, the king a himdred armlets of red and King Attila offers a large metal , if he will let him go . Hagan reward to any one who will pursue advises the king to accept the offer, and capture Walthar. But none because of a dream he had the venture : Walthar's strength and previous night. The king taunts valour are too well known. Still him with cowardice, and Hagan pursuing their flight, living on waxing wroth declares he will share birds and fish, Walthar and Hilde- neither the fight nor the spoil, and gund reach the Rhine, near Worms. retires to a neighbouring hill to WAN 377 WAN

watch the fray. Walthar's en- him with due reverence and honour. campment was situated in such a On his arrival, he went to St. manner that only one man could Albans, where he was received attack him at a time, and he with all respect by the abbot and

vanquishes each of his enemies in monks ; at this place, being single combat, among them fatigued with his journey, he Hagan's nephew, and only the remained some days to rest him- king and Hagan remain. Gunthar self and his followers, and a con- pleads with Hagan to avenge his versation was commenced between friends, which the latter at last him and the inhabitants of the promises to do, but determines to convent, by means of their in- use strategem. They decide to terpreters, during which he made tempt Walthar into the open, by many inquiries concerning the pretending to go away. Hie ruse religion and religious observances is successful. They meet and of their country, and related many engage in deadly combat. Gun- strange things concerning Eastern thar loses a leg, Hagan an eye, and countries. In the course of con- Walthar his right hand. Weak- versation he was asked whether ness makes the heroes lay down he had ever seen or heard anything their arms. Hildegund binds their of Joseph, a man of whom there wounds, and brings them wine. was much talk in the world, who, A better understanding is arrived when our Eord suffered, was at between them. The Franks present and spoke to Him, and return to Worms, Walthar to who is stiU alive, in evidence of

Aquitain, where his marriage is the Christian faith ; in reply to celebrated with Hildegund. After which, a knight in his retinue, who his father's death, he rules the was his interpreter, replied, people wisely for many years. speaking in French, ' My lord well knows that man, and a Uttle WANDERING JEW, THE. A before he took his way to the mediaeval German legend, which Western countries, the said Joseph from its wide diffusion and popular ate at the table of my lord the character partakes largely of the Archbishop in Armenia, and he had character of romance. The often seen and held converse with earliest mention extant of the him.' He was then asked about Wandering Jew is to be found in what had passed between Christ the book of the chronicles of the and the same Joseph, to which he Abbey of St. Albans, which was rephed, ' At the time of the copied and continued by Matthew suffering of Jesus Christ, He was Paris. He records that in the seized by the Jews, and led into year 1228, " a certain Archbishop the hall of judgment before Pilate, of Armenia Major came on a pil- the governor, that He might be grimage to England to see the judged by him on the accusation

rehcs of the saints, and visit the of the Jews ; and Pilate, finding sacred places in the kingdom, as he no cause for adjudging Him to " had done in others ; he also pro- death, said to them, Take Him duced letters of recommendation and judge Him according to your " from His Holiness the Pope, to the law ; the shouts of the Jews, rehgious men and prelates of however, increasing, he, at their the churches, in which they were request, released unto them Barab- enjoined to receive and entertain bas, and dehvered Jesus to them '

WAN 378 WAN to be crucified. When, therefore, Jesus Christ, lest at the Last the Jews were dragging Jesus Judgment he should find Him in forth, and had reached the door, anger whom, when on His way to Cartaphilus, a porter of the hall, death, he had provoked to just in Pilate's service, as Jesus was vengeance. Numbers came to him going out of the door, impiously from different parts of the world, struck Him on the back with his enjoying his society and conversa- " hand, and said in mockery, Go tion ; and to them, if they are quicker, Jesus, go quicker ; why men of authority, he explaios all do you loiter ? " and Jesus, looking doubts on the matters on which back on him with a severe coun- he is questioned. He refuses all tenance, said to him, " I am going, gifts that are offered to him, beiug and you wiU wait tUl I return." content with sHght food and And according, as our Lord said, clothing. He places his hope of this Cartaphilus is still awaiting salvation on the fact that he sinned His return. At the time of our through ignorance, for the Lord Lord's suffering he was thirty years when suffering prayed for His old, and when he attains the age of enemies in these words, ' Father, a hundred years, he always returns forgive them, for they know not to the same age as he was when what they do.'" our Lord suffered. After Christ's Much about the same date death, when the Catholic faith Phihp Mouskes, afterwards Bishop gained ground, this Cartaphilus of Toumay, wrote his rhymed was baptized by Ananias (who chronicle (1242), which contains also baptized the Apostle Paul), a similar account of the Jew, and was called Joseph. He often derived from the same Armenian dwells in both divisions of Armenia, prelate. He says that this man and other Eastern countries, pass- having visited the shrine of " St. ing his time amidst the bishops and Tumas de Kantorbire," and then other prelates of the Church ; he having paid his devotions at is a man of holy conversation and " Monseignour St. Jake," he went religious ; a man of few words, on to Cologne to see the heads of and circumspect in his behaviour ; the three Mngs. The version told for he does not speak at all unless ia the Netherlands much resembled when questioned by the bishops that related at S. Albans. and reHgious men ; and then he Curiously enough, we next hear tells of the events of old times, of him in the East, where he is and of the events which occurred confounded with the prophet at the suffering and resurrection EHjah. Early in the century he of our Lord, and of the witnesses appeared to an Arab PadMlah, of the resurrection, namely, those under pecuMar circumstances. who rose with Christ, and went After the Arabs had captured the into the holy city, and appeared city of Elvan; Fadhilah, at the unto men. He also teUs of the head of three hundred horsemen, creed of the Apostles, and of their pitched his tents, late in the separation and preaching. And aU evening, between two mountains. this he relates without smiHng or Fadhilah having begun his evening levity of conversation, as one who prayer with a loud voice, heard the is well practised in sorrow and words "Allah akbar " (God is the fear of God, always looking great) repeated distinctly, and each forward with fear to the coming of word of his prayer was followed ;

WAN 379 WAN

in a similar manner. Fadliilah, not year 1547, and that on the following believing this to be the result of an Sunday, in church, he 6bserved a echo, was much astonished, and tall man with his hair hanging over cried " out, thou ! whether thou his shoulders, standing barefoot art of the angel ranks, or whether during the sermon, over against thou art of some other order of the pulpit, listening with deepest spirits, it is well, the power of God attention to the discourse, and, be with thee ; but if thou art a whenever the name of Jesus was man, then let mine eyes light upon mentioned, bowing himself pro- thee, that I may rejoice in thy foundly, and humbly, with sighs presence and society." Scarcely and beating of the breast. He had had he spoken these words, before no other clothing in the bitter cold an aged man with bald head stood of the winter, except a pair of before him, holding a staff in his hose which were in tatters about hand, and much resembhng a his feet, and a coat with a girdle dervish in appearance. After which reached to his feet ; and his having courteously saluted him, general appearance was that of a Fadhilah asked the old man who man of fifty years. And many he was. Thereupon the stranger people, some of high degree and " answered, Bassi Hadhret Issa, title, have seen this same man in I am here by command of the Eord England, France, Italy, Hungary, Jesus, who has left me in this Persia, Spain, Poland, Moscow, world, that I may Hve therein Eapland, Sweden, Denmark, until He comes a second time to Scotland, and other places. earth. I wait for this Eord who is Every one wondered over the the Fountain of Happiness, and man. Now after the sermon, the in obedience to His command I said Doctor inquired dihgently dwell behind yon mountain." where the stranger was to be When FadMlah heard these words, found, and when he had sought he asked when the Eord Jesus him out, he inquired of him would appear, and the old man privately whence he came, and replied that His appearing would how long that winter he had been be at the end of the world, at the in the place. Thereupon he East Judgment. But this only repUed modestly, that he was a increased Fadhilah's curiosity, so Jew by birth, a native of Jerusa- that he inquired the signs of the lem, by name Ahasuerus, by trade approach of the end of all things, a shoemaker ; he had been present whereupon Zerib Bar Ella gave at the crucifixion of Christ, and him an account of the general, has hved ever since, travelhng social, and moral dissolution, through various lands and cities, which would be the cHmax of this the which he substantiated by world's history. In 1547 he was accounts he gave ; he related also seen in Europe, if we are to beheve the circumstances of Christ's " the following narration : Paul transference from Pilate to Herod, von Eitzen, doctor of the Holy and the final crucifixion, together Scriptures, and Bishop of Schles- with other details not recorded in wig, related as true for some years the Evangehsts and historians past, that when he was young, he gave accounts of the changes having studied at Wittemberg, he of government in many countries, returned home to his parents in especially of the East, through Hamburg in the winter of the several centuries, and moreover he ;

WAN 380 WAN detailed the labours and deaths of forth into foreign lands, one after the holy Apostles of Christ most another, like a mournful pilgrim. circumstantially. Now when Now, when, years after, he returned Doctor Paul von Eitzen heard this to Jerusalem, he found it ruined with profoimd astonishment, on and utterly razed, so that not one account of its incredible novelty, stone was left standing on another ; he inquired further, in order that and he could not recognize former he might obtain more accurate locahties. He believes that it is information. Then the man God's purpose in thus driving him answered that he had lived in about in miserable Ufe, and pre- Jerusalem at the time of the serving him undying, to present crucifixion of Christ, whom he had him before the Jews at the end, as regarded as a deceiver of the people a living token, so that the godless and a heretic ; he had seen Him and xmbeheving may remember with his own eyes, and had done the death of Christ, and be turned his best, along with others, to to repentance. For his part he bring this deceiver, as he regarded would weU rejoice were God in Him, to justice, and to have EQm heaven to release him from this put out of the way. When the vale of tears. After this conver- sentence had been pronounced by sation. Doctor Paul von Eitzen, Pilate, Christ was about to be along with the rector of the school dragged past his house ; then he of Hamburg, who was well read in ran home, and called together his history, and a traveller, questioned household to have a look at Christ, him about events which had taken and see what sort of a person He place in the East since the death was. This having been done, he of Christ, and he was able to give had his Httle child on his arm, and them much information on many was standing in his doorway to ancient matters ; so that it was have a sight of the Lord Jesus impossible not to be convinced of Christ. J^ then, Christ was led the truth of his story, and to see, by, bowed under the weight of the that what seems impossible with heavy cross, He tried to rest a men is, after all, possible with God. little, and stood still a moment Since the Jew has had his Hfe ex- but the shoemaker, in zeal and tended, he has become silent and rage, and for the sake of obtaining reserved, and only answers direct credit among the other Jews, drove questions. When invited to the Lord Christ forward, and told become any one's guest, he eats Him to hasten on His way. Jesus little, and drinks in great modera- obeying, looked at him, and said, tion ; then hurries on, never re- ' I shall stand and rest, but thou maining long in one place. When shalt go till the last day.' At at Hamburg, Dantzig, and else- these words the man set down the where money has been offered him, child ; and unable to remain he never took more than two where he was, he followed Christ, skiUings (ild.), and at once dis- and saw how cruelly He was tributed it to the poor, as a token crucified, how He suffered, how that he needed no money, for God He died. As soon as this had would provide for him, as he rued taken place, it came upon him the sins he had committed in suddenly that he could no more ignorance. During the period of return to Jerusalem, nor see again his stay in Hamburg and Dantzig his wife and child, but must go he was never seen to laugh. In WAN 381 WAN whatever land he travelled he appeared in Hamburg. They said spoke its language, and when he that they had spoken with him, spoke Saxon, it was Uke a native and that many people of all classes Saxon. Many people came from had conversed with him, and found different places to Hamburg and him to speak good Spanish. In Dantzig in order to see and hear the year 1599, in December, a this man, and were convinced that reliable person wrote from Bruns- the providence of God was exer- wick to Strasburg that the same- cised in this individual in a very mentioned strange person had remarkable manner. He gladly been seen aUve at Vienna in listened to God's word, or heard it Austria, and that he had started spoken of always with great gravity for Poland and Dantzig ; and that and compunction, and he ever he purposed going on to Moscow. reverenced with sighs the pro- This Ahasuerus was at Lubeck in nunciation of the name of God, or 1601, also about the same date in of Jesus Christ, and could not Revel in Livonia, and in Cracow endure to hear curses, but when- in Poland. In Moscow he was ever he heard any one swear by seen of many and spoken to by God's death or pains, he waxed many. What thoughtful God- indignant, and exclaimed, with fearing persons are to think of the vehemence and with sighs, said person, is at their option. ' Wretched man and miserable God's works are wondrous and creature, thus to misuse the name past finding out, and are mani- of thy Lord and God, and His fested day by day, only to be bitter sufferings and passion. revealed in fuU at the last great Hadst thou seen, as I have, how day of account." Thus ends thf heavy and bitter were the pangs narrative of Doctor von Eitzen. and wounds of thy Lord, endured In 1604, the Jew seems to have for thee and me, thou wouldst appeared in Paris. Rudolph rather undergo great pain thyself Botereus says under this date : than thus take His sacred name ia " I fear lest I be accused of giving

! vain ' Such is the account given ear to old wives' fables, if I insert to me by Doctor Paul von Eitzen, in these pages what is reported all with many circumstantial proofs, over Europe of the Jews, coeval and corroborated by certain of my with the Saviour Christ ; how- own old acquaintances who saw ever, nothing is more common, this same individual with their and our popular histories have not own eyes in Hamburg. In the scrupled to assert it. Following year 1575, the Secretary Chris- the lead of those who wrote our topher Krause, and Master Jacob annals I may say that he who von Holstein, legates to the Court appeared not in one century only, of Spain, and afterwards sent into in Spain, Italy, and Germany, was the Netherlands to pay the soldiers also in this year seen and recog- serving his Majesty in that country, nized as the same individual who related on their return home to had appeared in Hamburg in the Schleswig, and confirmed with year 1566. The common people, solemn oaths, that they had come bold in spreading reports, relate across the same mysterious in- many things of him ; and this I dividual at Madrid, in Spain, in allude to, lest any thing should be appearance, manner of life, habits, left unsaid." J. C. Bulenger puts clothing, just the same as he had the date of the Hamburg visit "

WAS 382 WAS earlier. " It was reported at this • as well as a purely legendary one, time that a Jew of the time of and this side is perhaps the more Christ was wandering without food interesting of the two. and drink, having for a thousand In some parts of Germany we and odd years been a vagabond find the Wandering Jew identified and outcast, condemned by God with the Wild Huntsman, whilst to rove, because he, of that genera- in several French districts that tion of vipers was the first to cry mythical character is regarded as out for the crucifixion of Christ the wind of night, which, riotiug and the release of Barabbas ; and through the night-bound country also because soon after, when seems to the peasant crouching in Christ, panting under the burden his hut, to bring in his train a of the rood, sought to rest before howhng pack of hounds with his workshop (he was a cobbler), which he chases a spectral deer. the fellow ordered him off with The blast is his horn, which, acerbity. Thereupon Christ re- rushing through the valleys,

' pUed : Because thou grudgest creates a hollow, booming sound, Me such a moment of rest, I shall not unlike a great bugle. In this enter into My rest, but thou shalt legend we have in all probability wander restless.' At once frantic the clue to the mythological side and agitated he fled through the of the story of the Wandering Jew. whole earth, and on the same In this connection he is almost account to this day he journeys certainly the wind which, con- through the world. It was this stantly wandering round the world person who was seen in Hamburg seldom halts for long in one place.

in 1564. Credat Judaeus Apella ! Or, perhaps the idea of the Wander- I did not see him or hear any- ing Jew has become confounded or thing authentic concerning him fused with that of the idea of the at that time when I was in wind. Of course to commence Paris ! with the two ideas would be quite We must regard the legend of the distinct, and it would only be Wandering Jew as the epic of the when the myth had attained a Semite people in the middle ages. respectable antiquity that it would It is obvious from the versions become confounded with the idea just quoted that the story has no of the wind. The hkeness between foundation in fact. It is a the two conceptions would be too mediaeval legend, pure and simple, great to escape the popular mind, and bears the stamp of the middle always ready to confoimd similar ages strongly upon it. The stories or legendary ideas. From burgher of Gtermany, Poland, or a hterary point of view, the Austria or the citizen of Paris or legend of the Wandering Jew Padua noticing the Jewish Pedlar has been treated with consider- in his locahty, would see in the able sMU by Eugene Sue and stranger who avoided all unneces- Croly. sary converse that outcast whose impious act had condemned him WASTE CITY, KING OF THE. He is to wander for ever until the day mentioned in the GraU legends upon which the dreadful curse was as " hating all Christian folk." lifted and his wanderings would He seems to have employed a end. But the legend of the Wan- " hideous hag " to do his evil dering Jew has its mythical side deeds, whom Percival overcomes. WAS 383 WER

WASTE LAND. Mentioned in to Britain by the thane and his Arthurian legend as bringing royal friend King Bel6. Here in a destruction and pestilence. Blio- cavern they beheld the spirit of cadrans' child, Percival, is brought the dead Sot6 sitting upon the mast up in this forest by his mother, of his ship, swathed in fire, and who warns him against " men scouring in vain his bloody sword covered with iron — they are blade. On his arm was the ring devils." which Thorsten at a terrible and untold cost wrested from him. WATE OF STURMEN. {Vide " Gud- This armlet became one of the run Lay," 2nd and 3rd divisions three possessions of Frithjof. of, under headings " Hagen and Hettel," and " Gudrun.") Uncle WERE-WOLF, THE LAY OF THE. A of Horant, Lord of Daneland. He Breton romance written by Marie brought up King Hettel (q.v.), de France {q.v.). The Were-Wolf, and later formed one of the em- named Bisclavaret in Brittany and bassy sent by him to win Hilda Garwal in Normandy, is a human of Ireland {q.v.). He is described being transformed by art-magic as a grim warrior, more used to into a fearsome, man-devouring fighting than to court Hfe ; he beast that lurks in the woods. won the friendship of King Hagen This lay tells of a baron who lay {q.v.), chiefly through his skilful near to the heart of his lord, and swordsmanship. He took part in all was loved and esteemed of all. the conflicts connected with the Greatly did he love his wife and winning of Hilda for Hettel, and greatly she loved him. But on the reconciHation produced a she would fain know what kept him healing root to cure the wounded. from her side three days in each {Vide " B.a,geu and Hettel" for week. Importuned, he at last details.) He brought up Hettel's related to her his secret. He son Ortwein, and fought fiercely in became, during those days a were- aU the battles to secure the free- wolf, having concealed his clothes dom of Gudrun, proving a terror in a hidden spot, because if he did to the enemy. At the rescue of not find them again he would Gudrun he slaughtered relent- remain a beast for ever. Of this lessly, slaying even women—Ger- secret, too, she got possession, and Unte {q.v.) and Heregart {q.v.). fearing to hve longer with her He was a mighty warrior, but husband, gave to a lover the fierce and bloodthirsty, never affection he had so long asked of wiUing to show mercy, and loth her. She further instructed him that anyone else should do so. how he might spoil the were-wolf Ludlow considers that a descrip- of his vesture. The two were wed, tion of Wate's valour occurs in and for more than a year no one Priest Conrad's version of the heard about the king's favourite Song of Roland (1173 to 1177). noble. But one day as the

WAYLAND'S ARMLET. ( Vide "Frith- monarch was himting in the woods, jof Saga.") A strange gift of Way- he made up upon the were-wolf, land Smith to an ancestor of who, with human gestures, prayed Thorsten, the father of the Ice- protection. Marvelling at the landic hero Frithjof {q.v.). But creature's suppHcation, the king the Viking Sote stole the armlet forbade his companions to molest from Thorsten, and was pursued it, and returned to his court. WIC 384 WIL

followed by the strange animal. sorrow watched his master breathe Day by day he grew fonder of his his last. quarry, nor was there any one who WIELAND or WAYLAND. The smith, did not make much of the beast. a famous character in German Once, however, at a great feast mythological romance, and father given by the king to his nobles of Weltich (q.v.), whom he trained and vassals, the animal flew at in the art of warfare and sent to the knight of the lady who had the court of Dietrich of Bern betrayed her former lord. And {q.v.). Before he despatched his again when that lady visited the son he presented him with the king in a certain lodge, whither good sword Miming, and told him he had taken the wolf with him, of a mermaid, who married his Bisclavaret tore off her nose. A great-grandfather King Wilkinus. cunning counsellor surmised some To her he must apply when in reason for this fierceness on the difiBculty. He is further referred animal's part. He therefore to in the Sigfried (q.v.), story as advised the king to put both the being in company with a smith knight and his wife in surety, and named Mmer, when Sigfried demand of them what they knew Joins the smithy. find his concerning the wolf. They were We workmanship much praised in the forced to teU the truth, and by the Beowolf tales, and his same wise lord's counsel Bis- iq.v.) armour, which the hero wears, clavaret's clothing was laid before proves impregnable against the him. But the animal, ashamed onslaught of Grendal (q.v.) the to become man again in the giantess and the dragon. He is pubhc view, took, as it were, no the supernatural and semi-divine heed of the raiment. The king smith of the Teutonic peoples as shut it up in a private apartment Vulcan is that of the Romans and for a time, and upon entering that Hephaistos of the Greeks, and his apartment found his lost knight smithy is traditionally referred to sleeping upon the royal bed like as being underground. a child. Great was the joy of all at the recovery of the noble. But WILKINA SAGA. {Vide "Thidreks- his false wife and her lover were saga.") banished from the realm. WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY. An WICHSTAN. A warrior of Gothland EngUsh chronicler of the twelfth mentioned in the legend of centurywhose voluminous writings, Beovmlf (q.v.). He avenged King all of them in Latin, are of the Hardred's murder by slaying utmost value as historical docu- " " Eanmund. ( Firfe Hardred and ments, and are hkewise of con- " Eanmund.") Beowulf was his siderable moment to the student of dearest friend and in that hero's early romantic literature. Little struggle with the dragon, Wichstan is known of William's Ufe, but it was the only warrior brave enough is probable that he was bom about to go to the king's aid, which he 1090, and sundry passages in his did so effectually that Beowulf books suggest that Somerset was was able to slay the dragon. his native shire. He spent his Beowulf bade Wichstan carry the childhood in Malmesbury Abbey, dragon's treasure out of the cave, and it is recorded that, while and after doing this, Wichstan in still a mere boy, he showed such WIL 38^ WIL erudition that he was employed by his writing on that period an the abbot to aid in forming and especial significance, the opening arranging the monastery's hbrary. parts of his Gesta Begum are per- Espousing the monastic life, and haps equally important. The two incited to scholarship by his father, great abbeys with which Wilham WiUiam soon became famous for his was connected were treasure- knowledgeof logic,medicine,ethics, houses of historical material, docu- and many other branches of learn- mentary and legendary ; and thus ing. In course of time, accordingly, the author was enabled to draw he was appointed Ubrarian at Mal- freely on the oldest ballad litera- mesbury, and thenceforth he gave ture of England, while it is even his activities chiefly to historical probable, as John Richard Green research. By 1 125 he had finished points out, that he utihzed many his two most important works, things now lost. Hence the Gesta Begum Anglorum and Gesta interest which his works hold for Pontificum Anglorum, while at a the scholar of romance, while his subsequent date he compiled a Gestis Pontificum Anglorum is history of the Abbey of Glaston- literally the foundation on which bury, which was not far from his aU ensuing writers on English own. He seems, indeed, to have ecclesiastical history have built. been connected with the former Literature : Gesta Begum and in some way, for he refers to it as Historia Novella were first printed the monastery " wherein I am a in 1596, and the former has been professed soldier of Heaven," and repeatedly pubhshed during recent the probabUity is that he stayed times, the best such edition being at Glastonbury for a while with a one edited by Professor Stubbs view to studying its records the in the Rolls Series (1887-89). more thoroughly. Be that as it The editor's preface to this is im- may, he was twice offered the portant, while the student should Abbacy of Malmesbury, but he also consult the Ldfe and Writings declined on both occasions, con- of WiUiam of Malmesbury by W. tinuing to pursue his historical de Gray Birch (transaction of the studies ; while he also found a Royal Society of literature, certain amount of time for travel, Vol. X., new series). The signi- making a pilgrimage once to ficance of William's histories has Rome, and likewise visiting many been amply recognized, and they parts of England. The year of have been utihzed by all the best his death is not definitely known, Enghsh historians, notably Green but it is commonly supposed to in his History of the English People. have been 1143. William's Gesta Begum Anglorum begins with the WILLIAM OP ORANGE. A sub-cycle shadowy dawn of Enghsh history, of the Charlemagne epic, which later " and ends at the year 1127 ; while expanded into an enor- the chronicler wrote a sequel mous and incoherent " cycle of thereto entitled Historia Novella, the kinship of Garin of Montglane and this extends to the year 1142. {q.v.), and Aymery of Narhonne, The historian was personally and which was connected through acquainted with most of the the former with the sub-cycle of leading men of his own day, the Lorrainers {q.v.). The various namely the reigns of Henry I. poems of which it is composed are this gives chiefly and Stephen ; but, while referred to the eleventh 2 o WIL 386 WIL

century, and include Enfances of Orange comprises no Ghdllaume, Departement des Enfans less than 120,000 lines, the latest Aimeri, La Mort Aymeri de Nar- portions being in Alexandrines bonne, Siege de Narbonne, Le Char- with a short line at the close. roi de Nimes, Prise d'Orange, En- There is a large variety of texts. fances \Vivien, Le Covenant Vivien, Por the matter of the sub-cycle, Aliscans, Le Moniage Chiillaume I., see the titles of the several ro- Le Moniage Guillaume II., Le mances which compose it. Moniage Renouart, Le Bataille de lAtercUure : Becker, Die alt- Loquifer. It is obvious that the franwsische Wilhelmsage, HaUe,

central figure in these romances is 1896 ; Jonckbloet, Guillaume

a composite one, whose historic d'Orange, 1854 ; Gautier, Epopies personality is far from clear. Francises, Vol. IV. Por works Indeed, the cycle is replete with on the various romances of the anachronisms and brings together sub-cycle, see under their titles. districts separated by the width WILLIAM OF PALERMO. This of Prance in most incongruous Prench metrical romance was proximity. WiUiam is alluded to written at the desire of a Countess as an historical personage by Yolande, daughter of Baldwin IV., chroniclers of the reigns of Louis count of Planders. The EngUsh le Debonair and Charlemagne, but poem in aUiterative verse was the individual mentioned by them, written about 1350 by a poet later became confounded with other caUed William, Wilhams, among them WiUiam at the desire of Humphrey Bohun, Earl of Here- Fierabras, WiUiam " Shortnose," ford (d. 1361). GuUlaume, a WiUiam of Toulouse, WiUiam I. foundling supposed to be of low of Provence, and a WUliam of degree, is brought up at the court Bezalu. The veritable WiUiam of the Emperor of Rome, and loves with whom these others were his daughter Mehor who is destined afterwards confounded, was put for a Greek prince. The lovers in the place of Count Orso of flee into the woods disguised in Toulouse when the latter was sur- bear -skins. Alfonso, who is prised and defeated by Adelori GuiUaume's cousin and a Spanish the Gascon. He queUed that prince, has been changed into a chief, and as Duke of Aquitaine wolf by his stepmother's en- became standard-bearer of the chantments. He provides food empire. In 793 he inflicted a and protection for the fugitives, heavy check upon the " Saracens," and Guillaume eventuaUy triumphs and assisted in the taking of over Alfonso's father, and wins Barcelona by liouis in 801. He back from him his kingdom. The founded the Abbey of GeUone, benevolent were-wolf is disen- which he entered, and where he chanted, and marries GuiUaume's died May 28, 812. His Ufe was sister. written by St. Cerdo, disciple of St. Benedict of Anniane, in WILLIAM (" the proud one of Mont- 823 or 824. His exploits became chn"). {Vide " Garin the Eor- the theme of song about the end rainer.") Son of Count Hardre, of the eleventh century. The and one of the four young knights cycle of the children of Oarin who fought against Richard of " of Montglane and Amyery of Normandy, and the " four kings Narbonne which has grown around who besieged Thierry, King of "

WIT 387 YON

Savoy. He joined with Bernard poets who at the end of the twelfth of NaisQ after his fight with Garin, century clustered around the and he also fought with Bego, brilUant court of Hermann, Land- whom he was most anxious to kill, grave of Thuringia. Although but he made peace afterwards with Wolfram wrote many of his poems Garin. One of his sons became at the Wartburg near Eisenach, Garin's godchild, and got from him he did not reside there permanently, ^a market at Metz. He fought as he found it necessary on occasion against Garin at the attack made to follow the fortunes of Count upon him in which he was slain. Wertheim, his feudal lord. He is in no way to be confounded with WITTICH, SON OF WILLAND. A the class of strolhng minstrels who notable character in the story of thronged the Thuringian court, Dietrich of Bern (q.v.), towards whose methods hterary and social whom he was a faithful ally. His he strongly condemns in his deeds of heroism won him high Parzival. That his muse was by renown. He took part in the no means venal is proved by the successful Battle of the Rose circumstances that not one of his Garden (q.v.), but in the march poems is dedicated to a prince, to Etzel he was taken prisoner. although his Parzival is very His release was followed by his appropriately dedicated to a noble marriage to Bolfiana. subse- He lady whom he loved, and whose quently offended his royal master, name he has not disclosed. His who pursued him to the sea, into great epic of Parzival was com- which he plunged, and was received posed about the year 1204, and by the mermaid Wachilde {q.v.). his Willehalm (a translation of the French " William of Orange WOLFHART. {Vide "Dietrich of sub-cycle of the Charlemagne Bern.") A follower of Dietrich of cycle), probably in 1215-1216. Bern {q.v.). He figured con- No further facts concerning spicuously in the battle of the him have come down to us. His Great Rose Garden {q.v.). He also work proves him to have been took part in the unfortunate war the possessor of a nature spiritual, against Ermenrich {q.v.). exalted and deeply imbued with WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. the true spirit of poetry, and Author of the Arthurian romance though his Parzival does not of Parzival {q.v.), was bom at the possess the literary poUsh of the small town of Eschenbach near similar poem of Chretien de Ansbach, and died about 1220. Troyes, it is more poetic in con- He was descended from a poor but ception and richer in human iioble family, and speedily found interest and pathos. {Vide his place among that circle of " Parzival.")

YELLOW BOOK OF LECAN. An Son of King Hermit {q.v.), and Irish manuscript of the ninth cen- Yarl of the Greeks. tury containing the tale of Cuchu- YONEC, THE LAY OF. A French lai lain and Connla (q.v.). written by Marie de France {q.v.). YLIAS. {Vide " Dietrich of Bern.") The Lord of Chepstow, an old YOU 388 ZER

man, had wedded a young, beau- here he would be girt with the tiful and gay wife. In his jealousy sword. With difficulty the lady he had shut her up in a tower and reached her tower, uioheeded of

set his widowed sister to guard her lord ; and in due time gave her. For seven years the unhappy birth to a son, whom she named lady dwelt in this pUght until one Yonec. He grew up unmatched day she gave vent to her sorrow for beauty, generosity and skUl when the old woman was out of with the spear. Time drew on hearing. A hawk flew in at the and he was dubbed knight. That window and became transformed same year he went with his mother into a handsome knight. Her and her husband to observe the terror over, she grew to love the festival of Aaron. On the way to stranger. She felt a new Joy in Carleon the company were lodged her life and regained her lost in an abbey where they beheld a beauty. This the jealous husband very beautiful and elaborate tomb. noticed, and by a snare learned the The son learned that herein lay cause. In wrath, he set four his father, and taking the sword sharp swords against the window ; from his mother he smote off her and, as he foresaw, the unwitting husband's head. The lady died bird met his death-wound upon upon the tomb, was buried beside

them. Distracted, the lady could her lover ; and Yonec was pro- not be comforted, and when the claimed king of that realm. hawk flew away she leapt from the window, twenty feet to the ground. YOUTH. In Irish romance the Following his flight by the blood- maiden who put the love spot upon drops she at last found him in his Dermot's {q.v.) brow. palace in a silver city. The dying YROLT OF ORTLAND. {Vide "Gu- knight prayed her to be gone drun Lay," and " Hagen and before his folk slew her as the Hettel.") One of the embassy cause of their lord's death. He from King Hettel to win Hilda, put his ring upon her finger, telling daughter of Hagen. He takes her that as long as she wore it her part ill the action described in husband would not think of her ; " Gudrun." and giving her his sword bade her render it to none till their son YWAIN. Son of King Uriens, in should be esteemed a brave and Grail legend, the adulterer ; also worthy knight. Then would she referred to as Owain, Ewayne, and her lord go to a feast, and Yones. Sir Galahad finds King would lodge in an abbey where Bagdemagus and Ywain and " U should be seen a fair tomb. Here aoutres " at an abbey in the course would the son learn his history, and of his quest.

ZERBINO. Son of the King of Scot- madness had left scattered on the land, a character in Ariosto's field. He formed them into a Orlando Furioso. He it was who trophy to be preserved for the gathered together the arms and hero when he should be restored weapons which Orlando in his to reason, but omitted to include ZER 389 ZER among them the sword of Orlando, Manricardo were charmed, so that which was called Durandal. This the armour of Zerbino was had been secured by the evil Moor, shattered at each blow, and, Manricardo, whom he met and mortally wounded, he expired in challenged. The weapons of the arms of Isabel, his betrothed.

2 o 2

BIBLIOGBAPHY OF STANDARD WORKS ON MEDIiEVAL ROMANCE.

English and Scx)ts Romance.

Catalogue of Romances in the British Museam, Ward, 1883. Specimens of Early EngUsh Metrical Romances, George Ellis, 1805. Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, Thomas Percy, 1774. Publications of the Roxburghe Club. Publications of the Bannatyne Club. Publications of the Ifeitland Club. Publications of the Abbotsford Qub. PubUcations of the Early English Text Society. Early Scottish Metrical Tales, David Laing, 1826. The Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland, David Laing, 1822. Early EngUsh Prose Romances, William J. Thorns. Early Prose Romances, ed. Prof. Henry Morley. (The two preceding works are pubhshed in one volume in the " Early Novelists " Library, ed. E. A. Baker.) EngUsh Writers, Henry Morley, 1866. Specimens of Early EngUsh, Skeat, 1887. Ritson, Ancient EngUsh Metrical Romances, 1802. Chronicle of Scottish Poetry, Sibbald, 1802. Metrical Romances, Weber, 1810. Select Pieces of Early Popular Poetry, Utterson, 1817. Ancient Metrical Tales, Hartshome, 1829. Havelok the Dane, Sir Frederick Madden, 1828 (Roxburghe Club). WilUam the Werewolf, Sir Frederick Madden, 1832 (Roxburghe Club). The Bulk of Alexander the Great, 1834 (Bannatyne Club). The Seven Sagas in Scotch Metre, JohnRoUand of Dalkieth, 1837 (Bannatyne Qub). Sir Bevis of Hamtoun, 1838 (Maitland Club), aariodus, 1830 (Maitland Qub). Rowland and Vemagu, 1836 (Abbotsford Club). History of EngUsh Poetry, Warton, 1778. Cambridge History of EngUsh Literature, vol. i. Flourishing of Romance and Rise of Allegory, Prof. Saintsbury, 1897 (deals with romance generaUy). Epic and Romance, Prof. Ker, 1896 (also general in treatment). Guide to the Middle EngUsh Metrical Romances, Billings, 1901.

Aethtteian Romances.

Historia Britonum, Nennius (Eng. Hist. Society). Historia Regum Britanniae, Geoffrey of Monmouth (S. Evans, 1903). 392 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STANDARD WORKS ON

Li Romans de Brut, Wace (ed. by Leroux de Lincy, 1835-38). Brut, Layamon (ed. Sir Frederick Madden), 1847. The Round Table Before Wace, Prof. A. Brown (Harvard Studies and Notes, vol. viii.). The Round Table, Dr. Lewis Mott (Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc, of America). Merlin (ed. Dr. Oskar Sommer), 1894. MerUn, Suite de (from the Huth MS., ed. by G. Paris and J. Ulrich), 1890-91.

Le Morte Arthur, ed. FumivaU, 1854 ; (Roxburghe Club), 1819 ; J. D.

Bruce, 1903 ; Hemmingway, Boston, 1912.

Morte Arthure, Halliwell, 1847 ; Banks, 1900. Le Morte d'Arthur, Sir Thomas Malory (ed. Dr. Oskar Sommer), 1889-90-91. Survey of Arthurian Romance, Jessie L. Weston, 1905. Syr Gawajmp (ed. Sir Fredk. Madden). Syr Gawayne and the Grene Knyght (ed. R. Morriss, E.E.T.S.). Sir Gawain, a study on the Legend, by Jessie L. Weston, 1897 (Grimm Library). Diu Krone, Heinrich von dem Tiirlin, ed. SchoU, 1852. Le Conte del Graal, Chretien de Troyes (ed. Potvin—very scarce), 1866-71.

Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, ed. Lachmann ; ed. Bartsch, 1875-77.

The High History of the Holy Grail (Perceval li Gallois), trans, by Sebastian Evans, 1898. Romans de la Table Roimd, Paulin Paris. Queste del Saint Graal (ed. FumivaU), 1864. Tristan, Gottfried von Strassburg (ed. Bechstein), 1889. Le Roman en Prose de Tristan, E. LSseth, 1892. Der Heutige Stand der Tristan Forschung, Dr. Rottiger, 1897. Lais, Marie de France (ed. Wamcke), 1885. Iwein, Hartmann von Aue (ed. Bech), 1888. Le Saint-Graal, Hucher, 1875-78. Die Sage vom Graal, Birch-Hirschfeld, 1877. Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail, Nutt, 1888. Die franzosischen Gralromane, Heinzel. Sage V. heil. Gral, 1898, Wechssler. Glastonbury et Avalon, Ferd. Lot, in Romania, vol. xxvii. The Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach, J. L. Weston. Les demiers travaux AUemands sur la 16gende du Saint Graal, A. Nutt (see Folk-Lore, 1892). Arthurian Legend, Rhys.

Celtic Romance.

Cours de Litterature celtique, d'Arbois de Jubainville. Celtic Britain, Rhys. A Literary History of Ireland, Hyde, 1899. Silva Gadelica, O'Grady. Old Celtic Romances, Joyce, 1894. Literature of the Kymry, Stephens, 1876. The Mabinogion, Lady Charlotte Guest (ed. Nutt), 1902. Hibbert Lectures, Rhys, 1888. Four Ancient Books of Wales (ed. Skene), 1868. Myvyrian Archeology, 1801. MEDIEVAL ROMANCE 393

The Black Book of Carmarthen (ed. Evans). Mythology of the British Islands, Squire, 1905. Transactions of the Ossianic Society, Dublin, 1854-61. , A. Nutt, 1895-97. The CuchulMn Saga in Irish Literature, 1898. Gods and Fighting Men, Lady Gregory, 1904.

French Romance.

(Note.—^Numerous French romances have been translated into English, and are included in the Ust of English and Arthurian romances given above.)

Roman de Renart (ed. Meon et Chabaille), 1826-35 ; ed. Martin, 1882-87. Roman de la Rose (ed. Michel), 1864.

Aucassin et Nicolette (trans. A. Lang), 1887 ; (trans. A. BourdiUon), 1887. Classiques frangais du moyen 4ge (6 vols. publ. 1911, rest in progress). Des Ouvrages inedits de la htterature frangaise du moyen age, Crapelet, 1834. Be Roman de MeUador, Froissart (ed. A. Longuas), 1895. Melanges de litterature frangaise du moyen fi.ge, Gaston, Paris (ed. Mario Roques), 1910-11. Romania (a pubUcation devoted to the study of French romantic hterature, founded in 1872). Histoire de la Litterature Frangaise, Lauson, 1895. Histoire de la Langue et de la Litterature Frangaise (ed. Petit de Juleville). Specimens of Old French, Paget Toynbee, 1892. Le Roman de Troie, Benoit de Sainte-More (ed. Joly), 1870. Alexandre le Grand dans la Litterature Frangaise au Moyen Age, Paul Meyer, 1886. Roman d'Alixandre (ed. Mchelant), 1846. NouveUes Frangaises du Quatorzi^me si6cle, Moland and d'Hericault, BibUo- th6que Elzevirienne, 1856. Troilus (ed. Moland and d'Hericault, as above). Fabliaux et Contes, Meon, 1808. Chatelaine de Vergi, S. Reynaud, Romania, vol. xxi., 1892.

Chaelbmagne Romances. (Chansons de Geste.)

Ees Epopees Frangaises, Leon Gautier, 1878-82. L'Histoire poetique de Charlemagne, Gaston Paris, 1865. BibHographie des Chansons de Geste, Gautier, 1877. Popular Epics of the Middle Ages, Ludlow, 1865. Couronnement Looys (ed. E. Langlois), 1888. Lyf of Charles the Grete (Early Eng. Text Society). Turpin's Chronicle (ed. F. Castels), 1880.

Fierabras (in Recueil des Ancien Pontes de la France, vol. iv.), 1860 ; English trans, in Early Ei^. Text Society. Chanson de Roland (ed. Leon Gautier). The Song of Roland, by A. Way and F. Spencer, 1895. Chanson des Saisnes, J. Bodel (ed. F. Michel), 1835. 394 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STANDARD WORKS ON

Girard de Vienne (ed. P. Tarbe), 1850. Ogier le Danois (Chevalerie Ogier), ed. J. Barrois, 1842. Die alt-franzosische Wilhelmsage, Prof. Becker, 1896. GuiUaume d'Orange, Jonckbloet, 1854.

German. (Several German romances are noted under the heading " Arthurian." Such works as refer to both German and Norse literature are marked with an asterisk.)

Heldensage, Rassmann, 1863. *Nordische, Heldenromane, von der Hagen, 1873. *Die Prosaische Edda, Wilken, 1878. *Volsunga Saga, Magnusson and Morris, 1870 (in English).

Nibelvmgenlied (ed. Bartsch), 1895 ; Shumway, 1909. *Gudrun, Martin, 1902. *Corpus Poeticum Boreale, Vigfusson and Powell, 1883. Denkmaler deutscher Poesie und Prosa, MiiUenhofE and Scherer, 1892. Althoch deutsches Lesebuch, 1901. German Classics, Max MiiUer, 1886. Deutsches Heldenbuch (in five parts), 1866-78. Altdeutsche und Altnordische Heldensagen, 1872. Das deutsche Heldenbuch, Henrici (in vol. vii. of Klirschner's Deutsche National-Litteratur). Theodoric the Goth, T. Hodgkin. Epics and Romances of the Middle Ages, M. W. Macdowall, London, 1884. Deutsche Heldensagen, O. L. Jiriczek, 1898. *Northem Hero-Legends, M. Bentinck-Smith, 1902. *Tales from Teutonic Lands, Cox and Jones. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, Baring-Gould.

NoKSE AND Icelandic. (Most of these are included under " German," as deaMng with both literatures.)

Sturlunga Saga (Vigfusson), 1879. The Story of Burnt Njal, Dasent, 1861. Historia Danica, Saxo-Grammaticus (ed. F. York Powell), 1894.

Spanish.

Romancero Castellano (ed. G. B. Depping), 1844. Silva de varies romances, Sarragossa, 1550. La Plor de varios y nuevos romances, A. de Villatta, Valencia, 1593. Poesias escogidas de nuestros cancioneros y romanceros antiguos, Madrid, 1796. Tesoros de los romanceros, Paris, 1838. Sarmiento, Memorias para la historia de la poesia. Poesias selectas CasteUanos, Madrid, 1817. Romancero de romances, Duran, Madrid, 1832. MEDIAEVAL ROMANCE 395

Spanish Ballads, Lockhart, 1823. Poesias Castellanos Anteriores al siglo XV., 1842. The CSd (trans, by Southey), in several cheap editions.

Italian.

Literature of the South of Europe, Sismondi (Eng. trans, by T. Roscoe), 1823. Studj sulla Betteratura Italiana dei Primi secoli, d'Ancona, 1891. II Ponte dell' Ariosto, Ho Rajna. Orlando Furioso, Ariosto (Eng. trans, by Hoole). Carduino, A. Pucci (ed. RaJna), 1873. Stone Nerbonese, M. I. G. Isola, 1887. ReaU di Prancia, Andrea da Barberino (ed. P. Rajna and G. VandeUi), 1872-1901: Jerusalem Delivered, Tasso (Eng. trans, by Hoole). Historia Trojana, Guido de Colorma, 1477 (Oxford ed. by Rood, 1480). Memoirs of Politiano, W. P. Greswell. DeUa Poesie di Antonio Pucci, Era Ildefonso di San Euigi, 1772. Orlando Innamorato, Boiardo (Panizzi), 1830.

PBINIED BY WILLUM CLOWES AND SOUS, UHHBD, LONDOIf AND BEOOLBS.