Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(2): 1125-1134

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Diversity of in relation to climatic JEZS 2017; 5(2): 1125-1134 © 2017 JEZS factors in environmental centre campus of Received: 19-01-2017 Accepted: 20-02-2017 Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu

Kumar P India Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Kumar P, Ramarajan S and Murugesan AG Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The diversity and seasonal changes of butterflies were recorded in university campus of Sri Ramarajan S Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Science, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu. A total of Manonmaniam Sundaranar 1182 individuals were observed during the study period of 2012- 2013. A total of 57 species of University, Sri Paramakalyani butterflies, the was most dominant family followed by , , Papilionidae Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, and Hesperiidae. A total of six species of butterflies are observed in endemic and Wildlife Protection Act, Alwarkurichi - 642 127 1972. The Nymphalidae showed highest dominant index (35.08%), the value of other groups are Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India relatively low in Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Hesperiidae with 22.80%, 21.05%, 12.28% and 8.77% respectively. Whereas, the individual abundance and the dominant index showed highest Murugesan AG Lycaenidae 445 (37.65%) and low dominant index observed in Papilionidae and Hesperiidae showed 57 Manonmaniam Sundaranar (4.82%) and 30 (2.54%). Among the total species of butterflies 20 species were present throughout the University, Sri Paramakalyani year. Species abundance was increasing trend from the beginning of earlier winter season, mid-October Centre of Excellence in to February and decent the species abundance from late March- September. Correlation co-efficient Environmental Sciences, analysis showed that positive correction with (0.218) temperature and negative correlation with Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil precipitation (-0.573). The species profile of the communities associated with climatic factors Nadu, India was analysed to further development of butterfly garden in university campus.

Keywords: Butterflies, university campus, temperature and seasonal distribution

1. Introduction Butterflies are taxonomically well studied group of and sensitive to change environmental changes in habitats [1]. Butterflies are considered as a great indicator of ecosystems change and to predict various environmental alterations [2]. Lepidopteran is an important natural resource as they help in pollination and aesthetic values [3]. In India earlier th work in butterfly studies dates back to 18 century in Western Ghats. Total number of species of butterflies recorded from Indian regions is about 1501 species and 313 species from southern India [4]. Since 19th century researchers has studied on butterfly diversity from various Campuses, Colleges, Institution and University in different parts of India [5-9]. India is rich with 1500 species, these abundance is close to 90% of the total butterflies [3]. In the recent past,

several scientists have studied butterflies from some district and conservation areas of Tamil [10] Nadu . Butterfly fauna of southern parts of Indian peninsular are rich and diverse compare to other parts of peninsular owing to habitat availability, altitudinal gradients and microclimatic changes [11]. The effect of changing climate is observed on various flora and fauna around the [12] globe . Ecological requirements such as temperature, humidity, food plants and egg laying [13] habitats are affected by global climatic change . Climate is crucial factors on lepidopteran species richness through temperature and indirect effects weather influence the food availability [14]. Butterflies are sensitive to changes in microclimate, temperature, solar Correspondence radiation and availability of host plants for oviposition and larval development [15]. Climatic Kumar P Manonmaniam Sundaranar factors, temperature and relative humidity and precipitation are important in determining both [16] University, Sri Paramakalyani richness and community structure of butterflies . Fluctuation of butterfly species of Centre of Excellence in temperature zones has contributed successfully to a regional conservation programme [17]. Environmental Sciences, Butterflies are distinct, easily noticeable and thus and it is easy to evaluate the ecological state Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil and the value of concrete territory on the basis of their diversity and abundance. Nadu, India ~ 1125 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Apart from check list of butterfly species, it has made to sweeping and preserved. Butterflies were identified to the highlight their flight periods, seasonality and relative species level except those belonging to the families, abundance in the habitats with the environmental factors of Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae brought to the laboratory and this SPKCEES centre of Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli district. identified using guidance [3]. The present study is undoubtedly the first comprehensive effect to investigate the lepidopteran diversity of the 2.1 Study area University campus of southern part of Tamil Nadu. A field survey and investigation were carried out by the first author on a daily basis from April 2013 to May 2014 at the 2. Material and Methods campus, Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in The butterfly was surveyed during the period of April 2012 to Environmental Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar March 2013. Pollard walking method was followed for University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 08. observing butterflies. Butterflies were observed during sunny 47.131’N and 077. 22.503’E is shown in Image 1. The total days without heavy rain. They were identified in the field surroundings of the University campus is 105 ha and bordered using field guides by [18]. Counted while walking along the by scrub jungle. The vegetation planted around the institute selected transect route of 600m, in the selected location created a very good habitat of attraction of many arthroptera during the morning hours between 0800 and 0900 hrs, which fauna species. The university campus is foothills of Western is a peak time for butterfly activity and all the transects Ghats of KMTR about 5 Km West of Kadana dam, Tamil surveyed were segments of existing footpaths. All the Nadu. The area receives good rainfall during North-East butterflies were encountered at a radial distance of 5 meters Monsoon and South-West Monsoon. from the observer. Adult butterflies were collected by

Fig 1: Satellite over view map of SPKCEES Centre of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi. S1, S2, S3....S20- Sampling Site

2.2 Dominant index 3. Results The relative abundance of species that determine the A totally 57 species belonging to five families of butterflies dominance of each order in a place was determined by recorded in university campus. The Nymphalidae were more calculating the dominance index using the following formula: dominant family followed by Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Hesperiidae. Totally six species of butterflies observed under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Dominant Index = n1× and endemic. Two species namely Castalius rosimon and

Atrophaneura hector are protected under scheduled I, Cepora 2.3 Diversity index nerissa and Euchrysops cnejus are under Schedule II, In this study, only species diversity was studied. For this, the Hypolimnas misippus are Schedule I&II and Euploea core in Shannon Index, Simpson Margalf Index and Fisher alpha Schedule IV. Six endemic species were seen in the study area. were determined. ~ 1126 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Papilio polymnestor and Hypolimnas misippus are endemic to during the month of August (22.29) followed by November Peninsular India and Sri Lanka, Atrophaneura hector and (15. 78) and low during June (4.67). The Simpson’s diversity Delias eucharis are endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka index (α) showed the same pattern in all month with minor and Spindasis vulcanus is endemic to southern India are given variations. The number taxa and individuals were higher in Table 1. during December (44 and 267) and low during June (10 and The Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae were found dominant with 35). 20 species and 13 species respectively, followed by Pieridae Of the 57 species of butterflies 20 species like Danaus (12 species) Papilionidae (7 species) and 5 species from chrysippus, Acraea terpsicore, Junonia hierta, Junonia Hesperiidae is shown in Table 2. The Nymphalidae showed orithya, Tirumala limniace, Eurema hecabe, Catopsilia highest dominant index (35.08%), the value of other groups pomona, Catopsilia pyranthe, Spindasis vulcanus, Euchrysops are relatively low in Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and cnejus, Jamides celeno, otis, knysna, Zizeeria Hesperiidae with 22.80%, 21.05%, 12.28% and 8.77% karsandra, parrhasius, trochylus, Leptotes respectively. A total of 42 general species and their relative plinius, Atrophaneura aristolochiae, Atrophaneura hector and abundance showed, Nymphalidae were dominant 12 genera Borbo cinnara were present throughout the year April-March (28.57%) followed by Lycaenidae and Pieridae, Hesperiidae (Table 1). Increase the species abundance from the beginning and Papilionidae, 11 genera with (26.19%), 10 genera of the early winter season, August-November and decline the (23.80%), 5 genera (11.90%) and 4 genera (9.52%) species abundance from late January- February to the end of respectively. Totally 1182 individuals were observed during the summer. The mean high temperature was higher during the study period of 2012- 2013. Whereas the individual the month of March, April and May and low during dominant index showed highest Lycaenidae 445 (37.65%) December and January. followed by Pieridae 348 (29.44%), Nymphalidae 302 The Pearson correlation co-efficient analysis showed that (25.55%) and low dominant index observed in Papilionidae fairly positive correction (0.218) were observed in high and Hesperiidae showed 57 (4.82%) and 30 (2.54%) temperature with all over species, low temperature and respectively. precipitation showed fairly negative correlation (-0.337) and The monthly wise species indices values recorded in Table 3. (-0.573) is presented in Table 3. Shannon and fisher alpha diversity indices to measure of To determine the abundance arrangements in all species, the diversity within habitats since these indices incorporate both abundance curve was plotted mean of all species. The species richness and abundance into a single value. The common species displayed on the left and the rare species are Shannon diversity index (H’) of diversity in respect of on the right. While ranging overall abundance 7 species were butterfly was high during the month of December (3.26), more common followed by few abundance species and more August (3.19) and lowest degree of diversification was abundance and rare species was also observed (Fig. 2). noticed during June (2.22). The fisher alpha indices high

Table 1: Occurrence, endemic status and wild life protection of butterfly species in Manonmaniam Sundaranar University campus, Tamil Nadu

S. No Zoological Name Common Name Endemic to WPA Nymphalidae 1 Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) Plain Tiger 2 Danaus genutia (Cramer,1779) Striped Tiger 3 Ariadne merione (Cramer,1777) Common Caster 4 Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus 1763) Angled Castor 5 Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) Tawny Caster 6 Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Sailor 7 Phalanta phalantha (Drury,1773) Common Leopard 8 Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Egg Fly 9 Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus,1764) Danaid Egg Fly SL &PI Sch I&II 10 Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) Lemon Pansy 11 Junonia iphita (Cramer,1779) Chocolate Pansy 12 Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) Yellow Pansy 13 Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) Peacock Pansy 14 Junonia orithya (Linnaeus,1758) Blue Pansy 15 Euploea core (Cramer,1780) Common Indian Crow Sch IV 16 Tirumala limniace (Cramer,1775) Blue Tiger 17 Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) Dark Blue Tiger 18 Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) Common Bush Brown 19 Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Evening Brown 20 Euthalia nais (Forrstar,1771) Baronet Pieridae 21 Colotis etrida (Boistuval, 1836) Small Orange Tip 22 Ixias marianne (Cramer, 1779) White Orange Tip 23 Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus, 1764) Yellow Orange Tip 24 Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Orange Tip 25 Belenois aurota (Fabricius,1793) Pioneer 26 Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Grass Yellow 27 Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius,1775) Common Emigrant 28 Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) Mottled Emigrant 29 Delias eucharis (Drury,1773) Common Jezebel SI & SL 30 Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) Common Gull Sch II ~ 1127 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

31 Leptosia nina (Fabricius,1793) Psyche 32 Appias albino (Boisduval, 1836) Common Albatross Lycaenidae 33 Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) Common Pierrot Sch I 34 Arhopala centaurus (Fabricius,1775) Large Obakblue 35 Discolampa ethion (Fabbricius, 1775) Banded Blue Pierrot 36 Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) Common Silver Line SI 37 Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius,1798) Gram Blue Sch II 38 Jamides celeno (Grammer, 1775) Common Cerulin 39 Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) Lesser Grass Blue 40 Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862) Tiny Grass Blue 41 Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) Dark Grass Blue 42 Chilades laius (Cramer, 1782) Lime Blue 43 Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius, 1793) Indian Cupid 44 Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845) Grass Jewel 45 Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) Zebra Blue Paplionidae 46 Troides minos (Cramer, 1779) Southern Bird Wing SI &WG 47 Papilio polymnestor (Cramer,1775) Blue Mormon SL & PI 48 Papilio polytes (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Mormon 49 Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lime Butterflies 50 Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus 1758) Tailed Jay 51 Atrophaneura aristolochiae (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Rose 52 Atrophaneura hector (Linnaeus, 1758) Crimson Rose SI & SL Sch I Hesperidae 53 Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Rice Swift 54 Sarangesa purendra (Moore, 1882) Spotted Small Flat 55 Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) Indian 56 Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) Indian Palm Bob 57 Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1782) Common Banded Awl

Table 2: Family wise dominant index of butterflies showing genera, species and individuals recorded from University campus of Tamil Nadu

Dominance Index (%) S. No Family Genera Species Individuals 1 Nymphalidae 12 (28.57%) 20 (35.08%) 302 (25.55%) 2 Pieridae 10 (23.80%) 12 (21.05%) 348 (29.44%) 3 Lycaenidae 11 (26.19%) 13(22.80%) 445 (37.65%) 4 Papilionidae 4 (9.52%) 7 (12.28%) 57 (4.82%) 5 Hesperiidae 5 (11.90%) 5 (8.77%) 30 (2.54%) Total 42 (100%) 57 (100%) 1182 (100%)

Table 3: Diversity indices of butterfly communities in university campus during April 2012 to March 2013

Month Simpson Shannon Margalef Fisher-alpha Taxa Individuals April- 2012 0.92 2.73 4.03 8.66 17 53 May- 2012 0.92 2.67 4.06 9.88 16 40 June- 2012 0.88 2.22 2.53 4.67 10 35 July- 2012 0.93 2.80 4.53 10.61 19 53 Aug- 2012 0.92 3.19 6.70 22.29 28 56 Sep- 2012 0.91 2.57 3.72 8.18 15 43 Oct- 2012 0.93 2.91 5.50 12.73 25 78 Nov- 2102 0.93 3.14 7.39 15.78 39 171 Dec- 2012 0.93 3.26 7.67 15.00 44 267 Jan- 2013 0.89 2.78 5.49 9.87 30 196 Feb- 2013 0.87 2.54 4.83 9.18 24 116 Mar- 2013 0.90 2.70 4.64 9.77 21 74

Table 4: Pearson correlation co-efficient analysis between environmental factors with over all species individuals

Correlation (r) No. of Individuals Temp. (oC) /High Temp. (oC) /Low Precipitation (mm) No. of Individuals 1 Temp. (oC) /High 0.218 1 Temp. (oC) /Low -0.337 0.4405 1 Precipitation (mm) -0.573 -0.782 -0.265 1

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Fig 2: Month wise species abundance along with seasonal changes of low and high temperature

Fig 3: Rank abundance of over all species in University campus, Tirunelveli

Arhopala centaurus Catopsilia pyranthe

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Castalius rosimon Leptotes plinius

Zizina otis Ixias Marianne

Freyeria trochylus Cepora nerissa

Eurema hecabe Junonia orithya

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Zizeeria karsandra Euthalia nais

Delias eucharis Euploea core

Junonia almana Ariadne ariadne

Tirumala limniace Hypolimnas bolina (female)

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Atrophaneura hector Hypolimnas misippus (female)

Jamides celeno Hypolimnas bolina

Junonia iphita Spindasis vulcanus

Fig 4: Photographs of different butterfly species found in the university campus.

4. Discussion 43.48% was high followed by Lycaenidae: 27.95%, The similar pattern of butterfly dominance was reported many Hesperiidae: 11.18%, Pieridae: 9.32% and Papilionidae: researchers [19-21]. A total of 55 species of butterflies 8.07% [25] belonging to five families and 1908 individuals were Totally 45 species are endemic to southern India [26]. Western observed. Butterflies belonging to 47 genera in TFRI campus, Ghats of Anaikatty hills reported, two species of schedule I, Madhya Pradesh and IGCAR Kalpakkam [7, 8]. The university five schedule II and one schedule IV species were recorded campus of Horticulture, Bagalkot observed that 56 species of [27]. Total of eight species of schedule categories of wildlife butterflies [22]. Total of 3804 individuals belonging to 298 protection act 1972 and eight are endemic [28]. Common species, 156 genera in 2 subfamilies and 6 families in Garo mime, Crimson rose and Common pierrot are protected under hills of Meghalaya [23]. Butterflies foraging the nectar schedule I, Common gull is schedule II and Common crow is including 25 species representing nymphalidae was dominant schedule IV and Blue mormon is endemic to the Western followed by Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae and Ghats, Common silver line is endemic to Southern India and Hesperiidae [24]. A total of 161 species of butterflies belonging Common rose is endemic to Southern India and Sri Lanka [29] to five families. The dominant index showed Nymphalidae: The indices recorded in this study were ranked based on ~ 1132 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

relative abundance of individual species. Sampling Coimbatore. 1996. completeness was calculated as a ratio of observed species 5. Thomas JA, Simcox DJ, Wardlaw JC, Elmas WG, richness to the richness estimate, and was expressed as a Hochberg ME, Clark RT. Effects of latitude, altitude and percentage [30]. Shannon-Weiner, Simpson and Margalaf’s climate on the habitat and conservation of the endangered diversity indices and the values obtained by these indices butterfly Maculinea arionand its Myrmica and host. indicated that the area is rich in butterfly diversity in Journal of Insect Conservation. 1998; 2:39-46. Gulmarh, Kashmir [31]. Butterflies were more abundant in 6. Kumar S, Simonson SE, Stohlgren TJ. Effects of spatial August, the data reveal that the species richness was more in heterogeneity on butterfly species richness in Rocky October, November, December and February [32]. Mountain National Park, CO, USA. Biodiversity In common, the temporal patterns of abundance in butterfly Conservation. 2009; 8:739-763. communities may be owing to a variation in the dynamics of 7. Ramesh T, Hussain KJ, Selvanayagam M, Satpathy KK, plants or to a temporal variation in larval mortality [33]. Prasad MVR. Patterns of diversity, abundance and habitat Butterfly life cycle, distribution and abundance of species are associations by butterfly communities in heterogeneous directly influenced by temperature [34]. The peak of species landscapes of the department of atomic energy (DAE) richness and abundance of butterflies could be related to the campus at Kalpakam, South India. International Journal amount of available resources (flowers and fruits) for adults of Biodiversity Conservation. 2010; 2:75-85. as well, because many tropical plants show marked flowering 8. Tiple AD. 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The effects of climate change on invertebrates Roy DB, Ohlemuller R, Thomas CD. Direct and indirect remains lacking. Studies on the impacts of climate change that effects of climate and habitat factors on diversity. include temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind Ecology. 2007; 88:605-611. velocity on butterflies are scanty around the world. To 15. Barlow J, Overal W, Araujo T, Gardner, Peres C. The develop the database of butterfly fauna around our value of primary, secondary and plantation forests I. for surroundings with the improvement of standard methodology, fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon. number of diversity studies in these aspects might increase the Ecology. 2007; 44:1001-1012. contribution to our knowledge on understanding the effects of 16. Brown KS, Freitas A. Atlantic forest butterflies: climate change on these butterfly groups. indicators for landscape conservation. Biotropica. 2000; 32:934-956. 6. Acknowledgements 17. 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