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Contrast Medium Administration with a Body Surface Area Protocol in Step www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Contrast medium administration with a body surface area protocol in step‑and‑shoot coronary computed tomography angiography with dual‑source scanners Liang Jin1,3, Yiyi Gao1,3, Yingli Sun1, Cheng Li1, Pan Gao1, Wei Zhao1 & Ming Li1,2* We evaluated the feasibility and image quality of prospective electrocardiography (ECG)-triggered coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) using a body surface area (BSA) protocol for contrast-medium (CM) administration on both second- and third-generation scanners (Flash and Force CT), without using heart rate control. One-hundred-and-eighty patients with suspected coronary heart disease undergoing CCTA were divided into groups A (BSA protocol for CM on Flash CT), B (body mass index (BMI)-matched patients; BMI protocol for CM on Flash CT), and C (BMI-matched patients; BSA protocol for CM on Force CT). Patient characteristics, quantitative and qualitative measures, and radiation dose were compared between groups A and B, and A and C. Of the 180 patients, 99 were male (median age, 62 years). Average BSA in groups A, B, and C was 1.80 ± 0.17 m2, 1.74 ± 0.16 m2, and 1.64 ± 0.17 m2, respectively, with groups A and C difering signifcantly (P < 0.001). Contrast volume (50.50 ± 8.57 mL vs. 45.00 ± 6.18 mL) and injection rate (3.90 ± 0.44 mL/s vs. 3.63 ± 0.22 mL/s) difered signifcantly between groups A and C (P < 0.001). Groups A and C (both: all CT values > 250 HU, average scores > 4) achieved slightly lower diagnostic image quality than group B. The BSA protocol for CM administration was feasible in both Flash and Force CT, and therefore may be valuable in clinical practice. Abbreviations AO Aortic root BMI Body mass index BSA Body surface area CCTA​ Coronary computed tomography angiography CHD Coronary heart disease CIN Contrast-induced nephropathy CM Contrast-medium CT Computed tomography DSCT Dual-source computed tomography ECG Electrocardiography LAD-D Distal lef anterior descending LAD-P Proximal lef anterior descending LCX-D Distal lef circumfex LCX-P Proximal lef circumfex 1Radiology Department, Huadong Hospital, Afliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 2Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 3These authors contributed equally: Liang Jin and Yiyi Gao. *email: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:16690 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73915-2 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ BSA BMI Contrast Saline volume Flow rate Contrast Saline volume Flow rate BSA (m2) volume (mL) (mL) (mL/s) BMI (kg/m2) volume (mL) (mL) (mL/s) ≤ 1.70 40 50 3.5 ≤ 20.0 45 50 4 1.70–1.79 45 50 3.5 20.1–24.9 50 45 4 1.80–1.94 55 40 4.0 25.0–29.9 55 40 4 1.95–2.14 60 35 4.5 ≥ 30.0 60 35 5 > 2.15 70 20 5.0 Table 1. Body surface area (BSA)-adapted and body mass index (BMI)-adapted contrast-medium injection protocol. BMI BMI (kg/m2) Voltage (kV) Current (mA) ≤ 20.0 70 CARE dose (4D) 20.1–24.9 80 CARE dose (4D) 25.0–27.4 100 250 27.5–29.9 100 280 ≥ 30.0 120 300 Table 2. Body mass index (BMI)-adapted scanning parameters. PVAT Perivascular adipose tissue RCA-D Distal proximal right coronary artery RCA-P Proximal right coronary artery In 2018, coronary heart disease (CHD) was the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 43.8% of deaths overall 1. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a noninvasive technique that plays an important role in CHD screening and diagnosis2–5. Te use of iodinated contrast medium (CM) provides sufcient vessel attenuation to allow proper evaluation of blood vessel lesions6,7. However, with the increase in the number of examinations, the use of iodinated CM for CCTA has become a concern, as it may lead to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)8–11, and CM remaining in the right cardiac cavity afer the scan is not useful. Although the relationship between CCTA and the development of CIN is under debate, elderly patients with cardiac disease are considered at risk of developing CIN9,12. With the appearance of CT scanners with faster gantry rotation (≤ 350 ms) and wider coverage, scan duration is now shorter, which allows adjustment of the protocol for CM administration9,10,13–16. Most protocols for CM administration are based on body mass index (BMI) or body weight7,8,14,17,18. Some more recent protocols have been based on the patient’s blood volume 9 or use a high delivery rate 13. However, the enhancement of vessel segments is infuenced by the patient’s weight, height (expressed in terms of BMI and body surface area [BSA]), and cardiac output 19–22. BSA, an index that is widely used in clinical practice, has been identifed as the most promising parameter for adjusting the contrast bolus in future protocols; indeed, an increase in blood volume is well paralleled by BSA21,22. In fact, BSA is considered a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight, because the former is less afected by abnormal adipose mass21,22. Although there is currently no standard BSA protocol for CM admin- istration, a previous study reported a BSA-adapted scanning protocol in prospective electrocardiography (ECG)- triggered sequence acquisition mode (step-and-shoot) CCTA, with a 64-slice scanner (heart rate < 65 bpm)21. However, the feasibility of using a BSA-based protocol for CM administration without heart rate control on dual-source CT (DSCT) has not been studied. Similarly, it is unknown whether the BSA protocol can produce satisfactory image quality at a lower CM volume and injection rate in DSCT. Terefore, in this study, we aimed to establish whether using a BSA protocol for CM administration, which involved using less CM, and adjusting the injection rate, was feasible in step-and-shoot CCTA. To this end, we frst compared the image quality of the three main coronary arteries visualized with a second-generation DSCT scanner, using a BSA protocol for CM administration in step-and-shoot CCTA, without heart rate control, with that of a BMI protocol. Second, we compared the image quality obtained with this BSA protocol between second- generation and third-generation DSCT scanners. Materials and methods Patients. One-hundred-and-eighty patients with suspected coronary heart disease who were scheduled for CCTA examination between January 2018 and January 2019 were enrolled. Te 180 patients were divided into three groups: 60 patients underwent step-and-shoot CCTA on a second-generation DSCT scanner, with a BSA protocol for CM administration21 (group A; Table 1); 60 BMI-matched patients underwent step-and-shoot SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:16690 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73915-2 2 Vol:.(1234567890) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Parameters Group A (N = 60) Group B (N = 60) P value Group A (N = 60) Group C (N = 60) P value BSA (m2) 1.80 ± 0.17 1.74 ± 0.16 0.061 1.80 ± 0.17 1.64 ± 0.17 0.0001 BMI (kg/m2) 24.75 ± 2.57 23.96 ± 2.35 0.083 24.75 ± 2.57 24.10 ± 2.68 0.184 CM (mL) 50.50 ± 8.57 51.00 ± 2.02 0.662 50.50 ± 8.57 45.00 ± 6.18 0.0001 FL (mL/s) 3.90 ± 0.44 4.00 ± 0.00 0.083 3.90 ± 0.44 3.63 ± 0.22 0.0001 DLP 190.39 ± 97.21 184.88 ± 64.20 0.715 190.39 ± 97.21 196.57 ± 51.91 0.665 ED (mSv) 2.66 ± 1.36 2.59 ± 0.89 0.715 2.66 ± 1.36 2.75 ± 0.73 0.665 HR (bpm) 64.88 ± 11.03 (39–94) 64.67 ± 13.17 (41–90) 0.924 64.88 ± 11.03 (39–94) 61.70 ± 12.19 (65–90) 0.137 Table 3. Patient characteristics and radiation dose comparison. BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; CM, contrast medium; DLP, dose length product; ED, efective radiation dose; FL, fow rate; HR, heart rate. CCTA on a second-generation DSCT scanner with a BMI protocol for CM administration 23 (group B, reference group; Table 1); and 60 BMI-matched patients underwent step-and-shoot CCTA on a third-generation DSCT scanner with a BSA protocol for CM administration (group C; Table 1). BSA (m2) was obtained using Stevenson’s formula (BSA [m2] = 0.0061 × height [cm] + 0.0128 × weight [kg] − 0.1529) for Chinese adults24,25 Te exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients allergic to iodine contrast agent or with severe renal insuf- fciency (creatinine ≤ 120 μmol/L); (2) patients with decompensated cardiac insufciency; (3) patients taking drugs to control heart rate before examination; and (4) patients with arrhythmia, who could not hold their breath, or who had undergone stent implantation or coronary artery bypass grafing. Tis prospective study was approved by the ethics committee of Huadong hospital (2019K005) and was car- ried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations with ‘Discussion and evaluation of optimal use of contrast medium in coronary CT angiography’. All patients signed an informed consent form. Image acquisition and reconstruction. A second-generation DSCT scanner (Somatom Defnition Flash, Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany) was used in groups A and B, while a third-generation DSCT scanner (Somatom Force, Siemens Healthcare) was used in group C. In all groups, the slice thickness and the interval of image reconstruction were 0.75 mm (see Supplementary Material 1, Tables 1, 2).
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