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Wetland Ecosystems and Coastal Habitat Diversity in Gujarat, India

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Wetland Ecosystems and Coastal Habitat Diversity in Gujarat, India Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 7, Number 2, February 2004 : 49-64 Accredited: 69 Dikti Kep 2000 Review WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS AND COASTAL HABITAT DIVERSITY IN GUJARAT, INDIA Oswin D. Stanley*) Gujarat Ecology Commission, GERI Campus, Race Course Road, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Received: September 5, 2003 ; ccepted: January 10, 2004 ABSTRACT Wetland ecosystems are the ma(or contributors for the nations* wildlife biodiversity, productivity and economy. The paper elaborates the habitat diversity of wetlands in ,u(arat, India, the floral and faunal diversity of each ecosystem, the ma(or industrial and development pressures posed by the man.roves and coastal ecosystems. Thus indicates the si.nificance and necessity for wetland habitat conservation. Key Words: Biodiversity otspots, Wetlands, Mangroves, Corals, Pressures. *)Correspondence: Phone: 0265-2339115 - .ax: 0265-2330036 - E-mail: oswin0a0y1rediffmail.com INTRODUCTION ma/imum during the months of July and August. Relative humidity is low in all Gujarat is located on the Tropic of Cancer parts of the state. Intensity of wind is more 45at 200016 to 2400768 and 5ong 680046 to during late summer and monsoon. 740046E:- falls in the su0-tropical climatic The hydrological regime of the zone and has a varied climate and climatic state is governed 0y the comple/ geo regions. Gujarat has the longest coastline climatic condition. Most of the ground of a0out 1663km in India. The vast water resource is concentrated in the continental shelf varies in width from 58 to unconsolidated formation, covering a0out 191 miles with 64,810 sq.km of area 40 of the area of the state. The surface having depths of less than50m and another water is dominantly concentrated in the 99,373sq.km with depth 50 to 200m. southern and central parts of the state. Therefore Gujarat6s fishing ground is The Banas, Sa0armati, Mahi, e/tensive. 8armada and Tapi are major rivers The various seasons of the year are draining into the gulf of Bham0hat while monsoon 4June-Octo0er:, winter the rivers Bhader, Ojat and Shetrunji are 48ovem0er-.e0ruary: and summer 4March those of Bathiawar peninsula draining into to June:. The temperature varies 0etween the Ara0ian Sea. There are few seasonal 80 to 450C. It receives rainfall from the small rivers draining into the gulf of southwest monsoon and with the Bachchh 4Table 1:. Wetland Ecosystems and Coastal Habitat Diversity in Gujarat, India 49 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 7, Number 2, February 2004 : 49-64 Accredited: 69 Dikti Kep 2000 Table 1. Status of the major Rivers in Gujarat Reg on Name of the Length Catchment Average Nature of r ver flow ng n area n annual R ver (ujarat (ujarat runoff (Km) (s,.-m) (.C.) (Avg. of 190121993) North (ujarat Sa0armati 323 18495 870.52 Ephemeral Banas 188 5405 42.86 Ephemeral Saraswati - 2282 18.62 Ephemeral Rupen 156 2662 143.71 Ephemeral Rel - 238 9.82 Ephemeral South and Central (ujarat 8armada 159 11399 6016.31 Perennial Tapi 214 3837 6627.67 Perennial Mahi 242 11694 4807.18 Perennial Chadar 142 4201 511.90 Ephemeral Bim 107 1330 311.16 Ephemeral Purna 142 2431 1466.92 Ephemeral Am0ica 136 2715 1307.86 Ephemeral Camanganga 33 495 2938.94 Ephemeral Saurashtra Pen nsula Shetrunji 182 5571 34.72 Ephemeral Bhader 198 7075 353.33 Ephemeral Machhu 141 2515 - Ephemeral Saraswati - - 70.96 Ephemeral Kachchh Pen nsula Bhari - 373 - Ephemeral Pur - - 0.27 Ephemeral Banakavati - 275 0.81 Ephemeral Gjansar - - 0.28 Ephemeral Source: ORG 41999:, CWC 41997: and planning Atlas of Gujarat SALIENT BIODI6ERSIT7 .lamingo city 0etween Bhadir and pahchhm 0elts in Gujarat in Great 8OTSPOTS O9 (U:ARAT Rann of Bachchh D 0reeding ground of migratory flamingoes. Gujarat is 0estowed with one of the most 8orthern arid regions of Bachchh diverse kinds of wetlands in the country D ha0itat for the Spiny tailed including mangroves, coral reefs, 0eaches, lizard, /romasti0 hardwic1ii. mudflats, tidal flats, flood plain systems Wild Ass Sanctuary of 5ittle Rann and fresh water lakes and reservoirs. of Bachchh D home for the last The unique 0io diversity hotspots of surviving population of Indian Gujarat are as follows: Wild Ass. Wetland Ecosystems and Coastal Habitat Diversity in Gujarat, India 50 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 7, Number 2, February 2004 : 49-64 Accredited: 69 Dikti Kep 2000 Gaga Great Indian Bustard only 0reeding sites for the greater and Sanctuary D Grassland supporting lesser flamingos in Asia are confined to the the majestic 0ird, the Great Indian Rann of Bachchh. The state also serves as Bustard listed in the Red Cata the home for Indian Wild Ass, which is Book. unique and confined to the narrow zones of Vansda 8ational Park, Valsad Bachchh. The only population of Cugong Cistrict on the West Coast of India is present in the Vajpur .orests of Surat Cistrict Gulf of Bachchh region. Vijayanagar .orests of Taking catch per hour as the Sa0arkantha Cistrict criterion, the dominant fisheries in coastal Velvadar 8ational Park Gujarat include jew fish 4sciaenid: and Girnar .orests of Junagadh Cistrict silver grunt in kachchh, Por0andar and 8arayan Sarovar Chinkara Cwarka, golden wam 4eel: in Bam0hat and Sanctuary Veeraval, cat fish in Bachchh and Por0andar, elasmo0ranches in Bachchh Ratnamahal Sloth Bear Sanctuary and other sciaenids in Cwarka, Bachchh, 8al Sarovar Bird Sanctuary Por0andar and Bham0hat. Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bharuch Cistrict Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Cangs Cistrict WETLAND ECOS7STE. AND Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and 8ational Park, Jungadh Cistrict 8ABITAT DI6ERSIT7 IN Marine 8ational Park in Gulf of KAC8C88 Bachchh. Cue to geographical situation and The population of Gujarat is prevailing physio-climatic conditions, 48,387,270 according to 2001 census. following major natural eco-systems and A0out 29 tri0es consisting of a0out 15E of ha0itats can 0e delineated: the population have a large depository of indigenous knowledge on 1200 plants A. Wetlands of Kachchh species including 750 medicinal plants. Gujarat, in its four-0io geographic zones There are many natural seasonal wetlands recorded 4320 species of plants and 27028 in Bachchh. In total a0out 258 wetlands species of animals. Some endangered were delineated through satellite mammals of Gujarat are Caracal, Cesert imageries. These wetlands cover Cat, Ratel, 5ong eared edgehog, appro/imately 21772km2 area, which is Common Colphin and Antelope- 0irds - more than 80E of the entire state 4SAC, 5esser .lorican, Great Indian Bustard, 1998:. Majority of these wetlands, are Indian Skimmer, Sarus Crane and however, found in the saline flatlands of Calmatian Pelican- Reptiles - Green Turtle, Ranns and Banni. These wetlands support Banded Geeko, Painted .rog and Spiny large num0er of migratory waterfowls in Tailed 5izard. The indigenous 0reeds of winter. cattle and Buffuloes in Gujarat are Gir, Bankrej and Cangi and Surati, Mehsani, 1. Ranns of Kachchh Jafra0adi and Murah respectively. The wetlands of the state are major Rann is the largest saline and marshy tracts wintering areas for cranes, pelicans, in the world. The Great Rann of Bachchh flamingoes, ducks and shore 0irds. The 4GRB: and the 5ittle Rann of Bachchh Wetland Ecosystems and Coastal Habitat Diversity in Gujarat, India 51 Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 7, Number 2, February 2004 : 49-64 Accredited: 69 Dikti Kep 2000 45RB: with an area of a0out 16780 km2 anti.one anti.one: is one of the three and 5180 km2, respectively, constitute the cranes 4others are Common and entire Rann of Bachchh. The Ranns in Cemoiselle cranes: visiting Bachchh. general characterized 0y flat topography, Small fish Cyrinodon dispar is annual water inundation pattern, high common in the Rann. Bachchh recorded salinity, 0arrenness and many F0ets6 or very sporadic nesting of two endangered Islands. The islands are slightly raised species of turtle viz. Olive Ridley and isolated patches of land with less salinity Green Turtle. and support some /erophytic vegetation. The mi/ture of saline flat land and raised 0ets provide ideal ha0itat for many 1a. Great Rann of Kachchh (GRK) other wild animal species including desert fo/, desert cat, Indian porcupine, saw Salt-impregnated GRB is one of the most scaled viper, krait, co0ra and several remarka0le and unique ecosystems of species of lizards especially the spiny Bachchh and pro0a0ly one of its own tailed lizard. kinds in the world due to its wilderness The Sindal 0et, right in the center value. The average altitude is a0out 15 of the GRB, is popularly known as meter a0ove mean sea level, and thus FFlamingo City6, which is around 10 km appears like a ta0letop surface, from the 8ir out-post on Bala Cungar. The interspersed with small uplands 4islands: area is famous for the largest congregation locally called F0ets6. The GRB owes its of Greater .lamingoes in the entire origin to a marine transgression in su0continent. The area after the rainfall is geological time scale and is tectonically an converted as a marshy island, where the unsta0le area. Ecologically, it represents Greater .lamingoes visits for 0reeding. In one of the largest seasonal saline wetland 1945, Cr. Salim Ali estimated a population areas having the water depth ranging from of half million 0irds from the site. Small 0.5 to 1.5 meter. owever, after Octo0er- mounds of mud make the nests on the 8ovem0er, water start drying up and the ground and on each mounds the 0irds lay area turns into a saline desert, where the their eggs. thick deposit of salt crystals is a common Cue to the presence of scenario. geologically diverse rocks, many 0ets also support rich fossilized fauna, including the 2auna skull of dinosaur and wood fossils 4Singh GRB is a refuge for the Indian Wild Ass 2001:. In diversity point of view, the area 4E4uus hemionus 1hur:, a threatened su0 may not 0e considered as very rich, 0ut it species of Asiatic wild ass.
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