Characterization and Mapping of Soils of Farta Woreda

CHARACTERIZATION AND MAPPING OF SOILS OF FARTA WOREDA

DRAFT REPORT

Abayneh Esayas (PhD)

November 2017

Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 Background ...... 3 1.2 General Objectives ...... 3 1.3 Specific Objectives ...... 3 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 4 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 4 2.1 Location ...... 4 2.2 Geology ...... 5 2.3 Topography ...... 5 2.4 Land Cover and Land Use ...... 5 2.5 Climate ...... 7 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 8 3.1 Approach ...... 8 3.2 Pre-fieldwork ...... 8 3.2.1 Base-map Preparation ...... 8 3.2.2 Legacy Data Acquisition ...... 9 3.3 Fieldwork ...... 9 3.4 Post-fieldwork ...... 9 3.5 Soil Map Legend ...... 10 4. RESULST AND DISCUSSION ...... 11 4.1 Soils of Awzet Azawre Kebelle ...... 11 4.2 Soils of Hiruy Aregawi Kebelle ...... 12 4.3 Soils of Atta Sifatra Kebelle ...... 13 4.4 Soils of Wawa Kebelle ...... 14 5. CONCLUSIONS ...... 15 Appendix A. Description of Profile Description ...... 16 Appendix B. Description of Augur Observation ...... 47 Appendix C. Soil Analytical Data of the Soil Profiles ...... 49

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background CASCAPE has entered into a collaborative agreement with the Government of Ethiopia (MoA/ATA) to assist the Ethiopian Soils Information System (EthioSIS) in various ways including detailed characterization and classification of major agricultural soils in all CASCAPE intervention Woredas across the country. In its first phase (20-- to 2015?), CASCAPE has been engaged in characterization and mapping of soils in 30 intervention Woredas and delivered reports and soil-landscape maps at a scale of 1:250,000. In the current second phase (2016 - 2019), CASCAPE is engaged in characterizing and mapping of 65 Woredas of which 10 are categorized as high intensity Woredas. A Woreda level soil-landscape maps have been prepared for eight out of ten high intensity Woredas. The two Woredas that a soil-landscape mapping to be conducted were Farta (under Bahir Dar cluster) and Kafta Humera (under Mekelle cluster).

This particular study was, therefore, to characterize and map soils of Farta Woreda in South Gondar zone of the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. The CASCAPE project works in four kebeles (Awzet Azawre, Heruy Aregawi, Atta Sifatra and Wowa) of the Woreda. The overall aim of the study is to characterize and map soils of the four kebeles at 1:250000 scale, solicit legacy data on all of the Woreda and to carry out geo-spatial analysis (Random Forest Machine model) to produce Woreda level soil-landscape map and an accompanying report.

1.2 General Objectives The overall objectives of the study was to characterize the major agricultural soils of the Woreda to classify and understand their characteristics (physical, chemical and morphological characteristics) with respect to agricultural use and map their distribution. This will serve as a basis for developing site-specific and functional soil information to help land users to make soil fertility management decisions, scaling up and extrapolation of researched best practices to enhance agricultural production and productivity of the country.

1.3 Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the study were:-

• To characterize the soils of four kebeles (Awzet, Hiruy, Atta and Wowa) based on the soil mapping units derived by a combination of slope, drainage, landform and geological information. • To collect and compile legacy soil information in the kebeles and the whole Woreda. • To prepare soil-landscape map of the Woreda at 1:250,000 scale based on auger and profile data using Random Forest Machine (RFM) model. • To conduct field validation of the soil-landscape maps with check-augers to prepare final soil-landscape map and a report

1.4 Scope of the Study • The scope of this study was to characterize soils of 4 kebeles in Farta Woreda of south Gondar Zone of the Amhara Regional State (Ethiopia) and prepare soil-landscape map of the Woreda using the soil information of the four kebeles and legacy soil information in the Woreda. The geo-spatial analysis of the soil information by RFM model will be carried out by ISRIC, whereas the soil characterization and validation of the map will be carried out by Dr. Abayneh Esayas. This draft report is intended to present preliminary findings of the study pending final field verification after issuing of woreda soil- landscape relationship map by ISRIC.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 2.1 Location Farta Woreda is located in south Gondar Administrative Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia (Figure 1). It is at about 100km north of the Regional Capital- Bahir Dar and 660 km north of the Addis Ababa. The total area of the Woreda is 109,925 hectares (CSA, 2007). According to CSA (2007), there are 36 kebles in total.

Figure 1: Location map of the study area.

2.2 Geology The surface geology of the study area is dominated by volcanic rocks of the Recent Era (EGS, 2010). The most dominant geological units are basalt intercalated with trachyte and pyroclastics. Pumiceous tuff dominate on the higher altitudes (that forms part of Guna Mountain). In terms of soil parent material, the soils of the study area are derived from basalt, pyroclastics (tuff) and pumice. Localized recent alluvial deposits and colluviums also exist as parent material.

2.3 Topography The topography of the study area is mountainous to foot plains with an altitude range of 2600 to 3100 meters above sea level. There are seasonal and perennial streams draining through the study area. At present, due to deforestation of the original vegetation cover for cereal based farming, most of the mountainous area is subject to erosion. The mid-altitude (2600 to 2800 meters above sea level) areas are gently sloping and insitu soil weathering process under well draining condition dominate. At bottom plains depositional and insitu soil forming processes under moist to wet moisture regime dominate.

2.4 Land Cover and Land Use The major current land cover and land use types in Farta Woreda are crop land, spares forest, open grassland, open shrubland, bare soil, closed shrubland, wetland, water body and

5 settlement. Annual cropland accounts for 67% of the surface area, whereas, spares forest for 14%, open grassland for 12%, open shrubland for 5.8%. The rest of the land cover and land use types account for less than 1% each. The Land use and land cover statistics of the four kebeles are given in Table 1 to 4 below.

Table 1. Land cover and land use types in Atta Sifatra kebelle

Land_Cover Count Area_Ha Area_% Annual Cropland 27675 2491 73.79 Open Grassland 5688 512 15.17 Sparse Forest 2872 258 7.66 Open Shrubland 907 82 2.42 Closed Shrubland 167 15 0.45 Wetland 133 12 0.35 Bare Soil 63 6 0.17 Total 3375 100.00

Table 2. Land cover and land use types in Awzet Azawre Kebelle

Land_Cover Count Area_Ha Area_% Annual Cropland 24901 2241.09 88.6 Open Grassland 2497 224.73 8.9 Sparse Forest 404 36.36 1.4 Closed Shrubland 229 20.61 0.8 Open Shrubland 57 5.13 0.2 Bare Soil 32 2.88 0.1 Total 2530.8 100

Table 3: Land cover and land use types in Wawa Kebelle

Land_Cover Count Area_Ha Area_% Annual Cropland 16932 1523.88 65.99 Sparse Forest 4297 386.73 16.75 Open Grassland 2693 242.37 10.50 Open Shrubland 1214 109.26 4.73 Closed Shrubland 252 22.68 0.98 Bare Soil 199 17.91 0.78 Wetland 70 6.30 0.27 Total 2309.13 100.00

Table 4. Land cover and land use types in Hiruy Aregawi kebelle

Land_Cover Count Area_Ha Area_% Annual Cropland 28479 2563.11 73.30 Open Grassland 7300 657.00 18.79 Sparse Forest 1048 94.32 2.70 Open Shrubland 925 83.25 2.38 Closed Shrubland 794 71.46 2.04 Bare Soil 281 25.29 0.72 Wetland 25 2.25 0.06 Total 3496.68 100.00

2.5 Climate The nearest meteorological station to the study area was located in Debre Tabor town. Average rainfall and temperature data from 30 years (1980 to 2009) records are presented in Table 5. May to October are the major rainy months of the year. February to May are the hottest months of the year and September to January are the coldest months of the year.

Table 5. Climatic data of the study area

Attribute Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Max T0C 22 23 23 23 23 22 19 19 20 21 21 22 21 Min T0C 9 10 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 10 RF (mm) 7.4 5.0 26.0 41.4 85.8 150.3 367.7 364.5 172.8 67.7 26.3 10.7 1326

The average annual amount of the rainfall is relatively high and it indicates that there is enough amount of moisture to penetrate down the soil profile on stable plain to gently sloping areas. On steeper slopes, with the current sparse land cover, it can generate erosion and sediment deposition on low relief locations. On depressed areas, aquic moisture regime could possible dominate. The temperature of the area is greater than 80C throughout the year and one can assume moderate rate of weathering and percolation of suspended particles

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Approach The overall approach to the study was in three steps; pre-fieldwork, field soil sampling and post-fieldwork. Details of activities in each step are described in the following sections. The soil data for the four Kebeles and the entire Woreda was acquired from two sources. The kebele data was from the current soil studies (primary data) and from previous soil studies (legacy data). The soil data for the rest of the Kebeles were from legacy data.

3.2 Pre-fieldwork The activities carried out before conducting the actual field soil survey and sampling were preparation of base map for the four kebeles and identification and mining of legacy data. Details of both activities are described in the subsequent sections.

3.2.1 Base-map Preparation For the preparation of the Base-map of the Kebeles, the following maps were use:-. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of SRTM (90 meter resolution), Woreda and Kebele administrative boundary maps (CSA, 2015), geological map of Debre Tabor area at 1:250,000 scale (EGS, 2010) and 1:50,000 scale soil map of the Tekeze and Tana sub-Basin (ARWWDSA, 2014. Slope, degree of dissection and curvature of the topography were determined from the DEM map using ArcGIS 10.3 software. For the preparation of preliminary soil mapping (SMU), the geological map, soil unit map and slope map were superimposed on the administrative map using the GIS software. Based on the variability of mosaic of SMUs, preliminary sampling locations were indicated. This constituted Base-map of the Kebeles (1:50,000 scale).

3.2.2 Legacy Data Acquisition In order to increase the number of data points to ensure accurate extrapolation of soil- landscape relationships, legacy data on the study area were collected and used. Different maps (as indicated in section 3.2.1) and soil profile and auger data were acquired from different sources. Soil profile and auger observations were mined from two major sources, namely Tana sub-Basin and Tekeze sub-Basin soil survey carried out in 2014 by the Amhara Region's Water Works Design and Supervisions Authority (ARWWDSA, 2014). A total of 39 auger observations in Microsoft Excel format and 20 profile descriptions (from both studies) that fall within the study area were collected. Out of the 20 profile descriptions, 2 profile descriptions were from Tekeze sub-basin study in Microsoft Word format and 18 profile descriptions were from Tana sub-Basin study and they were in Microsoft Excel format.

3.3 Fieldwork The field soil investigation was carried out at 1:250,000 scale and followed a free survey approach along transects that cut-across different mapping units. The field investigation started with auger observations along the different transects to a depth of 1.2 meter depth unless obstructed by hard layer. The auger descriptions were made according to the guidelines of FAO, 2006. On each kebele, once the soil auger observations were carried out - soil variability assessment was carried out to locate representative soil profile sites to conduct profile descriptions and soil sampling. The soil profiles were located along topo-sequence (to a depth of 2 meter unless obstructed by hard rock) to be able to study centenary (soil-landscape relationship). The soil profile descriptions were made according to the guidelines of FAO, 2006 and soil samples were collected from each identified layers for laboratory analysis. A total of 21 profile descriptions and 46 auger observations were made in this study.

3.4 Post-fieldwork The major activities after the fieldwork were rectification of the SMUs based on the field observation, submission of soil samples for laboratory analysis, soil classification and preparation of this report and accompanying maps.

The soil samples were analyzed at Horicoop Ethiopia PLC's Soil and Water Analysis Laboratory through the CASCAPE project office. A total of 59 samples were collected and analyzed for

physical (texture, bulk density) and chemical properties (pH, Available phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon, exchangeable acidity (H & Al), exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K & Na), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and available micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn & B) following the standard laboratory procedures.

Once the soil laboratory analysis result was made available by the project to the consultant, field soil classification was reviewed and it was according to WRB 2014 (updated in 2015). The legacy soil classification was according to the previous versions and in order to harmonize with the current study, all legacy data soil classifications were updated according to the current classification. Lack of some data (such as exchangeable acidity) has limited the reclassification of the legacy data.

The SMUs were revised based on the final soil classification (after acquisition of soil laboratory data) and geology of the parent material based on field observation. A total of ----- SMUs were identified in the four Kebeles. The primary and legacy auger and profile descriptions were compiled in Microsoft Excel format for the purpose of soil-landscape relations analysis by ISRIC. Annexes to be appended to this report were also compiled in this phase. Field verification of the soil-landscape relationship map for the entire Woreda to be produced by ISRIC will be verified due course and this draft report will be reviewed to produce a final version.

3.5 Soil Map Legend The soil mapping units (SMU) were generated by using the geology, slope and soil units as identifying criteria. The legend describes these three attributes separated by a slash. For example B/3/LVvr. The first character (B) denotes the geology (pyroclastics) and the second (3) denotes slope class (2-5% slope) and the last (LVvr) denotes soil unit according to WRB 2014 - Vertic (vr) Luvisols (LV).

4. RESULST AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Soils of Awzet Azawre Kebelle A total of 46 soil mapping units (SMU) were identified using the three selected distinguishing criteria (geology, slope and soil unit). Mainly slope and soil units account for the existence of so many different SMUs in the Kebelle. This indicates that the topography (slope) accounted more than the geology of the area for the formation of different soil groups in the Kebelle. There were seven Soil Reference Groups (SRG) identified in the Kebelle according to WRB 2014 soil classification system updated in 2015. The SRGs are Alisols, Nitisols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols, Regosols and Lepthosols (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Soil landscape map of Awzet Azawre kebelle

4.2 Soils of Hiruy Aregawi Kebelle A total of 65 soil mapping units (SMU) were identified using the three selected distinguishing criteria (geology, slope and soil unit). Mainly slope and soil units account for the existence of so many different SMUs in the Kebelle. This indicates that the topography (slope) accounted more than the geology of the area for the formation of different soil groups in the Kebelle. There were seven Soil Reference Groups (SRG) identified in the Kebelle according to WRB 2014 soil classification system updated in 2015. The SRGs are Alisols, Nitisols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols, Regosols and Lepthosols (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Soil landscape map of Hiruy Aregawi Kebelle

4.3 Soils of Atta Sifatra Kebelle A total of 61 soil mapping units (SMU) were identified using the three selected distinguishing criteria (geology, slope and soil unit). Mainly slope and soil units account for the existence of so many different SMUs in the Kebelle. This indicates that the topography (slope) accounted more than the geology of the area for the formation of different soil groups in the Kebelle. There were seven Soil Reference Groups (SRG) identified in the Kebelle according to WRB 2014 soil classification system updated in 2015. The SRGs are Alisols, Nitisols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols, Regosols and Lepthosols (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Soil landscape map of Atta Sifatra Kebelle

4.4 Soils of Wawa Kebelle A total of 42 soil mapping units (SMU) were identified using the three selected distinguishing criteria (geology, slope and soil unit). Mainly slope and soil units account for the existence of so many different SMUs in the Kebelle. This indicates that the topography (slope) accounted more than the geology of the area for the formation of different soil groups in the Kebelle. There were seven Soil Reference Groups (SRG) identified in the Kebelle according to WRB 2014 soil classification system updated in 2015. The SRGs are Alisols, Nitisols, Luvisols, Vertisols, Cambisols, Regosols and Lepthosols (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Soil landscape map of Wawa Kebelle

5. CONCLUSIONS The combination of geology, slope and soil units were found to be best criteria to identify different mapping units that conforms with the actual ground land unit mosaic in the study area. Moreover, the variability of soil units with slope demonstrates that the soil distribution in the area has a strong association with the landscape of the area. This implies that the use of these criteria is best option for soil-landscape association extrapolation.

From pedogenic point of view, despite few types of parent material, the existence of seven Reference Soil Groups and more than 20 soil units clearly indicates that topography and associated geomoprphic processes and moisture regime difference plaid grate role in the formation of different soil types in the area.

Appendix A. Description of Profile Description

Profile number: FF1 Date: 05/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Stagnic Fluvisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N :1304772 E :405742 Location: Atta Sifatira Kebelle, about 1.5km north of awuzet village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plain Elevation (asl): 2732m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >150cm Slope gradient: 2.5% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 3 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Lower slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: West to east Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: >150cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Wet throughout Drainage class: Moderately well drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Grass land Land use: Pasture Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: None b. Surrounding: None

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-10cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; weak fine sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine and medium roots; many medium pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

1A 10-20cm Very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/2) moist; silty loam; moderate medium sub angular .blocky; non mottles; non sticky and non plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; non mineral concretions; none calcareous; few medium roots; few medium pores; clear and smooth boundary.

2A 20-36cm Very dark gray (10YR3/1); clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky; few fine

distinct mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine black hard manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; many fine roots; very few low pores; abrupt and smooth boundary.

3A 36-60cm Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; silty clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky; few fine distinct mottles; non sticky and non plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; common medium hard black colored manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; common fine roots; common medium size pores; clear and smooth boundary.

A1 60-80cm Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; clay; strong coarse medium angular blocky; few fine distinct mottles; sticky and plastic wet, friable when moist; common distinct cutans; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; many medium size pores; abrupt and smooth boundary.

A2 80-130+cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; heavy clay; strong medium angular blocky; few fine faint mottles; very sticky and very plastic wet, friable when moist; common distinct cutans; none surface cracks; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; many medium size pores.

Profile number: FF2 Date: 05/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1304887 E: 410591 Location: Atta Sifatira Kebelle, about 2km north of awuzet village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Mountainous Elevation (asl): 2976m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >20cm Slope gradient: 48% Rock out crops: Common coarse gravels Slope class: 8 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: North to south Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: PLantation Permeability: Rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Many Effective soil depth: 20cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Plantation Land use: Eucalyptus plantation Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; sandy clay loam; moderate medium crumb; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, very friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few medium irregular shaped fresh rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FF3 Date: 05/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1305006 E: 409042 Location: Atta sifatra kebelle Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Valley side slope Elevation (asl): 2768m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >40cm Slope gradient: 8% Rock out crops: Common Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South west to north east Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Many stones and few boulders Effective soil depth: 40cm Surface coarse fragments: many coarse gravels Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Cultivation of barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-40cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; sandy loam; weak fine granular; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few medium irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FF4 Date: 05/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1305207 E: 407933 Location: Atta sifatra kebelle Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plain Elevation (asl): 2804m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >100cm Slope gradient: 4% Rock out crops: Common Slope class: 3 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South east to north west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: few stones Effective soil depth: 100cm Surface coarse fragments: Few gravels Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Poorly drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Cultivation of barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay; moderate medium granular; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; common medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; diffuse and smooth boundary.

A 20-40cm Dark brown (5YR 3/2) moist; silty clay; moderate medium granular; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; diffuse and smooth boundary BC 40-100cm Dark gray (10YR4/1) moist; sandy clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; common medium reddish prominent mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when

20 moist; none surface cracks none; few medium irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FF5 Date: 05/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1304621 E: 409091 Location: Atta sifatra kebelle Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: high gradient hills Elevation (asl): 2851m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 20cm Slope gradient: 13% Rock out crops: Few Slope class: 5 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Convex Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: North to south Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Many stones and few boulders Effective soil depth: 20cm Surface coarse fragments: many coarse types of gravel Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Cultivation of barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; sandy loam; weak fine crumb; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common fine and medium irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non-cemented and non- compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FA1 Date: 31/08/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Umbric Andosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1298239 E: 408200 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, Shimamo village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plateau Elevation (asl): 3288m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >40cm Slope gradient: 18% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 6 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South to north Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing Permeability: Moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 40cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: wet throughout Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained External Drainage: rapid runoff Land cover: Grass land Land use: Grazing land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Moderate sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Moderate sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; sandy loam; moderate medium crumb; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine and medium roots; many fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

AC 20-40cm Dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; silty clay loam; moderate fine sub angular .blocky; non- mottles; non sticky and non plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; few medium and many fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FA2 Date: 31/08/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1298715 E: 407330 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, west of Shimamo village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Mountainous Elevation (asl): 3228m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >20cm Slope gradient: 54% Rock out crops: Common Slope class: 9 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South to north Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing and browsing Permeability: rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Many Effective soil depth: 20cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: wet throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: rapid runoff Land cover: Plantation Land use: Eucalyptus plantation Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Slight sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Slight sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; clay loam; weak coarse crumb; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few medium irregular shaped fresh rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FA3 Date: 31/08/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Regosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1300696 E: 407415 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, Mahl gult village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Mountain Elevation (asl): 3221m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >20cm Slope gradient: 25% Rock out crops: Few Slope class: 6 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: North to south Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Common Effective soil depth: 20cm Surface coarse fragments: Few Moisture status: wet throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: rapid runoff Land cover: Cultivated land of potato Land use: Cultivation of lentil, potato, wheat and legumes Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion and slight gully b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion and slight gully

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; sandy clay loam; weak medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common fine irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non- cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FA4 Date: 01/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols/Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1300840 E: 406761 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, Tabot maderia village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Valley bottom Elevation (asl): 2936m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >95cm Slope gradient: 13% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 5 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: East to west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 95cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: Moderate runoff Land cover: Cultivation of vegetables and cereals Land use: Cultivated land of potato Fertilizer: 150kg DAP and 200kg Urea and compost Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet & rill, and slight gully erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet & rill, and slight gully erosion * Water seepage at 80cm depth PROFILE DESCRIPTION AP 0-12cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt1 12-40cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay; moderate medium sub angular .blocky; common medium distinct and clear reddish mottles; sticky and plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded shaped manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine and medium interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt2 40-65cm Black (7.5YR 2.5/2) moist; clay; moderate medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; common fine rounded shaped manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine and medium interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

BC 65-95cm Brown (7.5Y 4/3) moist; clay; weak fine angular .blocky; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common fine & medium irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; common fine rounded shaped manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine interstitial pores.

Profile number: FA5 Date: 01/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols/Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1301302 E: 405668 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, Awuzet village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Valley bottom Elevation (asl): 2881m Micro topography: None Depth to bedrock: >200cm Slope gradient: 1.5% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 2 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: East to west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 200cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Moderately well drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Grass Land use: Grazing land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: None b. Surrounding: None * Water seepage at 80cm depth PROFILE DESCRIPTION AP 0-40cm Brown (7.5YR 4/3) moist; clay; weak medium granular; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non- cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine and few medium roots; common fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

B 40-90cm Brown (7.5YR 5/2) moist; silty clay; moderate medium sub angular .blocky; slightly sticky and slightly plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock

fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded shaped manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; common fine roots; common fine interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary. BC 90-200cm Brown (7.5YR 4/2) moist; silty clay; strong coarse angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded shaped manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; very few fine interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FA6 Date: 01/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Eutric Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1301690 E: 405171 Location: Awuzet Azawurie kebelle, 1km of west of Awuzet village Author(s): Yirdaw Mekonen Map sheet: Land form: High gradient hills Elevation (asl): 2934m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >25cm Slope gradient: 30% Rock out crops: Abundant Slope class: 6 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Convex Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: Northeast to South west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing and browsing Permeability: rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Many Effective soil depth: 25cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: rapid runoff Land cover: Plantation Land use: Eucalyptus plantation Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-25cm Very dark (5YR 3/1) moist; sandy clay; weak fine granular; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few fine irregular shaped fresh rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FW1 Date: 02/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Vertic Luvisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1309984 E: 400670 Location: Wowa Mgera kebelle, about 1.5km east of Magera mariyam church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Valley bottom Elevation (asl): 2600m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >165cm Slope gradient: 9% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: East to west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: >165cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Cultivated land of barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet& rill and slight gully b. Surrounding: Severe sheet& rill and slight gully PROFILE DESCRIPTION AP 0-20cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay loam; strong coarse sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine, common medium and few coarse roots; many medium size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

B 20-60cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay; strong coarse sub angular blocky; sticky and plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; many fine and few coarse roots; common fine interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary. Bt1 60-100cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay; strong coarse sub angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded shaped hard black colored manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; very few fine interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Bt1 100-165+cm Very dark reddish brown (7.5YR 2.5/2) moist; clay; strong coarse angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded shaped hard black colored manganese mineral concretions; none calcareous; few fine roots; very few fine interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FW2 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Dystric Regosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1307904 E: 399799 Location: Wama Magera kebelle, about 200km east of magera Arsema church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: High gradient hills Elevation (asl): 2675m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >25cm Slope gradient: 23% Rock out crops: Abundant Slope class: 6 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: Northeast to South west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: PLoughing Permeability: rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: common Effective soil depth: 25cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Cultivated field fo barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-25cm Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few fine irregular shaped fresh rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many low size interstitial pores; non biological activities; Abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FW3 Date: 06/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols/Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1308464 E: 399901 Location: Wawa Magera kebelle, about 600m north of Arseima church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Ridge summit Elevation (asl): 2599m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 60 Slope gradient: 8% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: West to east Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Few stones Effective soil depth: 60cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Harvested field of barley Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion * Water seepage at 80cm depth PROFILE DESCRIPTION AP 0-40cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub granular; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; common fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt 40-40cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay; strong medium angular .blocky; sticky and plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; common fine roots; common fine size interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary. BC 40-60cm Brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; clay loam; moderate medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few coarse irregular shaped hard gravels; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; common fine roots; very few fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FW4 Date: 06/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Eutric Fluvisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1309441 E: 399932 Location: Wawa magera kebelle, Near Debre Tabor University ground water well Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Valley bottom Elevation (asl): 2557m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: >140cm Slope gradient: 6% Rock out crops: Abundant Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: East to west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Alluivl depost of Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 140cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Moderately drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Grazing and eucalyptus around homestead Land use: Grass land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: None b. Surrounding: None

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-20cm Very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) moist clay; moderate medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

1A 20-40cm Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist sandy clay; weak medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, very friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common medium rounded shaped fresh rock fragments; non- cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; common coarse size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

2A 40-60cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist sandy loam; weak medium sub angular blocky; non-

mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, loose when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; common coarse size interstitial pores; high biological (termites) activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

3A 60-90cm Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist clay; moderate medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; few distinct clay cutans; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; common coarse size interstitial pores; high biological (termites) activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

4A 90-100cm Very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) moist sandy loam; weak fine crumb; non-mottles; non sticky and non plastic when wet, very friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common fine and medium irregular shaped fresh rock fragments; non-cemented and non- compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; very few fine roots; common coarse size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

A10 0-140cm Dark brown (10YR 3/2) moist clay; moderate medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FW5 Date: 06/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Vertisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1311937 E: 399924 Location: Wawa magera kebelle, wawa village Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plain Elevation (asl): 2498m Micro topography: Gilgai Depth to bedrock: >105cm Slope gradient: 9% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South to north Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing and grazing Permeability: Slow Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 105cm

Surface coarse fragments: Common CaCO3 Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Poorly drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Grass Land use: Grazing land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe gully b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill and moderate gully PROFILE DESCRIPTION AP 0-20cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-common medium distinct mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

A1 20-50cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; heavy clay; strong medium sub angular .blocky; svery sticky and very plastic wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few fine rounded sfte manganese nodules; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; clear and smooth boundary. A2 50-105cm Black (10YR 2/1) moist; heavy clay; strong medium angular blocky; non-mottles; very sticky and very plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concretions; none calcareous; very few fine roots; common fine size interstitial pores; non biological

36 activities.

Profile number: FH1 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols/Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1310089 E: 397096 Location: Hiruy Aba aregawi kebelle, about 200m south of Hiruy giyorgis church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plain Elevation (asl): 2622m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 165cm Slope gradient: 4% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 3 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: Northeast to South west Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Pyroclastic Flooding duration: None Human influence: Grazing and browsing Permeability: moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Effective soil depth: 165cm Surface coarse fragments: None Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: Slow runoff Land cover: Grass land Land use: Grazing Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: None b. Surrounding: None

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-15cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

A 15-45cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt 45-65cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles;

sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few distinct clay cutans; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

B 65-90cm Brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few medium rounded and black hard manganese mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

BC1 90-128cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky; non- mottles sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; few fine irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; none surface cracks; none; non-cemented and non-compacted; few medium rounded and black hard manganese mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

BC2 128-165cm Very dark brown (7.5YR 2.5/2) moist; clay; weak medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few fine irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; few medium rounded and black hard manganese mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Profile number: FH2 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1308009 E: 395785 Location: Hiruy Aba aregawi kebelle, about 500m south east of Aba aregawi church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plain Elevation (asl): 2596m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 65cm Slope gradient: 7% Rock out crops: common Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Irregular Sealing/capping: None Position: Middle slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: South to north Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: abundant Effective soil depth: 65cm Surface coarse fragments: Few Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: Moderate runoff Land cover: cultivated land of beans Land use: Cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Slight sheet and rill erosion b. Surrounding: Slight sheet and rill erosion *Soil profile digging stopped at 65cm because of stones and boulders. PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-15cm Dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) moist; clay; strong medium crumb; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; abundant stones and boulders; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt 15-65cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; abundant stones and boulders; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FH3 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Haplic Luvisols/Alisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1308218 E: 396046 Location: Hiruy Aba aregawi kebelle, about 300m south of Abune Aregawi church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plateau Elevation (asl): 2634m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 130cm Slope gradient: 12% Rock out crops: Few Slope class: 5 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Convex Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: West to east Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Common stones & boulders Surface coarse fragments: None Effective soil depth: 130cm Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: moderate runoff Land cover: cultivated land of barley Land use: cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and moderate rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and moderate rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-15cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

A 15-45cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities;

gradual and smooth boundary.

Bt1 45-75cm Brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; clay; strong medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few faint clay cutans; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt2 75-100cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common distinct clay cutans; few medium irregular shaped weather gravels; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

BC100-130cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay loam; moderate fine and medium angular blocky; non-mottles sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; common medium irregular shaped weathered rock fragments; none surface cracks; none; non-cemented and non- compacted; few medium rounded and black hard manganese mineral concentrations; none calcareous; common fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FH4 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Skeletic Leptosols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1309251 E: 394178 Location: Hiruy Aba aregawi kebelle, about 600m west of Abune Aregawi church Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plateau Elevation (asl): 2659m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 18cm Slope gradient: 18% Rock out crops: Few Slope class: 6 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Convex Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: West to east Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: Rapid Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: Common stones & boulders Surface coarse fragments: common coarse gravels Effective soil depth: 18cm Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Excessively drained External Drainage: Rapid runoff Land cover: Cultivated land of barley Land use: cultivated land of wheat Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and moderate rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and moderate rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-18cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; common medium size irregular shaped fresh stones and many fine to coarse irregular shaped fresh gravels; none surface cracks; none; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine pores; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities.

Profile number: FH5 Date: 07/09/2017 Soil classification (FAO): Vertic Luvisols Profile description status: Routine profile description (USDA): coordinate (WSG84) N: 1312855 E: 396640 Location: Hiruy Aba aregawi kebelle, about 150m south of Gafat (Tewodros Gafat engineering site) Author(s): Gebeyehu Belay Map sheet: Land form: Plateau Elevation (asl): 2516m Micro topography: Terrace Depth to bedrock: 110cm Slope gradient: 8% Rock out crops: None Slope class: 4 Surface cracks: None Slope form: Straight Sealing/capping: None Position: Upper slope Bleached sand: None Slope aspect: North to south Flooding frequency: None Parent material: Basalt Flooding duration: None Human influence: Ploughing Permeability: moderate Salt status: None Surface stones & boulders: None Surface coarse fragments: None Effective soil depth: 110cm Moisture status: Moist throughout Drainage class: Well drained External Drainage: moderate runoff Land cover: cultivated land of barley Land use: cultivated land Fertilizer: None Erosion status: a. Site: Severe sheet and moderate rill erosion b. Surrounding: Severe sheet and rill erosion

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

AP 0-12cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; clay loam; strong medium sub angular blocky; non- mottles; slightly sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few medium irregular shaped fresh stones; non-cemented and non- compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

AB 12-40cm Dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; clay; strong medium sub angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; many fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; clear and smooth boundary.

Bt1 40-60cm Dark brown (5YR 3/3) moist; clay; strong medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; common distinct clay cutans; none rock fragments; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; gradual and smooth boundary.

Bt2 60-110cm Brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; clay; strong medium angular blocky; non-mottles; sticky and plastic when wet, friable when moist; none surface cracks none; few distinct clay cutans; few fine irregular shaped weather gravels; non-cemented and non-compacted; none mineral concentrations; none calcareous; few fine roots; many fine size interstitial pores; non biological activities; abrupt and smooth boundary.

Appendix B. Description of Augur Observation

AugerID Kebele X_LonDD Y_LatDD Z_Alti SlpPosit PM Drain D to BR Rtbl D LocalCls WRBrsg WRBpre1 AMSGGB_20170829.001 Atta sifatira 1305794 407687 2784 LS IP1 SE 50 S Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170829.002 Atta sifatira 1307496 407966 2740 MS IP1 E 50 S Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170829.003 Atta sifatira 1305289 408089 2783 MS IP1 E 50 S Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170829.004 Atta sifatira 1305121 408011 2800 MS IP1 E 60 S Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170829.005 Atta sifatira 1303914 409110 2821 UP IP1 M 100 M Debay afer Fluvisol Eutric AMSGGB_20170829.006 Atta sifatira 1306814 408180 2784 UP IP1 E 30 VS Chirecha Regosol Eutric AMSGGB_20170829.007 Atta sifatira 1306423 407497 2800 MS IP1 SE 40 S Key Afer Luvisols Haplic AMSGGB_20170829.008 Atta sifatira 1306216 407618 2783 MS IP1 I >110 D Key Afer Luvisols Vertic AMSGGB_20170829.009 Atta sifatira 1304439 410147 2947 UP IP1 E 10 VS Chirecha Leptosol Lithic AMSGGB_20170829.010 Atta sifatira 1304769 410392 2916 LS IP1 E 10 VS Chirecha Leptosol Lithic AMSGGB_20170830.001 Atta sifatira 1301732 403976 2963 UP IP1 E 25 VS Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170830.002 Atta sifatira 1304074 409304 2852 MS IP1 M 40 S Key Afer Luvisol Haplic AMSGGB_20170830.003 Atta sifatira 1301612 408433 2925 LS IP1 W 100 M Key Afer Luvisol Haplic AMSGGB_20170830.004 Atta sifatira 1301719 409181 2958 MS IP1 E 25 VS Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170830.005 Atta sifatira 1301653 409059 2678 MS IP1 I 120+ D Key Afer Luvisol Vertic AMSGGB_20170830.006 Atta sifatira 1301655 408895 2942 MS IP1 E 25 VS Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170831.001 Atta sifatira 1302357 408545 2885 MS IP1 M 60 M Key Afer Luvisol Haplic AMSGGB_20170831.002 Awuzet Azawurie 1301073 405705 2893 MS IP1 W >120 D Key Afer Luvisol Haplic AMSGGB_20170831.003 Awuzet Azawurie 1301612 405302 2893 LS IP1 M >120 D Tikur Afer Gleysol Eutric AMSGGB_20170831.004 Awuzet Azawurie 1301860 405340 2921 LS IP1 W >120 D Bunie Afer Cambisol Dystric AMSGGB_20170831.005 Awuzet Azawurie 1301556 405580 2879 LS IP1 M >120 D Debay afer Fluvisol Eutric AMSGGB_20170831.006 Awuzet Azawurie 1300033 405803 2975 MS IP1 W >120 D Bunie Afer Cambisol Eutric AMSGGB_20170831.007 Awuzet Azawurie 1300693 405867 2926 UP IP1 W >120 D Bunie Afer Cambisol Eutric AMSGGB_20170831.008 Awuzet Azawurie 1301868 405241 2949 UP IP1 E 15 VS Chirecha Leptosol Dystric AMSGGB_20170831.009 Awuzet Azawurie 1301507 408495 2948 UP IP1 M 110 D Key Afer Luvisol Vertic

AMSGGB_20170831.010 Awuzet Azawurie 1301631 407801 2955 MS IP1 W 110 D Key Afer Alisols Haplic AMSGGB_20170831.011 Awuzet Azawurie 1300151 407299 2984 UP IP1 W 65 M Key Afer Alisols Haplic AMSGGB_20170831.012 Awuzet Azawurie 1299343 407058 3093 MS IP1 W 55 M Bunie Afer Cambisol Luvic AMSGGB_20170831.013 Awuzet Azawurie 1299719 407178 3029 MS IP1 W 110 D Key Afer Luvisol Vertic AMSGFA_20170902.001 Wawa Magera 1307844 399760 2649 MS IP1 E 30 VS Chirecha Regosol Dystric AMSGFA_20170902.002 Wawa Magera 1308268 399814 2598 UP IP1 M 70 M Bunie Afer Cambisol Eutric AMSGFA_20170902.003 Wawa Magera 1309068 399933 2567 MS IP1 P >120 D Tikur Afer Vertisol Pellic AMSGFA_20170902.004 Wawa Magera UP IP1 SE 80 M Bunie Afer Cambisol Eutric AMSGFA_20170902.005 Wawa Magera 1311277 401890 2654 MS IP1 P 70 Key Afer Luvisol Haplic AMSGFA_20170902.006 Wawa Magera 1310569 401006 2613 MS IP1 W 110 Key Afer Luvisol Vertic AMSGFA_20170906.001 Wawa Magera 1308921 397893 2621 MS IP1 P >120 D Tikur Afer Vertisol Haplic AMSGFA_20170906.002 Hiruy Aba Aregawi 1309187 397364 2623 MS IP1 P >120 D Tikur Afer Vertisol Haplic AMSGFA_20170906.003 Hiruy Aba Aregawi 1309580 397632 2649 UP IP1 E 25 VS Chirecha Leptosol Dystric AMSGFA_20170906.004 Hiruy Aba Aregawi 1310027 397772 2625 MS IP1 W 80 m Key Afer Luvisol Haplic

Appendix C. Soil Analytical Data of the Soil Profiles Parameters Olsen 3+ Soil Texture Av. P Bulk Density Exch. Acidity Exch H+ Exch Al PH-H2O PH-KCL Ca Mg Na K ∑Bases B. Saturation Cu Zn Fe Mn B CEC TN OC OM C/N Ratio Profile Code Depth (cm) % Sand % Clay % Silt Class 0-14 - Cmol/Kg Cmol/Kg Cmol/Kg Cmol/Kg Cmol/Kg % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Meq/100gm so % % % g/Cm3 Meq/100 g AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/01 0 - 10 cm 20 48 32 C 5.69 4.50 14.37 4.21 0.08 1.04 19.70 66.44 8.50 0.92 1.71 171.34 193.92 0.43 29.65 0.22 2.23 3.84 10.37 1.24 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/02 10 - 20 cm 22 50 28 C 6.10 4.69 14.27 4.10 0.09 0.68 19.15 72.56 7.85 0.83 1.00 161.94 188.79 0.23 26.39 0.13 1.41 2.43 10.85 1.238 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/03 20 - 36 cm 14 48 38 C 5.88 4.32 12.90 3.87 0.18 0.34 17.30 64.98 8.58 1.23 1.31 193.29 203.70 0.13 26.62 0.16 1.76 3.04 11.30 1.229 0.176 0.176 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/04 36 - 60 cm 10 52 38 C 5.90 4.34 11.34 3.44 0.20 0.22 15.20 65.75 8.94 0.72 1.20 251.15 342.51 0.03 23.11 0.10 1.16 1.99 11.34 1.209 0.3488 0.3488 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/05 60 - 80 cm 12 52 36 C 5.63 4.27 11.16 3.78 0.18 0.22 15.34 59.64 6.80 1.55 1.33 131.40 90.00 0.01 25.72 0.18 1.54 2.65 8.78 1.213 0.6976 0.3424 0.3552 AM/SG/FA/AS/P1/06 80 - 130+ cm 14 60 26 C 6.06 4.30 13.18 4.97 0.20 0.25 18.61 65.47 6.33 1.34 1.13 120.73 46.93 < 0.001 28.42 0.14 1.24 2.14 8.79 1.196 0.1776 0.1776 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P2/01 0 - 20 cm 37 24 39 C 6.15 5.06 20.26 3.21 0.08 2.11 25.66 65.87 4.92 0.27 1.31 83.30 63.60 0.51 38.95 0.56 6.53 11.26 11.73 1.375 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P3/01 0 - 40 cm 45 30 25 C 6.23 4.44 13.81 4.77 0.07 1.16 19.80 76.48 19.69 0.11 0.79 116.34 107.59 0.03 25.89 0.03 0.41 0.71 11.92 1.357 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P4/01 0 - 20 cm 18 62 20 C 5.72 4.06 14.60 4.90 0.09 0.38 19.98 57.69 6.22 0.81 0.61 110.08 67.04 0.08 34.63 0.13 1.20 2.07 9.30 1.199 0.888 0.533 0.355 AM/SG/FA/AS/P4/02 20 - 40 cm 23 58 19 C 5.62 4.11 17.77 5.91 0.12 0.36 24.16 65.58 3.27 0.88 0.37 152.77 114.38 0.02 36.84 0.07 0.85 1.47 12.75 1.218 1.308 0.7848 0.5232 AM/SG/FA/AS/P4/03 40 - 100 cm 30 40 30 C 5.79 4.31 18.09 5.63 0.15 0.16 24.02 73.77 11.27 0.27 0.30 247.06 287.76 0.03 32.56 0.03 0.33 0.57 11.41 1.286 0.264 0.264 ND AM/SG/FA/AS/P5/01 0 - 20 cm 30 38 32 CL 6.05 4.58 19.55 4.38 0.13 0.26 24.33 71.56 39.68 0.08 0.90 87.39 53.44 < 0.001 34.00 0.14 1.43 2.47 10.21 1.294 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P1/01 0 - 20 cm 40 26 34 L 5.70 4.38 8.38 1.49 0.06 0.73 10.66 31.34 3.92 0.29 0.51 36.52 9.67 0.01 34.00 0.48 7.62 13.14 15.74 1.369 0.5232 0.5232 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P1/02 20 - 40 cm 20 48 32 C 5.63 4.08 5.57 1.34 0.08 0.47 7.47 41.92 1.70 0.57 0.43 47.28 11.30 0.01 17.81 0.10 0.76 1.31 7.97 1.24 1.5264 0.3392 1.1872 AM/SG/FA/AA/P2/01 0 - 20 cm 28 32 40 CL 5.45 4.07 7.78 1.18 0.11 0.20 9.26 25.97 14.74 0.34 0.52 77.10 54.59 0.01 35.64 0.49 7.51 12.95 15.43 1.315 2.112 0.704 1.408 AM/SG/FA/AA/P3/01 0 - 20 cm 19 58 23 C 6.36 4.87 11.87 3.25 0.12 0.89 16.13 80.15 16.91 0.50 2.00 294.56 408.18 0.14 20.12 0.09 0.95 1.64 10.22 1.21 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P4/01 0 - 12 cm 13 52 35 C 5.86 4.37 11.39 3.53 0.13 0.48 15.54 56.04 10.34 5.74 1.22 211.78 198.73 0.07 27.72 0.22 2.27 3.92 10.28 1.215 0.264 0.264 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P4/02 12 - 40 cm 8 58 34 C 5.55 4.21 10.61 3.70 0.11 0.35 14.77 53.09 3.85 2.19 0.06 152.14 41.89 0.02 27.82 0.21 2.26 3.90 10.92 1.189 0.5992 0.2568 0.3424 AM/SG/FA/AA/P4/03 40 - 65 cm 10 62 28 C 5.86 4.33 10.39 4.03 0.12 0.33 14.87 60.49 6.32 1.26 0.54 202.97 39.99 0.03 24.59 0.11 1.09 1.88 9.65 1.183 0.1696 0.1696 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P4/04 65 - 90+ cm 20 62 18 C 5.98 4.50 11.22 4.33 0.12 0.43 16.10 64.89 6.96 0.78 0.75 272.35 191.86 0.02 24.82 0.06 0.62 1.07 10.21 1.203 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P5/01 0 - 40 cm 12 62 26 C 5.97 4.90 14.59 5.24 0.13 0.33 20.29 50.67 1.76 0.95 0.45 191.00 66.25 0.03 40.04 0.22 2.39 4.11 10.85 1.187 0.176 0.176 ND AM/SG/FA/AA/P5/02 40 - 90 cm 24 64 12 C 5.45 4.69 20.67 7.66 0.23 0.48 29.04 118.91 1.53 1.31 1.03 304.65 286.85 0.02 24.42 0.04 0.32 0.55 8.06 1.206 3.4008 0.7848 2.616 AM/SG/FA/AA/P5/03 90 - 200 cm 20 68 12 C 5.56 4.91 25.51 9.03 0.26 0.48 35.29 145.87 6.22 1.20 0.96 277.01 206.55 0.02 24.19 0.04 0.33 0.58 9.03 1.189 1.0656 0.1776 0.888 AM/SG/FA/AA/P6/01 0 - 25 cm 24 32 44 CL 6.01 4.64 9.02 2.59 0.10 1.50 13.21 55.08 41.04 0.33 0.86 91.51 23.73 0.11 23.98 0.09 1.27 2.19 13.80 1.307 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P1/01 0 - 20 cm 16 34 50 ZCL 5.73 4.32 11.51 4.00 0.07 0.44 16.01 58.30 14.39 1.34 0.85 206.63 187.02 0.02 27.47 0.14 1.72 2.97 12.30 1.283 0.1744 0.1744 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P1/02 20 - 60 cm 15 51 34 C 5.66 4.25 10.80 3.81 0.08 0.20 14.89 55.49 12.10 1.53 0.88 208.72 175.98 0.01 26.84 0.16 1.64 2.83 10.46 1.222 0.264 0.264 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P1/03 60 - 100 cm 13 57 30 C 5.64 4.04 8.91 3.48 0.08 0.21 12.68 46.86 18.26 1.58 0.80 155.19 87.99 0.02 27.06 0.14 1.55 2.67 11.31 1.201 1.144 0.528 0.616 AM/SG/FA/WM/P1/04 100 - 165+ cm 11 65 24 C 5.46 4.00 11.07 3.48 0.10 0.26 14.91 38.16 13.09 1.52 0.81 150.05 25.04 0.01 39.07 0.15 1.84 3.17 12.35 1.178 1.5096 0.444 1.0656 AM/SG/FA/WM/P2/01 0 - 25 cm 15 55 51 ZCL 5.52 4.35 12.70 2.66 0.06 0.72 16.13 56.41 33.88 0.98 2.33 185.92 135.83 0.01 28.60 0.19 2.11 3.64 11.41 1.211 0.088 0.088 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P3/01 0 - 20 cm 13 67 20 C 5.86 4.46 11.30 3.66 0.06 0.47 15.49 55.88 25.52 1.65 0.70 185.87 170.26 0.02 27.72 0.08 0.59 1.01 7.25 1.178 0.088 0.088 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P3/02 20 - 40 cm 23 61 16 C 5.86 4.54 11.89 4.09 0.07 0.44 16.49 59.41 33.08 1.47 0.72 190.06 154.14 0.02 27.75 0.05 0.47 0.81 9.80 1.211 0.0888 0.0888 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P3/03 40 - 60 cm 27 63 10 C 5.90 4.63 13.66 4.77 0.08 0.32 18.83 71.91 29.48 0.31 0.82 208.51 203.29 0.02 26.18 0.03 0.29 0.49 8.94 1.214 0.0888 0.0888 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/01 0 - 20 cm 23 53 24 C 5.80 4.46 20.28 7.25 0.08 0.53 28.14 68.15 30.41 1.42 2.29 308.65 264.38 0.01 41.29 0.22 3.12 5.38 14.25 1.231 0.0888 0.0888 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/02 20 - 40 cm 37 47 16 C 6.24 4.66 17.36 6.10 0.10 0.39 23.95 68.46 25.52 0.95 2.09 369.25 416.07 0.01 34.98 0.08 0.83 1.43 10.60 1.276 0.088 0.088 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/03 40 - 60 cm 39 45 16 C 6.32 4.70 15.99 5.67 0.09 0.37 22.12 70.47 21.36 0.89 1.50 385.86 474.04 0.02 31.39 0.07 0.70 1.21 10.67 1.286 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/04 60 - 90 cm 33 47 20 C 6.31 4.72 18.51 6.85 0.12 0.50 25.98 77.00 19.54 1.28 1.31 335.56 373.80 0.02 33.74 0.08 0.82 1.41 10.93 1.268 0.0888 0.0888 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/05 90 - 100 cm 39 43 18 C 6.41 4.81 17.10 6.12 0.13 0.46 23.81 73.00 21.65 0.74 1.80 389.71 476.05 0.02 32.62 0.06 0.61 1.05 10.17 1.293 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P4/06 100 - 140 cm 31 49 20 C 6.33 4.73 19.55 7.48 0.14 0.54 27.71 76.56 17.98 1.29 1.28 324.49 332.98 0.01 36.19 0.08 0.79 1.36 10.39 1.258 0.1776 0.1776 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P5/01 0 - 20 cm 25 53 22 C 6.69 5.38 19.68 4.61 0.11 0.28 24.68 87.90 4.54 1.92 0.94 257.32 261.78 0.01 28.08 0.14 1.65 2.85 12.07 1.235 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P5/02 20 - 50 cm 31 57 12 C 5.98 4.58 16.76 5.53 0.21 0.32 22.82 67.90 3.52 2.81 0.65 141.03 76.83 0.02 33.60 0.11 1.50 2.59 13.43 1.236 0.176 0.176 ND AM/SG/FA/WM/P5/03 50 - 105 cm 27 58 15 C 6.65 5.26 25.54 8.74 0.33 0.41 35.02 89.43 3.54 1.40 0.95 200.66 222.57 0.02 39.16 0.04 0.62 1.07 14.42 1.226 0.088 0.088 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/01 0 - 15 cm 19 48 33 C 6.04 4.55 10.33 3.25 0.04 2.14 15.77 44.94 27.69 2.08 1.28 202.17 156.75 0.02 35.09 0.27 2.75 4.74 10.34 1.238 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/02 15 - 45 cm 11 60 29 C 5.96 4.35 9.26 3.16 0.07 2.15 14.64 50.21 34.99 1.87 0.85 154.61 51.52 0.01 29.16 0.16 1.70 2.93 10.37 1.19 0.2592 0.2592 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/03 45 - 65 cm 11 64 25 C 5.32 4.00 9.43 3.26 0.09 0.43 13.21 45.84 36.52 2.14 0.46 149.45 28.49 0.02 28.82 0.10 0.89 1.53 8.79 1.181 2.376 0.44 1.936 AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/04 65 - 90 cm 29 56 15 C 5.44 4.11 13.37 4.73 0.10 0.49 18.70 60.58 12.65 1.73 0.50 135.41 71.11 0.02 30.86 0.06 0.49 0.84 8.68 1.235 0.7104 0.1776 0.5328 AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/05 90 - 128 cm 17 64 19 C 5.93 4.25 11.01 3.92 0.10 0.38 15.41 58.41 29.43 2.21 0.68 167.53 103.53 0.03 26.38 0.05 0.43 0.74 8.47 1.192 0.3488 0.3488 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P1/06 128 - 165 cm 15 66 19 C 5.99 4.33 11.70 4.08 0.08 0.40 16.26 59.20 22.73 3.89 1.05 205.58 142.95 0.03 27.47 0.06 0.43 0.74 7.85 1.184 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P2/01 0 - 15 cm 13 52 35 C 6.08 4.76 22.23 3.12 0.08 0.30 25.73 64.62 127.38 0.82 0.87 191.85 28.49 0.19 39.82 0.24 2.69 4.63 11.24 1.215 0.088 0.088 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P2/02 15 - 65 cm 17 44 39 C 5.85 4.60 20.74 3.20 0.05 0.57 24.56 62.23 118.37 0.95 2.32 231.76 131.43 0.22 39.46 0.39 2.39 4.11 6.09 1.247 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P3/01 0 - 15 cm 13 54 33 C 6.01 4.61 14.21 4.57 0.04 0.84 19.66 65.01 136.08 0.67 1.79 259.09 88.88 0.03 30.24 0.14 1.65 2.84 11.87 1.209 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P3/02 15 - 45 cm 13 68 19 C 6.12 4.68 12.39 4.71 0.04 0.77 17.92 60.24 53.93 0.84 0.51 178.83 61.87 0.01 29.75 0.07 0.86 1.48 11.96 1.176 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P3/03 45 - 75 cm 15 67 17 C 6.13 4.74 12.59 4.87 0.04 0.67 18.18 65.16 74.56 0.74 0.65 172.93 83.22 0.02 27.90 0.06 0.55 0.95 10.00 1.182 0.0872 0.0872 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P3/04 75 - 100 cm 21 62 17 C 6.09 4.75 13.01 5.03 0.05 0.50 18.60 69.44 96.77 0.60 0.79 165.92 69.64 0.02 26.78 0.04 0.54 0.93 13.50 1.204 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P3/05 100 - 130 cm 19 60 21 C 6.11 4.73 13.43 5.22 0.05 0.49 19.19 61.70 134.78 0.63 1.07 179.84 73.19 0.02 31.10 0.04 0.54 0.93 15.00 1.205 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P4/01 0 - 18 cm 19 46 35 C 5.60 4.15 9.03 2.33 0.06 0.22 11.63 39.98 55.64 0.67 0.68 120.54 40.95 0.02 29.10 0.27 3.22 5.55 11.93 1.244 0.856 0.5136 0.3424 AM/SG/FA/HA/P5/01 0 - 12 cm 14 52 34 C 5.63 4.27 11.43 4.08 0.04 0.46 16.01 61.83 34.67 0.45 2.04 247.31 194.48 0.01 25.89 0.18 1.89 3.26 10.62 1.217 0.1712 0.1712 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P5/02 12 - 40 cm 10 62 28 C 5.74 4.38 11.99 4.50 0.05 0.22 16.77 60.28 22.68 0.43 1.31 188.56 120.02 0.01 27.82 0.14 1.53 2.63 11.30 1.183 0.0856 0.0856 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P5/03 40 - 60 cm 6 76 18 C 5.85 4.61 12.68 5.28 0.07 0.23 18.25 64.52 11.66 0.28 0.02 228.03 256.52 0.51 28.29 0.08 0.82 1.42 10.84 1.146 0.0864 0.0864 ND AM/SG/FA/HA/P5/04 60 - 110 cm 9 66 25 C 5.95 4.78 12.71 4.94 0.10 0.19 17.94 61.07 9.68 0.15 0.58 265.15 341.28 0.02 29.38 0.05 0.56 0.97 11.06 1.172 0.0864 0.0864 ND