Une ONG À Double-Fond(S) ? Entre Business Et Ingénierie Du Consentement

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Une ONG À Double-Fond(S) ? Entre Business Et Ingénierie Du Consentement Une ONG à double-fond(s) ? Entre business et ingénierie du consentement _____ Rapport de Thibault KERLIRZIN pour le CESTUDEC (Centro Studi Strategici Carlo de Cristoforis) Juillet 2017 Table des matières Résumé exécutif .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Préambule ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Greenpeace vs Shell : le cas Brent Spar ................................................................................................................. 3 Greenpeace vs Leclerc .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Greenpeace vs Resolute................................................................................................................................................. 4 Greenpeace vs le riz doré (Golden Rice) ................................................................................................................ 6 Les pieds de Greenpeace sont-ils faits d’argile ? .............................................................................................. 7 Greenpeace, un Goliath ? ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Greenpeace International .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Structure ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 INGO Charter / Accountable Now ........................................................................................................................ 15 Direction de Greenpeace International ............................................................................................................. 15 Les dépenses de Greenpeace International ..................................................................................................... 22 Greenpeace Worldwide ................................................................................................................................................... 28 La logistique ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Les véhicules de Greenpeace................................................................................................................................... 31 Les principaux bureaux et leurs dépenses de campagnes ....................................................................... 34 Études de cas ............................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Étude de cas n°1 : les sables bitumineux d’Alberta .......................................................................................... 59 La forme : Un ciblage à deux vitesses ................................................................................................................. 59 Le fond : Greenpeace oriente les faits sur les sables bitumineux ........................................................ 68 Le double-fond(s) : Derrière l’écologie, des enjeux économiques....................................................... 79 Étude de cas n°2 : la Foz do Amazonas ................................................................................................................... 88 La forme : Les attaques de Greenpeace contre Total.................................................................................. 88 Le fond : « Forages pétroliers dans le bassin de l’embouchure de l’Amazone : un risque inacceptable », rapport de Greenpeace ............................................................................................................. 96 Le double-fond(s) : fondations américaines et finance écosystémique ......................................... 100 Étude de cas n°3 : le nucléaire d’EDF ..................................................................................................................... 117 La forme : la lutte de longue date de Greenpeace contre EDF ............................................................. 117 Le fond : Sortir du nucléaire : le scénario de transition énergétique de Greenpeace .............. 128 Le double-fond(s) : Greenpeace et ses partenaires, parties prenantes du business énergétique .................................................................................................................................................................... 150 En finir avec Greenpeace ? ................................................................................................................................................ 169 Résumé exécutif Comment savons-nous ce que nous croyons savoir de Greenpeace ? ONG internationale, elle reste l’une des plus célèbres structures de défense de l’environnement, mondialement connue pour ses actions spectaculaires en mer comme sur terre, déployant des banderoles en des endroits parfois improbables ou faisant la plupart du temps preuve d’inventivité dans sa communication visuelle. Aujourd’hui encore, présente dans une cinquantaine de pays, elle poursuit sa croissance et mène de nombreuses campagnes sur des thèmes allant de la question climatique au débat énergétique, de la protection des océans à la lutte contre l’exploitation forestière ou les OGM. Forte de plus de trois millions de soutiens (i. e. de donateurs) à travers le monde, elle se fait le porte-voix autoproclamé des citoyens, de la « société civile ». Comme à l’époque de sa création au début des années 1970, l’ONG continue de se présenter comme David contre Goliath, le faible représentant de l’intérêt général face à l’avidité d’Etats et d’entreprises, acteurs puissants qui travailleraient de concert pour le profit au détriment de la Nature et des risques pour l’Homme. Pourtant, en dépit d’une présentation médiatique qui se montre souvent favorable à son égard, la réalité de Greenpeace ne correspond pas à l’image qu’on peut s’en faire. Parfois qualifiée de « multinationale verte » par ses détracteurs, elle emploie plus de 2 500 salariés à travers le monde, dispose d’un revenu annuel de plus de 345 millions d’euros, est dirigée par des managers loin des opérations de terrain. Son dernier rapport annuel disponible met en lumière que près des deux tiers de ses fonds ne sont pas dépensés pour mener ses campagnes, mais principalement pour lever toujours plus de fonds. A cette fin, l’ONG a dépensé près de 117 millions d’euros en 2015. De la même manière, une fois analysées, les campagnes de Greenpeace détonnent avec la présentation qui en est généralement faite. Le fond des arguments de l’ONG contre ses cibles souffre en plusieurs lieux d’apories voire d’erreurs. De ce fait, sa contribution au débat public se trouve biaisée. En outre, l’action de Greenpeace comporte un non-dit majeur et souligne son absence d’indépendance et d’intégrité. Les trois études de cas du présent rapport, qui portent sur les sables bitumineux, la concession pétrolière dans le bassin de l’Amazone, et l’énergie nucléaire, comportent un double-fond(s) : loin de la simple défense de l’environnement, des acteurs économiques sont les bénéficiaires et parfois les bailleurs de fonds de Greenpeace. En effet, si l’ONG refuse les dons d’entreprise, elle accepte les subventions des trusts & fondations, qu’une grille de lecture orientée guerre économique révèle comme étant les paravents fréquents de Goliaths financiers – de quoi interroger sur la frontière poreuse qui sépare ici le militantisme sincère d’une démarche assimilable à un « mercenariat vert ». Ce double-fond(s) est assimilable, par exemple dans le cas du nucléaire, à un double discours : d’une part, l’ONG Greenpeace met en garde contre les risques divers supposés (environnement, sécurité, finances) de cette énergie, tandis qu’en Allemagne, la coopérative Greenpeace Energy, partenaire du Goliath de l’éolien Vestas, défend ses intérêts économiques en portant plainte auprès de la Commission européenne non pour les raisons évoquées, mais pour distorsion de concurrence. Les omissions et les méthodes d’ingénierie du consentement déployées par Greenpeace posent plus largement, par ailleurs, la question de la place des ONG, tant sur les plans de la représentation que du crédit à leur accorder et leur mode de fonctionnement. Greenpeace n’est en effet pas la seule organisation de ce type à exagérer la présentation des faits. Hormis des raisons critiquables, cela relève des besoins de survie inhérents à toute entreprise : la pérennité au travers de l’engrangement régulier et suffisant de fonds pour poursuivre son existence et assurer sa prédominance et sa légitimité face à d’autres ONG. 1 Préambule Avec le WWF, Greenpeace est probablement l’ONG environnementale la plus connue au monde. Ses méthodes d’action directe et leur originalité lui ont conféré une reconnaissance médiatique et lui assurent le soutien financier de plus de trois millions de donateurs. A l’instar de ses fondateurs, elle continue, après près
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