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KERN COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE Crime Prevention Unit 661-391-7559 Drug Facts Prescription / Household Drugs Alcohol Marijuana/ Spice Stimulants Hallucinogens Opiates/ Narcotic Analgesic PCP Note to Parents 90% of all adults with drug or alcohol problems started using before the age of 18 and half before 15. 1 Parents are the most effective resource in preventing and reducing abuse/addiction.2 Up to 39% of all felony prosecutions in Kern County include methamphetamine offenses. 3 Approximately one-third of emergency room patients at Kern Medical have used methamphetamine.3 Well over 50% of substance abuse treatment admissions in Kern County are for methamphetamine-related disorders.3 Drug Facts • Prefrontal cortex still maturing during adolescence — enables us to assess situations, make sound decisions, and keep our emotions and desires under control. • Can lead to: • Making poor decisions (trying drugs or continuing to take them). • Risky behaviors and risk taking. • Not anticipating consequences. • Lack of impulse control. • Lack of planning ahead. • Leads to: Teen pregnancy, Drunk Driving, STD’s • Introducing drugs during this period of development may cause brain changes that have profound and long-lasting consequences. HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Medicine Cabinets Kitchen Cabinets Alcohol Nicotine/E-cigs OTC: Pain relievers, Benadryl, Dramamine, decongestants, diet pills Easy to obtain Treated casually by Adults and teens Pharming Parties Sprays/Aerosols- Deodorant, hair, cooking, air, Dust Off (Dusting) Hand Sanitizer- 120 proof Sharpies/Markers- • Poison xylene Perfume Mouthwash Glue Paint Cough Medicine (Dextromethorphan) Promethazine(codeine cough syrup) + soft drink + candy Drowsiness Euphoria Signs to look for: Raspy voice Slower heart rate Slurred speech Lack of coordination Disorientation, depression, disconnection, paranoia, fits of rage Addiction could lead to possible brain damage, seizures, Nutmeg/Mace- Hallucinogenic properties, like X Vanilla extract Whipped Cream-Nitrous Oxide “Whip Its” Vodka soaked gummy bears Gateway for elementary5 Hour Energy: school 200 age childrenRockstar 160-240 Monster: 140-240 Can lead to: Red Bull: 80-114 • High blood pressure Starbucks Venti • Coffee:Irregular 415 heart beat • DietCaffeine Coke: toxicity 46 • ChameleonDrug dependence Cold Caffeine consumption* Caffeine powder can Kids: no more than 100 mg per day Brew Coffee: 1,080 Adults: 400 mg per day be ordered online- *Mayo Clinic Trend Alcohol, caffeine, taurine and guarana 9% of 8th graders have tried- all time high Smoke free and tobacco free but not nicotine free Nicotine + propylene glycol + additives Additives: 10 known carcinogens o Liquid nicotine can be lethal- • Diethylene Glycol (antifreeze) 1 Tsp child • Lithium- Rocket Fuel o Health consequences despite • Cadium- In Batteries claims • Cartomizer fluid- Metal & o Diminished lung function silicate particles o Airway resistance o Inflammation Digital Drugs I-Doser “Recreational simulations” Claims of a virtual high that can affect perception/mood, and/or act as an analgesic. Millions of hits: “Gates of Hades”, “Hand of God”, “Acid/LSD Trip” Nothing has been scientifically proven BUT indicates willingness to experiment with drugs. THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)- mind altering chemical “MedicalAffects brain MJ” – Various Names: promotesreceptors thatbelief Pot, Grass,Herb, Weed, thatinfluence it is not harmfulpleasure, and ok to Mary Jane, Skunk, Haze, use.memory, thinking, Reefer, Acapulco Gold concentration, Gatewaymovement, drug: Morecoordination, than ½ of newappetite, illicit paindrug usersand sensory/time begin with 420perception According to AMA- daily smoking produces same lung damage and cancer danger as smoking 5 X’s as many cigarettes Consumption: • Most common is rolled into a cigarette (joint or blunt) and smoked, or smoked out of a pipe or bong. Impaired memory Altered/heightened perception (sights, sounds, time) Difficulty thinking Loss of problem solving skills Loss of motor coordination Anxiety/Panic Paranoia Hallucinations Can lead to: Depression, Psychosis Suicidal thoughts Use during teen years can lower IQ Bloodshot, watery eyes Increased heart rate Loss of concentration Respiratory problems Odor of Marijuana Non-convergence Dry mouth, white residue Impaired memory on tongue Doubles chances for a driver to have accident *National Institute on Drug Abuse 1970’s – 1-3% 1990’s – 4-6% Currently – 20-35% Inhaled- Vape Edible/Brewed Smoke indoors - SPLOOF “710” Oil Form- BHO-butane hash oil Dabs, Glass, Honey Oil, shatter, budder, Wax a concentrated extract, capsules, eaten, smoked, vaporized, lotion/ointment Average “dab” is 70-90% THC Sploof Sweatshirt vaporizers Items to hide drugs BHO Labs are very dangerous Walnut Creek Explosion Rexland Acres Explosion SPICE / K2 is a designer drug known as a synthetic cannabinoid. The synthesized chemicals are sprayed on plant leaf material and can be smoked similar to marijuana or sold as liquid for vape. Originally sold and marketed as herbal incense or potpourri. Other names: Fake weed, Bliss, Black Mamba, Genie, Skunk, Moon Rocks Effects can be 5-100 X more potent Physical/ Psychoactive Effects Migraines Withdrawal Agitation/Agression Seizures and tremors Unconsciousness Vomiting Hallucinations and paranoia Increased blood pressure Anxiety and panic attacks Emily Bauer -16 Paralysis Possible brain damage Not an illegal controlled substance Does not show up on drug tests Easily attainable- Gas stations, smoke shops and online. Very cheap. KC Hard to prosecute- Labeled “not for human consumption”. Authorities have to PROVE that it was sold with the intent to consume. DEA labels chemical Other names: compound an illegal Cloud 9, controlled substance, the Relax, manufacturers replace or Crown, Mojo change the substance with Scooby Snax another that is equally as harmful. Bath Salts are a synthetic cathinone. (Similar to Khat, an African stimulant). A designer drug which most commonly contains methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties. Bath Salts were classified as a Schedule I drug and were outlawed. Mostly medical emergency calls. DRUGS THAT INCREASE ACTIVITY AND A SENSE OF WELL BEING Cocaine Accelerated activity Amphetamines Increased stamina Talkative Meth Increased heart rate Ritalin Increased blood pressure Diet Pills Accelerated internal clock Cold Pills Bruxism (teeth clenching) Caffeine Sweating Dilated pupils Violent behavior AKA: Coke, Snow, Blow, Charlie, Rock, C Two types of cocaine: Rock (Crack) Cocaine- smoked Powdered Cocaine- smoked, snorted, eaten, or injected AKA: Meth, Speed, Crank, Ice, Crystal, Glass, Fire, Strawberry Quick Behaviors: Jumpy eyes Tweaking-Doing something repetitive for hours Develop scars due to hallucinations Sleep deprivation Paranoia/delusions Nervous, moody, irritable, aggressive Listless/ loss of interest in normal activities METH ICE POWDERED METH Extremely dangerous (Shake N Bake) Foul smell Highly toxic Labs use pseudoephedrine and cook it with chemicals i.e. battery acid, drain cleaner, paint thinner, lighter fluid, antifreeze 80% of labs Hallucinations MDMA/ECSTASY Euphoria LSD Emotional warmth/increased sex drive PEYOTE/MESCALINE Enhanced sensory perception PSILOCYBIN (Shrooms) Increased stamina SALVIA Increased heart rate Increased body temperature JIMSON WEED Bruxism (teeth clenching) Sweating Dilated pupils Intense emotional feelings good and bad Magnify sensory and Hallucinogen auditory receptions Bizarre behavior Ecstasy (MDMA) is a synthetic drug manufactured mostly outside the US. It has both hallucinogenic and amphetamine effects. Common on club scene, suppresses the need to eat or sleep, allowing users to party for days. “Love Drug” AKA: E, X, Molly, XTC, Hug LSD- Acid, blotter, doses, hits, microdots, cubes, tabs A bad trip can cause permanent psychosis Enhances your mood Psilocybin -Magic mushrooms,shrooms, boomers, little smoke Mescaline- buttons, cactus and mesc DMT- Dimitri (Dimethyltryptamine) Salvia divinorum- Sally D, magic mint, diviners sage LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) The potency is so high, dosages are measured in millionths of a gram. LSD is 100 times more potent than psilocybin and 4,000 times more potent than mescaline. New Synthetic Hallucinogen: “N-bomb” (25I-NBOMe, 25c-NBOMe and 25B- NBOMe) Sold as subs for LSD “legal acid”, “smiles” or “25I” Trending Drug Heroin Pain Reliever Morphine Seditive Vicodin Euphoria Percodan Depressant Oxycontin Fentanyl Hydrocodone Two types of Heroin: Powdered Heroin (produced primarily in the east, generally a white to off white color) Black Tar Heroin (produced in Mexico and Colombia, most common form of Heroin found on the west coast) Trending Drugs: • Fentanyl- an opiate 30-50 times stronger than heroin. • Krokodil- Russian synthetic form of heroin (scaly gray green dead skin) Not in US Slowed speech Slowed motor skills Nodding off Nausea Injection sites Constricted pupils Decreased heart rate Slow internal clock Two types of PCP: Powdered PCP (crystal) Liquid PCP (water) AKA: ozone, rocket fuel, love boat, hog, PCP is most commonly smoked, but it can also be snorted, taken in pill form, or injected. Hallucinations Bloodshot watery eyes Bizarre violent behavior Blank stare Muscle rigidity Horizontal/vertical nystagmus Increased pain tolerance High body temperature/sweaty Signs of Drug Use:
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    Anaesthesia and Past Use Of

    177 Correspondence were using LSD. It is more popular than other commonly Anaesthesia and past use of used hallucinogens whose quoted incidence of clients are: LSD ketamine 0.1% (super-K/vitamin K.I), psilocybin and psilocin 0.6% (the active alkaloids in the Mexican "magic To the Editor: mushroom"), and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine We report the case of a 43-yr-old lady who was admitted ~MDMA" 1% (ecstasy). The effects of the concurrent to the Day Surgery Unit for release of her carpal tunnel ingestion of LSD on anaesthesia are well described. 2-4 retinaculum. During the preoperative visit, she reported The long-term effects of the past use of LSD are largely no intercurrent illnesses, drug therapy or allergies. She unknown. We wonder if the hallucinations experienced did say, however, that she was frightened of general anaes- by our patient during anaesthesia were due to her LSD thesia, since she had experienced terrifying dreams during intake many years before. We would be interested to surgery under general anaesthesia on three occasions dur- know if others have had experience anaesthetising patients ing the previous ten years. On further questioning, she who are past users of phencyclidine-derived drugs. admitted that she had used lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) during the late 1960's, the last occasion being 1968 Geoffrey N. Morris MRCGPFRCA when she had experienced characterstic hallucinations. Patrick T. Magee MSe FRCA She had not experienced hallucinations in the ensuing Anaesthetic Department years, except on the surgical occasions mentioned. Royal United Hospital One of the three previous operations had been per- Combe Park formed at our hospital and the anaesthetic record was Bath BA1 3NG checked.
  • Khat Chewing, Cardiovascular Diseases and Other Internal Medical Problems: the Current Situation and Directions for Future Research

    Khat Chewing, Cardiovascular Diseases and Other Internal Medical Problems: the Current Situation and Directions for Future Research

    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132 (2010) 540–548 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm Review Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: The current situation and directions for future research A. Al-Motarreb a, M. Al-Habori b, K.J. Broadley c,∗ a Cardiac Centre, Internal Medicine Department, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen b Biochemical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen c Division of Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK article info abstract Article history: The leaves of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) are chewed as a social habit for the central stimulant action of their Received 9 October 2009 cathinone content. This review summarizes the prevalence of the habit worldwide, the actions, uses, con- Received in revised form 4 June 2010 stituents and adverse health effects of khat chewing. There is growing concern about the health hazards Accepted 1 July 2010 of chronic khat chewing and this review concentrates on the adverse effects on health in the periph- Available online 17 July 2010 eral systems of the body, including the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract. Comparisons are made with amphetamine and ecstasy in particular on the detrimental effects on the cardiovascular Keywords: system. The underlying mechanisms of action of khat and its main constituent, cathinone, on the car- Khat Myocardial infarction diovascular system are discussed. Links have been proposed between khat chewing and the incidence of Hypertension myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, vascular disease such as hypertension, cerebrovascular Vasoconstriction ischaemia and thromboembolism, diabetes, sexual dysfunction, duodenal ulcer and hepatitis.
  • Chewing Over Khat Prohibition the Globalisation of Control and Regulation of an Ancient Stimulant

    Chewing Over Khat Prohibition the Globalisation of Control and Regulation of an Ancient Stimulant

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  • The Ethics of Psychedelic Medicine: a Case for the Reclassification of Psilocybin for Therapeutic Purposes

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  • Evidence for the Involvement of Spinal Cord 1 Adrenoceptors in Nitrous

    Evidence for the Involvement of Spinal Cord 1 Adrenoceptors in Nitrous

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  • 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B Receptor Subtypes Modulate

    5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B Receptor Subtypes Modulate

    5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/2B Receptor Subtypes Modulate Dopamine Release Induced in Vivo by Amphetamine and Morphine in Both the Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Striatum Grégory Porras, M.S., Vincenzo Di Matteo, Ph.D., Claudia Fracasso, B.S., Guillaume Lucas, Ph.D., Philippe De Deurwaerdère, Ph.D., Silvio Caccia, Ph.D., Ennio Esposito, M.D., Ph.D., and Umberto Spampinato, M.D., Ph.D. In vivo microdialysis and single-cell extracellular neuron firing rate in both the ventral tegmental area and recordings were used to assess the involvement of the substantia nigra pars compacta was unaffected by SR serotonin2A (5-HT2A) and serotonin2C/2B (5-HT2C/2B) 46349B (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) but significantly potentiated by SB receptors in the effects induced by amphetamine and 206553 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.). These results show that 5-HT2A morphine on dopaminergic (DA) activity within the and 5-HT2C receptors regulate specifically the activation of mesoaccumbal and nigrostriatal pathways. The increase in midbrain DA neurons induced by amphetamine and DA release induced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) in the morphine, respectively. This differential contribution may nucleus accumbens and striatum was significantly reduced be related to the specific mechanism of action of the drug by the selective 5-HT2A antagonist SR 46349B (0.5 mg/kg considered and to the neuronal circuitry involved in their s.c.), but not affected by the 5-HT2C/2B antagonist SB effect on DA neurons. Furthermore, these results suggest 206553 (5 mg/kg i.p.). In contrast, the enhancement of that 5-HT2C receptors selectively modulate the impulse accumbal and striatal DA output induced by morphine (2.5 flow–dependent release of DA.
  • 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone) [“Bath Salt,” Bk-MDMA, MDMC, MDMCAT, “Explosion,” “Ease,” “Molly”] December 2019

    3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone) [“Bath Salt,” Bk-MDMA, MDMC, MDMCAT, “Explosion,” “Ease,” “Molly”] December 2019

    Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone) [“Bath salt,” bk-MDMA, MDMC, MDMCAT, “Explosion,” “Ease,” “Molly”] December 2019 Introduction: discriminate DOM from saline. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) is a Because of the structural and pharmacological similarities designer drug of the phenethylamine class. Methylone is a between methylone and MDMA, the psychoactive effects, adverse synthetic cathinone with substantial chemical, structural, and health risks, and signs of intoxication resulting from methylone pharmacological similarities to 3,4-methylenedioxymeth- abuse are likely to be similar to those of MDMA. Several chat amphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). Animal studies indicate that rooms discussed pleasant and positive effects of methylone when methylone has MDMA-like and (+)-amphetamine-like used for recreational purpose. behavioral effects. When combined with mephedrone, a controlled schedule I substance, the combination is called User Population: “bubbles.” Other names are given in the above title. Methylone, like other synthetic cathinones, is a recreational drug that emerged on the United States’ illicit drug market in 2009. It is perceived as being a ‘legal’ alternative to drugs of Licit Uses: Methylone is not approved for medical use in the United abuse like MDMA, methamphetamine, and cocaine. Evidence States. indicates that youths and young adults are the primary users of synthetic cathinone substances which include methylone. However, older adults also have been identified as users of these Chemistry: substances. O H O N CH3 Illicit Distribution: CH O 3 Law enforcement has encountered methylone in the United States as well as in several countries including the Netherlands, Methylone United Kingdom, Japan, and Sweden.
  • Hallucinogens

    Hallucinogens

    Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab.
  • Street Names: Khat, Qat, Kat, Chat, Miraa, Quaadka) September 2019

    Street Names: Khat, Qat, Kat, Chat, Miraa, Quaadka) September 2019

    Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section KHAT (Street Names: Khat, Qat, Kat, Chat, Miraa, Quaadka) September 2019 Introduction: User Population: Khat, Catha edulis, is a flowering shrub native to East Abuse of khat in the United States is most prevalent among Africa and the Arabian-Peninsula. Khat often refers to the immigrants from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen. Abuse of khat is leaves and young shoot of Catha edulis. It has been widely highest in cities with a substantial population of these immigrants. used since the thirteenth century as a recreational drug by the These cities include Boston (MA), Columbus (OH), Dallas (TX), indigenous people of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Detroit (MI), Kansas City (MO), Los Angeles (CA), Minneapolis (MN), throughout the Middle East. Nashville (TN), New York (NY), and Washington D.C. Licit Uses: Illicit Distribution: There is no accepted medical use in treatment for khat in Individuals of Somali, Ethiopian, and Yemeni descent are the the United States. primary transporters and distributors of khat in the United States. The khat is transported from Somalia into the United States and distributed Chemistry and Pharmacology: in the Midwest, West and Southeast (Nashville, Tennessee) regions Khat contains two central nervous system (CNS) of the United States. According to the National Drug Intelligence stimulants, namely cathinone and cathine. Cathinone (alpha- Center, Somali and Yemen independent dealers are distributing khat aminopriopiophenone), which is considered to be the principal in Ann Arbor, Detroit, Lansing and Ypsilanti, Michigan; Columbus, active stimulant, is structurally similar to d-amphetamine and Ohio; Kansas City, Missouri; and Minneapolis/St.
  • Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs. 1Rnstttutton National Test

    Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs. 1Rnstttutton National Test

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 034 696 SE 007 743 AUTROP Meyer, Roger E. , Fd. TITLE Adverse Reactions to Hallucinogenic Drugs. 1rNSTTTUTTON National Test. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, Md. PUB DATP Sep 67 NOTE 118p.; Conference held at the National Institute of Mental Health, Chevy Chase, Maryland, September 29, 1967 AVATLABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 ($1.25). FDPS PRICE FDPS Price MFc0.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCPTPTOPS Conference Reports, *Drug Abuse, Health Education, *Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, *Medical Research, *Mental Health IDENTIFIEPS Hallucinogenic Drugs ABSTPACT This reports a conference of psychologists, psychiatrists, geneticists and others concerned with the biological and psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and other hallucinogenic drugs. Clinical data are presented on adverse drug reactions. The difficulty of determining the causes of adverse reactions is discussed, as are different methods of therapy. Data are also presented on the psychological and physiolcgical effects of L.S.D. given as a treatment under controlled medical conditions. Possible genetic effects of L.S.D. and other drugs are discussed on the basis of data from laboratory animals and humans. Also discussed are needs for futher research. The necessity to aviod scare techniques in disseminating information about drugs is emphasized. An aprentlix includes seven background papers reprinted from professional journals, and a bibliography of current articles on the possible genetic effects of drugs. (EB) National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Information VA-w. Alb alb !bAm I.S. MOMS Of NAM MON tMAN IONE Of NMI 105 NUNN NU IN WINES UAWAS RCM NIN 01 NUN N ONMININI 01011110 0.
  • Nicotine and Neurotransmitters

    Nicotine and Neurotransmitters

    Module 2 —Legal Doesn’t Mean Harmless Overview Overview Summary This module focuses on how two drugs, nicotine and alcohol, change the functioning of the brain and body. Both drugs are widely used in the community, and for adults, using them is legal. Nonetheless, both alcohol and nicotine can have a strong impact on the functioning of the brain. Each can cause a number of negative effects on the body and brain, ranging from mild symptoms to addiction. The goal of this module is to help students understand that, although nicotine and alcohol are legal for adults, they are not harmless substances. Students will learn about how nicotine and alcohol change or disrupt the process of neurotransmission. Students will explore information on the short- and long- term effects of these two drugs, and also learn why these drugs are illegal for children and teens. Through the media, students are exposed to a great deal of information about alcohol and tobacco, much of which is misleading or scientifically inaccurate. This module will provide information on what researchers have learned about how nicotine and alcohol change the brain, and the resulting implications for safety and health. Learning Objectives At the end of this module: • Students can explain how nicotine disrupts neurotransmission. • Students can explain how alcohol use may harm the brain and the body. • Students understand how alcohol can intensify the effect of other drugs. • Students can define addiction and understand its basis in the brain. • Students draw conclusions about why our society regulates the use of nicotine and alcohol for young people.
  • Nicotine Improves Working Memory Span Capacity in Rats Following Sub-Chronic Ketamine Exposure

    Nicotine Improves Working Memory Span Capacity in Rats Following Sub-Chronic Ketamine Exposure

    Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2774–2781 & 2011 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved 0893-133X/11 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Nicotine Improves Working Memory Span Capacity in Rats Following Sub-Chronic Ketamine Exposure Samantha L Rushforth1, Thomas Steckler2 and Mohammed Shoaib*,1 1 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK; Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium Ketamine, an NMDA-receptor antagonist, produces cognitive deficits in humans in a battery of tasks involving attention and memory. Nicotine can enhance various indices of cognitive performance, including working memory span capacity measured using the odor span task (OST). This study examined the effects of a sub-chronic ketamine treatment to model cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, and to evaluate the effectiveness of nicotine, antipsychotic clozapine, and the novel mGlu2/3 agonist, LY404039, in restoring OST performance. Male hooded Lister rats were trained in the OST, a working memory task involving detection of a novel odor from an increasing number of presented odors until they exhibited asymptotic levels of stable performance. Sub-chronic ketamine exposure (10 and 30 mg/kg i.p. for 5 consecutive days) produced a dose-dependent impairment that was stable beyond 14 days following exposure. In one cohort, administration of graded doses of nicotine (0.025–0.1 mg/kg) acutely restored the performance in ketamine-treated animals, while significant improvements in odor span were observed in control subjects. In a second cohort of rats, acute tests with clozapine (1–10 mg/kg) and LY404039 (0.3–10 mg/kg) failed to reverse ketamine-induced deficits in doses that were observed to impair performance in the control groups.