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Biology of Pink Stem Borer, Sesamia Inferens (Walker) on Maize, Zea Mays

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Biology of Pink Stem Borer, Sesamia Inferens (Walker) on Maize, Zea Mays View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal of Applied and Natural Science AL SC R IEN TU C A E N F D O N U A N D D A E I T Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9 (4): 1994—2003 (2017) L I O P N P JANS A ANSF 2008 Biology of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize, Zea mays Hemant Sharma*, Maha Singh Jaglan and S. S. Yadav Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), INDIA *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 31, 2016; Revised received: April 2, 2017; Accepted: September 15, 2017 Abstract: Biology of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was conducted during 2015-16 in laboratories of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal on HQPM 1 (hybrid) and HKI 1128 (inbred) for two generations at room temperature. Results on biology of S. inferens in the first generation revealed that incubation period varied from 10-14 days on HQPM 1 and 11-15 days on HKI 1128. The larval duration lasted for 21-37 days on HQPM 1 and 24-39 days on HKI 1128. The adult longevity of male and female ranged from 6-7 days and 7-8 days on HQPM 1 and 5-7 days and 6-7 days on HKI 1128, respectively. The total life span ranged from 63-72 days for female and 45-58 days for male on HQPM 1 and 65-74 days for female and 49-62 days for male on HKI 1128, respectively in the first generation. The total life span in second generation ranged 94-107 days for female and 83-96 days for male on HQPM 1 and 98-112 days for female and 86-101 days for male on HKI 1128. The biology of an insect pest is a condition precedent to find out its management strategies. The biology of S. inferens on maize has not yet been studied in north western part of the country. Having regards to the fact that no systematic work on this aspect has been carried out, studies were conducted on biology of this pest for developing efficient pest management strategies. Keyword: Biology, Sesamia inferens, Maize, Zea mays INTRODUCTION One of the major causes of the low productivity is the damage done at various stages of the crop by different Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cere- insect-pests. Maize crop is attacked by nearly 130 spe- al crops of the world, contributes to food security in cies of insect-pests in India (Atwal and Dhaliwal, most of the developing countries. It is cultivated over a 2002). Amongst these, the most serious pests are the wide range of agro climatic zones and the suitability of maize stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe, the key this crop to diverse environments is unmatched by any pest throughout the country during rainy season, pink other crop. It is cultivated in more than 150 countries stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker), serious in pen- but the major maize producing countries are USA, insular India in post rainy season and two species of China, Brazil, Mexico, France and India. In India, it is shoot fly, Atherigona soccata and Atherigona nuquii, cultivated throughout the year in all states of the coun- serious in spring maize in Northern India, which cause try for various purposes (grain, fodder, green cobs, economic yield losses (Siddiqui and Marwaha, 1993). sweet corn, baby corn and pop corn). Maize is im- Recently, S. inferens has emerged as a new pest and is portant in human nutrition and also used as animal likely to pose serious threat to the successful cultiva- feed. It is cultivated throughout the year in different tion of maize in the north-western plains of India under seasons (kharif, rabi and spring) in one or the other largely adopted rice-wheat/maize cropping system parts of the country. The demand of maize is increas- (Singh and Kular, 2015). Yield loss is mainly due to ing every day due to expansion of maize based indus- dead heart formation in maize crop (Siddiqui and tries. Maize is third most important cereal crop in India Marwaha, 1993). In India, the losses due to pink stem after rice and wheat. In India, it occupies an area of borer on maize are reported to be varied from 25 to 80 8.78 million hectares and with a production of 21.76 per cent (Rao et al., 1983). million tones and average productivity of 2.48 t/ha, Since the pest plays havoc, economically important whereas in Haryana this crop occupies an area of and the biology of S. inferens on maize has not yet 11.00 thousand hectares having production of 30.00 been studied in the north-western plains of India, it thousand tones and average productivity of 2.73 t/ha was necessary to study biology of this pest in this re- (Anonymous, 2014). Average productivity of maize is gion of India. Having regards to the fact that no sys- very low in comparison to its potential. The gap be- tematic work on this aspect has been carried out, stud- tween the productivity and the potential is very wide, ies were conducted on biology of pink stem borer, S. there is tremendous scope for the management of crop inferens for developing efficient pest management production/ protection practices. ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) All Rights Reserved © Applied and Natural Science Foundation www.jans.ansfoundation.org Hemant Sharma et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 9 (4): 1994 - 2003 (2017) strategies. the newly emerged pairs of S. inferens were collected and confined in new insect rearing cages keeping 20 MATERIALS AND METHODS replications i.e. for adults from HQPM-1 and HKI Biological studies: This study on the biological pa- 1128. Each cage was observed daily during oviposition rameters of pink stem borer, S. inferens was studied period for recording the fecundity of females. The during October, 2015 to March, 2016 in laboratories of numbers of eggs laid by female inside the leaf sheath CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Re- were examined. A pair of freshly emerged male and search Station, Karnal on maize genotypes, HQPM 1 female moth was introduced on 10-15 days old potted (hybrid) and HKI 1128 (inbred). Scrutiny of available plants. Plants were removed daily to check egg laying. literature indicate that no information is available in Leaf sheath containing egg portion were cut and new the literature regarding the hibernation/diapause of S. potted plants was introduced daily till their death. The inferens. Therefore, biology was carried out for two per cent hatchability, larval survival and adult emer- generations continuously to study the diapause of S. gence were recorded by observing 250 (50 per repli- inferens during winter season. The culture was raised cate in 5 replications) number of egg, larvae and pupa, by collecting the full grown larvae from paddy fields each. The length and width of different stages were and was reared on cut stem of rice. Adults obtained measured in the first generation, with the help of ocu- from this culture were reared on potted maize plants in lar and stage micrometer by observing 10 individuals ovipositional cages developed by Kumar et al., 2011. of each stage viz. egg, first to sixth instar, pupa and Adults were fed on 10 per cent honey solution. After adult (male and female) under the stereoscopic zoom release of the moths in ovipositional cages, potted binocular microscope. plants were removed after 5-6 days and leaf sheaths Statistical analysis: The data collected during present containing egg masses were cut and kept for incuba- studies were statistically analyzed. Data on various tion in jars till the emergence of neonate larvae. Larvae biological parameters of S. inferens were subjected to were reared in cut stem portion of maize in tubes statistical analysis by calculating mean value and ‘t’ (7×2.5 cm). In this way culture was maintained in la- test. Standard deviation was also calculated for all bio- boratory for further biological studies. logical parameters. The duration of developmental stages i.e. larval instars, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION pupal period were recorded by observing 100 individu- als for each stage (20 individuals in 5 replications). For Observations on biology of S. inferens on maize hybrid recording the adult longevity of S. inferens, adults (HQPM 1) and inbred (HKI 1128) are presented in were observed from the day emergence started. The Tables 1-3 and 8-10. The morphometrics of different duration of adults in each cage was recorded and lon- stages of the S. inferens are provided in Table 4-7. The gevity of each sex was calculated. For recording pre- images of life cycle of the S. inferens are provided in oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period Plate 1. Eggs 1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar Male Female 4rt instar Life cycle of Sesamia inferens Adult th Pupa Pre-pupa 6 instar 5th instar Plate 1. Different life stage of S. inferens on maize. 1995 Hemant Sharma et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 9 (4): 1994 - 2003 (2017) Table 1. Duration of different immature stages of S. inferens on maize genotypes (HQPM-1 and HKI 1128) during first generation. Maize genotypes Number Insect stage HQPM 1 (hybrid) HKI 1128 (inbred) ‘t’ value observed Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Larvae 1st larval instar (days) 100 3.18±0.52 2-4 3.36±0.48 3-4 2.52* 2nd larval instar (days) 100 3.57±0.85 3-5 3.91±0.69 3-6 3.51** 3rd larval instar (days) 100 4.35±0.86 3-6 4.71±0.78 4-6 2.99** 4th larval instar (days) 100 4.99±1.04 3-7 5.39±0.99 4-7 2.84** 5th larval instar (days) 100 5.45±1.15 4-7 5.82±1.25 4-8 2.16* 6th larval instar (days) 100 6.14±1.23 4-8 6.53±1.20 5-9 2.56* Total larval period (days) 100 28.31±4.85 21-37 30.42±5.12 24-39 2.89** Pre-pupal Period (days) 100 2.69±0.46 2-3 3.21±0.40 3-4 2.51* Pupal Period (days) Male 100 10.95±1.38 10-14 11.22±1.81 11-15 2.69** Female 100 15.59±0.84 13-17 15.81±1.07 14-18 2.86** Incubation period (days) 100 12.21±0.69 10-14 13.54±0.85 11-15 4.73** *Significant at p=0.05, **Significant at p=0.01 Insect Stage Temperature (range) Relative humidity (range) Larval Peroid 23.1-28.8o C 53-76 % Pre- Pupal&Pupal Period 21.1-23.4o C 54-68 % Incubation Period 16.4-20.9o C 57-71 % Table 2.
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