G. Cultural Resources

LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. DOWNTOWN MARTINEZ DRAFT SPECIFIC PLAN EIR DECEMBER 2004 IV. SETTING, IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES G. CULTURAL RESOURCES

G. CULTURAL RESOURCES This section describes the baseline conditions for paleontological and cultural resources within or adjacent to the Plan area. The potential impact associated with implementation of the Draft Specific Plan are evaluated and mitigation measures are recommended as appropriate.

1. Setting This section describes existing conditions of cultural and paleontological resources in order to assess potential impacts to such resources as a result of the implementation of the proposed Plan. Paleon- tological resources consist of fossils and their immediate surroundings, while cultural resources can consist of prehistoric and historical archaeological sites, buildings, structures, or objects significant in local, regional, or national history. Baseline conditions are determined by: (1) identifying known paleontological and cultural resources; (2) providing a brief overview of the planning area’s geological and historical background; and (3) describing the cultural resource laws, codes, and regulations applicable to the Plan area. a. Paleontological Resources. The following section briefly describes Martinez’s geological setting, identifies those formations that may contain paleontological resources, and provides a preliminary sensitivity assessment for the occurrence of such resources within or adjacent to the planning area.

(1) Overview. CEQA Guidelines, Appendix G(V)(c), establish that impacts to unique paleontological resources (fossils) may be considered impacts to the environment. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology has identified vertebrate fossils, their taphonomic1 and associated environmental indicators, and fossiliferous deposits as significant nonrenewable paleontological resources. Botanical and invertebrate fossils and assemblages may also be considered as significant resources.2

A fossil locality search and literature review were conducted: (1) to identify known paleontological resources within and adjacent to the planning area; and (2) to interpret the history and fossiliferous nature of geological formations in and around Martinez. The locality search was conducted by staff at the Museum of Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley (UCMP) on June 3, 2003, and paleontological and geological literature on file at LSA was reviewed.

The following section briefly describes Martinez’s geological setting, identifies those formations that may contain paleontological resources, and provides a preliminary sensitivity assessment for the occurrence of such resources within or adjacent to the Plan area.

(2) Geological and Paleontological Setting. Paleontologically, Martinez and the surrounding areas are quite active. UCMP locality V-71131, a vertebrate fossil site that is Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) in age (approximately 1.6 million years ago), occurs directly in downtown Martinez. There are seven vertebrate fossil localities on record with the UCMP within 5 miles of the Plan area.

1 Taphonomy is the study of the burial, decay and preservation processes that affect animal and plant remains as they become fossilized. 2 Conformable Impact Mitigation Guidelines Committee, 1995. Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Nonrenewable Paleontologic Resources: Standard Guidelines. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin 163:22-27.

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The City of Martinez lies on the southernmost bend of the Carquinez Strait, which connects Suisun Bay to San Pablo Bay. The north-south running Southampton fault lies directly west of Martinez. Rocks of the lower unit of the Great Valley Sequence form the western border of this fault. These rocks have been dramatically folded.3

There are a number of lithologic units east of the Southhampton fault in the region surrounding Martinez. The upper portion of the Great Valley Sequence and an east-west wedge of the Martinez formation form the eastern boundary of the Southampton fault. The area directly south of Martinez is comprised of Martinez formation, Domengine Sandstone, Markely Sandstone, and rocks from both the Monterey and San Pablo group. Microfossils such as foraminifera have been used biostratigraph- ically to date rocks from these formations.4 There is also Quaternary alluvium south of, and within, the City. The City rests mostly on intertidal deposits of Quaternary age. Lithologic units within and adjacent to the Plan area are described below. • Great Valley Sequence (KJu & Ku). The oldest unit of this sequence is the Lower Cretaceous- Upper Jurassic Great Valley Sequence (KJu). This unit is comprised of marine mudstone, silt- stone, sandstone, and conglomerate and contains invertebrate fossils.5 The nearest outcrop is located east of the City. Though much younger, the Upper Cretaceous unit is found in contact with the older unit due to the Southampton fault. This unit is composed of undifferentiated marine rocks and it contains fossil invertebrates and microfossils, such as foraminifera, radio- larians, and diatoms.6 • Chico Formation (Kc). The Chico formation is made up of marine sediments including silt- stone, shale, sandstone and conglomerate.7 A vertebrate locality (UCMP V-75023) is located in this formation just south of Martinez. • Martinez Formation (Pmz). The Martinez formation is Paleocene in age and is composed of marine quartzose sandstone. This formation may contain invertebrate fossils.8 • Domengine Sandstone (Ed) and Markley Sandstone (Emk). These sandstones are Eocene in age and are both marine sandstones. Domengine sandstone is reported to contain abundant mol- luscan fossils.9

3 Wagner, D.L. & E.J. Bortugno, 1982. Geologic Map of the Santa Rosa Quadrangle, Map 2A (Geology), second printing 1999. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento. 4 Hackel, O., 1966. Summary of the Geology of the Great Valley. In: Geology of Northern California, USGS Bulletin #190, pp. 217–238. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento. 5 Blake, M.C. Jr., R.W. Grayner and D.L. Jones, 2000. Geologic Map and Map Database of parts of Marin, San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa and Sonoma Counties, California United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies MF-2337, Version 1.0. 6 Page, B.M., 1966. Geology of the Coast Ranges of California. In: Geology of Northern California, United States Geological Survey Bulletin #190, pp. 255-276. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento. 7 Wagner, D, C. Jennings, T. Bedrossian and E. Bortugno, 1987. Geologic Map of the Sacramento Quadrangle Map 1A (Geology), second printing. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento. 8 Hackel, O., op. cit. 9 Payne, M.B., 1951. Type Moreno Formation and Overlying Eocene Strata on the West Side of the San Joaquin Valley, Fresno and Merced Counties, California. California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 9. California Division of Mines and Geology, Sacramento.

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• Monterey Group (Mmy) and San Pablo Group (Msp). These groups are Miocene in age and composed primarily of marine sandstone and shale. They are both fossiliferous. The Monterey Group contains marine microfossils10 as well as marine megafossils11 that could range from shells to fossilized whale bone. The San Pablo Group contains fossil echinoids and mollusks.12,13 Four fossil localities are present in the San Pablo group within 10 miles of Martinez. These localities are: V-3649, V-4038, V-6211, and V-65399. • Intertidal Deposits (Qi). Martinez lies primarily on these quaternary deposits. These deposits consist of peaty mud, and form commonly in lagoons and estuaries along the San Francisco Bay. These deposits are too young to be paleontologically significant. • Alluvium (Q). This is sediment deposited by recent fluvial or lucustrine activity. These deposits are also too young to be paleontologically significant.

The Plan area is located on Intertidal deposits that are not paleontologically significant. However, many of the rock formations that surround Martinez contain fossils, and it is possible that one or more of these fossil-bearing formations underlie the Plan area at unknown depth. Therefore, the Plan area has a low-to-moderate potential to contain fossils. b. Cultural Resources. Cultural resources are legally recognized as part of California’s environment. Cultural resources can consist of archaeological sites, buildings, structures, and objects that may or may not meet criteria for historical significance at the local, regional, or national level. They can also include specific areas or natural resources that are actively used by a particular community and important to maintaining its cultural identity or lifeways. If a cultural resource meets legal criteria for significance, then it is afforded consideration during environmental review. Under CEQA, the impacts of discretionary projects on significant cultural resources must be considered during environmental review. CEQA states that effects that may cause substantial adverse changes in the significance of certain types of cultural resources may have a significant effect on the environment.14 Cultural resources are nonrenewable, and their scientific, cultural, and aesthetic values can be signifi- cantly impaired by disturbance.

The following sections provide: (1) a description of the methods used in this analysis; (2) a brief summary of the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historical background of Martinez; and (3) a brief summary of the cultural resources within or adjacent to the Plan area. These summaries, when considered with the laws, codes, and regulations in the Regulatory Context section, form the baseline conditions for cultural resources against which potentially-significant impacts can be assessed.

(1) Methods. Baseline conditions for cultural resources within or adjacent to the Plan area were determined through background research that included a records search, literature review, and consultation. The records search (#02-909) was conducted to identify cultural resources or previous

10 Blake, M.C., et al., op. cit. 11 Page, B.M., op. cit. 12 Clark, B.L., 1915. Fauna of the San Pablo Group of Middle California. U.C. Berkeley Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 8(20), pp. 385-572, pls. 42-71. 13 Kew, W.S.W., 1915. Tertiary Echinoids from the San Pablo Group of Middle California. U.C. Berkeley Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 8(20), pp. 365-376, pls. 39-40. 14 CCR, Title 14, Chapter 3, §15064.5(b).

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cultural resources studies within or adjacent to the Plan area, and was completed at the Northwest Information Center (NWIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System, Sonoma State University, on May 22, 2003.15 In addition to the documents on file at the NWIC, LSA reviewed other cultural resource inventories, including: • California Inventory of Historic Resources;16 • Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California;17 • California Historical Landmarks;18 • California Points of Historical Interest;19 • Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Data File for Contra Costa County;20 and • Martinez Historical Society Inventory.

Following the records search, literature on file at LSA was then reviewed to understand the prehistoric, ethnographic, and historical background of the Plan area. The Native American Heritage Commission, the Martinez Historical Society, and the Contra Costa County Historical Society were also contacted on May 19, 2003, to determine if they had any information or concerns about the Plan area.

(2) Prehistory and Ethnography. Known human occupation in what is now Contra Costa County dates to the Middle Archaic period, approximately 4,500 years ago.21 The Paleo-Archaic- Emergent cultural sequence developed by Fredrickson22 is commonly used to interpret the prehistoric occupation of Central California. The sequence is broken into three broad periods: the Paleoindian Period (10,000-6,000 B.C.); the three-staged Archaic Period, consisting of the Lower Archaic (6,000- 3,000 B.C.),/ Middle Archaic (3,000-1,000 B.C.), and Upper Archaic (1000 B.C.-A.D. 500); and the Emergent Period (A.D. 500-1800). See Table IV.G-1 for a brief description of this cultural sequence.

15 The Northwest Information Center is an affiliate of the California Office of Historic Preservation and is the official state repository of cultural resources reports and records for a 16-county area, including Contra Costa County. 16 California Department of Parks and Recreation, 1976. California Inventory of Historic Resources, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 17 Office of Historic Preservation, 1988. Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 18 Office of Historic Preservation, 1990. California Historical Landmarks, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 19 Office of Historic Preservation, 1992. California Points of Historical Interest, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 20 Office of Historic Preservation, 2003. Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Data File for Contra Costa County, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. The Directory of Properties includes the listings of the National Register of Historic Places, the California Register of Historical Resources, the California Historical Landmarks, and California Points of Historical Interest. 21 Bennyhoff, James A. and David A. Fredrickson, 1994. “A Proposed Integrative Taxonomic System for Central California Archaeology.” In Toward A New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and David A. Fredrickson. 22 Fredrickson, David A., 1974. Cultural Diversity in Early Central California: A View from the North Coast Ranges. Journal of California Anthropology 1(1):41-53.

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The Plan area is near the boundary Table IV.G-1: Central California Cultural Sequence between two cultural groups. The Bay Period Description Miwok lived to the east of the Plan Paleoindian The Paleo period began with the first (10,000 - 6,000 B.C.) entry of people into California and area, while the Carquins, members of when subsistence appears to have been the Costanoan linguistic group, resided based on big game and minimally proc- essed plant foods, with no trade on both sides of Carquinez Strait in the network. area of Martinez, Port Costa, and Archaic The Archaic period in Central Califor- Benicia.23 The Martinez area was Lower (6,000 - 3,000 B.C.) nia is characterized by the increased use Middle (3,000 - 1,000 B.C.) of plant foods, the elaboration of burial within the territory of the “estrecho de Upper (1,000 B.C. - A.D. 500) goods, and increasingly complex trade los Karquines” in 1811 when Father networks.a,b Emergent The Emergent period is marked by the Abella of Mission San Francisco (A.D. 500 –1,800) introduction of the bow and arrow, the explored the Central Valley.24 ascendance of wealth-linked social status, and the elaboration and expansion of trade networks, signified in part Although the Spanish “discovered” and by the appearance of clam disk bead began to occupy the San Francisco Bay money. Area in the late 1700s, little is known a Bennyhoff, James A., 1994. Variation within the Meganos Culture. In Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by about the culture of the Carquins. James A. Bennyhoff and David A. Fredrickson, assembled and edited by Early Carquin populations were Richard E. Hughes, pp. 81-89 (original manuscript, 1987). Contributions of the reduced by introduced disease and University of California Archaeological Research Facility 52, Berkeley. b Moratto, Michael J., 1984. California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, relocation to Spanish missions, where Florida. many died or were consolidated with Source: David A. Fredrickson, 1974. other Native American groups.25 The Costanoan economy was based on fishing, gathering, and hunting, with the land and waters providing a diversity of resources including acorns, various seeds, salmon, deer, rabbits, insects, and quail. The Costanoan, like many other Native American groups in the Bay Area, likely lived in conical tule thatch houses. 26,27,28

Politically, the Costanoans were organized into groups called tribelets. A tribelet constituted a sovereign entity that held a defined territory and exercised control over its resources. Tribelet was also a unit of linguistic and ethnic differentiation.29 At the time of Spanish arrival, an estimated 1,700 Costanoans were living in five tribelets in northeastern Contra Costa County.

23 Milliken, Randall, 1995. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1769-1810. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers No. 43, Thomas C. Blackburn, Series Editor. Menlo Park, California. 24 Cook, S.F., 1960. Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820. University of California Anthropological Records 16(6), as cited in Milliken, Randall, 1995, op. cit. 25 Levy, Richard, 1978. Costanoan. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 485-495. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 26 Stewart, Suzanne B., 1982. Volume 4: Alameda, Contra Costa, and Marin. In Prehistoric Overview Northwest Region: California Archaeological Inventory, edited by David A. Fredrickson. Anthropological Studies Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. State of California Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. 27 Moratto, Michael J., 1984, op. cit. 28 Bennyhoff, James A., 1994. Variation within the Meganos Culture. In Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and David A. Fredrickson, assembled and edited by Richard E. Hughes, pp. 81-89 (original manuscript, 1987). Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 52. Berkeley. 29 Ibid.

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(3) History. Contra Costa County “history” began with the arrival of the Fages-Crespí expedition in 1772, which expanded the exploration of the Bay Area initiated by the Spanish in 1769. The Mission and the Presidio of San Francisco were established in 1776, but the Spanish showed little interest in the Contra Costa (“other shore”), and established neither settlement nor outpost there.30 Mission records indicate that 152 Carquins were baptized at Mission San Francisco during the period from 1809 to 1810. Many Costanoan linguist groups were “missionized” early on and by 1827 virtually all had been absorbed into either the San Francisco or the San Jose missions.31

After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, tracts of land called ranchos were granted to citizens in Mexican California. The Plan area is within portions of the Rancho El Pinole and Las Juntas land grants.

Ygnacio Martinez, for whom the City of Martinez is named, was born in Mexico City in 1774, and entered military service in 1799 in Santa Barbara. In 1823, in recognition of his military service, Martinez was given possessory rights to the 17,000-acre Rancho el Pinole, which encompasses the entire Alhambra Valley and most of the Downtown Martinez area. He spent his last four years of service as commandante at the Presidio of San Francisco, finally retiring in 1831. He was regidor at San Jose from 1834 to 1835, after which he settled on Rancho El Pinole, and was formally granted the property in 1842. A second grant to Martinez for Boca de la Canada del Pinole was dated June 21, 1842. Despite the name differences, these land grants are the same property.32,33

In 1847, Dr. Robert Stemple established a ferry between Benicia and Martinez, which was the first ferry service in the Bay Area.34 Stemple, a former military officer and participant in California’s Bear Flag Revolt, recognized a lack of comparable water transportation across the Carquinez Strait. His ferry became a major factor in Martinez’s development because it provided the quickest access to the gold fields for both gold seekers and the entrepreneurs who followed close behind to supply goods and services.35 The ferry linked the gold fields and parts beyond to Oakland, Livermore, and San Francisco by stagecoach.36

In 1849, Ygnacio Martinez’s son Vicente built the adobe house that is today located at the rear of the John Muir Home National Historic Site. In the same year, Colonel William M. Smith, who had married into the Martinez family, gained permission from his wife’s family to take advantage of the new Carquinez strait ferry crossing. Smith hired a young Thomas A. Brown to survey 120 acres of

30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 Gudde, Erwin G., 1998. California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. Fourth edition, revised and enlarged by William Bright. University of California Press, Berkeley. 33 Ibid. 34 Perry, Charlene McRae, 1998. Martinez: A Handbook of Houses and History. Diablo Press, Pleasanton, California. 35 Martinez Historical Society, n.d. “History of Martinez,” adapted from Martinez-A California Town by Charlene Perry, RSI Publications, Inc., 1986. Website: http:\\www.martinezhistory/index2.html. 36 Goddard, George, 1857, as cited in Basin Research Associates, 2000. Archaeological Resources Assessment- Pipeline Replacement Project North of the City Limits of the City of Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. Basin Research Associates, San Leandro, California.

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the Rancho el Pinole and lay out blocks for the sale of lots to future investors. Brown was exper- ienced, having already laid out the City of Portland, Oregon, and completed the survey for the sum of $3,613.37 Smith founded the Town of Martinez on the west side of Alhambra Creek at the site of the ferry landing.38

Martinez was the first town of the District of Contra Costa, and in 1851 became the County seat as the State legislature organized California’s vast landscape into 27 counties. As empty-handed gold seekers returned from their quest for instant wealth, they settled in areas, such as Martinez, that had appealed to them during their rush to the gold fields. In turn, these new residents encouraged emigration from their home regions as they wrote family and friends and described the compelling, agriculturally-productive landscape of the Martinez area. Local Bay Area lore has it that the famous martini cocktail was invented by an enterprising Martinez bartender. It was during the Gold Rush that the new drink gained widespread fame, after a successful gold miner introduced San Francisco’s saloon proprietors to a new drink he had first tasted in Martinez. This drink came to be known as a “martini.”39

As Martinez’s population grew, several local valleys produced impressive orchard and row crops, including wheat, apricots, cherries, pears, figs, walnuts, and peaches. These crops flourished on the valley hillsides, and found a ready market in San Francisco.40

Dr. John T. Strentzel, father-in-law of John Muir, developed vineyards and fruit and nut orchards. In 1869, Strentzel began packing fruit into containers with carbonized bran to overcome the difficulties of shipping agricultural products. This technique allowed the fruit to remain fresh during transportation. After Dr. Strentzel’s death, John Muir and his wife, Louie Strentzel, assumed control of the farm. Today, the Muir home is preserved as a National Historic Site.

Wine production in Martinez flourished under the care of a number of immigrant groups in the 1870s. In addition to the smaller immigrant vineyards, the Christian Brothers established a winery that eventually relocated to Napa Valley and became an extremely profitable enterprise. John Swett and his son also planted vineyards and enjoyed profitable harvests. Today, the Viano family winery is the only remnant of the area’s wine making past.

The railroad first entered Martinez when the Central Pacific Railroad began freight service between Oakland and Martinez in 1877, and added passenger service in 1878. Prior to this, agricultural products were shipped by sailing vessel.41 By 1899, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached Martinez. In 1930, the completion of the Southern Pacific Bridge between Martinez and Benicia replaced the ferries that had long transported trains from Benicia to Port Costa.

37 Perry, Charlene McRae, 1998, op. cit. 38 Gudde, Erwin G., 1998, op. cit. 39 Martinez Historical Society, n.d., op. cit. 40 Ibid. 41 Fickewirth, Alvin A., 1992, as cited in Basin Research Group, 2000. Archaeological Resources Assessment- Pipeline Replacement Project North of the City Limits of the City of Martinez, Contra Costa County, California. Basin Research Associates, San Leandro, California.

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In the 1870s, fishing and fish processing became important Martinez industries. The eastern United States, Europe, New Zealand, Australia, and Hawaii received salmon exported from Martinez’s canneries. By 1882, two canneries provided a livelihood for many Martinez residents until commercial fishing was closed in San Francisco Bay waters in 1957.

In 1915, the Shell Oil Company built a refinery in Martinez to take advantage of easy access to the harbor and the railroad. Associated Oil built a second refinery 3 miles away. These industries enhanced the growth and identity of Martinez, as refineries and chemical plants attracted new residents, and a small ferry terminus rapidly became a modern city. When the Benicia Bridge opened in 1962, the Benicia-Martinez ferry, an important service dating to Martinez’s earliest days, was discontinued.

Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, County facilities in Martinez expanded to meet the needs of a growing population. This expansion provided an investment in infrastructure, bolstered the economy of downtown Martinez, and provided government jobs to many residents. By 1990 the population of Martinez was over 30,000.42

(4) Cultural Resources Within or Adjacent to the Plan Area. This section presents the results of background research and identifies known cultural resources within and adjacent to the Plan area.

There are 91 known cultural resources within or adjacent to the Plan area. Thirty are listed in county, State, or federal historic resource inventories, registers, or archives, and 61 are listed in the local Martinez Historic Resource Inventory. Six of the 91 total cultural resources are listed both in the local and county, state, or federal sources. Known cultural resources in or adjacent to the Plan area consist of prehistoric archaeological sites, historical architectural properties, one National Historic Trail corridor, and sites at which notable historical events occurred or buildings and structures once stood.

Table IV.G-2 summarizes the known cultural resources listed in county, state, or federal inventories or archives.43 Table IV.G-3 presents the keys that explain the codes used in Table IV.G-2. Table

42 Martinez Historical Society, n.d., op. cit. 43 This table provides the resource street address or location, primary number (state database reference number), its trinomial (state identifier for archaeological sites), date of construction, eligibility for state or national listing, National Register of Historic Places status code, source of listing, and a brief resource description. For National Register eligibility, the general status code is the first number that appears in the code column. The subsequent numbers give more detailed information about the resource. A detailed description of these codes is available in the California Office of Historic Preservation publication How to Read an Historical Resources Directory, Technical Assistance Series #8. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento, 1997.

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Table IV.G-2: Cultural Resources Table NR Street Address Primary # Trinomial Date NR CR Code Source Description 406 Alhambra Ave 07-001303 1914 N M 6Y2 H River House Hotel 1301 Alhambra Ave 07-001832 1910 N M 6Y2 H No further information. Carquinez Scenic Dr 07-001028 M M 7L H, Martinez Cemetery/ SPHI Alhambra Cemetery 625 Court St 07-001316 1901 Y Y 1S H, CC Contra Costa County Court- house Block. Contains the courthouse, jail, and retain- ing wall. Became the Finance Building in 1966. 725 Court St 07-001318 1932 Y Y 1S H Contra Costa County Hall of Records. Present County Courthouse. 740 Court St 07-001768 1941 Y Y 1S H Martinez City Library Escobar Ave and c.1850M M CC Berryessa Adobe Alhambra Ave 110 Escobar St 07-001030 1877 Y Y 1S H, CC Tucker Home 1005 Escobar St 07-002460 1949 M M 7 H, CC Borland Home 330 Ferry St 07-001834 N M 6Y2 H No further information. 401 Ferry St 07-001031 1877 Y Y 3S H, CC, Martinez Railroad Station. SPHI Listed locally as Southern Pacific Railroad Depot. 234 Foster St 07-001235 N M 6Y H Residential rehab 614 Green St 07-001219 N M 6Y H No further information. 525 Henrietta St 07-001736 1917 N M 6Y2 H Martinez City Hall Main St and Court 07-001032 1858 M M 3S H, CC Martinez Gazette St Main St and Court 07-001033 1855 M M 7 H Site of original County St Courthouse. Site currently occupied by County Finance Building (formerly the 1901 Courthouse). 235 Marina Vista St 07-001034 1877 M M 3S H, CC Bunker Home 824 Richardson Dr 07-001761 1923 N M 6Y2 H No further information. 828 Richardson Dr 07-001760 1923 N M 6Y2 H No further information. 832 Richardson Dr 07-001759 1923 N M 6Y2 H No further information. 836 Richardson Dr 07-001758 1923 N M 6Y2 H No further information. 921 Susana St c.1902 M M CC Alhambra High School 608 Talbart St 07-001040 1888 M M 3S H, CC Tennent Home 524 Ward St 07-001041 1879 M M 4S H, CC Stewarts Grocery 0.1 miles west of 1929 N M CT Arroyo Del Hambre Creek Pine St Bridge at Estudillo St 1987 N M CT Arroyo Del Hambre Creek Bridge at Ferry St 1940 N M CT Arroyo Del Hambre Creek Bridge Y Y 1 NPS Juan de Anza National His- toric Trail Corridor CA-CCO-635 M M 7 NWIC Prehistoric archaeological site CA-CCO-351 M M 7 NWIC Prehistoric archaeological site Source: LSA Associates, Inc., 2004.

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IV.G-2 contains a mix of properties Table IV.G-3: Keys to Codes and Sources for the identified as meeting the minimum standards Cultural Resource Table, National Register of Historic to be recorded as historical resources,44 Places, and Eligibility Table or which means that some have and some have General not been formally evaluated for historical Status Code significance. The current analysis does not CULTURAL RESOURCE TABLE Preliminary Historic Resources Inventory, Contra Costa CC formally evaluate any cultural resources. County, California, 1976. Revised 1989. Table IV.G-2 only presents cultural CT Caltrans Bridge Inventory, 2001. Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Data File, H resources listed in applicable inventories, California Office of Historic Preservation, April 29, 2003. registers, or archives, or identified by NPS National Park Service, National Historic Trails Program. previous studies. NWIC Files of the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. California Points of Historical Interest, Office of Historic SPHI Table IV.G-4 summarizes the cultural Preservation, 1990. resources listed in the local Martinez Historic NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES (NR) STATUS CODES 45 1 Listed in NR. Resource Inventory. The six local register 1S Listed in NR as an individual property. Appears eligible for listing in NR as a separate property by resources that are also listed in county, state, 3S the person completing or reviewing the form. or federal inventories are buildings located at 4S May become eligible for NR as a separate property. 110 Escobar Street, 1005 Escobar Street, 401 6Y Determined ineligible for NR by consensus. Determined ineligible for listing in NR, no potential NR Ferry Street, 614 Green Street, 525 Henrietta 6Y2 46 eligibility, not evaluated for local listing. Street, and 504 Ward Street. 7 Not evaluated. 7L Evaluated for register other that NR. Of these 30 listings in Table IV.G-2, eight NR AND CALIFORNIA REGISTER OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES (CR) ELIGIBILITY CODES are eligible or appear eligible for listing on Resource is eligible, has been determined eligible, or appears Y the National Register of Historic Places eligible for listing. N Resource is not eligible for listing. (National Register). These properties, and M Resource may become eligible for listing. their date of construction, are: Source: California Office of Historic Preservation, Instructions for Recording Historical Resources, 1995, and How to Read an

• Contra Costa County Courthouse Block, Historical Resources Directory, 1997. 1901 • Contra Costa County Hall of Records, 1932 • Martinez City Library, 1941 • Martinez Gazette, 1858 • Bunker Home, 1877 • Tennent Home, 1888

44 Office of Historic Preservation, 1995. Instructions for Recording Historical Resources. Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 45 Martinez Planning Department and Martinez Historical Society, 1982. City of Martinez Historical Resource Inventory. Martinez, California. 46 Table IV.G-4 does not include properties identified in The Old Town Preservation and Beautification Committee Neighborhood Photo Survey that are not also concurrently listed by the Martinez Historical Society. This neighborhood photo survey provides information about the status (current owners, historical background, etc.) of different properties in the area bounded by Main Street, Talbart Avenue, Alhambra Avenue, and Granger Wharf. It is not a local register of historical resources as defined by PRC §5020.1(k).

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Table IV.G-4: Cultural Resources Listed in the Martinez Historic Resources Inventory Street Address Date Description 700 Alhambra Ave 1914 First modern hotel built in Martinez after Shell Oil plant proposed for development. 800 Alhambra Ave c. 1910 Built by Pistochini Family. 1014 Alhambra Ave 1884 Michael Winslow house. 1015 Alhambra Ave pre-1860 Built by Martin Woolbart. Moved to present location in 1919. 1034 Alhambra Ave pre-1884 Home of Mrs. M. Riley. 1134 Alhambra Ave No additional information. 1234 Alhambra Ave pre-1880 Built by T.Z. Witten. 1301 Alhambra Ave 1909 Built to replace 1873 school. Upper floor removed in 1960. 604 Berrellessa Drive pre-1887 No additional information. 403 Buckley St pre-1884 Addresses vary between 403 Berrellessa St and 403 Buckley St. 1205 Castro St late 1800s Hittman house. 1317 Castro St late 1800s No additional information. 815 Court St 1937 Maynard Dixon mural inside. 924 Court St 1907 Home of Professor G.A. Wilcox. 936 Court St Home of H.C. Raap. 1126 Court St 1906 A.J. Soto house. Built by Alvarado J. Soto in 1906. 1225 Court St c. 1880s Former sanitarium building moved from Contra Costa County Hospital. Court and Ward Sts pre-1927 Veteran's Memorial Hall dedicated in 1927. Court St County Finance Building. 110 Escobar St 1877 Tucker house. Built by John Tucker. Moved to present location in the late 1920s. 301 Escobar St 1902 Built by G. Sparacino. 611 Escobar St No additional information. 700 block Escobar St Curry Chapel Building. 1005 Escobar St 1890 Borland house. Built by John Moore. Currently houses the Martinez Histori- cal Society. 1312 Escobar St c. 1872 Built by Judge Joseph P. Jones 815 Estudillo St pre-1884 Built by M.H. Bailhache. 1135 Estudillo St c. 1860s Home of Miranda family. 1230 Estudillo St late 1800s No additional information. Estudillo and Susana Sts Currently Susana Park. Site of 1860 Masonic Lodge Hall, in use until 1920s. 401 Ferry St c. 1876 Southern Pacific Railroad Depot. 516 Ferry St 1916 Office of first Contra Costa Gas Company. 600 block Ferry St 1914 Curry Hall. Community events building. 624 Ferry St 1906 Bergamini Building. 629 Ferry St 1854 Site of first Simon Blum store in 1854. 631 Ferry St Part of the original store that housed the Blue Bird Cigar Manufacturing Company. 729 Ferry St 1860 Home and store of Weiss. 800 Ferry St pre-1884 Built by J.J. McNamara. 811 Ferry St Original site of Hauser's funeral home. 614 Green St pre-1884 Built by Dr. Carothers. 525 Henrietta St 1916 Currently City Hall. Martinez School annex built to accommodate Shell Oil children. 621 Las Juntas St No additional information. 304 Main St 1856 Built by John Tucker. 316 Main St pre-1884 No additional information. 524 Main St 1926 J.C. Penney store. 535 Main St 1925 Site of Montgomery Ward store. 600-620 Main St Original site of Simon Blum and Bros. 659 Main St 1924 Site of National Bank of Martinez. 700 Main St 1913-14 Built by J.J. McNamara and G. Winkleman. 701 Main St 1906 Original grocery and meat market of McNamara and Winkleman.

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Table IV.G-4 continued

Street Address Date Description 714-18 Main St Part of Novelty Theater. 800 block Main St James Hotel, built by the Hook family. Used as a hotel until 1980. 825 Main St pre-1884 Brick building that housed the Gazette office and press in 1870s. 938 Main St No additional information. 235 Marina Vista St 1876 Marina Vista Street formerly known as Howard St. 304 Marina Vista St 1876 Home of Gabriel Blum; later home of Aylward Lying-In Hospital. 405 Marina Vista St pre-1887 No additional information. 411-437 Marina Vista St Only example of San Francisco "row" houses in Martinez. 600 block Marina Vista St 1927 Site of Colton Winery. Present surface overlies frame structure. 635 Marina Vista St 1927 No additional information. 707 Marina Vista St 1884 First site of Martinez Laundry. 805-825 Marina Vista St pre-1884 Moved from 805 to 824 Marina Vista between 1915 and 1917. 1310 Marina Vista St c. 1900-20 Home of Madison Ralph Jones. 921 Susana St Site of first Alhambra High School. 304 Talbart St pre-1878 No additional information. 334 Talbart St No additional information. 608 Talbart St 1888 Built by Dr. John Tennent. 504 Ward St Store and residence of James Stewart. Note: Building locations and conditions not field checked by LSA. Source: City of Martinez Historical Resource Inventory, June 1982. Prepared by the Martinez Planning Department and the Martinez Historical Society.

• Tucker Home, 1877 • Juan de Anza National Historic Trail, 1775-76 (commemorated by Congress in 1990)

Properties listed on the National Register are automatically listed on the California Register of His- torical Resources (California Register). The remaining cultural resources in Table IV.G-2 may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register and/or the California Register of Historical Resources. Those properties listed in the county historic resources inventory are identified in the “Source” column by a code of “CC.”

The following section presents the cultural resource laws, codes, and regulations that apply to the Plan area and the implementation of the proposed plan. c. Regulatory Setting. Several State and local regulations apply to cultural resources within the Plan area. Major regulations are described below.

(1) California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The California Environmental Qual- ity Act (CEQA) applies to all discretionary projects undertaken or approved by the State’s public agencies, and mandates public involvement in the planning of any project which may have a significant effect on the environment. Under the provisions of the act, “A project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment.”47 CEQA defines an “historical resource” as one that is eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (California Register), listed in a

47 CCR §15064.5(b).

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local register of historical resources (as defined in Public Resources Code Section 5020.1(k)), identified as significant in a historical resource survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, or determined to be a historical resource by a project’s lead agency.48 A historical resource consists of “Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engi- neering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California . . . Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources.”49 CEQA requires that historical resources be taken into consideration during the CEQA planning process.50 Adverse effects to historical resources must be avoided or the effects mitigated.51

(2) California Register of Historical Resources. The California Register of Historical Resources serves as a guide to cultural resources to be considered when there is a discretionary action subject to CEQA. It helps government agencies identify and protect historical resources and indicates which properties are to be protected from substantial adverse change.52 Any resource that is eligible for listing in the California Register must be given consideration under the CEQA process.53 Adverse effects to cultural resources eligible for listing on the California Register must be avoided or the effect mitigated.

A cultural resource is evaluated under four California Register criteria to determine its historical significance. A resource must be significant at the local, State, or national level in accordance with one or more of the following criteria: (a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribu- tion to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage; (b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; (c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or (d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

In addition to meeting one or more of the above criteria, the California Register requires that suf- ficient time must have passed to allow a “scholarly perspective on the events or individuals associated with the resource.” Fifty years is used as a general estimate of the time needed to understand the historical importance of a resource.54 The State of California Office of Historic Preservation recommends documenting, and taking into consideration in the planning process, any cultural resource that is 45 years or older.55

48 CCR §15064.5(a). 49 CCR §15064.5(a)(3). 50 CCR §15064.5(a)(2) 51 CCR §15064.5(b)(4) 52 Office of Historic Preservation, 2001. California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and Historical Resources. Technical Assistance Series #1, California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 53 PRC 5024.1, CCR Title 14, 4850. 54 CCR 4852 (d) (2). 55 Office of Historic Preservation, 1995, op. cit., p. 2.

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The California Register also requires that a resource possesses integrity, which is defined as “the authenticity of an historical resource’s physical identity evidenced by the survival of characteristics that existed during the resource's period of significance.” To possess integrity, a resource should have its original location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Which of these factors are most important will depend on the particular criteria under which the resource is considered eligible for listing.56

Resources which are significant, meet the age guidelines, and possess integrity will generally be considered eligible for listing on the California Register.

(3) California Public Resources Code, Section 5024. Section 5024 of the Public Resources Code mandates that State agencies preserve and maintain, when prudent and feasible, all State-owned resources under their jurisdiction. The California Office of Historic Preservation maintains a master list of state-owned historic resources, and agencies may not “alter the original or significant historical features or fabric, or transfer, relocate, or demolish historical resources on the master list maintained pursuant to subdivision (d) of Section 5024 without, early in the planning processes, first giving notice and a summary of the proposed action to the [state historic preservation] officer who shall have 30 days after receipt of the notice and summary for review and comment. . . .” Section 5024.5 also states that “until such time as a structure is evaluated for possible inclusion in the inventory pursuant to subdivisions (b) and (c) of Section 5024, State agencies shall assure that any structure which might qualify for listing is not inadvertently transferred or unnecessarily altered.”

(4) California Health and Safety Code, Section 7050.5. Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code states that in the event of discovery or recognition of any human remains in any location other than a dedicated cemetery, there shall be no further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent remains until the coroner of the county in which the remains are discovered has determined whether or not the remains are subject to the coroner’s authority. If the human remains are of Native American origin, the Coroner must notify the Native American Heritage Commission within 24 hours of this identification. The Native American Heritage Commission will identify a Native American Most Likely Descendant to inspect the site and provide recommendations for the proper treatment of the remains and associated grave goods.

(5) City of Martinez General Plan. The Martinez General Plan57 includes specific plans geared to city growth and development in geographically-defined areas. The Plan area lies within the Central Martinez Specific Plan Area. The Introduction to the Central Martinez Specific Plan acknowledges that Martinez has an “old town” character, and lists goals and policies “expressly designed to guard the character of the City’s older sections. . .” The following goals and policies indirectly address cultural resources: • Goal 30.21-Preserve and enhance the environment, physical structures, and services in a manner which respects the special small town character, quality, and amenity of “Old” Martinez;

56 Office of Historic Preservation, 2001, op. cit. 57 City of Martinez, 1973. Martinez General Plan. Martinez City Council and City Planning Commission, Martinez, California.

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• Goal 30.22-Limit the development of available land and new structures in accordance with . . . the predominant character of surrounding uses.

(6) City of Martinez Historic Resource Ordinance. Martinez City ordinance 22.54 was drafted in 1982 and adopted in 1983 to establish a framework for the preservation of significant structures and districts that contribute to the heritage of the City. This ordinance applies to all areas within Martinez City limits, and addresses the following aspects of historic preservation and cultural resources: Section 22.54.040 • Outlines and establishes the historic preservation duties of the Martinez Planning Commission with regard to staff composition and qualifications; and • Establishes the Planning Commission’s responsibility for preserving the architectural heritage of Martinez. The Planning Commission may conduct architectural surveys; maintain a register of cultural resources; advise citizens on the modification or alteration of their historic buildings; and comment on the design compatibility of new construction within historic districts. Additionally, the Planning Commission shall issue prescriptive standards for use in permitting the alteration, removal, or destruction of historic resources or resources contributing to historic districts. Section 22.54.050 • Establishes the procedures for designating locally-significant buildings and districts. Section 22.54.060 • Declares unlawful the non-permitted destruction, removal, or alteration of a designated cultural resource; specifies that all alterations to such designated cultural resources be approved by the Planning Commission; and allows the Planning Commission to require a 120 day waiting period before the legal demolition of a designated cultural resource to allow the owner of said resource to consider other options for the property, such as sale or negotiation with the Planning Commis- sion to avoid demolition.

2. Draft Specific Plan The Draft Specific Plan includes one goal and eight policies that pertain to cultural resources:

Policy H-1-2: Ensure the preservation and enhancement of the residential neighborhoods in the Down- town.

Policy UD-1-1: Through design review, ensure that new development enhances the character of the Downtown Districts by requiring design qualities and elements that contribute to an active pedestrian environment, where appropriate, and ensuring the architectural elements are compatible and in scale with the existing historic structures in the Downtown.

Policy UD-1-3: Improve streetscapes on key corridors in the Downtown and create a sense of arrival at key gateways which reinforce the City’s natural, cultural and historic characteristics.

Policy UD-1-5: Encourage appropriate public art and interpretational signage to further establish a sense of history and pride in the community.

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Goal HP-1: Strengthen and enhance the historic character of Downtown Martinez, which is unique to Contra Costa County, through the preservation and maintenance of Downtown’s historically significant sites and structures.

Policy HP-1-1: Promote the preservation and rehabilitation of the historic housing stock and the preservation of the existing character of the distinct residential neighborhoods.

Policy HP-1-2: Promote community appreciation for the history of Martinez.

Policy HP-1-3: Provide incentives to encourage the restoration of private historic structures to conserve the integrity of the buildings in the best possible condition.

Policy HP-1-4: Through design review, encourage new development to be compatible with adjacent historical structures in scale, massing, building materials, and general architectural treatment.

Additionally the Draft Specific Plan includes detailed design standards that are applicable to all properties located within the Historic Overlay District. The Plan also includes design guidelines for both the rehabilitation of commercial buildings and for infill construction.

3. Impacts and Mitigation Measures This subsection evaluates potential impacts on cultural resources associated with the implementation of the Draft Specific Plan and recommends mitigation measures to address these impacts, as appropriate. a. Criteria of Significance. Implementation of the Draft Specific Plan would have a significant impact on the environment if it would: • Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in CEQA Guidelines §15064.5 (Cultural Resources Criterion A). • Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to CEQA Guidelines §15064.5 (Cultural Resources Criterion B); • Directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature (Cultural Resources Criterion C); or • Disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries (Cultural Resources Criterion D). b. Less-than-Significant Impacts. Implementation of the Draft Specific Plan would result in the following less-than-significant impacts. Each impact is discussed with respect to the specific significance criterion it falls under, followed by a discussion of how the Draft Specific Plan policies will reduce the severity of such impacts to less-than-significant levels. Mitigation recommendations are then provided, where necessary, to augment the Draft Specific Plan policies and reduce impacts to less-than-significant levels.

(1) Cultural Resources (Criterion A and B). Implementation of the Draft Specific Plan has the potential to impact architectural properties that may qualify as historical resources, and archaeological sites that may qualify as historical or archaeological resources. Under CEQA, archaeological sites may qualify as historical resources or archaeological resources, but not both.

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CEQA requires that a lead agency first determine if an archaeological site meets the definition of a historical resource before determining if it qualifies as an archaeological resource.

Architectural Historical Resources (Criterion A). Martinez’s historical architectural resources are concentrated Downtown, in the area identified by the Plan as the Downtown Historic Overlay District as shown in Figure III-2 in Chapter III, Project Description, of this EIR. Policies included in the Draft Specific Plan policies, particularly in Chapter 6, which focuses on the Downtown Historic Overlay District, and the general design standards and guidelines which are the focus of Chapter 10, amply provide for the protection of the City’s historical architectural resources and preservation of the character of their surrounding neighborhoods. The Draft Specific Plan will achieve these goals by prescribing design standards for new construction and building rehabilitation in the Downtown Area. The building permit review process will ensure that the proposed design of new construction is compatible with the architecture of adjacent buildings, the setting, and surrounding neighborhoods, and will also ensure that rehabilitation projects preserve the architectural character and significance of subject buildings. Implementation of the Plan’s standards and guidelines will generally reduce potential impacts to a less-than-significant level, and no mitigation measures are recommended at this planning stage. However, it is possible that individual projects may result in impacts to historical architectural resources. Such impacts would be determined through further environmental analysis on a project-by-project basis as required by the City. Impacts would be considered less than significant if the subsequent projects conform to the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings.

Archaeological Historical Resources and Archaeological Resources (Criterion B). American-period and later historical land use in downtown Martinez has been varied throughout the years, and includes many examples of residential and commercial architectural properties that survive to this day. There is a high potential that archaeological deposits associated with these land uses survive under the buildings and land cover in downtown Martinez. Such deposits, if present and intact, constitute “time capsules” that have the potential to reveal much about the historical development of Martinez and the life-ways of its early residents. Such deposits may include, but are not limited to, architectural remains, trash deposits, and backfilled wells and privies. Several prehistoric archaeological sites have been identified in the vicinity of the Draft Specific Plan area and in comparable settings, indicating that intact prehistoric sites may still remain underneath historic- period development in downtown Martinez.

Impact CULT-1: Due to the high likelihood that the Plan area contains prehistoric or historical archaeological deposits, ground-disturbing activities associated with the Draft Specific Plan have the potential to result in significant impacts to cultural resources. (S)

Individual development projects will be subject to project-by-project review by the City during subsequent phases of the Draft Specific Plan, and project-specific mitigation will be recommended as warranted. The following mitigation measure is recommended for all ground-disturbing development projects that would result under buildout of the Draft Specific Plan. This mitigation provides contingency protection of archaeological historical resources and archaeological resources, and will generally reduce any impacts to such resources to less-than-significant levels. This mitigation is intended to augment, not supersede, project-by-project recommendations that may result from subsequent environmental review.

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Mitigation Measure CULT-1. If deposits of prehistoric or historical materials are encountered during project activities called for by the Draft Specific Plan, all work within the immediate vicinity of the finds shall be halted to prevent damage to the deposit, and a professional archaeologist shall be contacted to evaluate the California Register eligibility of the finds. If the finds are not eligible, further protection is not necessary. If the finds are eligible, they would need to be avoided by adverse effects or such effects must be mitigated in accordance with the recommendations of the evaluating archaeologist. The City shall require that the recommendations of the archaeologist for the mitigation of adverse effects are followed by the project applicant.

Upon completion of the archaeological evaluation, a report shall be prepared documenting the methods, findings, and recommendations, as warranted, of the archaeologist. This report shall be submitted to the NWIC and the City. Project personnel should not collect or move any archaeological material, and fill soils that may be used for construction purposes should not contain archaeological materials.

Prehistoric materials can include flaked-stone tools (e.g., projectile points, knifes, choppers) or obsidian, chert, or quartzite tool making debris; midden (i.e., culturally darkened soil often containing heat affected rock, ash and charcoal, shellfish remains, and cultural materials); and stone milling equipment (e.g., mortars, pestles, handstones). Historical materials might include wood, stone, concrete, or adobe footings, walls and other structural remains; debris-filled wells or privies; and deposits of wood, metal, glass, ceramics, and other refuse. (LTS)

(2) Paleontological Resources (Criterion C). Downtown Martinez is located in a portion of the Bay Area that is paleontologically-sensitive. One vertebrate fossil locality has been identified in the Plan area, and seven fossil localities are recorded in a 5-mile radius. Therefore, the Plan area is paleontologically sensitive.

Impact CULT-2: Due to the presence of a known fossil locality and the potential that the Plan area contains additional significant paleontological resources, ground-disturbing activities associated with the Draft Specific Plan have the potential to result in significant impacts to unique paleontological resources. (S)

The following mitigation measure is recommended for all ground-disturbing development projects envisioned by the Draft Specific Plan. This mitigation will reduce any impacts to paleontological resources to less-than-significant levels.

Mitigation Measure CULT-2. If paleontological materials (fossils) are encountered during project activities called for by the Draft Specific Plan, all work within the immediate vicinity of the find shall be halted to prevent damage to the fossil materials. If avoidance of the fossils is not feasible, a qualified paleontologist shall be contacted to evaluate the find and make recommendations. If the exposed geological formation is found to contain significant paleontological resources, such resources should be avoided by project activities. If project activities cannot avoid the paleontological resources, adverse effects to such resources should be mitigated, which may include monitoring, data recovery and analysis, a final report, and the accession of all fossil material to a paleontological repository. Upon completion of project

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ground-disturbing activities, a report documenting methods, findings, and recommendations of the paleontologist shall be prepared and submitted to the City.

Prior to plan-related ground disturbance that has the potential to impact UCMP fossil locality V-71131, a qualified paleontologist shall review project plans and recommend measures necessary to avoid, or reduce the level of significance of, impacts to the fossil remains. Such measures may include monitoring, data recovery and analysis, a final report, and the accession of all fossil material to a paleontological repository. (LTS)

(3) Human Remains (Criterion D). As described previously in the cultural setting section, Martinez and its vicinity once provided an environment conducive to prehistoric settlement and use. Archaeological sites that may have resulted from such use have the potential to contain human remains.

Impact CULT-3: Implementation of the Draft Specific Plan has the potential to impact the human remains that may be contained in archaeological sites, disturbed or not, beneath downtown Martinez. (S)

Prehistoric settlement and use of areas in similar environmental contexts as that of pre-contact Martinez resulted in numerous archaeological sites, as documented by the base maps at the NWIC. Many of the sites consist of substantial accumulations of cultural materials as a result of habitation. Hundreds of these sites have been recorded throughout the Bay Area, including the vicinity of Martinez, and many contain human burials and remains.

Mitigation Measure CULT-3. If human remains are encountered during project activities called for by the Draft Specific Plan, work within 50 feet of the discovery should be redirected and the County Coroner notified immediately. At the same time, an archaeologist should be contacted to assess the situation. If the human remains are of Native American origin, the Coroner must notify the Native American Heritage Commission within 24 hours of this identification. The Native American Heritage Commission will identify a Most Likely Descendant (MLD) to inspect the site and provide recommendations for the proper treatment of the remains and associated grave goods. The archaeologist should provide recommendations for the recovery of important information, as appropriate and in accordance with the recommendations of the MLD. Please see the Regulatory Setting section for information about the treatment of human remains called for by California law.

Upon completion of the assessment, the archaeologist should prepare a report documenting the methods and results, as well as the recommendations regarding the treatment of the human remains and any associated cultural materials. The report should be submitted to the City and the NWIC. (LTS)

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