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Palaeoecological Study of Vegetation Dynamics in the Neotropical Gran Sabana Since the Late Glacial

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Palaeoecological Study of Vegetation Dynamics in the Neotropical Gran Sabana Since the Late Glacial Palaeoecological study of vegetation dynamics in the Neotropical Gran Sabana since the Late Glacial Estudio paleoecológico de la dinámica de la vegetación en la Neotropical Gran Sabana desde el Tardiglaciar Tania Marcela Ballesteros Larrotta ADVERTIMENT . La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX ( www.tdx.cat ) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB ( diposit.ub.edu ) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la se va reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB . No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA . La consulta de esta tesis queda condici onada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR ( www.tdx.cat ) y a través del Repositorio Digital de la UB ( diposit.ub.edu ) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad in telectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB . No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR o al Repositorio Digital de la UB (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING . On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX ( www.tdx.cat ) service and by the UB Digital Repository ( diposit.ub.edu ) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrati ve aims is not authorized n or its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository . Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Tho s e rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis a s well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. TESIS DOCTORAL DEPARTAMENTO DE ECOLOGÍA, UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO: ECOLOGÍA FUNDAMENTAL Y APLICADA Palaeoecological study of vegetation dynamics in the Neotropical Gran Sabana since the Late Glacial Estudio paleoecológico de la dinámica de la vegetación en la Neotropical Gran Sabana desde el Tardiglaciar Memoria presentada por Tania Marcela Ballesteros Larrotta para optar el grado de Doctora por la Universidad de Barcelona __________________________ Tania Marcela Ballesteros Larrotta Barcelona, 2015 Visto bueno por parte de los directores de tesis _______________________ _______________________ Dra. Teresa Vegas Vilarrúbia Dra. Encarnación Montoya Romo Profesora Agregada Investigadora postdoctoral Universidad de Barcelona The Open University, Reino Unido. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra Jaume Almera (CSIC), España 2 I am grateful to Encarni Montoya for the photo of the cover of this thesis 3 4 A mis padres, por darme la fuerza, la inspiración, y el amor que me permitió hacer esta tesis…. A quién más sino a ellos 5 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Cuando empecé la tesis pensaba que al terminarla me acordaría de cada persona a la que de una u otra forma contribuyó para que la tesis se hiciera realidad. Hoy, cuatro años y medio después, no puedo recordar todas las personas (fueron muchas), que desde una sonrisa, una canción en un día difícil, hasta el consejo más científico, me acompañaron durante este tiempo, y por lo tanto quisiera agradecerles. Sin embargo, estoy tranquila porque en su momento les di las gracias, ya sea devolviéndoles la sonrisa o con las palabras más sinceras de agradecimiento. Así que aquí voy a agradecer a mis mejores parceros. Mis papás, han sido mis principales parceros. Desde el día que decidí hacer el doctorado hasta el día que entregué la tesis, me han brindado cada día su apoyo incondicional en todas las formas que necesité, la mayoría de las veces, sin pedirlo. Así, que lo mínimo que puedo estar con ustedes es inmensamente agradecida y sentirme bendecida por haber contado con ustedes como mis cómplices. Este proyecto sin ustedes no hubiese sido posible, le hubiera faltado aire, inspiración y vida. Me enseñaron a ser más valiente. Los chinos, Dora, Lucho y Daniel, mis hermanos (también Esteban). Aunque para ustedes mi tesis era algo abstracto que hacía con el polen, les agradezco sus esfuerzos por tratar de entender lo que hacía y todos sus buenos consejos, consejos de hermanos. Les agradezco por ser los amigos con quien contaba para compartir mis alegrías, mis dudas y mis preocupaciones. Con Dora y Lucho, tuve la bonita oportunidad de compartir mi tesis de primera mano estando los tres en Barcelona. Con Daniel, viví la última etapa de la tesis. Jaimito, mi super parcero! Le agradezco mucho cariñito su amistad durante este tiempo. Sin buenos amigos con quien reírse y que le ayuden a uno mismo a tomarse el pelo, una tesis no sería algo sano. Gracias cariñito por darme la alegría y la locura cuando la necesitaba, y por ayudarme a ponerme sería cuando también era necesario (siga siendo así). Sé que usted también vivió esta tesis y siempre me mandó las mejores energías y deseos, muchas gracias. Juan Pablo, siempre me acordaba de una frase que me solía decir: “china, ni por el xxx dé un paso atrás, como sea termina ese doctorado”. Esta misma frase dando vueltas en mi cabeza hacía algo inimaginable pensar siquiera en desviarme de mi 7 objetivo, mil y mil gracias. Usted ha sido ese amigo incondicional, que uno sabe que pa’ las que sea se puede contar, y efectivamente pude hacerlo durante el tiempo que duró el doctorado, qué chévere tener un amigo así! Sandra, mi parcerita. Mi amiga sincera, leal, sensible, una gran persona….una de las cosas que más sabes de la vida es ser una buena amiga. Lo fuiste mientras estuve allí y seguiste siéndolo desde el otro lado del charco. Sin tu amistad el doctorado hubiera sido un poco absurdo. Me permitiste contarte mis ideas, mis alegrías, mis planes, mis dudas, mis angustias, desde los temas más filosóficos de la vida hasta el asunto más técnico del polen. Compartimos desde largas horas en el microscopio hasta la película oriental más loca, y me ofreciste no sólo tu amistad sino también la de tus padres y Owen. Me siento muy agradecida y afortunada de haber contado con tu amistad en un país en el que yo era una extranjera. Aureita, muchas y muchas gracias por enseñarme que “todo es perfecto” y que se puede vivir en tranquilidad incluso en los momentos más difíciles porque “todo pasa”. A el doc Silva, muchas gracias por ser como una papá, por recordarme el principio de incertidumbre en la vida. Comprenderlo me ayudó mucho durante mi tesis. A ustedes dos, mil y mil gracias por la bonita energía que siempre me brindaron, inclusive sin que yo estuviera físicamente con ustedes. A mi último parcerito, Jabs, no por ser el menos importante sino por ser el último en aparecer. Como dice la canción que ambos nos sabemos “tu ayer cambiaste mi destino, me diste vida, mucha más vida que el vino, me diste fuerza en los días fríos”. Gracias por darme esa fuerza llamada amor y tu inmensa ternura, por darme un abrazo cuando lo necesitaba y silencio cuando también lo necesitaba. Muchas gracias por tu apoyo incondicional, por ser la inspiración y la sonrisa en mi rostro cada día. Gracias a mi misma, por permitirme soñar, ser flexible, crecer como profesional, pero más importante, como persona. Y, gracias a la vida, por haber sido tan maravillosa en estos cuatro años y medio. 8 This thesis was supported by several institutions: the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the funded projects CGL2006-00974 (BIOSABANA) and CGL2009- 07069/BOS (ECOPAST), Principal Investigator (PI): Valentí Rull; the BBVA Foundation with the project BIOCON-08-031 (PANTEPUI II), PI: Valentí Rull; the Spanish Superior Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) through the project 200830I258 (Palynology & Paleoecology), PI: Valentí Rull; finally acknowledgement goes to the Foundation for the Future of Colombia-COLFUTURO, which provided a scholarship-loan to Tania M. Ballesteros. 9 10 Abstract The Gran Sabana (GS, Northern South America) is a humid savanna region (treeless savanna intermingled with forest patches) with a long history of vegetation changes under fire disturbances. A number of hypotheses seek to explain the importance of environmental factors (e.g., climate, fire) in the origin and maintenance of the GS savannas. In order to fully comprehend the ontogeny of the GS, this thesis was aimed at conducting a detailed palaeoecological evaluation of vegetation dynamics and ecological processes (e.g. feedbacks, resilience) from the Late Glacial to the present, analysing two sedimentary archives (Lacustrine: Lake Encantada, peat bog: Fidencio).
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