1 Term Sheet for Series a Preferred Stock Financing
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An Assessment of Valuation Methods of Stock Initial Public Offerings on Tehran Stock Exchange
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 4 ISSN: 2222-6990 An Assessment of Valuation Methods of Stock Initial Public offerings on Tehran Stock Exchange Mohammad Kheiry 1, Sima Golozar 2,*, Ali Amiri 3 1 Department of Economic, Accounting and Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Kheiry Email: [email protected] 2,* Postgraduate student of Financial Management, Qeshm Institute for Higher Education, Qeshm, Iran. Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Accounting, college of human science, Bandar Abbas, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2822 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2822 Abstract Every day hundreds of companies all over the world are entering capital market for the first time by issuing stocks. By doing so, they decide to invest capital necessary for continuing activity and expanding operations accordingly. For this reason, it is important to the companies that price specified for their stock demonstrate real value of assets and their growth and development opportunities in the future. The purpose of this research is to study valuation methods of stock initial public offerings at the Tehran Stock Exchange. Population and study sample consisted of firms publicly offered their stocks for the first time at Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009-2014, and experienced no trading halt, i.e. 45 companies of which seven companies were eliminated due to lack of trading on the stock exchange and 38 firms were chosen. The research method is correlational-descriptive and the research is an applied research by purpose. -
Fact Sheet: Treasury Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EMBARGOED UNTIL 11 a.m. (EDT), September 7, 2008 CONTACT Brookly McLaughlin, (202) 622-2920 FACT SHEET: TREASURY SENIOR PREFERRED STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac debt and mortgage backed securities outstanding today amount to about $5 trillion, and are held by central banks and investors around the world. Investors have purchased securities of these government sponsored enterprises in part because the ambiguities in their Congressional charters created a perception of government backing. These ambiguities fostered enormous growth in GSE debt outstanding, and the breadth of these holdings pose a systemic risk to our financial system. Because the U.S. government created these ambiguities, we have a responsibility to both avert and ultimately address the systemic risk now posed by the scale and breadth of the holdings of GSE debt and mortgage backed securities. To address our responsibility to support GSE debt and mortgage backed securities holders, Treasury entered into a Senior Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement with each GSE which ensures that each enterprise maintains a positive net worth. This measure adds to market stability by providing additional security to GSE debt holders – senior and subordinated-- and adds to mortgage affordability by providing additional confidence to investors in GSE mortgage-backed securities. This commitment also eliminates any mandatory triggering of receivership. These agreements are the most effective means of averting systemic risk and contain terms and conditions to protect the taxpayer. They are more efficient than a one-time equity injection, in that Treasury will use them only as needed and on terms that the Treasury deems appropriate. -
Initial Public Offerings
November 2017 Initial Public Offerings An Issuer’s Guide (US Edition) Contents INTRODUCTION 1 What Are the Potential Benefits of Conducting an IPO? 1 What Are the Potential Costs and Other Potential Downsides of Conducting an IPO? 1 Is Your Company Ready for an IPO? 2 GETTING READY 3 Are Changes Needed in the Company’s Capital Structure or Relationships with Its Key Stockholders or Other Related Parties? 3 What Is the Right Corporate Governance Structure for the Company Post-IPO? 5 Are the Company’s Existing Financial Statements Suitable? 6 Are the Company’s Pre-IPO Equity Awards Problematic? 6 How Should Investor Relations Be Handled? 7 Which Securities Exchange to List On? 8 OFFER STRUCTURE 9 Offer Size 9 Primary vs. Secondary Shares 9 Allocation—Institutional vs. Retail 9 KEY DOCUMENTS 11 Registration Statement 11 Form 8-A – Exchange Act Registration Statement 19 Underwriting Agreement 20 Lock-Up Agreements 21 Legal Opinions and Negative Assurance Letters 22 Comfort Letters 22 Engagement Letter with the Underwriters 23 KEY PARTIES 24 Issuer 24 Selling Stockholders 24 Management of the Issuer 24 Auditors 24 Underwriters 24 Legal Advisers 25 Other Parties 25 i Initial Public Offerings THE IPO PROCESS 26 Organizational or “Kick-Off” Meeting 26 The Due Diligence Review 26 Drafting Responsibility and Drafting Sessions 27 Filing with the SEC, FINRA, a Securities Exchange and the State Securities Commissions 27 SEC Review 29 Book-Building and Roadshow 30 Price Determination 30 Allocation and Settlement or Closing 31 Publicity Considerations -
Preparing a Venture Capital Term Sheet
Preparing a Venture Capital Term Sheet Prepared By: DB1/ 78451891.1 © Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Purpose of the Term Sheet................................................................................................. 3 II. Ensuring that the Term Sheet is Non-Binding................................................................... 3 III. Terms that Impact Economics ........................................................................................... 4 A. Type of Securities .................................................................................................. 4 B. Warrants................................................................................................................. 5 C. Amount of Investment and Capitalization ............................................................. 5 D. Price Per Share....................................................................................................... 5 E. Dividends ............................................................................................................... 6 F. Rights Upon Liquidation........................................................................................ 7 G. Redemption or Repurchase Rights......................................................................... 8 H. Reimbursement of Investor Expenses.................................................................... 8 I. Vesting of Founder Shares..................................................................................... 8 J. Employee -
Investigating of Long-Term Performance the Stocksinitial Offeringin Tehran Stock Exchange
Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Investigating of long-term performance the stocksinitial offeringin Tehran Stock Exchange Mohammad Ali Molazadeh Department of management Kerman branch islamic Azad University,Kerman,Iran Valiollah Shahbazkhani Department of economic Kerman branch Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the long-term performance the stocksinitial offering in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research was a kind of study of library and analytical reason and it was based on the ordinary least squares method (analysis of data compilation).In this research the financial information of 24 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2015 that they had been initial offering were investigated (144 companies - year). To analyze the obtain results of research was used the 12 Stata software. The research results relate to confirming the first hypothesis have shown that the warm and cold type of market in the relationship between the volume of shares offered with the lower valuation of fact have the significant positive impact.Also according to the analysis made in relation to reject the second hypothesis of research reached to this result that there is not a significant relationship between the number of companies that are initial offering with the valuation less than in fact of the Stocks in the previous period. In the following the research results in relate to confirming third hypothesis indicate that there is a significant relationship between the number of companies have Initial offering, with the kind of warm and cold market.Also according to the analysis conducted in relation to confirmation the fourth hypotheses of research conclude that there is a significant relationship between the grouped companies in the same industry in the initial offering with the kind of warm and cold market. -
Understanding and Planning an Initial Public Offering (IPO)
Understanding and Planning an Initial Public Offering (IPO) Understanding the IPO How Olshan Can Help Process Olshan can provide assistance during each phase of the IPO An initial public offering (IPO) is the process achieved when a private process. company registers its shares of common stock with the SEC and sells them to public investors in an underwritten offering. The shares The IPO Planning Phase – The pre-IPO preparation phase sets the subsequently trade on a stock exchange, such as the NYSE or groundwork for a successful IPO. Olshan will: Nasdaq, and the company becomes subject to the public reporting • Identify gating issues upfront and recommend changes to requirements of the federal securities laws. enhance corporate governance and transparency as a public The process is often challenging – it is a time-consuming distraction company. for management, it often involves significant transaction costs and, • Develop a high-level timeline clearly identifying responsibilities. with a narrow “market window,” there is no guarantee the IPO will • Help assemble the right IPO team – underwriters, accountants generate the level of hoped-for proceeds, or be completed at all. and even CFOs. Understanding the IPO process and managing it effectively can help avoid these risks. • Provide support for dual-track strategies such as private equity and other M&A transactions. Early preparation and an experienced team of underwriters, lawyers and accountants are key to a smoothly run IPO process. Below is an The IPO Preparation and Filing Phase – This phase involves a outline of the basic steps that will occur over the 3 to 5 month period: substantial amount of detailed legal documentation. -
[List of Stocks Registered on National Securities Exchanges]
F e d e r a l R e s e r v e Ba n k O F D A LLA S Dallas, Texas, July 29, 1953 To All Banking Institutions in the Eleventh Federal Reserve District: On June 9, 1953 we sent you a copy of Amendment No. 12 to Regulation U which is to become effective August 1, 1953. A principal provision of the amendment is that a bank loan for the purpose of purchas ing or carrying a “redeemable security” issued by an “ open-end company” as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, whose assets customarily include stocks registered on a national securities exchange, shall be deemed under the regulation to be a loan for the purpose of purchasing or carrying a stock so registered. The amendment also provides that in determining whether or not a security is a “ redeemable security,” a bank may rely upon any reasonably current record of such securities that is published or specified in a publication of the Board of Governors. This, of course, adopts the same procedure as that specified in the regulation for determining whether or not a security is a “ stock registered on a national securities exchange,” and in the past the Board has published a “ List of Stocks Registered on National Securities Exchanges.” This list has now been revised and expanded to include also a list of “redeem able securities” of the type covered under the regulation by Amendment No. 12 thereto. A copy of this list dated June, 1953 and listing such stocks and securities as of March 31, 1953 is enclosed. -
A Roadmap to Initial Public Offerings
A Roadmap to Initial Public Offerings 2019 The FASB Accounting Standards Codification® material is copyrighted by the Financial Accounting Foundation, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116, and is reproduced with permission. This publication contains general information only and Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication. As used in this document, “Deloitte” means Deloitte & Touche LLP, Deloitte Consulting LLP, Deloitte Tax LLP, and Deloitte Financial Advisory Services LLP, which are separate subsidiaries of Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a detailed description of our legal structure. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Copyright © 2019 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. Other Publications in Deloitte’s Roadmap Series Business Combinations Business Combinations — SEC Reporting Considerations Carve-Out Transactions Consolidation — Identifying a Controlling Financial Interest Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity -
Initial Public Offering Allocations
Initial Public Offering Allocations by Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian Business School for the degree of PhD PhD specialization: Financial Economics Series of Dissertations 9/2011 BI Norwegian Business School Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme Initial Public Offering Allocations © Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme 2011 Series of Dissertations 9/2011 ISBN: 978-82-8247-029-2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian Business School N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg Trykk The dissertation may be downloaded or ordered from our website www.bi.no/en/Research/Research-Publications/ Abstract Stock exchanges have rules on the minimum equity level and the minimum number of shareholders that are required to list publicly. Most private companies that want to list publicly must issue equity to be able to meet these minimum requirements. Most companies that list on the Oslo stock exchange (OSE) are restricted to selling shares in an IPO to a large group of dispersed investors or in a negotiated private placement to a small group of specialized investors. Initial equity offerings have high expected returns and this makes them very popular investments. Ritter (2003) and Jenkinson and Jones (2004) argue that there are three views on how shares are allocated in the IPO setting. First, is the academic view based on Benveniste and Spindt (1989). In this view investment banks allocate IPO shares to informed investors in return for true valuation and demand information. Informed investors are allocated shares because they help to price the issue. Second, is the pitchbook view where investment banks allocate shares to institutional investors that are likely to hold shares in the long run. -
Frequently Asked Questions About Initial Public Offerings
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS Initial public offerings (“IPOs”) are complex, time-consuming and implicate many different areas of the law and market practices. The following FAQs address important issues but are not likely to answer all of your questions. • Public companies have greater visibility. The media understanding IPOS has greater economic incentive to cover a public company than a private company because of the number of investors seeking information about their What is an IPO? investment. An “IPO” is the initial public offering by a company • Going public allows a company’s employees to of its securities, most often its common stock. In the share in its growth and success through stock united States, these offerings are generally registered options and other equity-based compensation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the structures that benefit from a more liquid stock with “Securities Act”), and the shares are often but not an independently determined fair market value. A always listed on a national securities exchange such public company may also use its equity to attract as the new York Stock exchange (the “nYSe”), the and retain management and key personnel. nYSe American LLC or one of the nasdaq markets (“nasdaq” and, collectively, the “exchanges”). The What are disadvantages of going public? process of “going public” is complex and expensive. • The IPO process is expensive. The legal, accounting upon the completion of an IPO, a company becomes and printing costs are significant and these costs a “public company,” subject to all of the regulations will have to be paid regardless of whether an IPO is applicable to public companies, including those of successful. -
U.S. Preferred Stock
FIXED INCOME 101 CONTRIBUTOR Jason Giordano U.S. Preferred Stock Director Fixed Income Indices Preferred stock is a hybrid security that reflects characteristics of both [email protected] stocks and bonds. Typically, the dividends paid by preferred shares generate higher yields than common stock and investment-grade corporate bonds (see Exhibit 1). Therefore, preferred shares could serve 1 as a potential source of significant current income. In addition, their relatively low correlations with traditional asset classes, such as common stocks and bonds, may provide potential portfolio-diversification and risk- reduction benefits. In Exhibit 1, the highlighted period from June 2014 to June 2016 reflects the turmoil in the high-yield markets and interest rate hike during that time. Note the interest rate sensitivity (similar to debt) and volatility (similar to equity) of the S&P U.S. Preferred Stock Index (TR). Exhibit 1: Relative Performance Versus Corporate Bonds (2014-2016) Typically, the dividends paid by preferred shares generate higher yields than common stock and investment-grade corporate bonds. Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. Data from June 2014 to June 2016. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Chart is provided for illustrative purposes and reflects hypothetical historical performance. Please see the Performance Disclosure at the end of this document for more information regarding the inherent limitations associated with back-tested performance. In low-interest-rate environments with narrow credit spreads, preferred stocks behave similarly to bonds. In periods of high volatility, they behave more like stocks. When used as a complement to traditional fixed income asset classes, preferred securities may provide an opportunity for enhanced total return, while potentially reducing overall volatility. -
The Relationship Between IPO Price and Liquidity: Empirical Evidences from Iran
International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 6, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1916-971X E-ISSN 1916-9728 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Relationship between IPO Price and Liquidity: Empirical Evidences from Iran Leila Bateni1, Fraydoon Rahnama Roodposhti1, Zahra Poorzamani2 & Farshid Asghari3 1 Economics & Management Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Accounting, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 School of Economics, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran Correspondence: Leila Bateni, Economics & Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Hesarak, Tehran, I. R. Iran. Tel: 98-919-355-8656 or 147-789-3855. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 8, 2014 Accepted: April 22, 2014 Online Published: May 25, 2014 doi:10.5539/ijef.v6n6p226 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n6p226 Abstract The underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) is generally explained with asymmetric information and risk. We complement these traditional explanations with a new theory where investors worry also about the after-market illiquidity that may result from asymmetric information after the IPO. The less liquid the aftermarket is expected to be, and the less predictable its liquidity, the larger will be the IPO underpricing. Our model blends such liquidity concerns with signaling theory. The model’s predictions are supported by evidence for 36 IPOs from Tehran Stock Exchange between 2006 and 2012. Using Hui & Heubel ratio of liquidity, we find that after-market liquidity is an important determinant of IPO pricing. Practical implementation-the finding of the study could be helpful for university students and users of financial information and other financial analysts in capital market.