FAO JOURNAL VOLUME IX, NUMBER 2 June 2005 El Salvador Example for Success The Foreign Policy of the Philippines Jihadists From Iraq: Future Threat The Kingdom of Nepal A New Intelligence Architecture DISCLAIMER: FAO Journal, a quarterly professional publication for Foreign Area Specialists, is printed by the Foreign Area FAO JOURNAL Officer Association, Herndon, VA. The views expressed are those of the au- thors, not of the Department of Defense, A Professional Journal for the Armed services or any DoD agency. Regional Specialists The contents do not reflect the DoD po- sition and are not in any way intended to supersede information from official mili- tary sources. Use of articles or advertise- June 2005 VOLUME IX, NO. 2 ments constitutes neither affirmation of their accuracy nor product endorsement ISSN 1551-8094 by FAOA or DoD. 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FAO Journal Editor FEATURES LTC Steve Gotowicki US Army (Retired) Service Proponent Notes Middle East FAO USMC pg 32 [email protected] Page 3 FAO Journal El Salvador Sets The Example for Success MAJ Adrian D. Hope, USA, 48B Throughout history, the countries of Central country recovered and became a moderately America have continuously struggled with shap- stable democratic society. Finally, the article will ing their identities. Since these countries were provide some details of El Salvador’s involve- not in the highest positions on the list of global ment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. suppliers of natural resources or economic power houses, they did not always get top prior- El Salvador has been reluctant to accept ity from the super powers of the world. How- rule from outside parties throughout its history. ever, there was a time during the mid 1980’s that Spain’s first attempt to gain rule of this country in Central America did receive a lot of attention. 1524 was unsuccessful due to the resistance of These countries were receiving the attention of the indigenous people. However, in the follow- both super powers of that time, the United ing year, Spain was successful in acquiring the States and the Soviet Union. This was yet an- country as a territory. For about 300 years, El other region that the Cold War Super Powers Salvador was used by Spain for its natural re- were courting. sources. During this time, Spain granted the elite large areas of land. These practices would In today’s international political scene, develop the two classes in El Salvador for many there are many changes in regimes. Some have centuries to come. been initiated from within and some regimes have been changed by international coalitions. An example of the rebounding ability of If these changes are so important, one would ex- this country was during the early twentieth cen- pect to see only the most powerful nations in- tury. El Salvador was quickly becoming a world volved. However, why is the smallest country in leader in the export of coffee. This new eco- Central America participating? El Salvador may nomic growth stimulated the separation of the be involved because the country itself has strug- wealthy and poor by displacement. The wealthy gled through numerous regimes and a deadly landowners simply displaced the indigenous civil war before beginning their successful de- people to acquire more land for the production of mocratic way of governance. It is quite possible coffee. When the world financial market was hit that El Salvador is becoming an example of how hard in the 1930’s, El Salvador was greatly af- democracy can prosper, even in countries that fected. This event sparked the desire for the have been struggling for years. working class people to unite and create an op- posing political party. This article will provide some information about the internal struggles of El Salvador from The party that was created was the Com- its independence to the present. The areas that munist Party of El Salvador, or simply PCS. And will be addressed in this article will be a brief his- some scholars debate if they were responsible tory of El Salvador to give the reader a back- for the rebellion in 1932. Some academics be- ground of the country and the determination of lieve it was the work of the Communist Party and its people. Additionally, this article will look at some believe it was the tyranny of the military aspects of the government and the population to controlled government. The rebellion of 1932 determine what were the problems leading up to was not very successful. This insurrection the Civil War during the 1980’s and how the Page 4 FAO Journal started because of the inequality of land owner- ship. It started in the coffee growing regions of western El Salvador and lasted only a few days. Several thousand insurgents attacked the local symbols of power, targeting the elite and their property. Multiple municipal buildings were burned and all of their records were destroyed.1 The government was then under the newly empowered General Maximiliano Hernández-Martínez. His military commanders responded with the killings of the indigenous population. The estimated number killed range from as few as 10,000 to over 30,000 people.2 The brutal response from the military sent a message to the country that rebellions would not be an option for the people. Most of the indige- nous people were afraid to wear their traditional dress for fear that they would be killed by the army. This rebellion was another example of how the people of El Salvador did not support in- surrections. It changed the way the people would react towards the government for almost fifty years. Revolutions from within the military or government are a different story. The same The failures in the election system put the leader, General Hernández-Martínez came into government at a disadvantage to the people. power by a militarily led revolution. The govern- The government would have to change to gain ment of El Salvador has been one that has been the support of the people. The pivotal time in the run primarily by the military. history of the El Salvadoran government was in 1979. October 15th, 1979 was the day that Gen- These military leaders were appointed or eral Carlos Humberto Romero’s government “elected” and all of them were part of the ruling would fall and transformation in the government party of the time. There were not any multiparty of El Salvador would begin. The new reforms in- elections until 1972. In 1972, the mayor of San cluded human rights concerns, the disbandment Salvador José Napoleon Duarte was elected of corrupt paramilitary groups and changes in over the government’s Party, the National Con- the electoral process. ciliation Party (PCN), whose candidate was Colonel Arturo Armando Molina. The results of The beginnings of a civil war were already this election were not accepted by the govern- under way when General Romero was peace- ment. This denouncement led to a coup attempt fully removed from power. The Salvadoran by Duarte and some military leaders who op- Communist Party (PCS) was beginning to re- posed the government’s decisions. The people emerge in the 1970’s. The leader of the PCS, did not support this coup because of the amount Shaffic Handel, realized that the party would not of distrust of the military. Duarte and the select be able to gain power through the electoral proc- military leaders who attempted this coup were ess. Although the PCS was not officially recog- captured and exiled. nized in El Salvador, Handel was able to infiltrate Page 5 FAO Journal labor unions and other non-violent means in pur- candidate from the ARENA - Alianza Republicana suit of power. 4 Nacionalista (Nationalist Republican Alliance) party. Saca’s main opponent was Shaffic Handel, The Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was from the FMLN - Frente Farabundo Marti para la able to make agreements with the military and Liberaction Nacional (National Liberation Front change the population’s perception of elections.