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A Kinetic Study on the Lime-Heat Treatment of Corn for Masa Production Yung-Ho Chang Iowa State University

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A Kinetic Study on the Lime-Heat Treatment of Corn for Masa Production Yung-Ho Chang Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1987 A kinetic study on the lime-heat treatment of corn for masa production Yung-Ho Chang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Chang, Yung-Ho, "A kinetic study on the lime-heat treatment of corn for masa production " (1987). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11671. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11671 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17"x 23" black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably cn positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6"x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8721873 A kinetic study on the lime-heat treatment of corn for masa production Chang, Yung-Ho, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1987 UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Aitor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE; In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark •/ . 1. Glossy photographs or pages _ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University iVIicrofilms International A kinetic study on the lime-heat treatment of corn for masa production by Yung-Ho Chang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Food Technology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the GiJê duate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1987 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NOHENCLATDRE V INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Traditional Processing of Corn 4 Nixtamalization 4 Grinding or milling 6 Masa cooking 6 Effects of Lime-heat Treatment on Corn 7 Nutritive value 7 Physical-chemical properties 8 Mathematical Models 12 Simplex Search Technique 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Corn 2 3 Cooking Procedure 25 Water-cooking experiments 25 Lime-cooking experiments 25 Stickiness measurement experiments 26 Sampling 29 Cooking experiments 29 Stickiness measurement experiments 29 Degermination of Corn 29 Preparation of Totally Gelatinized Corn Samples 30 iii Temperature of Cooking Solution 31 Water Uptake 31 Degree of Starch Gelatinization 32 The modified amylose/iodine blue value method 32 The enzymic method 34 Equivalent Radius of the Corn Kernel 36 Stickiness 37 Samples 37 Test cell 38 Procedures 38 IŒSULTS AND DISCUSSION 43 The Colorimetric Method for Determining the Degree of Starch Gelatinization in Water-cooked Corn 43 Factors affecting determination of degree of gelatinization 43 Standard curve 53 Hydrothermal Processing of Corn 57 Heating, water uptake, and degree of gelatinization curves 57 Simultaneous diffusion and reaction 57 Calculated degree of starch gelatinization in water-cooked corn 63 Lime-heat Treatment on Different Hybrids of Corn 65 Heating, water uptake and degree of gelatinization curves 68 Rate parameters for the lime-cooking system 71 Calculated degree of starch gelatinization in lime-cooked corn . 74 Rate parameters and water uptake of corn 74 iv Extent of Starch Gelatinization and Stickiness Values of Masa Prepared from Lime-cooked Corn 78 CONCLUSIONS 83 RECOMMENDATIONS 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY 85 ACKN0WI£D6EHENTS 91 APPENDIX 92 V NOMENCLATURE a Spherical-equivalent radius of corn kernel, m. 3 C Concentration of water, kg/m . C. Initial water concentration in corn kernel, kg HgO/m corn. Cg Saturation concentration of water, kg HgO/m corn. D Water diffusivity, mf/hr. DQ Frequency factor for diffusion, m /hr. Activation energy, cal/g-itiol. E^ g Activation energy of diffusion process, cal/g-mol. E ^ Activation energy of gelatinization reaction, ' cal/g-mol. e Equilibrium state. f Equilibrium state. GQ Absorbance at 63 0 nm for raw, ungelatinized sample Absorbance at 630 nm for autoclaved sample, i Initial state. K First-order reaction rate constant, 1/hr. Apparent reaction rate constant, 1/hr. K Reaction rate parameter of m-order rate equation, ^ 1/hr. KQ Frequency factor for gelatinization reaction, 1/hr MC Moisture content of corn, gm HgO/lOO gm dry-solid, m Order of reaction. vi Q Amount of water absorbed by corn, kg. R Absorption rate of water, kg/hr. Gas constant, 1.987 g-cal/(g-mol)(°K). r Radial distance, m. T Absolute temperature, "K. t Cooking time, hr. UG Ungelatinized starch content, %. V Viscosity (flow consistency index), g^/cm^sec^^~^. WU Amount of water absorbed by corn, gm H-O/lOO gm dry-solid. X Deformation ratio of cooked rice, a Gelatinized starch portion. 0 Cooking time or reaction time, hr. 1 INTRODUCTION Corn (Zea mays), consumed in a variety of forms, has been the basic cereal food for centuries in Central America and Mexico. The main form of consumption is the well-known tortilla, made either at home or industrially by cooking corn with lime (Bressani et al., 1958; Bressani and Scrimshaw, 1958; Katz et al., 1974). The recently increasing popularity of Mexican foods and corn-based snacks has generated a multimillion-dollar industry that uses the tortilla as the backbone for most traditional products, such as tacos, nachos and other corn snacks (Bedolla and Rooney, 1982). Thus, the tortilla-making process deserves increasing attention as commercial tortilla plants face the task of converting the traditional method of cooking into a large-scale industrial operation. The traditional alkali-cooking method of tortilla production was originally developed by Latin American Indians (Katz et al., 1974). Today, even though most commercial plants use relatively sophisticated processing equipment, the basic steps for tortilla production remain relatively unchanged. The optimization of the entire process is determined quite subjectively. Experienced people a:/e relied on to determine the optimum cooking time 2 and to evaluate the properties of the final products (Bedolla and Rooney, 1982). At least one study has shown that the optimization of the process determined in this empirical manner is not necessarily consistent with that determined by a sensory panel (Martinez-Herrera and Lachance, 1979). Moreover, there is little knowledge about the properties of corn that can be used for screening and/or quality control purposes. Therefore, a more objective method for the optimization of the process is needed for quality control and better utilization of various corn hybrids. Before a method for determining optimum cooking-time can be developed, we need to first learn what physical/chemical properties of corn control the cooking process. Starch is the major component in corn and its derived products; it makes up to 70 to 75% of corn kernels and about 80% of the weight of corn chips (Bedolla et al., 1983). During lime-heat treatment, the energy and alkali solution bring about the gelatinization of starch in corn. Several reports (Bedolla and Rooney, 1982; Khan et al., 1982) also mention that undercooked nixtamals (lime-cooked corns) may not have enough gelatinized starch granules to permit proper masa structure, and that overcooked samples with too high a degree of starch gelatinization may produce 3 masa that is too sticky to be handled. These studies underlined the effect of starch gelatinization on the rheological properties of masa. Thus, the regulation of starch gelatinization should be an important control in the lime-heat processing of corn. The extent of starch gelatinization is not easily measured analytically, particularly during processing. However, since the gelatinization reaction requires water as one of its reactants, one may be able to monitor the water uptake of corn and relate this uptake to the extent of gelatinization. To do this, a mathematical model is needed to quantitatively analyze the uptake of water during processing.
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