DOCSLIB.ORG

Endpoint-Transparent Multipath Transport with Software-Defined

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Endpoint-Transparent Multipath Transport with Software-Defined Endpoint-transparent Multipath Transport with Software-defined Networks Dario Banfi∗z, Olivier Mehani∗, Guillaume Jourjony, Lukas Schwaighoferz, Ralph Holzx ∗ NICTA, Sydney, Australia; Email: [email protected] y Data61, CSIRO, Sydney, Australia; Email: {first.last}@data61.csiro.au z Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Email: {first.last}@tum.de x School of IT, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Email: [email protected] Abstract—Multipath forwarding consists of using multiple modify end-hosts. Heterogeneous network paths also worsen paths simultaneously to transport data over the network. While the issue of packet reordering, creating head-of-line blocking most such techniques require endpoint modifications, we invest- delays, and sometimes leading to worse performance than igate how multipath forwarding can be done inside the network, transparently to endpoint hosts. With such a network-centric single-path transfers [8]. approach, packet reordering becomes a critical issue as it may In this paper,1 we attempt to join both lower- and upper- cause critical performance degradation. layer approaches and merge their successes through the use of We present a Software Defined Network architecture which SDN. We aim to satisfy the following goals: capacity aggreg- automatically sets up multipath forwarding, including solutions ation, ease of end-to-end deployment, adaptivity to failures, for reordering and performance improvement, both at the sending side through multipath scheduling algorithms, and the and automatic path computation. To this end, we introduce receiver side, by resequencing out-of-order packets in a dedicated the MPSDN architecture, comprising an SDN controller with in-network buffer. better knowledge and control of available paths than endpoint- We implemented a prototype with commonly available tech- only layer-4 solutions, as well as modifications of the Open nology and evaluated it in both emulated and real networks. vSwitch implementation and OpenFlow protocol to enable Our results show consistent throughput improvements, thanks to the use of aggregated path capacity. We give comparisons finer packet scheduling and reordering within the network, to Multipath TCP, where we show our approach can achieve a without need for explicit end-host support. similar performance while offering the advantage of endpoint The solution can be deployed with either layer-2 forwarding transparency. or layer-3 routing or tunnelling, and the controller does not Index Terms—multipath transport, SDN, OpenFlow, Open require full control of the network hops. We show that this vSwitch approach enables performance similar to MPTCP’s while lifting the requirement for end-host modifications. The focus I. INTRODUCTION of this paper is on TCP, but we note that our proposal can IP networks are inherently multipath. Yet, the existence of handle other transport protocol in a similar fashion [9]. Our multiple paths between two endpoints is rarely leveraged. This work also allows us to identify some non-trivial issues when issue can be ascribed to the fact that only lower layers can implementing layer-4 switching and scheduling with SDN establish an accurate view of the network topology, while only solutions. upper layers are able to control transmission rate and end-to- The proposed mechanism can offer benefits in several end connectivity. scenarios where additional bandwidth would enhance the Nonetheless, solutions have been proposed at various layers Quality of Experience for users. A typical scenario is high- arXiv:1608.04579v1 [cs.NI] 16 Aug 2016 to enable specific use-cases and improve performance. Ex- definition video streaming where the bit-rate is higher than the amples are given at layers 2–3 for data-centres with, e.g., capacity of a single path.2 Another use-case for this proposal BCube [1] or DCell [2], or at layer 4 for multi-homed devices is that of multi-cloud overlay networks between virtualised with Multipath TCP (MPTCP) [3] or Concurrent Multipath environments.3 In this scenario, a user controls the edges of Transfer for SCTP (CMT-SCTP) [4]. the network and deploys the proposed mechanism to maximise The most prominently quoted motivations for multipath bandwidth utilisation between clouds. are the potential for continuity of connectivity in case of The remainder of this paper is organised as follows: The path failure or congestion (i.e., fail-over or load-balancing), next section reviews state of the art of multipath approaches or capacity aggregation to speed up high volume transfers between endpoints [e.g.,5, for MPTCP]. 1This paper improves on the first author’s MSc thesis but focuses on TCP Layer-2 multipath topologies [e.g.,6], have been success- only; please refer to [9] for more details and other transport protocols. 2 fully deployed and used within fully-controlled data-centre A video demonstration of this use-case can be found at https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=hkgf7l9Lshw networks. End-to-end multipath support throughout the public 3See, for example, Docker’s overlays https://docs.docker.com/engine/ Internet is however limited [7] due to the requirement to userguide/networking/get-started-overlay/. Table I: Comparison of characteristics and fulfilment of our as label on each received frames. Packets travel on the shortest goals of state-of-the-art multipath proposals and MPSDN. path to the edge switch, which again de-encapsulates the frame and sends it to the end device. Neither of these techniques allows aggregated bandwidth because of their use of ECMP- like hashing. MPTCP, discussed in more details below, has also been TRILL SPB FLARE Harp MPTCP CMT-SCTP AMR OLiMPS MPSDN suggested as a way to leverage multiple layer-2 paths in data- Layer 2 XXX y XXX Layer 3 XXX centres and improve performance and robustness [15]. It has Layer 4 XX z been shown that, with a sufficiently high number of subflows, SDN-based solution XXX it is possible to aggregate capacity and increase load-sharing. Bandwidth Aggregation XXXXXX The downsides of this approach are the necessary end-host Easy Deployability XXXXX support, the lack of multipath capability for other protocols Adaptivity to Failures XXXXXX Load-Balancing XXXXXXXX such as UDP or SCTP, and its limitation to data-centres. Automatic Path Computation XXXXX y MPTCP was used for aggregation on top of a multihomed L2 network B. Network-layer multipath z MPSDN uses L4 knowledge, e.g., sequence numbers, to reorder packets Flowlet Aware Routing Engine (FLARE) [16] is a dy- namic multipath load balancing technique. It uses time delays in line with the goals of our research. We present the proposed between packets of the same flow to split them into flowlets architecture and its implementation in Section III and provide that may be distributed on different paths. This allows to a performance evaluation in both emulated conditions and distribute the traffic between available paths more accurately, in a real multi-homed testbed in SectionIV. We give some as compared to flow-based distribution, while maintaining in- insight and lessons learnt about mixing SDN and multipath in order arrival at the receiver. SectionV and offer concluding remarks in SectionVI. FLARE has shown, through trace-driven simulations of tier- 1 and regional ISPs, that highly accurate traffic splitting can II. RELATED WORK be implemented with very low state overhead and negligible Multipath topologies in both layer 2 and layer 3 networks impact on packet reordering. However its focus is on load- are common, offering multiple communication options for ca- balancing and does not offer capacity aggregation. pacity aggregation, load-balancing, and congestion avoidance. The Harp network architecture prioritizes foreground traffic This section reviews the state-of-the-art of solutions proposed and uses multipath to dissipate background transfers [17]. to leverage those capabilities. We do this layer by layer, from It can leverage path diversity and load imbalance in the 2 to 4, and offer some insight about previous uses of SDN for Internet to tailor network resource allocation to human needs this purpose. (foreground vs. background traffic). It also provides better TableI summarizes the discussed work in light of our fairness and utilization compared to single-path end-host pro- design goals. With “easy deployability” we denote the use tocols. Moreover, it can be deployed at either end-hosts or of software/hardware that can be incrementally deployed and enterprise gateways, thereby aligning the incentive for deploy- used on real networks and that is not only an experimental ment with the goals of network customers. Packet reordering proof-of-concept. is performed at the exit gateways to cope with different path latencies. Its focus on background traffic at the exception of A. Link-layer Multipath all other traffic, however, makes it ill-fitted for our goals. The spanning tree (STP) protocol is extensively used on L2 networks to ensure loop-free forwarding in Ethernet net- C. Transport-layer multipath works. It has the downside of actively pruning paths from Extensions to two main transport protocols have been pro- the networks which could be utilized for increased bandwidth. posed to support multipath. MPTCP [3] introduced a new Cisco’s layer-2 multipath [10] attempts to remediate this by set of TCP options to enable negotiation between multipath- enabling the use of alternate paths, while the IEEE 802.3ad capable hosts while using backward-compatible TCP packets amendment introduces provisions for link aggregation [11]. on each path. SCTP’s fail-over supports load-balancing [18] Neither solution however offers full multipath support across and has been extended to support concurrent multipath trans- complex topologies. fer [19]. Despite their intrinsic limitation to a single transport TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) [12] protocol, those approaches have seen reasonable success in the uses IS-IS routing to ensure that every bridge has full know- lab, with their main barrier to deployment being the need for ledge of the network, allowing for the creating of an op- end-host support.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Performance Evaluation of TCP Multihoming for IPV6 Anycast Networks and Proxy Placement
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2015 Performance Evaluation of TCP Multihoming for IPV6 Anycast Networks and Proxy Placement Raya Alsharfa University of Central Florida Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Alsharfa, Raya, "Performance Evaluation of TCP Multihoming for IPV6 Anycast Networks and Proxy Placement" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1350. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1350 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TCP MULTIHOMING FOR IPV6 ANYCAST NETWORKS AND PROXY PLACEMENT by RAYA MAJID ALSHARFA B.S. NAJAF TECHNICAL COLLEGE, 2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2015 Major Professor: Mostafa Bassiouni © 2015 Raya Majid Alsharfa ii ABSTRACT In this thesis, the impact of multihomed clients and multihomed proxy servers on the performance of modern networks is investigated. The network model used in our investigation integrates three main components: the new one-to-any Anycast communication paradigm that facilitates server replication, the next generation Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) that offers larger address space for packet switched networks, and the emerging multihoming trend of connecting devices and smart phones to more than one Internet service provider thereby acquiring more than one IP address.
    [Show full text]
  • A Holistic Survey of Network-Layer Multipath Junaid Qadir, Anwaar Ali, Kok-Lim Alvin Yau, Arjuna Sathiaseelan, Jon Crowcroft
    1 Exploiting the power of multiplicity: a holistic survey of network-layer multipath Junaid Qadir, Anwaar Ali, Kok-Lim Alvin Yau, Arjuna Sathiaseelan, Jon Crowcroft Abstract—The Internet is inherently a multipath network—for available on the Internet, traditional Internet technologies have an underlying network with only a single path connecting various focused mainly on single-path routing for the sake of its nodes would have been debilitatingly fragile. Unfortunately, simplicity and lower overhead. This has led to the artificial traditional Internet technologies have been designed around the restrictive assumption of a single working path between a source lockup of Internet’s capacity, lower fault tolerance and reli- and a destination. The lack of native multipath support constrains ability, and inflexible support for quality of service (QoS). network performance even as the underlying network is richly This is even in contrast to telephone networks, which have connected and has redundant multiple paths. Computer networks traditionally adopted multiple-path routing1 since it leads to can exploit the power of multiplicity—through which a diverse better reliability and greater customer satisfaction (due to the collection of paths is resource pooled as a single resource—to unlock the inherent redundancy of the Internet. This opens up lesser probability of call blocking) [2]. a new vista of opportunities promising increased throughput Notwithstanding the lack of native multipath support on (through concurrent usage of multiple paths) and increased the current Internet, there is a growing convergence in the reliability and fault-tolerance (through the use of multiple paths Internet community that multipath routing and forwarding, or in backup/ redundant arrangements).
    [Show full text]
  • Multihoming Support in Mobile IP Networks: Progress, Challenges and Solutions
    International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-5, March 2020 Multihoming Support in Mobile IP Networks: Progress, Challenges and Solutions Mohammad Alreshoodi easily attained not only in urban areas but also in remote Abstract: IP network mobility has already emerged as a key environments. Many Internet access options can be exposed domain of wireless IP networking. The network research to mobile IP devices and networks while being on the move. community has taken great interest and paid considerable Wi-Fi hotspots are becoming available in many urban attention to advance IP mobility applications. Accordingly, locations and cellular access can be reached in rural areas. different advanced networking mechanisms have been considered to optimize IP network mobility. One of these mechanisms is The wide availability of these and other access technologies network multi-homing which has been the focus of many IP provides mobile IP networks with a number of wireless mobility studies within the academic research and IETF connectivity alternatives. Multi-interfaced mobile IP devices communities. The combination of network mobility and and multi-gateways mobile IP networks can use all these multi-homing has turned into a conceivable approach to opportunities to establish more resilience Internet access. effectively deal with expanding system availability and improving In addition, multihoming paves the way to have support of the performance of mobile IP network. There are many studies more effective networking techniques in mobile IP networks. proposed during the recent years to realize network multi-homing These include seamless handover among homogeneous and for the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol, a leading IETF IP mobility protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating 5G Multihoming Services in the Mobilityfirst Future Internet Architecture
    Evaluating 5G Multihoming Services in the MobilityFirst Future Internet Architecture Parishad Karimi, Michael Sherman, Francesco Bronzino Ivan Seskar, Dipankar Raychaudhuri Inria, Paris WINLAB, [email protected] Rutgers University Abhimanyu Gosain fparishad,msherman,seskar,[email protected] Raytheon BBN Technologies [email protected] Abstract—In the recent years it has become increasingly etc can be deployed and evaluated. In this paper we focus evident that the current end-to-end host-centric communication on the implementation of mobility services, namely device paradigm will not be capable of meeting the ongoing demand multihoming and its deployment in testbeds including 5G for massive data rates and ultra-low latency. With the advent of fifth generation of cellular architecture (5G) to support these technologies. In Sec. III the principal design elements of requirements on the wireless edge of the network, the need the Mobilityfirst architecture are described along with how for core network solutions to play a complementary role is Mobilityfirst enables 5G services (specifically multihoming). conspicuous. In this paper we present and tackle some of the Next in Sec. IV the details for the components employed in the challenges of deploying a Future Internet Architecture (FIA), implementation are elaborated on. In Sec. V the experimental called MobilityFirst (MF), specifically for 5G use case scenarios. We report our findings of the deployment based on a setup methodology and results are presented. We discuss large scale on a small-scale testbed (ORBIT) and a nation-wide distributed implementation of the experimental setup in Sec. VI and testbed (GENI), and illustrate some results for the use case of finally Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobility Vs Multihoming
    Mobility vs Multihoming Naveen Gundu Helsinki University of Technology Telecommunications Software and Multimedia Laboratory [email protected] Abstract example, In multihoming user subscribes different ISPs and networks for different services. User views different options In current scenario, use of mobile and Internet has been like cost effective, secure, quality service from one ISP and increasing and the increasing number of users are coming others. forward to use new services like mobility and multihom- The analysis of this paper presents the idea behind the mo- ing. Roaming users are interested to stay connected with bility and multihoming. The solutions provided with mobile network while moving from one network to another net- IP and layer 4 for both services and how these protocol so- work with multiple network interfaces e.g. WLAN and lutions are trying to fulfill the requirements. It also gives GPRS.Problems which might arise when mobile host moves difference between them. from one network to another network. Some mobility so- lutions have been introduced to ensure connections between networks,e.g., Mobile IPv4 & IPv6. 2 Background This paper gives a brief functional description of multi- homing and mobility, given requirements, problems associ- Here gives an overview about mobility and multihoming at ated with them, related solution to fulfill each requirements end host and site point of view. And also discusses problems and finally comparison between them. and requirements for further discussion. KEYWORDS: Mobility, Mobile IP, Multihoming, Routing, Site Multihoming, Host Multihoming, Node/end-host, ISP. 2.1 Multihoming Multihoming refers to a situation where an end-host having several parallel communication paths that it can use [4].
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of IP Network Mobility in a Multihomed Context Pratibha Mitharwal
    A study of IP network mobility in a multihomed context Pratibha Mitharwal To cite this version: Pratibha Mitharwal. A study of IP network mobility in a multihomed context. Networking and Inter- net Architecture [cs.NI]. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne - ENSTB, 2016. English. NNT : 2016TELB0407. tel-01714954 HAL Id: tel-01714954 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01714954 Submitted on 22 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. o N d’ordre: 2016telb0407 Sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire Télécom Bretagne Ecole Doctorale - MATISSE A study of IP network mobility in a multihomed context Thèse de Doctorat Mention : Informatique Présentée par Pratibha MITHARWAL Département : Informatique Laboratoire : IRISA Directeur de thèse : Prof. Annie GRAVEY Soutenance le 19 Septembre 2016 Jury : Rapporteurs M. Stefano SECCI Professeur, Université Pierre et Marie CURIE M. Yacine GHAMRI-DOUDANE Professeur, Université de La Rochelle Examinateurs Mme. Annie GRAVEY Professeur, Télécom Bretagne (Directeur de thèse) M. Christophe LOHR Professeur, Télécom Bretagne (Encadrant de thèse) Mme. Veronique VEQUE Professeur, University of Paris Sud (Paris 11), Orsay M. Jean-Louis ROUGIER Professeur, Telecom ParisTech Abstract This thesis presents a solution for boosting network mobility in the context of vehicular communications and content distribution in fixed network.
    [Show full text]
  • Multihoming with ILNP in Freebsd
    MULTIHOMING WITH ILNP IN FREEBSD Bruce Simpson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2016 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8681 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence Multihoming with ILNP in FreeBSD Thesis by Bruce Simpson In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of St Andrews School of Computer Science 2016 (Defended 17th December 2015) Declaration I, Bruce Simpson, certify that this thesis, which is approximately 40,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in October, 2011 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in November, 2014; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2011 and 2015. Date ................ Signature of candidate ............................... I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiding Mobility, Multiplexing, and Multi-Homing from Internet Applications
    HIDRA: Hiding Mobility, Multiplexing, and Multi-Homing from Internet Applications Spencer Sevilla∗, J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves†∗ fspencer, [email protected] ∗University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 yPARC, Palo Alto, CA 94304 Abstract—Today’s socket API requires an application to bind a changed by the network. Thus, requiring the application to socket to a transport-layer identifier (e.g., TCP80) and network- denote a resource by means of a network-layer open identifier layer identifier (e.g., an IP address). These early bindings create that is also used by other hosts and routers fundamentally significant bottlenecks, reliability issues, and force applications to manage complex lower-layer issues. Many approaches have inhibits network-layer mobility and multihoming, and implicitly been proposed to address these problems; however, all of them binds the socket to the network-layer protocol specified (e.g., introduce additional identifiers, modify applications, or require IPv4). Moreover, it also forces applications to be rewritten to additional protocols in the protocol stack. We introduce HIDRA support any new network-layer protocol. (Hidden Identifiers for Demultiplexing and Resolution Architec- The same arguments apply to the use of transport-layer ture), an approach based on hidden identifiers used internally at end systems and intermediate systems. HIDRA enables sockets to open identifiers, and to the interface between the transport evolve with the Internet by hiding all mobility, multihoming, and and network layers. Even ignoring issues pertaining to middle multiplexing issues from applications; does not induce significant boxes, requiring applications to be rewritten to support a new overhead in the protocol stack; preserves backwards compatibility transport-layer protocol is an insurmountable hurdle for the with today’s Internet and applications; and does not require or adoption of a new protocol, especially when the deployment preclude any additional identifiers or protocols to be used in the protocol stack.
    [Show full text]
  • Route Scaling and Multihoming Martin Me Court Masters of Science In
    Route Scaling and Multihoming Martin Me Court Masters of Science in Computing 2 0 0 6 Institute of Technology, Sligo Route Scaling and Multihoming M.Sc in Computing Contents Route Scaling and Multihoming..................... i C ontents.................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures........................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables.........................................................................................................................................vi A bstract.....................................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1 - Introduction..................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2- IPv6 Format.................................................................................................................... 10 Field Descriptions..............................................................................................................................11 Version..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gr Ngp 009 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
    ETSI GR NGP 009 V1.1.1 (2019-02) GROUP REPORT Next Generation Protocols (NGP); An example of a non-IP network protocol architecture based on RINA design principles Disclaimer The present document has been produced and approved by the Next Generation Protocols (NGP) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG. It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership. 2 ETSI GR NGP 009 V1.1.1 (2019-02) Reference DGR/NGP-009 Keywords API, architecture, internet, meta-protocol, network, next generation protocol, protocol ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paths Towards Ipv6 Multihoming
    1 The Paths Towards IPv6 Multihoming Cedric´ de Launois∗ and Marcelo Bagnuloy ∗Universite´ catholique de Louvain (UCL), Belgium http://www.info.ucl.ac.be [email protected] yUniversidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Spain http://www.it.uc3m.es [email protected] Abstract— Multihoming, the practice of connecting to multiple multihomed in IPv6, even end users with multiple interfaces providers, is becoming highly popular. Due to the growth of to GSM, UMTS, or 802.11 networks. the BGP routing tables in the Internet, the way to get multi- The traditional approach for multihoming in IPv4 is to an- homed in IPv6 is required to allow route aggregation in order to preserve the scalability of the interdomain routing system. nounce, using BGP, a single site prefix to each provider. When After several years of development, the IETF and the research multihoming with BGP, the site can use provider-independent community propose drastic changes in how site multihoming shall (PI) addresses or provider-aggregatable (PA) addresses. be achieved in IPv6. Those changes will potentially affect the fundamental multihoming mechanism, as well as intradomain routing, traffic engineering and even the behaviour of hosts A. Multihoming with PI addresses within the multihomed site. This paper presents the required functionalities and the constraints imposed to the solutions to the IPv6 multihoming problem. It surveys the main multihoming approaches that have been proposed to the IETF over the period 2000 - 2005. It proposes a taxonomy, and compares the solutions according to their mechanisms, benefits and drawbacks. This survey also outlines the major steps that have led to a new multihoming architecture for IPv6.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Wireless User: a Practical Design for Parallel Multiconnect Using Wifi Direct in Group Communication
    Virtual Wireless User: A Practical Design for Parallel MultiConnect Using WiFi Direct in Group Communication B Marat Zhanikeev( ) Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka-ken 820–8502, Japan [email protected] Abstract. Several MultiConnect technologies are actively discussed in research today. MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is capable of splitting one flow into subflows and balance the load across multiple access technologies. Multihoming is an older technology that makes it possible for network providers to balance load across multiple up- and down-links dynami- cally. Finally, Software Defined Networking (SDN) achieves the ultimate flexibility of connection and routing decisions. However, none of these technologies enable true (network or otherwise) resource-pooling in com- munications within arbitrary size user groups such as occur in meetings, class discussions, and ad-hoc communities in the wild. This paper pro- poses the concept of a Virtual Wireless User (VWU) which represents the entire group and appears as single user to an over-the-network ser- vice. Each group member is capable of MultiConnect using Wi-Fi Direct in parallel with any other connection method. Modeling based on real measurements shows that VWUs can achieve throughput in the order of tens of Mbps even if throughput of individual users is very low. The paper also formulates a formal optimization problem in relation to VWU. Keywords: Virtual wireless user · Connectivity virtualization · Network access virtualization · MultiConnect · MultiPath · MultiHoming · Wi-Fi Direct · P2P Wi-Fi · Resource pooling · Group communication 1 Introduction Many things are given the prefix multiple in networking today.
    [Show full text]