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When Lincoln Borrowed a Book He Didn’t Like JAMES LANDER Somewhere, if this anecdote is true, there exists a book by George Ber- nard Shaw that he inscribed—twice. First, before sending it to a friend, he wrote, “To —— with esteem, George Bernard Shaw.” Years later, Shaw found the book in a secondhand bookshop, saw the inscription on the flyleaf, promptly bought it, wrapped it up, and posted it to his friend again, this time bearing a second inscription: “With renewed esteem, George Bernard Shaw.”1 Inscriptions in books always have a context, usually quite obvious, but not always so. There is a book in the Vespasian Warner Public Library in Clinton, Illinois, that has three of what we shall loosely call “inscriptions.” At the very top of the title page of Types of Mankind by Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon (1855) is handwritten Clifton H. Moore, and farther down a rubber stamp suggests this book must be one of many that Moore gave to the library.2 The handwriting is that of Clifton Haswell Moore, best known to posterity as a legal colleague and political supporter of Abraham Lin- coln. Moore was eight years younger than Lincoln, and they met not long after Moore moved from his native state, Ohio, to Pekin, Illinois, where he taught school and then was admitted to the bar in 1841 at the age of twenty-three. He settled in Clinton and became the first resident lawyer in DeWitt County, where Lincoln already practiced law as a member of the Eighth Judicial Circuit. Moore and Lincoln traveled the circuit together and, like Lincoln, Moore became a law- yer for the Illinois Central Rail Road, but he also became a business partner with Lincoln’s friend, Judge David Davis. By pouring money 1. Clifton Fadiman and André Bernard, The Little, Brown Book of Anecdotes (New York: Little, Brown, 1985), 500–501. 2. I am grateful to James Cornelius, curator of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, for bringing to my attention the book that is the subject of this article. He knew it would interest me and was also kind enough to read an early draft of this article. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2015 © 2015 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois JALA 36_1 text.indd 47 12/23/14 1:32 PM 48 Lincoln Borrowed a Book He Didn’t Like Figure 1. Courtesy of the Ves- pasian Warner Public Library, Clinton, Illinois. into land purchases in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, both Moore and Davis were wealthy men by 1851.3 Part of Moore’s wealth went into the purchase of books, and eventu- ally he possessed the largest private library in Illinois outside Chicago. At the time of his death in 1901, he owned around seven thousand books and many bound volumes of newspapers. Moore left his book collection to the city of Clinton. To house the collection, his son-in- law and legal partner, Vespasian Warner, donated the land and paid for the construction of the Vespasian Warner Public Library, which opened its doors in 1908. Over the next few years Moore’s books were catalogued for general circulation, but in the mid-1990’s the volumes, which had been scattered throughout the library, were pulled together as the C. H. Moore Collection.4 On a flyleaf preceding the title page (shown above) there are two other inscriptions that have recently attracted more serious attention. The uppermost of these reads, 3. Guy C. Fraker, Lincoln’s Ladder to the Presidency: The Eighth Judicial Circuit (Car- bondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012), 92–95. 4. Arlene Mannlein, “Archivist Discovering Rare Items in Storage at Vespasian War- ner Public Library in Clinton,” Decatur (Ill.) Herald and Review, May 12, 2010. JALA 36_1 text.indd 48 12/23/14 1:32 PM James Lander 49 Figure 2. Courtesy of the Ves- pasian Warner Public Library, Clinton, Illinois. C.H. Moore, Esq Clinton De Witt Co Ills. And if the handwriting looks familiar to Lincoln scholars, the inscrip- tion below explains why: The above was written by Pres’t Lincoln in 1861 — just before he left for Washington — L. Weldon Like Moore, Lawrence Weldon had originated in Ohio, moved to Clinton (in 1854) and rode the Eighth Judicial Circuit with Lincoln. Weldon was then twenty-five years old, so twenty years younger than Lincoln. He was hugely impressed by Lincoln; named his son, born in 1857, Lincoln H. Weldon; and in 1861 was appointed U.S. attorney for the southern district of Illinois by the newly elected President Lincoln. Since Lawrence Weldon lived until 1905—outlast- ing his close friend Moore by four years—it is possible that Moore’s heir, Vespasian Warner, might have asked Weldon if he could confirm JALA 36_1 text.indd 49 12/23/14 1:32 PM 50 Lincoln Borrowed a Book He Didn’t Like that it was Lincoln who wrote Moore’s name and address on the flyleaf of Types of Mankind. Alternatively, Moore himself, at any time between 1861 and his death in 1901, might have asked his friend Weldon to authenticate whether the handwriting was Lincoln’s. Of course, such confirmation is necessary only because Lincoln did not include his own name in the inscription. It is safe to say that if the book had been presented to Moore by Lincoln as a gift, Lincoln would have ended his inscription with “A. Lincoln,” perhaps begun it with “To,” and maybe even included “esteemed,” but he probably would forbear to remind the recipient where he lived. Even when Lincoln was rushing, early in 1860, to send out presentation copies of his only published book, Political Debates between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, he took the trouble to personalize the inscription, as with the copy sent to Stephen J. Logan, “from his friend A. Lincoln.” It is clear—that Types of Mankind was not a gift from Lincoln but a loan from Moore; that before the loan Moore identified the book as his by writing his own name on the title page; and that Lincoln neatly wrote Moore’s name and address on the flyleaf to make sure the book might Figure 3. Courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Spring- field, Illinois. JALA 36_1 text.indd 50 12/23/14 1:32 PM James Lander 51 eventually be reclaimed by, or find its way back to, its rightful owner. Perhaps Lincoln had lots of books borrowed from friends and no op- portunity to return them before setting off for Washington—or, Lincoln may have thought it wise to indicate the ownership clearly in case his partner, William Herndon—another avid book collector—managed to lose the volume into his own library. Whatever the scenario for the book’s return to Moore’s collection, the more pertinent questions are, Why did Moore purchase the book himself, and why did he think Lincoln might care to read it? The 738-page tome also bore a hefty title: Types of Mankind: or, Ethnological Researches, Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History: Illustrated by Selections from the Inedited Papers of Samuel George Morton, M.D. (Late President of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia), and by Additional Contributions from Prof. L. Agassiz, LL.D.; W. Usher, M.D.; and Prof. H. S. Patterson, M.D. Nott and Gliddon’s book was first published in 1854 in an expensive edi- tion for seven hundred prepaying subscribers (listed on the final six pages). Before the year was out, a less costly “fourth edition” (actually a reprint) was published for a wider audience, and it was a “seventh edition” of 1855 that Moore owned. In Types of Mankind, Nott and Gliddon promoted the polygenist theory that there was not a single creation (as described in Genesis), but multiple, separate, or “special” creations, which explains why a given continent generally has flora and fauna (including “men”) that differ from those of other continents. The theory had been developing for decades, but in the late 1840s and early 1850s, it was given promi- nence in books by Samuel G. Morton and lectures and articles by the best-known scientist in America, Harvard professor Louis Agassiz. Josiah C. Nott, of Alabama, publicized the theory at every opportunity, and it gained great favor in America, especially in the South, because it provided a simple “scientific” rejoinder to all those abolitionists who declared that it was evil to enslave our fellow men, since we are all “of one blood.” Well, according to polygenists, Negroes were not our “fellow men” but a very different—and inferior— “type of mankind.” Agassiz’s particular contribution to Types of Mankind was an eighteen- page “Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World and Their Relation to the Different Types of Man,” at the end of which he put the polygenist case succinctly: Either mankind originated from a common stock and all the dif- ferent races with their peculiarities, in their present distribution, JALA 36_1 text.indd 51 12/23/14 1:32 PM 52 Lincoln Borrowed a Book He Didn’t Like are to be ascribed to subsequent changes—an assumption for which there is no evidence whatever . or, we must acknowledge that the diversity among animals is a fact determined by the will of the Creator . [and] what are called human races, down to their specialization as nations, are distinct primordial forms of the type of man.

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