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The Mazahua People in Mexico City: Migration, Survival and Cultural Reproduction

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The Mazahua People in Mexico City: Migration, Survival and Cultural Reproduction MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit "El sol sale para todos en la ciudad de México"? The Mazahua people in Mexico City: migration, survival and cultural reproduction Verfasserin Dragana Marusic, BA Angestrebter akademischer Grad Master (MA) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt.Studienblatt: A 067 390 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Individuelles Masterstudium Internationale Entwicklung Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefanie Kron, M.A. Acknowledgements At this point I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Stefani Kron for her helpful and valuable suggestions during the development of this master thesis. I am also thankful to my boyfriend Marco Danton for all his help and encouragement. Finally, I am particularly grateful for the financial and moral support given by my parents. Without them I would not be the person I am today. Table of Contents I Introduction ………………………………………………………………………...……...1 1.1 Research question and hypotheses……………………...……………………....…2 1.2 Methodology……………………………………………………...……………….3 1.3 Outline of the thesis……………………………….…...……………………...…..4 II Mexico City................................…………………………………………………..……….5 2.1 Historical development…………………………….………………………………6 2.2 Mexico City - a global city?..................................................................................11 2.3 Mexico City in the new millennium: Redefining a multiethnic and multicultural nation….......................................…………………………………………………….12 III The importance of Culture…………………………….…………….……………...….15 3.1 The notion of culture………………….……………………………………...…..16 3.2. Cultural reproduction………………………….…………...……...………...…..18 3.3 Change and cultural persistence……………...…………………………………..19 IV Defining Indigenous peoples…………………………………………...……………….21 4.1 Indigenous peoples as “the other” …………………...………...………..……...24 4.2 Indigenous migrations to Mexico City……………………...……………………26 V Identity and Ethnicity…………………………………………………...……………….29 5.1 Mestizaje and the discourse of national identity……………...………………….32 5.2 Plurality of cultures and multiculturalism …………………...………………….35 VI The Case of Mazahuas……………………………………………...………………..…38 6.1 The Mazahua people……………………………………...……………………...38 6.2 Location………………………………………………..………………………...42 6.3 Historical perspective…………………………………………..………………..43 6 .4 Migration of Mazahua people to Mexico City…………….….………………...46 6.5 Social organization……………………………………………..………………..50 6.6 Cargo- System………………………………………………..………………….52 6.7 World views and religious rituals of Mazahuas……………..…………………..54 6.8 The role of a Mazahua woman…………………………….…………………....58 VII The presence of Mazahua people in Mexico City………………………….…….…...60 7.1 Settlement …………………………………………….…………………..……...61 7.2 Problems of Mazahuas in the city………………………………….……..……...62 7.3 Mazahuas as political subjects……………………………………….……….…..65 7.4 The Flor de Mazahua Cooperative…………………………………………...…..66 7.5 Change and Persistence ……………………………………………………...…..68 VIII Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...…..72 IX Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….....75 X Appendix………………...…………………………………….………………………….85 A Curriculum Vitae........................................................................................................85 B Abstracts......................................................................................................................87 Illustrations: Figure 1: The State of Mexico………………………………………………………………...41 Figure 2: Mexican dolls……………..………………………………………………………...63 Figure 3: Street vending at the Merced………………….………………..……....…………...63 Figure 4: Famous Mexican dolls………………………………………….…………………..67 I Introduction “I speak of the immense city reality made up of two words: the others.” (Octavio Paz, quoted in UN-Habitat 2010: 87) Globalization has been experienced in many different forms, affecting all people in the world. In addition, the increasing globalization and modernization processes have led to an increasing migration of rural population to urban areas. The consequences of these phenomena can be seen among the indigenous peoples of Latin America. City life is now seen as an integral component of indigenous peoples’ lives, such as is the case with a multicultural and multiethnic Mexico City. The indigenous populations have encountered many challenges due to the continuing economic, political, social and cultural changes. Nevertheless, these phenomena have also offered indigenous peoples potential opportunities for resistance and a chance to empower themselves, especially with the help of non-profit organizations. Even though the majority of indigenous peoples worldwide still live in rural areas, they are also increasingly migrating to urban areas, on a voluntary or involuntary basis. This has been the result of an accelerating trend of global urbanization, which certainly influenced the image of the city, transforming it from rural sub-centers to the mega-city. Moreover, it contributed to a persistent image of the city as a haven of modernity, rapid change and its connection to the globalization, while indigenous peoples are continuously seen as traditional and backward part of the society (Speiser 2004: 169). In mega-cities such as Mexico City, whose population structure has a high degree of heterogeneity, economic and social polarization has become most extreme (Parnreiter 1999:74). Marginalization and increasing poverty of the indigenous populations in urban environments inevitably lead to transformations of cultural and social processes, as well as to a changing construction of identity through a confrontation with “the Other”. Moreover, indigenous peoples in urban areas encounter additional challenges, “most prominently unemployment, limited access to services and inadequate housing”. They may experience 1 “discrimination and have difficulties in sustaining their language, identity and culture and educating future generations which can result in a loss of indigenous heritage and values”.1 Under these circumstances, the process of cultural reproduction in an urban area is particularly important, as it implies the experience of everyday life of indigenous peoples in that new place. That will be the main focus of this master thesis. It will be shown that culture is a system of meaning that is produced and maintained through the dynamic production and reproduction of meanings in the social activities of indigenous peoples. I would like to demonstrate that the phenomenon of cultural reproduction has a much greater relevance than just being a change under external influences. In order to explore these issues, I will focus on contemporary Mazahua people that are residing in Mexico City. In addition, it is important to mention their migration process to the city and the factors and consequences related to it, because only in this way we can truly understand their presence and cultural reproduction in Mexico City. Being in an urban environment, they face various changes and threats but still keep trying to maintain their socio-cultural identity. Of course, it is important to think of cultural changes in a positive way as well, and not only as referring to a loss of values, traditions or identity. According to Chávez-Arellano (2008: 75), we should perceive cultural changes as “an expression of life in movement”. Furthermore, an urban environment leads to the reassignment of culture (identity), which implies “ a manner of participation of other worlds or systems of life along with elements from the subjects’ own culture and experiences” (Chávez-Arellano 2008: 76). 1.1 Research question and hypotheses On the basis of the above considerations, my leading research question will be: What new threats and challenges face Mazahua people in a global city such as Mexico City, and how does their cultural reproduction take place in this urban environment? Other important questions to be explored are: How these circumstances influence Mazahua identity? What new identities emerge in the city or old ones are only re-defined? 1 See complete Backgrounder on Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/6_session_factsheet2.pdf 2 From a more gender perspective, what new opportunities can provide the urban area of Mexico City for Mazahua women? In my opinion, due to the new and urban environment, Mazahua people experience intensified racism, discrimination, and precarious economic situation which are felt every day, despite the increasing multicultural nature of Mexico City. Furthermore, while living in Mexico City, they experience transformation of social networks, cultural practices, and existing identity constructions, followed by changes in economic structures as well. Finally, I believe that cultural reproduction of Mazahuas (implying transmission of cultural norms and values) is hindered by the new threats in Mexico City; however, these circumstances stimulated the unity of all Mazahua people in Mexico City, which has contributed to cultural resistance through the foundation of their organizations that are helping them to reaffirm and preserve their traditional culture. 1.2 Methodology Although there are many various reports and researches about Otomi people, who are historically and culturally related to Mazahuas, until recently there has not been any detailed anthropological study about Mazahua Indians except a few articles written by Jacques Soustelle, a French anthropologist. One of the first extensive researches was carried out by Poland anthropologist Alicja Iwanska, who did a field work in one Mazahua village called El Nopal. She
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