Annotations of the Complete Peanuts

Annotations of The Complete Peanuts

en.wikibooks.org March 15, 2015

On the 28th of April 2012 the contents of the English as well as German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. A URI to this license is given in the list of figures on page 55. If this document is a derived work from the contents of one of these projects and the content was still licensed by the project under this license at the time of derivation this document has to be licensed under the same, a similar or a compatible license, as stated in section 4b of the license. The list of contributors is included in chapter Contributors on page 53. The licenses GPL, LGPL and GFDL are included in chapter Licenses on page 59, since this book and/or parts of it may or may not be licensed under one or more of these licenses, and thus require inclusion of these licenses. The licenses of the figures are given in the list of figures on page 55. This PDF was generated by the LATEX typesetting software. The LATEX source code is included as an attachment (source.7z.txt) in this PDF file. To extract the source from the PDF file, you can use the pdfdetach tool including in the poppler suite, or the http://www. pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ utility. Some PDF viewers may also let you save the attachment to a file. After extracting it from the PDF file you have to rename it to source.7z. To uncompress the resulting archive we recommend the use of http://www.7-zip.org/ . The LATEX source itself was generated by a program written by Dirk Hünniger, which is freely available under an open source license from http://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Benutzer:Dirk_Huenniger/wb2pdf. Contents

0.1 References ...... 52

1 Contributors 53

List of Figures 55

2 Licenses 59 2.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE ...... 59 2.2 GNU Free Documentation License ...... 60 2.3 GNU Lesser General Public License ...... 61

Figure 1 Charles M. Schulz, creator of Peanuts .

Since 2004, Fantagraphics Books has been republishing the complete run of the comic strip Peanuts1 in hardcover form, starting from the origin of the strip in October 1950.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts

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Charles M. Schulz2 made frequent topical references within the strip to the events and popular culture of the time, which would have required no explanation for a contemporary reader. Some of these references are now rather obscure, and might not be understood by someone not versed in the popular culture of the period. These annotations aim to provide background for such references, and explain their significance. Each chapter corresponds with a separate volume from the Fantagraphics series, corresponding to two years of the published strips. The original publication dates of the strips are given in addition to the page numbers of the collection, so this reference work can also be used by people with access to the original archives. ==1950−1952== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1950 to 1952 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2004. ISBN 156097589X) • p. 9 (October 31, 1950). One of the games of marbles3 involves shooting one marble out of a ring with another. • p. 11 (November 17, 1950). Although Peanuts is famous for its complete absence of adults, they were occasionally seen and heard in the earliest years of the strip (see June 3, 19524). • p. 24 (December 21, 1950). First appearance of Charlie Brown’s famous zig-zag striped shirt. (See p. 278, December 8 1952, for the ”negative” of this shirt.) • p. 25 (December 25, 1950). ”Through the woods to grandmother’s house” is from Lydia Maria Child’s 1844 song ”Over the River and Through the Woods5”, which the children also sing at the end of the 1973 television special A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving6 . • p. 30 (January 11, 1951). A filibuster7 is an attempt to delay the proceedings of a legislature. Shermy is stalling for time to get his homework done. • p. 38 (February 9, 1951). George Washington8, Thomas Jefferson9, and Abraham Lin- coln10 were three of America’s greatest presidents. (Along with Theodore Roosevelt11, they are the faces on Mount Rushmore12.) • p. 46 (March 8, 1951). Patty is using a typewriter13. • p. 49 (March 21, 1951). ”Mad dog” refers to a dog with rabies14. Rabid dogs are usually killed by local authorities (c.f. To Kill a Mockingbird15 ).

2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Schulz 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/marbles 4 Chapter on page 2 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%20the%20River%20and%20Through%20the%20Woods 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Thanksgiving 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/filibuster 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Jefferson 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln 11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roosevelt 12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Rushmore 13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/typewriter 14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rabies 15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird

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• p. 67 (May 23, 1951). ”Second childhood” refers to mental impairment as a result of old age. It was a euphemism16 for such things as what we now know to be Alzheimer’s disease17. • p. 71 (June 4, 1951). In the early 20th century, people unhappy with the squalor and crime of big cities went ”back to the soil” and became farmers. It was an attempt to re-connect with nature and enjoy ”the simple life.” What Charlie Brown was referring to was playing in his sandbox. • p. 79 (July 4, 1951). It is generally thought that the convention of a man walking nearest the curb is so that he and not the lady would be splashed by passing carriages or by someone above emptying a chamber pot18. • p. 84 (July 21, 1951). In the early part of the 20th century, when a young lady went out on a date, she didn’t need to bring any money since the man would pay for everything. But it was recommended that she carry some ”mad money”, in case the man did something that angered her (made her mad), so she could end the date and have her own money to take a street car19 or taxi20 home. • p. 91 (August 13, 1951). ”Comic magazine” and ”comic book21” are used interchangeably throughout the early days of the strip, with the former eventually dropping out of use. (See p. 17, November 29, 1950 for the first use of ”comic book”.) • p. 93 (August 21, 1951). Neptune22 is the ancient Roman god of the seas. • p. 103 (September 26, 1951). Charlie Brown misunderstood; it’s the New York Phil harmonic23, one of America’s finest symphony orchestra24s. • p. 105 (October 2, 1951). Schroeder is playing the slow movement (Grave) from Beethoven’s25 Piano Sonata No. 8 op. 13, ”Pathetique.” • p. 108 (October 13, 1951). In a less politically sensitive time (white) children would play ”Cowboys and Indians,” a game in which they would chase and pretend to shoot each other, with either imaginary guns—a child’s index finger being the gun’s barrel and the thumb the hammer (See Volume 2’s August 7 1954, p. 250, for Lucy’s clever take on this ”hand gun”) -- or using toy weapons. (See p. 148, February 10 1952, for a full-scale production of the game.) • p. 114 (November 1, 1951). Children in the United States used to ask for money or candy on Halloween26. In the 21st century, it’s become almost exclusively candy.

16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euphemism 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s%20disease 18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chamber%20pot 19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tram 20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/taxicab 21 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/comic%20book 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune%20%28mythology%29 23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Philharmonic 24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orchestra 25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween

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• p. 124 (December 6, 1951). The proper technique for ice fishing27 is to cut a hole in the ice—which is what Charlie Brown does six days later in the December 13, 1951 strip, p. 126. • p. 125 (December 10, 1951). Someone else has drawn a picture of Charlie Brown on the sidewalk. He adds the legend ”Don’t Tread on Me” so that people won’t scuff up his picture (scuffing him in effigy). The phrase ”Don’t Tread on Me” along with the image of a rattlesnake became popular during the American Revolution28 and is seen on the Gadsden flag29. It remains a symbol of defiance against oppression. • p. 135 (January 12, 1952). Charlie Brown is ”driving” a soapbox car30, a car made of wooden boxes, with no motor, that only goes downhill due to gravity. • p. 136 (January 13, 1952). Alexander Graham Bell31 is generally credited with the invention of the telephone. • p. 137 (January 15, 1952). The expression ”Born on the wrong side of the (railroad) tracks” means to be poor, but Charlie Brown is using it here to mean unlucky. The snow man was unlucky enough to be born where it’s sunny (because it’s melted him). • p. 137 (January 16, 1952). Prelude in C major from Johann Sebastian Bach32’s Well- Tempered Clavier33 (Book 1), BWV84634. • p. 140 (January 23, 1952). This musical piece is more commonly referred to as Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 29 in B flat major 35. This is also the music for March 25 and April 14. A Hammer-Klavier (in correct German, Hammerklavier ) is simply the German word for piano. Schulz lettered those German words in blackletter script36, which was still in use in Germany at the time. (See also p. 206, June 24, 1952, below). • p. 144 (February 1, 1952). The large disc they are listening to is a phonograph record37, the precursor to a compact disc38. • p. 146 (February 4, 1952). Albert Payson Terhune39 was the author of many stories and novels about dogs, most notably Lad, a Dog . • p. 148 (February 10, 1952). Charlie Brown is mis-singing Stephen Foster40’s ”Old Folks at Home41” (More commonly know by its first line, ”Way down upon the Swanee River”).

27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice%20fishing 28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Revolution 29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden%20flag 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapbox%20%28car%29 31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Graham%20Bell 32 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach 33 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered%20Clavier 34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV 35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Sonata%20No.%2029%20%28Beethoven%29 36 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackletter 37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone%20record 38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact%20disc 39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Payson%20Terhune 40 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Foster 41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Folks%20at%20Home

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”Old Chisel Home Trail” is the Chisholm Trail42, a cattle drive route from Texas to Kansas in the 19th Century. • p. 159 (March 7, 1952). Charlie Brown and Snoopy are playing William Tell43, the legendary Swiss hero who shot an apple from his son’s head with an arrow. • p. 160 (March 9, 1952). The joke is that in the three hours they played (a common length of time for a round of golf44), they only made it as far as the 1st (of 18) holes. • p. 162 (March 13, 1952). Banbury Cross45 is a real place in England, but Charlie Brown is undoubtedly thinking of the nursery rhyme ”Ride a Cock Horse to Banbury Cross46.” • p.169 (March 30, 1952). The songs Lucy wants to hear are ”Three Blind Mice47” and ”Twinkle Twinkle Little Star48.” • p. 171 (April 3, 1952). Charlie Brown is delivering the traditional whistle of appreciation for feminine beauty (though it usually has two notes: WEEEET-WOOO49), and Patty takes offense. Schroeder, being more musical, delivers a mini-concert to Violet and gets to walk off with her. It is the melody to ”Traumerei” from Schumann’s50 ”Scenes from Childhood” for piano. • p. 179 (April 21, 1952). ”Rubbers” is another term for galoshes51. • p. 182 (April 29, 1952). Charlie Brown thinks they need him to play the card game bridge52, which requires four people. (Six months later, p. 257, October 22 1952, that is what he’s needed for.) • p. 194 (May 27, 1952). Snoopy’s first words in the strip, as opposed to ”Smack Smack” (see p. 2,1 December 11, 1950, 2nd panel) and other animal noises. • p. 197 (June 3, 1952). The first time that adults (except for Beethoven53) are seen in the strip, even if only on TV. (See Volume 2, pp. 215, 218, and 221 for whole crowds of adults as Lucy plays in a golf tournament.) • p. 201 (June 14, 1952). ”Sweetmeats” is just another term for confectionery54 products, including candy. • p. 202 (June 15, 1952). Patty is misquoting William Congreve55’s line from his 1697 play The Mourning Bride : ”Musick has Charms to sooth a savage Breast . . .”

42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisholm%20Trail 43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Tell 44 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf 45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury 46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20a%20cock%20horse%20to%20Banbury%20Cross 47 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Blind%20Mice 48 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinkle%20Twinkle%20Little%20Star 49 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-whistling 50 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Schumann 51 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/galoshes 52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract%20bridge 53 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 54 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/confectionery 55 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Congreve

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• p. 203 (June 17, 1952). ”The Gay Nineties56” refers to the economic expansion and rapid wealth gains experienced in parts of America in the 1890s. Likewise, ”The Roaring Twenties57” refers to American in the 1920s, a period of rapid social change and economic prosperity that only ended with The Great Depression58. • p. 205 (June 22, 1952). The violent names and nature of some comic books at the time were epitomized by EC Comics59 and criticized by Fredric Wertham60 in his book Seduction of the Innocent61 . • p. 206 (June 24, 1952). ”Eine Kleine Nachtmusik62” is famous musical piece by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart63. Jawohl is German for an emphatic ”Yes” (similar to ”of course” or ”you bet”). • p. 206 (June 25, 1952). Both 33 and 20 are terrible scores for any hole in golf64. • p. 218 (July 21, 1952). Because he wrote about collies, these are almost certainly Albert Payson Terhune65 books again (see p. 146 above). • p. 225 (August 7, 1952). Schroeder is playing the first movement of Beethoven’s66 Piano Sonata No. 14 op. 27 No. 2, ”Moonlight.” • p. 228 (August 15, 1952). A shutout67 is a game in which one team wins without allowing the opposing team to score at all. So, yes, their opponents having scored 63 runs, Charlie Brown’s team has no chance of shutting them out. • p. 231 (August 22, 1952). Lucy is confusing checkers with the card game bridge68, where a coup and grand coup 69 are various sophisticated card plays. Charlie Brown doesn’t appear to know the difference either. But he soon learns to play (See p. 257, below). • p. 243 (September 19, 1952). Linus’s first appearance (although his name wouldn’t be mentioned until September 22). Schulz: ”[O]ne day I was doodling on a piece of paper and I drew this little character with some wild hair straggling down from the top of his head and I showed it to a friend of mine... whose name was Linus Maurer. For no reason at all I had written his name under it... [t]hen I thought, why not put this character in the strip and make him Lucy’s brother?”70

56 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20Nineties 57 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring%20Twenties 58 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Depression 59 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC%20Comics 60 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric%20Wertham 61 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction%20of%20the%20Innocent 62 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine%20Kleine%20Nachtmusik 63 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Amadeus%20Mozart 64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf 65 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Payson%20Terhune 66 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 67 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shutout 68 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract%20bridge 69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%20%28bridge%29 70 Kenneth Wilson. A Visit with Charles SchulzA Visit with Charles Schulz. Christian Herald, Septem- ber1967

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• p. 246 (September 25, 1952). Vasco Núñez de Balboa71 was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World. Daniel Boone72 was an 18th century American frontiersman and Indian-fighter. • p. 248 (October 1, 1952). Perfect pitch73 (also called absolute pitch) is ability to sing any individual note on command and/or recognize any individual note upon hearing it played. It is often thought to be a sign of musical genius. Charlie Brown is confusing it the pitching74 in baseball75. • p. 264 (November 7, 1952). The strip’s first use of ”fuss-budget”, a term seldom seen outside of Peanuts. It means one who fusses over insignificant matters; a complainer. • p. 267 (November 15, 1952). Note the use of ”deep focus76” on both Lucy and the telephone. Quite dramatic. Right out of Citizen Kane77 , which the strip would refer to frequently in later years. • p. 268 (November 16, 1952). The first time Lucy pulls the football away from Charlie Brown. • p. 278 (December 9, 1952). Schroeder is playing the Prelude in C major from Book One of J. S. Bach’s78 ”Well Tempered Clavier.” • p. 282 (December 18, 1952). Carnegie Hall79 is one of the finest American venues for the performance of classical music. In the 1950s and 60s especially it was considered the height of musical accomplishment to perform there. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts80 ==1953−1954== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1953 to 1954 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2004. ISBN 1560976144) • p. 11 (January 25, 1953). Schroeder is playing the Piano Sonata No. 29 in B-flat, op. 106 ”Hammerklavier” by Beethoven81. This appears again on p. 110 (September 13, 1953). • p. 16 (February 5, 1953). Bela Bartok82 was one of Hungary’s83 greatest composers. • p. 52 (May 1, 1953). Schroeder is singing from the 4th movement of the Symphony No. 9 in d, Op. 125 ”Choral” by Beethoven84.

71 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco%20N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez%20de%20Balboa 72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Boone 73 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20pitch 74 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pitching 75 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/baseball 76 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/deep%20focus 77 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20Kane 78 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach 79 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie%20Hall 80 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 81 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Van_Beethoven 82 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9la_Bart%25C3%25B3k 83 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary 84 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Van_Beethoven

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• p. 63 (May 26, 1953). ”Doggie in the Window85” was Patti Page’s86 #1 hit song in 1953. • p. 122 (October 11, 1953). Ben Hogan87 was a famous professional golf player. (It is interesting to note that in these pre-1960s strips, Charlie Brown can sometimes be quite self-confident.) • p. 130 (October 31, 1953). A contour sheet is a fitted bed sheet88. • p. 133 (November 5, 1953). Lucy is exercising her rights as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution89. • p. 149 (December 13, 1953). Schroeder is playing the waltz ”On the Beautiful Blue Danube90” op. 314 by Johann Strauss Jr.91. • p. 207 (April 26, 1954). Schroeder is smiling, and has a candelabra92 on his piano, as Liberace93 did in his television show at the time. • p. 215 (May 16, 1954). Sam Snead94 and Ben Hogan95 were famous professional golfers. ”Ike” refers to President Dwight D. Eisenhower96, well-known for his love of golf. • p. 225 (June 8, 1954). Miss Frances97 was the host of a popular children’s television program. She invented the approach of talking to her young viewers as if they were in the room with her. • p. 232 (June 24, 1954). Stan Musial98, Ted Williams99, Roy Campanella100 were popular baseball players of the era. • p. 274 (October 2, 1954). After Lucy does some meaningless graffiti101, Charlie Brown crosses the t. • p. 280 (October 15. 1954). Handballs102 are quite small: 1⅞inches (4.8 centimeters) in diameter. • p. 281 (October 17, 1954). Outing flannel103 is particularly soft, having a nap on both sides.

85 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doggie_In_The_Window 86 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti%20Page 87 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan 88 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bed%20sheet 89 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth%20Amendment%20to%20the%20United%20States% 20Constitution 90 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blue%20Danube 91 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II 92 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/candelabra 93 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace 94 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead 95 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan 96 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20Eisenhower 97 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances 98 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Musial 99 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Williams 100 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Campanella 101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/graffiti 102 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20handball 103 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts104 ==1955−1956== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1955 to 1956 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2005. ISBN 1560976470) • p. 6 (January 11, 1955). A mambo105 is a very fast piece of dance music. • p. 6 (January 12, 1955). A metronome106 is a device for keeping a regulated beat to assist in the playing of music. • p. 7 (January 13, 1955). You break the sound barrier107 by traveling faster than the speed of sound108: approximately 343 m/s109, 1,087 ft/s110, 761 mph111 or 1,235 km/h112 in air at sea level. The person generally credited with first doing this is Chuck Yeager113 on October 14, 1947. • p. 10 (January 22, 1955). This may be inspired by the 1940 film, Edison, the Man , which starred Spencer Tracy114 and told the story of the earlier years of inventor Thomas Edison115. • p. 16 (February 4, 1955). An egotist is someone self-centered, who thinks they are ”the center of the universe.” • p. 21 (February 15, 1955). In actual farming116, ”parity” was the ratio of farm income to farm expenditure with 1910-1914 as a base. Farm interests from 1920s to 1960s wanted federal programs to raise their income to parity. • p. 33 (March 15, 1955). Lucy is playing with some famous sayings. ”There’s a sucker born every minute,” (i.e. you can always find someone to con) is attributed to showman P.T. Barnum117. ”Two’s company, but three’s a crowd.” ”If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.” • p. 45 (April 11, 1955). Davy Crockett118 was a 19th-century American folk hero and frontiersman. The Walt Disney-produced television show about him119 launched Crockett mania in the U.S. and England. The show’s theme song, ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett120” was a number #1 hit record and children starting wearing coonskin cap121s.

104 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 105 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mambo 106 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metronome 107 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sound%20barrier 108 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/speed%20of%20sound 109 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre%20per%20second 110 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feet%20per%20second 111 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20per%20hour 112 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kilometre%20per%20hour 113 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Yeager 114 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%20Tracy 115 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Edison 116 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/farming 117 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T.%20Barnum 118 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett 119 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett%23Television 120 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett 121 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coonskin%20cap

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• p. 48 (April 19, 1955). Charlie Brown is reading a Pogo122 comic book. • p. 57 (May 10, 1955) Buffalo Bill was an army scout and frontiersman who later went into the entertainment business, running his ”Wild West123” show. Annie Oakley124 was a female sharpshooter125 and part of the show. She was so talented that she is generally considered American’s first female superstar. Although she wasn’t actually part of the settling of the West, she dressed in buckskins to play up that image. It would not be too far a stretch to say that this strip is commentary on the rise of feminism126 that occurred after World War II127. • p. 60 (May 16, 1955) Almost all clovers have three leafs. Due to their rarity, a four-leaf clover128 is considered a good luck charm. • p. 66 (June 1, 1955). The first appearance of one of the 1950’s hottest fads, the Davy Crockett129 coonskin cap130.(See p. 45, above.) / Sam Snead131 was a professional golfer famous for his large straw hats. • p. 69 (June 6, 1955). The song ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett132” claims many fantastic things about the man, among them that he killed a bear ”when he was only three.” • p. 69 (June 8, 1955). ”The Ballad of Davy Crockett133” begins, ”Davy! Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier . . .” Modern readers may find it odd that Schulz devoted so many strips to such a trivial phenomenon, but Davy Crockett and coonskin caps really were seemingly everywhere at the time. (See p. 78, June 28, 1955) • p. 70 (June 9, 1955). Minnesota134 is Chales Schulz’ home state. • p. 73 (June 17, 1955). A white-collar worker135 is a professional, someone who’s work is supposedly more intellectual than physical. People in manufacturing are said to be blue collar worker136s. The joke is that even Pig Pen’s white collar is bound to be dirty. • p. 75 (June 21, 1955). ”But is it art?” is an age-old question that really has no answer. What makes a drip painting137 by Jackson Pollock138 worthy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art139, but not a similar painting by a chimp?

122 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogo 123 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20West 124 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Oakley 125 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sharpshooter 126 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/feminism 127 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II 128 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/four-leaf%20clover 129 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett 130 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coonskin%20cap 131 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead 132 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett 133 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ballad%20of%20Davy%20Crockett 134 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota 135 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/white-collar%20worker 136 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blue%20collar%20worker 137 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20Expressionism 138 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Pollock 139 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Museum%20of%20Art

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• p. 76 (June 25, 1955). Most recreation room140s in suburban homes are in the basement to keep the noise down. • p. 79 (July 2, 1955). Willie Mays141 and Duke Snider142 were popular baseball players of the 1950s. • p. 98 (August 14, 1955). To ”clear the table” in the game of 143 is to sink all the balls on one turn and thus win the game. • p. 99 (August 15, 1955). The umlauts over the o’s would actually be pronounced ”boo- woo.” According the International Phonetic Alphabet144, the correct way to represent ”bow wow” is: bau wau. • p. 105 (August 30, 1955) Miss Frances145 was the host of a popular children’s television program. She inventing the approach of talking to the her young viewers as if they were in the room with her. • p. 131 (October 31, 1955). The trick-or-treaters are, in order, Patty, Lucy, Shermy, Violet, Schroeder and Linus. • Lucy’s hair and shoes are visible on in panel #4, even though she had planned on dressing as a ghost on Oct 29/30. • On November 14, Pig-Pen says he was ”away” on Hallowe’en, so he is not in this strip. • Linus is behind Schroeder in panel #9; even though Charlie Brown admired Davy Crockett earlier, Linus produces a Crockett snowman on December 12. • p. 106 (November 2, 1955). This will be Sputnik146, the ﬁrst artiﬁcial satellite, launched by the then-Soviet Union147 on October 4, 1957, signaling the start of the Space Age148 and the Space Race149. • p. 117 (September 27, 1955). Charlie Brown is shown as ”small.” The expression ”to feel small” means to be embarrassed. • p. 142 (November 26, 1955). Snoopy is imitating Mickey Mouse150. • p. 147 (No date in strip, but is December 7, 1955). Lucy is reading a variation on the Dick and Jane151 readers popular at the time. Schulz is being sarcastic. Not much really happens in the stories, so they are far from ”fascinating.” • p. 149 (December 11, 1955). The snow man is (who else?) Davy Crockett152.

140 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/recreation%20room 141 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays 142 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke%20Snider 143 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight%20ball 144 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet 145 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances 146 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik 147 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20Union 148 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Age 149 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Race 150 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Mouse 151 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20and%20Jane 152 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett

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• p. 156 (December 28, 1955). All fads pass, and so did Davy Crocket mania. (See p. 187, March 8, 1956, for what became of at least one old coonskin cap.) • p. 159 (January 5, 1956). Nuclear fallout153 is radioactive contamination154 from a nuclear attack. • p. 162 (January 10, 1956). Private ﬁrst class155 is the ”rank” immediately above Linus’ current one. (See p. 159, January 4, 1956) • p. 163 ( January 13, 1956). Juvenile delinquency156 is anti-social and criminal activity by those under the age of 18. It came into the public eye and interest in the 1950s (see West Side Story157 ). • p. 166 (January 19, 1956). To ”read between the lines” means to understand the subtext158 of something—not what is actually said, but rather implied. • p. 167 ( January 22, 1956). Charlie Brown is putting sand (or maybe salt, if he’s trying to melt it) on the ice to prevent anyone from slipping on it ¿ which is exactly what Snoopy wants to do. • p. 170 (January 30, 1956). A ”fair weather friend” is one who is your friend during good times (”fair weather”), but abandons you when in times of trouble (”rough weather”). • p. 178 (February 16, 1956). Rin-Tin-Tin159 and Lassie160 were the heroic canine stars of popular television shows and movies. • p. 178 (February 18, 1956). Static electricity161 seems to build up more during winter months. • p. 180 (February 20, 1956). Ding Dong School was the television program hosted by Miss Frances162. Howdy Doody163 was arguably the pre-eminent children’s television show of the 1950s. Lassie164 was a very popular television program starring a dog. • p. 184 (March 3, 1956). Lucy is describing a scene from Peter Pan165. Most likely the book was read to her or she saw the 1954 musical starring Mary Martin166 on stage, since she was too young to have seen the Disney ﬁlm version167 in 1953.

153 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fallout 154 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radioactive%20contamination 155 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20first%20class 156 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile%20delinquency 157 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Side%20Story 158 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subtext 159 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin-Tin-Tin 160 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20%281954%20tv%20series%29 161 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20electricity%23.27Static.27%20electricity 162 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Frances 163 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howdy%20Doody 164 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20%281954%20tv%20series%29 165 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pan 166 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Martin 167 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Pan%20%281953%20film%29

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• p. 190 ( March 15, 1956). ”Asia minor168” the old term for Southwest Asia169 which corresponds today to the Asian170 portion of Turkey171. Lucy has confused the term with ”Toccata and Fugue in D Minor172” by Johann Sebastian Bach173. • p. 208 (April 26, 1956). In the 1950s the government paid farmers not to use their land. The idea was that this would prevent soil erosion174 and build up healthier soil when crops were eventually planted. • p. 210 ( April 30, 1956). Unlike the previous greens, which were all legitimate shades of the color, the ones in this panel are jokes. Evergreen175 and wintergreen176, are types of plants. Herb Green was a cartoonist, and Graham Greene177 a novelist. • p. 217 (May 18, 1956). Linus has transformed his blanket into an ascot tie178, a very sophisticated look in the 1950s, frequently worn by sporty celebrities. • p. 226 (June 8, 1956). Stephen Foster179 was arguably the most popular American composer of the 19th Century. His works include ”Oh! Susanna180,” ”Camptown Races181” and ”Beautiful Dreamer182.” • p. 232 ( June 22, 1956). Elvis Presley183, ”the King of Rock and Roll” had just made his ﬁrst television appearances earlier that year and was a riding a huge crest of popularity. At age 21, was also, arguably, at the height of his attractiveness. And, naturally, Schroeder cares not a whit for rock music184. • p. 233 (June 24, 1956). A dust bowl185 is an area where, due to drought and/or poor soil management, the soil has lost all nutrients turned to dust, and blown away. • p. 244 (July 19, 1956). The automatic dishwasher186 as we know it wasn’t invented until the 1920s. With the privations imposed by the Great Depression187 and then World War II188, it didn’t become a common domestic appliance until the 1950s. And, so, of course, Violet’s great-grandmother, who was probably born in the 1880s or 1890s, didn’t have one.

168 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%20minor 169 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20Asia 170 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian 171 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey 172 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor%252C_BWV_565%20 173 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach 174 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/soil%20erosion 175 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen 176 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wintergreen 177 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Greene 178 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ascot%20tie 179 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Foster 180 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%21%20Susanna 181 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptown%20Races 182 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful%20Dreamer 183 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley 184 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20music 185 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dust%20bowl 186 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dishwasher 187 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Depression 188 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II

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• p. 247 (July 27, 1956). Usually, one sticks up for the underdog 189, the person or thing not generally favored. • p. 247 (July 28, 1956). The suburban190 population in North America exploded after World War II191. Returning veteran192s wishing to start a settled life moved en masse to the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1956 the resident population of all U.S. suburbs increased by 46%. And, since new suburbs were built from scratch, very few had mature trees. (Though Charlie Brown’s kites never seem to have a problem finding large trees to crash into.) • p. 249 (July 30, 1956). The titles are all variations on popular books or types of books. From Rags to Fuss-Budget is a spin on any ”Rags to Riches193” tale (how someone started out poor but became rich; see the Horatio Alger194 novels). The Power of Positive Fussing is from Norman Vincent Peale’s195 The Power of Positive Thinking , one of most popular inspirational books of the 1950s. Great Fuss-Budgets of Our Time : the are lots of ”of Our Time” books published every year. I Was a Fuss-Budget for the F.B.I. is a take on I Was a Communist for the FBI196, the radio show and, later, film about an undercover agent infiltrating communist197 organizations in order to disrupt them. The F.B.I.198 is the Federal Bureau of Investigations, America’s internal criminal investigation organization. In the 1950s America was particularly interested in hunting domestic communists, something which was carried to the extremes199 by U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy200. • p. 253 (August 4, 1956). Dr. (Benjamin) Spock201 Was a leading pediatrician. The main message of his best-selling The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care202 was for parents to be more affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals. (See p. 300, November 26, 1956, below.) • p. 271 (September 20, 1956). Compatible color was a television broadcast standard that allowed color broadcasts to appear on black and white televisions without distortions or flickers (but still, of course, in black and white). Incompatible color was a previous color television standard developed by CBS that would have rendered all existing televisions obsolete. • p. 275 (September 30, 1956). Schroeder is playing the Prelude in C major from Book I of J. S. Bach’s203 Well-Tempered Clavier.

189 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog%20%28competition%29 190 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/suburb 191 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II 192 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/veteran 193 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags%20to%20Riches 194 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio%20Alger 195 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Vincent%20Peale 196 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Was%20a%20Communist%20for%20the%20FBI 197 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communist 198 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.B.I. 199 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism 200 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20McCarthy 201 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock 202 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child% 20Care 203 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach

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• P. 283 (October 18, 1956). There’s no particular reason why Charlie Brown yelled this except that it’s dog-related and in the movie Lassie Come Home204 it gets yelled, which is what Charlie Brown is really after. • p. 300 (November 26, 1956). Lucy is reading from Dr. Benjamin Spock’s205 The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care206 . Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts207 ==1957−1958== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1957 to 1958 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2005. ISBN 1560976705) • p. 4 (January 7, 1957) 3rd panel (and subsequent days). Stereo208 and Hi-Fi209 equipment were the latest innovations in home audio at the time. • p. 6 (January 13, 1957) This is a reference to the nursery rhyme210 ”Three Little Kit- tens211.” • p. 7 (January 16, 1957). Bastille Day212 is the French213 national holiday symbolizing the start of French democracy. • p. 20 (February 15, 1957). Hennepin county214 is in Charles M. Schulz215’s home state of Minnesota216. • p. 22 (February 19, 1957). Undoubtedly Lawrence Welk217, whose show first aired nationally in 1955. • p. 23 (February 21, 1957). Having ”both feet on the ground” means having a firm grip on reality. This pun is likely a reference to the fact that the accordion is played while standing, whereas the piano is played while seated and often with a foot on the pedals. (The accordion is also a less widely respected instrument than the piano, explaining Schroeder’s disgust at the remark.) • p. 23 (February 22, 1957). This is the first reference in Peanuts218 to the name Joseph Shlabotnik219, later to be Charlie Brown220’s baseball221 hero.

204 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassie%20Come%20Home 205 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock 206 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child% 20Care 207 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 208 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo 209 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Fi 210 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nursery%20rhyme 211 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Little%20Kittens 212 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille%20Day 213 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France 214 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin%20County%2C%20Minnesota 215 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20M.%20Schulz 216 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota 217 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Welk 218 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts 219 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Shlabotnik 220 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Brown 221 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/baseball

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• p. 33 (March 17, 1957) 1st panel and following. Charlie Brown is engaged in the ancient game of hoop rolling222. It’s exactly what it looks like: rolling a hoop with a stick. • p. 34 (March 20, 1957). Skywriting223 is when a small airplane, expelling special smoke during flight, flies in certain patterns, creating ”writing” readable from the ground. • p.41 (April 6, 1957). A fiscal year224 is a 12-month period used for calculating annual (”yearly”) financial reports in businesses and other organizations. It covers a full 365 days, but does not begin on January 1 nor end on December 31. • p. 47 (April 20, 1957) 4th panel Casey Stengel225 was the manager of the New York Yankees226 in the 1950s and led them to many World Series227 victories. • p. 53 (May 4, 1957). Old fashioned roller skates228 did not have their own uppers. They were essentially mini skateboards that you attached to your shoes with a set of clamps that you tightened using a skate key. • p. 56 (May 10, 1957). Washboard229s, used to wash clothes, were, of course, hand- operated. • p. 58 (May 13, 1957). Calypso music230 is Caribbean231 folk music232. It entered the American mainstream in 1956 with Harry Belafonte233’s very popular rendition of the ”Banana Boat Song234”, a traditional Jamaican235 folk tune. • p. 62 (May 23, 1957). 33 1/3 and 78 rpm were common speeds for phonograph236 records. (The implication is that Lucy speaks very quickly indeed!). • p. 77 (June 29, 1957). Buttons proclaiming ”I Like Ike237” were common in 1951-1952. They proclaimed support for Dwight D. Eisenhower238 for U.S. president. He was president from 1953 to 1961, during the time this panel ran. • p. 82 (July 9, 1957). Barrel staves are curved, wooden parts that make up a barrel239. • p. 83 (July 13, 1957). ”Slacker” is a term from World War I240 and World War II241 describing men who were avoiding the military draft.

222 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hoop%20rolling 223 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywriting 224 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fiscal%20year 225 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20Stengel 226 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees 227 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Series 228 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/roller%20skates 229 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboard 230 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso%20music 231 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean 232 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/folk%20music 233 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Belafonte 234 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20Boat%20Song 235 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica 236 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phonograph 237 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Like%20Ike 238 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20D.%20Eisenhower 239 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barrel 240 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20I 241 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II

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• p. 89 (July 25, 1957). The quotation is from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam242 . • p. 91 (July 29, 1957). Lucy has confused ”phonetic243” (word sounds) with ”psychic244” (having the ability to read minds). • p. 98 (August 17, 1957). According to the U.S. Census Bureau 16.1 million men and women served in the U.S. armed forces from Dec. 1, 1941, and Dec. 31, 1946. So practically every U.S. family has a World War II245 veteran in it. • p. 99 (August 18, 1957). ”Geronimo!” is the traditional cry of paratrooper246s and others as they jump out of planes. It comes from a film about the Apache leader Geronimo247. • p. 101 (August 23, 1957). ”Thar She Blows!” is the traditional yell of whale hunters248 when they spot a whale or, more often, a whale spouting water from its blow hole. • p. 112 (September 17, 1957). Snoopy is holding his fist in the air like Benito Mussolini249, suggesting that Lucy is behaving like the fascist250 dictator. • p. 118 (October 2, 1957). Lucy makes this statement just two days before the launch of Sputnik251! • p. 139 (November 18, 1957). According to Billboard252, the number one song in the United States253 that week was ”Jailhouse Rock254” by Elvis Presley255. Note: Schulz drew his strip weeks in advance. Even though he didn’t know exactly which song would be number one, he knew it would undoubtedly be a rock and roll256 tune, which Schroeder naturally dislikes. • p. 151 (December 16, 1957). The first movement of Beethoven’s257 Piano Sonata No. 1, op. 2 No. 1. • p. 152 (December 20, 1957). Pat Boone258 was a popular singer of the time. His songs were usually sweet love songs, more conventional and ”middle of the road” than the raucous rock and roll259 of Elvis Presley260. Boone had two number one songs in 1957, ”Love Letters In the Sand” and ”April Love”.

242 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat%20of%20Omar%20Khayyam 243 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phonetic 244 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/psychic 245 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II 246 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paratrooper 247 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo 248 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/whaling 249 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito%20Mussolini 250 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fascism 251 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik 252 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number-one%20hits%20of%201957%20%28USA%29 253 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States 254 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse%20Rock 255 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley 256 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20and%20roll 257 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 258 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Boone 259 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rock%20and%20roll 260 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley

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• p. 157 (December 30, 1957). Snoopy’s ears are forming a square. ”Square261” is a slang term for someone who is old fashioned and not ”hip262.” Schroeder’s love of classical music marks him as definite square. • p. 160 (January 8, 1958). Another reading from the gentle and encouraging Dr. Benjamin Spock’s263 revolutionary book, The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care264 . • p. 164 (January 17, 1958). Peter Rabbit265 by Beatrix Potter266 and Alice in Wonder- land267 by Lewis Carroll268 are both children’s books, and so easy reads (though Alice is actually a complex satire, although it is doubtful that Charlie Brown would get the references). • p. 164 (January 18, 1958). ”Pioneer Days” would be the 1800s when the American Old West269 was first settled by white men (”pioneers”). That would anywhere from 50 to 150 years before World War II270. • p. 170 (February 1, 1958). This appears to be a reference to the movie I Was a Teenage Werewolf271 from 1957. • p. 172 (February 4, 1958). Another reference to Sputnik272, the first artificial satellite. • p. 175 (February 10, 1958). Linus knows that carrying around a blanket makes him look crazy, and crazy people are not drafted into the army. • p. 175 (February 11, 1958). Lucy is mis-quoting Karl Marx273 who said, ”Religion is the opium of the people274.” Like most people, she has mis-interpreted that saying to mean that religion is a tool used by the bourgeoisie to keep the masses quiet and complacent. • p. 181 (February 25, 1958). To be ”blackballed275” is to forbidden to join an organization. The Blue Birds were a children’s club, part of the Camp Fire Organization276 (similar to Scouting277), and so, theoretically not that picky. (Blue Birds were started in 1913 as an organization for girls. In 1989 the Blue Bird level became the ”Starflight” level serving both boys and girls.)

261 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20%28slang%29 262 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20%28slang%29 263 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock 264 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child% 20Care 265 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Rabbit 266 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix%20Potter 267 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20in%20Wonderland 268 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Carroll 269 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Old%20West 270 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II 271 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Was%20a%20Teenage%20Werewolf 272 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik 273 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Marx 274 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/opium%20of%20the%20people 275 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackball%20%28blacklist%29 276 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Fire%20USA 277 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting

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• p. 186 (March 9, 1958). The Asian Flu278 was a strain of influenza279 that caused a pandemic280 in 1957-58. • p. 188 (March 13, 1958). A strop281 is a piece of leather used to sharpen an old-fashioned straight razor282. They were also used to spank children with when they misbehaved. Schroeder’s grandfather is arguing for more discipline. Electric razors don’t have strops. • p. 190 (March 17, 1958). Jim Hagerty was President Eisenhower’s283 press secretary. As such, any reporter would love to interview him. • p. 196 (March 31, 1958). The quotation is from the chlidren’s book Little Black Sambo284, which would now be considered racially offensive. • p. 199 (April 8, 1958). A parasol can not be hi-fi285, but, like the term ”high tech286”, ”hi- fi” was bandied about in lots of inappropriate places in attempts to suggest that whatever was being sold was on the cutting edge of science. • p. 200 (April 10, 1958). See above. • p. 221 (May 30, 1958). The Beat Generation287 refers to a group of American writers of the 1950s, most notably Jack Kerouac288. But here Charlie Brown is referring to himself as beaten down by life in general. • p. 222 (June 1, 1958). ”Dear Agnes” is a play on Dear Abby289, the advice columnist (or ”agony aunt290”), whose column began running in 1956. • p. 224 (June 6, 1958). A gila monster291 is a venomous lizard found in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. • p. 238 (July 8, 1958). Fugue in C major from Johann Sebastian Bach292’s Well-Tempered Clavier293 (Book 1), BWV846294. • p. 239 (July 12, 1958). Van Cliburn295 was a well known classical pianist of the late fifties. • p. 268 (September 17, 1958). See p. 232, June 25, 1958. Odd that Schulz recycles an idea not four months after he first uses it.

278 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20Flu 279 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/influenza 280 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pandemic 281 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strop%23Disciplinary_strapping 282 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/straight%20razor 283 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower 284 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Black%20Sambo 285 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi-fi 286 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high%20tech 287 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20Generation 288 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Kerouac 289 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear%20Abby 290 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agony%20aunt 291 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gila%20monster 292 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Sebastian%20Bach 293 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered%20Clavier 294 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV 295 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Cliburn

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• p. 269 (September 19, 1958). ”The fastest gun in the west” was a claim made by many an Old West296 gunslinger297. It literally meant that you were able to draw your gun and shoot faster than any opponent, thus killing them. • p. 217 (September 22, 1958). ”I don’t pretend to be able to give advice.” All that would change with the coming of her psychiatric advice booth (Vol. 5, p. 37, March 27, 1959). • p. 274 (September 29, 1958) Hula hoop298s! The only thing more ubiquitous than Davy Crockett299 in the 1950s was hula hoops. Peanuts is a veritable index to the pop culture of the second half of the 20th century. • p. 275 (October 3, 1958). The ticking of a clock supposedly simulates the heartbeat of the mother, which a puppy would have heard in the womb and while snuggled up against the mother after birth, in order to reassure it. • p. 289 (November 3, 1958). The underdog300 is the person or team not expected to win a contest. The word’s origin, in ship construction, actually does make its opposite ”overdog.” • p. 289 (November 4, 1958). Beethoven301 did not belong to a country club302, so he never had the chance to become ”club champion”: the member of the club who is the best at a particular sport, usually golf303 or tennis304. • p. 289 (November 5, 1958). Irving Berlin305 was a well known American composer and lyricist, author of, among other songs, ”God Bless America306,” ”White Christmas307,” and ’”There’s No Business Like Show Business308.” • p. 307 (December 16, 1958). Johann is the ﬁrst name of classical composer (and, along with Mozart309, rival of Beethoven310’s for the title of greatest classical composer) Jo- hann Sebastian Bach311. Note: there are several Johann Bachs312 who were composers, including a Johann Ludwig Bach313. • p. 310 (December 24, 1958). The age of accountability314 is the age at which a child knows right from wrong and is responsible for his/her own actions. In the Catholic Church it’s 7.

296 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20West 297 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gunslinger 298 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula%20hoop 299 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy%20Crockett 300 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/underdog%20%28competition%29 301 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven 302 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/country%20club 303 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/golf 304 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tennis 305 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Berlin 306 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20Bless%20America 307 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Christmas%20%28song%29 308 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s%20No%20Business%20Like%20Show%20Business 309 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart 310 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven 311 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach 312 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%20%28disambiguation%29 313 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Ludwig%20Bach 314 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/age%20of%20accountability

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Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts315 ==1959−1960== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1959 to 1960 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2006. ISBN 1560976713) • p. 3 (January 6, 1959) 4th panel. Popular songs316 were the music that ”everybody” was familiar with during the first half of the 20th century, until rock and roll replaced it as the music of the general public. • ”Stardust317”, written by Hoagy Carmichael318, and recorded thousands of times, was one of the most popular of these ”popular songs.” During the 1940s - 50s many older pieces of music (including some classical) were jazzed up, given lyrics and became ”hits.” For example, ”Stranger in Paradise319” from the 1953 musical Kismet320 is based on Alexander Borodin321’s Polovetsian Dances322 and Tchaikovsky323’s Piano Concerto in B-Flat Minor became “Tonight We Love.” The joke is that the children are so young that they don’t know ”Stardust” has already been around a while and in fact started out as a pop song. • p. 18 (February 11, 1959) 3rd panel. ”Tennessee Ernie” is Tennessee Ernie Ford324, a popular singer and TV variety show host. • p. 30 (March 9, 1959) 2nd panel. Deep focus325 again. (See also Vol. 1, p. 267, November 15, 1952.) • p. 34 (March 20, 1959). Joseph Haydn’s326 Symphony No. 94 is nicknamed the Surprise Symphony327 due to the sudden appearance of a loud chord during the second movement. • p. 37 (March 27, 1959). The first appearance of Lucy’s psychiatric help booth. • p. 38 (March 29, 1959). Commercial use of jet aircraft in the United States began with the Boeing 707328, first used in international service in October 1958 and for domestic flights in January 1959. Jets were louder than the propeller-driven aircraft they replaced, and in many places, people living near airports distributed petitions in an attempt to reduce the number of jet flights and/or reroute jet traffic away from their homes. • p. 42 (April 6, 1959) 3rd and 4th panels. Almost certainly Peter Gunn329, which had premiered on TV the year before. Gunn was a cool detective, hip330 to all the lingo.

315 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 316 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20music 317 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_%2528song%2529 318 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy%20Carmichael 319 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger%20in%20Paradise 320 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet 321 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Borodin 322 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovetsian%20Dances 323 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr%20Ilyich%20Tchaikovsky 324 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Ernie%20Ford 325 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20focus 326 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Haydn 327 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20No.%2094%20%28Haydn%29 328 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20707 329 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gunn 330 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%20%28slang%29

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“Mommy-O” is a spin on ”Daddy-O”, what one cool331 cat might call another. The 1958 film Daddy-O332 features a truck driver who turns detective. • p. 60 (May 18, 1959). Telephone booth stuffing333, in which as many people as possible tried to cram into the same glass-walled phone booth, was a fad in the late 1950s, primarily on college campuses. • p. 67 (June 6, 1959). ”I was an only dog.” Schulz would later change his mind on this (or, he simply forgot the line). Over the years (see May 5, 1965), we would learn that Snoopy had seven siblings334. • p. 68 (June 7, 1959). The first movement of Beethoven’s335 Piano Sonata No. 1, op. 2 No. 1. • p. 79 (July 4, 1959) 4th panel. Charlie Brown is suggesting that his father will have to drastically raise the price of haircuts at his barber shop in order to cover the increased cost of living that comes with an expanded family. At the time, haircuts typically cost less than $2.00. • p. 81 (July 6, 1959). The Soviet Union was well-known for sending dogs into space336, experiments which were continuing as of this date. The American space program had actually sent mice into space in the early 1950s; by 1959, they had moved on to monkeys, with a pair surviving a flight in May of that year. Various other animals also made space flights337. • p. 87 (July 20, 1959). The back sides of boxes of breakfast cereals338 aimed at children often had brief stories or comic strips printed on them. • p. 87 (July 22, 1959). The Continental League339 was proposed in 1959 as a competitor to the American340 and National341 baseball leagues. It was to have begun play in 1961, but the existing leagues soon announced plans for expansion teams342 in some of the Continental League cities, thus eliminating much of the new league’s reason for being. • p. 99 (August 19, 1959). ”Hot summer nights”: the name given to racial riots of the 1950s and 60s. • p. 101 (August 23, 1959). Note that it was three months between the first mention of Charlie Brown’s new baby sister (May 26, 1959) and this, her first actual appearance in the strip. • p. 120 (October 6, 1959). First mention of ”Miss Othmar.”

331 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool%20%28aesthetic%29 332 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy-O 333 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonebooth%20stuffing 334 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy%27s%20siblings 335 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 336 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20space%20dogs 337 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals%20in%20space 338 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast%20cereal 339 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20League 340 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20League 341 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20League 342 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20team

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• p. 124 (October 16, 1959) 4th panel. The Brothers Grimm343 popularized the legend of the Pied Piper344, who is reputed to have used his pipe to play music to lure an infestation of rats out of the town of Hamelin, Germany; when he was not paid by the townspeople, he later returned and lured the town’s children away. • p. 126 (October 21, 1959). Lucy is reading the mythological story of King Midas345. Linus is correct that things backfired for the king. • p. 129 (October 26, 1959). First mention of ”the Great Pumpkin346.” • p. 131 (November 1, 1959) 5th through 7th panels. Dr. Benjamin Spock’s347 bestselling book Baby and Child Care348, first published in 1946, advocated a more loving approach -- some would say ”permissive” -- to raising a baby than had previously been in vogue. • p. 137 (November 15, 1959) 4th and 5th panels. The Soviet Union349 launched several Sputnik350 satellites between 1957 and 1960, apparently enough that Charlie Brown and Lucy could use ”Sputnik” as a generic term meaning ”artificial satellite.” • p. 138 (November 17, 1959) 1st panel. A score of 300351 -- 12 strikes in a row -- is the best possible score in a single game of ten-pin bowling352. • p. 142 (November 26, 1959) 3rd panel. Babylon353 was a city in ancient Mesopotamia354. • p. 142 (November 27, 1959) 2nd panel. Solomon355 -- king of the United Kingdom of Israel356, approximately 970 to 928 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar357 -- more common name of Nebuchadrezzar II, ruler of Babylon (see previous strip) from about 605 to 562 BCE. Genghis Khan358 -- founder of the Mongol Empire359 circa 1206. • p. 145 (December 5, 1959) 2nd and 3rd panels. Horsehide is another name for a base- ball360 and pigskin is another name for an American football361, in both cases due to the material traditionally used for each ball’s cover. Both are now much more commonly made from either cow leather362 or synthetic materials.

343 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers%20Grimm 344 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pied%20Piper%20of%20Hamelin 345 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas%23Myth 346 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Pumpkin 347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Spock 348 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Common%20Sense%20Book%20of%20Baby%20and%20Child% 20Care 349 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20Union 350 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik%20program 351 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20game%20%28bowling%29 352 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling 353 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon 354 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia 355 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Solomon 356 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Monarchy 357 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar%20II 358 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis%20Khan 359 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%20Empire 360 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%20%28ball%29 361 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigskin%23American_and_Canadian_football 362 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather

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• p. 150 (December 14, 1959) 4th panel. Beethoven’s first name was actually Ludwig363. • p. 152 (December 20, 1959) 6th panel. Linus’s quote is Luke 2:10364 from the King James Version365 of the Bible. He expands upon it in A Charlie Brown Christmas366, quoting verses 8 through 14. • p. 160 (January 7, 1960) 4th panel. Indoor antennas intended primarily for receiving VHF367 television broadcasts were frequently in the form of a dipole antenna368 placed on top of the TV set, each pole a separate telescoping metal rod. Often set at a 45-degree angle to the set and a 90-degree angle to each other, these antennas were nicknamed ”rabbit ears.” • p. 162 (January 12, 1960). ”Rabbit ears” antennas often had to be adjusted to a different position in order to improve the quality of the television picture, when changing to a channel that was transmitting from a different location than the previous channel, or as a result of changing atmospheric conditions. • p. 164 (January 17, 1960). The first iteration of what would become a recurring theme: Snoopy and his doomed relationship with a snowman. See also February 2, 1961; January 15−20, 1962; and, most memorably, February 18, 1962. • p. 174 (February 8, 1960). Snoopy’s doghouse had not previously been shown as being this close to a house -- see January 2, 1960, for example. • p. 189 (March 14, 1960). ”Whirlybird” is a nickname for helicopters369. • p. 207 (April 25, 1960) 4th panel. The phrase ”happiness is a warm puppy” led to an explosion in Peanuts merchandise and entered the consciousness of the public at large, even inspiring a Beatles song370. (Also see the April 27 and April 30 strips.) • p. 224 (June 5, 1960). Linus starts singing the traditional spiritual ”Dem Bones371.” • p. 240 (July 12, 1960). The picture tube372 is the main part of a traditional television set. • p. 243 (July 18, 1960). Uncle Sam373 is the traditional personification of the United States. The elephant is a symbol for the Republican party374, and the donkey is a symbol for its counterpart, the Democratic party375. A snake with the phrase ”Don’t tread on me” is an image from early American history, most notably seen on the Gadsden flag376.

363 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven 364 http://www.bartleby.com/108/42/2.html 365 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorized%20King%20James%20Version 366 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Christmas 367 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20high%20frequency 368 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna%23Set-top_TV_antenna 369 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter 370 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness%20Is%20a%20Warm%20Gun 371 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%20Bones 372 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode%20ray%20tube 373 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Sam 374 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States 375 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29 376 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden%20flag

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All of this means that Lucy has crammed a bunch of symbols commonly used by editorial cartoonists into the same cartoon. • p. 245 (July 24, 1960) 13th panel. Lucy’s microphone377 is a lavalier378-type condenser microphone, commonly worn by television personalities who would have to move around too much to use a ﬁxed microphone and didn’t need to use a handheld type. This type of microphone later became much smaller, to the point where it can now be clipped to a lapel or even hidden beneath a shirt. • p. 253 (August 11, 1960). The spitball379 was banned in professional baseball in 1920. Schulz and/or his syndicate may have worried about some client newspapers’ acceptance of the word ”spit” on their comics page, hence the use of the euphemism380 ”expectorate ball.” • p. 254 (August 14, 1960) 4th panel. British Honduras381 is now known as Belize382, after having become a self-governing colony in 1964 and fully independent of the United Kingdom in 1981. • p. 257 (August 21, 1960) 6th panel. ”Rain Rain Go Away383” is a traditional nursery rhyme that normally doesn’t work this quickly. (Also see the following two Sunday strips, August 28 and September 4.) • p. 264 (September 6, 1960). This storyline may have been inspired by an upgrade of U.S. 101384 through Sonoma County, California385, upgraded to a freeway386 in the 1960s. Since freeways are wider than traditional roads and require additional space for grade- separated interchanges at intersections, their construction often results in the need for the local government to use eminent domain387 powers to purchase signiﬁcant amounts of land on and around the route of the road. • p. 273 (September 28, 1960). Comedian Mort Sahl388 took much of his material from current events. • p. 282 (October 17, 1960). ”Population explosion” was a term commonly used to describe conditions that could be leading to overpopulation389, in the news at the time due to the baby boom390 following World War II. • p. 287 (October 30, 1960). This strip was rewritten, with Sally put in place of Charlie Brown, and used as the climax of It’s the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown391.

377 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone 378 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalier 379 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitball 380 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism 381 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Honduras 382 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize 383 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20Rain%20Go%20Away 384 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Route%20101 385 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma%20County%2C%20California 386 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway 387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent%20domain 388 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort%20Sahl 389 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation 390 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-World_War_II_baby_boom 391 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20the%20Great%20Pumpkin%2C%20Charlie%20Brown

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• p. 305 (December 11, 1960), p. 308 (December 18, 1960), and p. 311 (December 25, 1960). This year, Linus’s piece to memorize for the Christmas program is Luke 2:1392, and Charlie Brown has Luke 2:8. • p. 313 (December 30, 1960). A container for restaurant leftovers393 is sometimes known as a doggie bag. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts394 ==1961−1962== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1961 to 1962 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2006. ISBN 1560976721) • p. 1 (January 1, 1961). In ten pin bowling395, the bowler gets two tries to knock down ten pins; if he/she gets the remainder of pins on the second roll, it is called a “spare”. Lucy is “picking up the spare” by knocking down Charlie Brown, the last boy standing. • p. 2 (January 2, 1961). This strip begins what would be the longest continued narrative in Peanuts up to that time: three weeks. • p. 3 (January 6, 1961). The end of this strip and the following three dailies are sly references to drug withdrawal, speciﬁcally heroin396—an amusingly mature theme for the comics pages, especially at a time where comics were expected to have nothing to do with political and social issues, although not surprising for Peanuts , as it would explicitly tackle those kinds of issues later on, such as the Vietnam War and tear gas at campaign protests of the early 70’s and late 60’s, runaway licensing, and once in 1985, even triple bypass surgery. • p. 4 (January 11, 1961). Hyannis Port (sometimes written “Hyannisport”) is an aﬄuent residential village southwest of Hyannis397. It is best known as the ancestral home of the Kennedy family398, including then−President-elect John F. Kennedy399, who would be inaugurated nine days later, on January 20. • p. 10 (January 22, 1961). A reference to the biblical story of David and Goliath400. The diminutive Israeli shepherd David401 slew the giant Philistine warrior Goliath402 with a rock hurled from a sling, as Linus does here with a snowball from his blanket. • p. 11 (January 24, 1961403). Higher Criticism404, which in the context of this strip is synonymous to Source Criticism405, is a Bible study method that is based on pulling apart the traditional text into component pieces. Richard Elliot Friedman, a modern-day

392 http://www.bartleby.com/108/42/2.html 393 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftovers 394 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 395 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling 396 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heroin 397 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyannis%2C%20Massachussetts 398 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20family 399 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Kennedy 400 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20and%20Goliath 401 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David 402 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath 403 http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1961/01/24 404 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Criticism 405 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20Criticism

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practitioner of Higher Criticism, has published a book that reprints the Bible with each source distinguished by typeface and formatting406. • p. 12 (January 28, 1961). The second appearance of Lucy’s psychiatric booth in the strip proper (the first was on March 27, 1959407, after appearing on the back cover of the strip collection book You’re Out of Your Mind, Charlie Brown , published in February 1959), and the first time it is drawn with its familiar canopy. Also note the redundant “5¢” sign at the bottom; this would later be replaced. • p. 14 (January 30, 1961). Linus is tabulating the combined gifts from the song “The Twelve Days of Christmas408”. The song has twelve verses, each listing the gifts given by “my true love”; the gifts cumulate with each day/verse. Linus’s math is correct; however, the song is more commonly sung to refer to “drummers drumming” rather than “fiddlers fiddling”. • p. 17 (February 8, 1961). Pasteurization409 is the process of heating liquids for the purpose of destroying viruses and harmful organisms, named for its inventor, chemist Louis Pasteur410 (1822−1895). It is most commonly used on milk, hence Lucy’s pun here. Puns of this sort would later be almost completely delegated to Snoopy once he began typing. • p. 18 (February 11, 1961). Speculating on the effects of television on American culture, which Snoopy parodies here, was a common theme in the early days of the Kennedy administration. It would culminate three months later with Federal Communications Commission411 chairman Newton N. Minow412’s “Television and the Public Interest413” speech, where he famously argued that television was often a “vast wasteland” with detrimental effects on the viewing public. • p. 21 (February 16, 1961). For the rest of 1961, Linus and (less often) the other characters will sometimes be wearing American Civil War414−style hats, due to its centennial (specifically referred to on July 8 and November 23, 1961). • p. 21 (February 16, 1961). First instance of a note in Linus’ lunch. • p. 29 (March 6, 1961). The first appearance of Frieda. Like Charlie Brown and Linus, she was named after one of Schulz’s fellow instructors at the Art Instruction School in Minneapolis415. • p. 34 (March 19, 1961). A flannelgraph416 is a method of telling stories, used in real life as Lucy does here. It is generally associated with American evangelical Sunday school lessons, as a means of telling Bible stories to young children. Schulz was undoubtedly

406 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_with_Sources_Revealed 407 Chapter on page 21 408 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Twelve%20Days%20of%20Christmas%20%28song%29 409 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization 410 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Pasteur 411 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Communications%20Commission 412 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20N.%20Minow 413 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteland%20Speech 414 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Civil%20War 415 Peanuts Jubilee: My Life and Art with Charlie Brown and Others. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, , 1975 416 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flannelgraph

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aware of the practice from his own experiences teaching Sunday school. Christian writer John Fischer said, “[t]hough it has largely disappeared from the scene, flannelgraph may very well be the closest thing to a strictly evangelical art form, for I never encountered it anywhere but in Christian endeavors, and I haven’t seen it anywhere else since. It was an evangelical quirk of the 1950s that soon went the way of sword drills and the family altar”417. • p. 36 (March 23, 1961). In 1961, a television small enough to be portable was still a relative novelty. • p. 47 (April 17, 1961). National Library Week419 was started in 1958 amid concerns that television was reducing reading by children420. • p. 48 (April 21, 1961). Theodor “Dr. Seuss” Geisel422 (1904−1991) was a popular American children’s book author, best known for his 1957 book The Cat in the Hat . • p. 54 (May 4, 1961). Lucy’s psychiatrist booth takes on its final appearance with the addition of the “The doctor is in” sign. • p. 60 (May 19, 1961). The H-Bomb is the common form of referring to hydrogen bomb423s. • p. 62 (May 23, 1961). Frieda’s cat Faron was the only cat that would ever appear in Peanuts . Schulz wrote later: “One day, while searching for some kind of new story to work on, I decided to have the character named Frieda... threaten Snoopy with bringing a cat into the neighborhood. Snoopy was horrified, and, when the cat arrived, did not like it at all. Fortunately for him, I also discovered that I didn’t care much for the cat. For one thing, I realized that I don’t draw a cat very well, and secondly, if I were to keep up the relationship, I would have a traditional cat-and-dog strip, which was something I certainly wanted to avoid... the cat brought Snoopy back to being too much of a real dog. By the time the cat had come into the strip, Snoopy was drifting further and further into his fantasy life, and it was important that he continue in that direction. To take him back to his earlier days would not work, so I did the obvious and removed the cat. (My only regret was that I had named the cat after Faron Young, a country-and-western singer whom I admired very much...)”424 Schulz would later introduce an “offstage” cat. • p. 63 (May 26, 1961). “Sandbagging425” is a term mainly used in gaming or sporting contexts, meaning to feign weakness to obtain an advantage. • p. 64 (May 28, 1961). “Just Before the Battle426” was an 1864 song written by George F. Root427; it was a pro-Union song but was popular throughout America, including in the Confederacy. Linus is singing it in keeping with his Civil War centennial428 interest. He has gotten the lyrics wrong slightly: the second line is actually “I am thinking most of

417 In Praise of Flannelgraph 418. Prison Fellowship Ministries . Retrieved 2007-05-18 419 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Library%20Week 420 National Library Week Fact Sheet 421. American Library Association . Retrieved 2007-05-18 422 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Seuss 423 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrogen%20bomb 424 Peanuts Jubilee: My Life and Art with Charlie Brown and Others. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, , 1975 425 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbagging 426 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Before%20the%20Battle%2C%20Mother 427 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Frederick%20Root 428 Chapter on page 26

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you”. Schulz would often refer to this strip as one of his favorites, and also as one of the few that was based on an idea he had gotten from his children: “We were at the dinner table and Amy was talking away on a real talking streak and finally I said, ‘Can’t you please be quiet?’ and she was silent for a moment and then picked up a piece of bread and began to butter it, saying, ‘Am I buttering too loud for you?’”429 The punchline would be repeated by Schulz on August 5, 1998, in honor of Amy’s birthday430. • p. 66 (June 1, 1961). See May 16, 1954432. • p. 67 (June 4, 1961). In keeping with Schulz’s attention to detail, all of Lucy’s definitions are accurate. • p. 75 (June 22, 1961). The “little girl” referred to in this and the next two strips is President Kennedy’s daughter Caroline433, who was three years old at the time they were published. • p. 80 (July 4, 1961). Shrimp Louie (or Louis) is a type of salad with shrimp and hard- boiled eggs. The recipe is based on the better-known Crab Louie434. • p. 81 (July 8, 1961). Another reference to the Civil War Centennial. Charlie Brown is singing the “Battle Cry of Freedom435”, a pro-Union song written by George F. Root in 1862; it was the most popular song of its day. Schroeder is singing “The Bonnie Blue Flag436”, a pro-Confederacy song written by Harry McCarthy437 in 1861. See also May 28, 1961438. • p. 83 (July 10, 1961). The Flabby American was a television program about the physical fitness of Americans broadcast on May 30, 1961. • p. 85 (July 16, 1961). Snoopy’s first appearance as a vulture439. • p. 102 (August 25, 1961). ”Clam diggers” are pants that are longer than shorts but are not as long as long pants. • p. 121 (October 8, 1961). Blackbeard440 refers to the famous 18th century pirate Edward Teach, best known as Blackbeard. • p. 139 (November 19, 1961). The first reference to Charlie Brown’s unrequited love, The Little Red-Haired Girl. Schulz based her on Donna Johnson, a fellow teacher of his at the Art Instruction School, whom he dated in 1950. He had wanted to marry her, but later that year she married another man. Schulz said in 1997, “I was sitting home one night with my kids, and I was listening to some Hank Williams songs, and I was listening

429 Barnaby Conrad. You’re a Good Man, Charlie SchulzYou’re a Good Man, Charlie Schulz. The New York Times Magazine, 430 alt.comics.peanuts FAQ431. . Retrieved 2007-06-02 432 Chapter on page 7 433 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Kennedy 434 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab%20Louie 435 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20Cry%20of%20Freedom 436 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bonnie%20Blue%20Flag 437 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20McCarthy 438 Chapter on page 26 439 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture 440 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard

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to Joni James singing, ‘Today I met you on the street, my heart fell at your feet,’ you know, and those songs were so depressing. And that was the mindset that got me going on Charlie Brown sitting at the playground, eating his lunch, and he looks across the playground, and he sees the Little Red-Haired Girl, and from that, that whole series came, one thing after another.”441 • p. 151 and 154 (December 17 and 24, 1961). Linus’ quotation is Matthew 2:17-18. • p. 170 (January 31, 1962). Linus refers to a queen snake442 for the ﬁrst time. • p. 204 (April 20, 1962). Myopic refers to myopia443, or nearsightedness, which is presumably why Linus requires glasses. • p. 212 (May 8, 1962). ”A pretty girl is like a melody” is the title of a popular song by Irving Berlin444, originally published in 1919. • p. 204 (June 28, 1962). An SC-54 is the search and rescue445 variant of the C-54 Sky- master446 transport aircraft. Lieutenant Commander Carpenter is Mercury447 astronaut Scott Carpenter448, rescued under similar circumstances on May 24, 1962. • p. 240 (July 12, 1962). Sam Snead449 was a legendary professional golfer from the thirties into the sixties, while Don Carter450 was a well known professional bowler during the ﬁfties and early sixties. • p. 251 (August 6, 1962). Casey Stengel451 was a baseball452 player and manger, best known for managing the New York Yankees453 between 1949 and 1960, and the New York Mets454 from 1962 to 1965. • p. 258 (August 25, 1962). Atmospheric testing refers to the testing of nuclear weapons455 within the atmosphere, as opposed to underground testing. Atmospheric testing was banned under the Limited Test Ban Treaty456, signed in August 1963. • p. 264 (September 8, 1962). Knute Rockne457 was a well known football coach at Notre Dame University458 from 1918 to 1930. • p. 270 (September 20, 1962). The quotation is by Anatole France459.

441 . An Interview with Cartoonist Charles M. SchulzAn Interview with Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz. , 442 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20snake 443 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia 444 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Berlin 445 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20and%20rescue 446 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-54%20Skymaster 447 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Mercury 448 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Carpenter 449 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead 450 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carter%20%28bowler%29 451 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20Stengel 452 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball 453 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees 454 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mets 455 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20weapons 456 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited%20Test%20Ban%20Treaty 457 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knute%20Rockne 458 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Notre%20Dame 459 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole%20France

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• p. 273 (September 27, 1962). Gargoyles460 are ornamental sculptures of grotesque ﬁgures, used to convey rainwater away from a building. • p. 281 (October 15, 1962). The Sabin oral polio vaccine was a poliomyelitis461 vaccine developed by Albert Sabin462 that could be taken orally. It replaced the earlier Salk463 vaccine, which needed to be injected with a syringe. • p. 288 (November 2, 1962). Linus is alluding to the expression ”Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned”. The original phrase is ”Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned / Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.”, taken from ”The Mourning Bride” (1697) by William Congreve464. • p. 293 (November 12, 1962). Rachel Carson465 was the author of the early environmen- talist book Silent Spring466. As a well known author and scientist at the time, Carson will be frequently referenced in future strips as a female role model. • p. 309 (December 22, 1962). Charlie Brown is referring to the last game of the 1962 World Series467, in which the San Francisco Giants468 lost to the New York Yankees in the seventh game, after Willie McCovey’s469 line drive was caught by Bobby Richardson470. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts471 ==1963−1964== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1963 to 1964 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2007. ISBN 1560977230) • p. 10 (January 23, 1963). A googol is 10 to the power 100, or 1 with 100 zeros after it. It was given this name by nine year old Milton Sirotta, nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner472. • p. 13 (January 28, 1963). See December 22, 1962473. • p. 16 (February 5, 1963). 4 H474 is a youth agricultural organization aﬃliated with the United States Department of Agriculture475. • p. 19 (February 11, 1963). Divinity476 is a nougat-like confectionery made mainly with egg white, corn syrup, and sugar.

460 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyle 461 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis 462 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Sabin 463 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Salk 464 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Congreve 465 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Carson 466 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent%20Spring 467 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20World%20Series 468 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Giants 469 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20McCovey 470 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Richardson 471 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 472 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Kasner 473 Chapter on page 26 474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H 475 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Department%20of%20Agriculture 476 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity

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• p. 19 (February 13, 1963). In ten pin bowling477, 300 represents a perfect score. As there are 10 frames in a game, Violet’s Dad is clearly getting ahead of himself. • p. 22 (February 19 - 20, 1963). See November 12, 1962478. • p. 34 - 35 (March 18 - 23, 1963). An Honor roll is a list of students at a school recognized for their academic achievements. • p. 50 (April 25, 1963). See July 12, 1962479. • p. 57 (May 12, 1963). See November 12, 1962480. • p. 61 (May 20, 1963). The ”movie” Snoopy refers to is the classic Alfred Hitchcock movie The Birds481 , which opened in the spring of 1963. The film was shot on location in Bodega, California - not far from Schulz’s residence in Sebastopol. • p. 64 (May 28, 1963). Snoopy is mimicking a set of “rabbit ear” antennae on top of a contemporary television set, which needed to be adjusted in this fashion to tune in distant stations; this is still true for direct-reception even today. • p. 85 - 86 (July 15 - 20, 1963). A total solar eclipse occurred over North America on July 20, 1963. • p. 94 (August 5 and 6, 1963). In baseball, a pitcher is restricted in the kind of motions he can make while pitching. If he makes an illegal movement, a balk is called and runners on base can advance one base. • p. 116 (September 27, 1963). The US Post Office introduced the 5-digit ZIP code482 on July 1, 1963. • p. 118 (October 1, 1963). 5’s last name is his ZIP code483 (95472), which is the ZIP code for Sebastopol, California. • p. 126 (October 20, 1963). Prayer in American public schools was declared unconsti- tutional in the case of Abington School District v. Schempp484, decided on June 23, 1963. • p. 150 (December 15, 1963). Albert Schweitzer485 won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his medical missionary work. • p. 164 (January 17, 1964). Schulz has made an error here - the figure should be ”sixty million” and not ”sixty billion.” • p. 173 (February 8, 1964). The AMA is the American Medical Association486.

477 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin%20bowling 478 Chapter on page 26 479 Chapter on page 26 480 Chapter on page 26 481 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Birds%20%28Film%29 482 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20code 483 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20code 484 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington%20School%20District%20v.%20Schempp 485 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Schweitzer 486 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Medical%20Association

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• p. 175 (February 10, 1964). The quotations are from the book The Gulistan487 by the 13th century Persian poet Sa-di488. • p. 177 (February 16, 1964). Doctor Horwich refers to Frances Horwich489, the educator and children’s TV show hostess also known as ”Miss Frances.” • P. 182 (February 29, 1964). First mention of Snoopy being the owner of a painting by Van Gogh. • p. 205 (April 22, 1964). “New Math490” refers to the change in how mathematics was taught in public schools in the United States during the 1960s. • p. 207 (April 26, 1964). Willie Mays491, Alvin Dark492 and Orlando Cepeda493 were players on the San Francisco Giants494 baseball team. Schulz moved to northern California in 1958. • p. 221 (May 28, 1964). See August 6, 1962495. • p. 227 (June 11, 1964. A beanball496 is a pitch that aims at the batter’s body. • p. 230 (June 18, 1964). “Highbrow497 is a term derived from Phrenology498, implying that an art form is intellectual, while Lowbrow is supposedly non-intellectual, and Middlebrow is somewhere in between. • p. 238 (July 7, 1964). Mickey Mantle499 was a baseball player with the New York Yankees500. A tape measure home run501 is a particularly long home run. • p. 239 (July 11, 1964). Birds are now considered to be dinosaurs502. So in fact, Linus actually has found a dinosaur bone! • p. 241 (July 14, 1964). Willard Mullin503 was an American sports cartoonist, best known for his creation of the “Brooklyn Bum”, a characterization of the Brooklyn Dodgers504 baseball team.

487 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulistan%20of%20Sa%27di 488 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi%20%28poet%29 489 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Horwich 490 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Math 491 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays 492 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin%20Dark 493 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando%20Cepeda 494 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Giants 495 Chapter on page 26 496 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beanball 497 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbrow 498 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology 499 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%20Mantle 500 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Yankees 501 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_measure_home_run%23tape_measure_home_run 502 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dinosaurs 503 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard%20Mullin 504 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Dodgers

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• p. 271 (September 23, 1964). The Maccabees505 were Jewish rebels who ruled Judea506 from 164 BCE to 63 BCE. Antiochus Epiphanes507 was the ruler they were rebelling against. • p. 274 (September 28, 1964). Willie Mays508 was one of the finest baseball players of his time, and indeed, of all time. Linus has thus set his ambitions very high. • p. 298 (November 25, 1964). Pebble Beach is a coastal resort town in northern California between Monterey and Carmel. It has several well-regarded golf courses. • p. 307 (December 14, 1964). Ipanema is a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A recording of the song ”The Girl From Ipanema” became an international hit in 1964. • p. 310 (December 21, 1964). Luke 2:8 Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts509 ==1965−1966== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1965 to 1966 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2007. ISBN 1560977247) • p. 2 (January 3, 1965). Billiard balls were made from elephant ivory from the 17th century until the early 20th century. English510 is a term referring to putting a spin on the cue ball by striking the ball off-center with the cue. • p. 4 (January 9, 1965). Annette Funicello511 was an original cast member of The Mickey Mouse Club512 TV show in 1955, when she was 13 years old. • p. 13 (January 30, 1965). “I could have skated all night“ presumably refers to the song ”I Could Have Danced All Night513” from the musical My Fair Lady514 . • p. 28 (March 4, 1965). A cinch notice is an official notice from a teacher that your grades are unsatisfactory. • p. 32 (March 14, 1965). The first reference in Peanuts to the kite-eating tree. • p. 47 (April 18, 1965). In baseball, a bean ball515 is a ball thrown by a pitcher directly at a player with the intent of hitting them. The Children‘s Crusade516 was a possibly legendary event that occurred in 1212 during The Crusades517. The incident at Harper’s Ferry518 was an attempt by abolitionist John Brown to start a slave revolt in 1859.

505 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees 506 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea 507 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus%20Epiphanes 508 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Mays 509 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 510 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms%23English 511 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette%20Funicello 512 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mickey%20Mouse%20Club 513 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Could%20Have%20Danced%20All%20Night 514 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Fair%20Lady 515 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/beanball 516 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%98s%20Crusade 517 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades 518 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Brown%27s%20raid%20on%20Harpers%20Ferry

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• p. 52 (April 30, 1965). In the sixth chapter of Daniel519, Daniel is thrown into a lions’ den for refusing to stop praying to his god. See also October 20, 1963. • p. 54 (May 5, 1965). First mention of Snoopy’s siblings. First mention of the ”Daisy Hill Puppy Farm.” • p. 70 (June 11, 1965). Roy’s first appearance. Roy was best known for later introducing Peppermint Patty520 to the rest of the cast. See August 22, 1966. • p. 75 (June 23, 1965). At the time of this strip, the phrase À gogo521 was supposed to mean modern or up-to-date. The actual meaning of À gogo is “plenty” or “galore”. • p. 84 (July 12, 1965). First instance of Snoopy writing ”It was a dark and stormy night.” The sentence is taken from the novel Paul Clifford522 by Edward Bulwer-Lytton523. • p. 96 (August 9, 1965). There are several meanings claimed for ’hodad’, but it appears that Schulz is referring to someone who brings a surfboard to the beach but never surfs, i.e. a poser. • p. 97 (August 14, 1965). It is difficult to know if this is a reference to the Houston Astrodome, which opened in April 1965 with natural grass as the playing surface. The grass soon died due to painted-over skylights, but artificial grass was not installed until 1966. • p. 98 (August 15, 1965). The phone number given in the last panel was actually the phone number of producer Lee Mendelson524, who at the time was working on the very first animated Peanuts special, A Charlie Brown Christmas525 . • p. 99 (August 19, 1965). Brahms’ Symphony No. 4 in e minor, op. 98.526 • p. 102 (August 24, 1965). An Australian phrase meaning an all-out effort. ”Bush” is Australian slang for a sparsely populated area or for wilderness. An equivalent phrase in American English would be ”The Super Bowl or bust!” • p. 107 (September 5, 1965). Lucy’s comments on the relationship between sin and personal misfortune reflects the conception of happiness in the Old Testament. She will often come back to it again, for example in the doghouse fire series (see p. 271, September 24, 1966). • p. 109 (September 9, 1965). The phrase “Better to light a single candle than to curse the darkness” is thought to originate in an ancient Chinese proverb. It is also closely associated with 527.

519 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20in%20the%20lions%27%20den 520 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint%20Patty 521 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%20gogo 522 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Clifford 523 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Bulwer-Lytton%2C%201st%20Baron%20Lytton 524 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Mendelson 525 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Charlie%20Brown%20Christmas 526 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20No.%204%20%28Brahms%29 527 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty%20International

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• p. 113 (September 19, 1965). Lord Jim528 is a novel by Joseph Conrad529 , while the 1812 Overture530 is a well known piece of orchestral music composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky531. • p. 120 (October 6, 1965). See April 22, 1964. • p. 122 (October 10, 1965). Snoopy’s first appearance in his most famous persona, the World War I flying ace. The Sopwith Camel532 was a British single seat fighter aircraft employed by the allies at the end of World War I. The Red Baron533 was a nickname for German fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, the highest scoring German ace of the First World War. • p. 129 (October 26, 1965). In the last panel, the phrase “ you try harder” is a reference to the corporate motto of Avis Rent a Car534. At the time, Avis conducted an extensive advertising campaign around the phrase “We’re number two because we try harder” versus the leading rental car company, Hertz535. • p. 135 (November 8, 1965). The beginning of Mark Antony’s speech in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar536 , Act III scene 2. • p. 144 (November 29, 1965). Amblyopia537 is a visual deficiency in an eye that is otherwise physically normal. Schulz calls Sally’s condition Amblyopia ex anopsia, but the symptoms and treatment sound more like Stabismic amblyopia. Sally will continue to wear the eye patch in most strips until May 1966. • p. 147 (December 6, 1965). In 1951, the Hathaway shirt company538 ran its first adver- tisement that featured a distinguished man in a shirt and tie and wearing an eyepatch. The ad campaign was extremely successful and ”The Man in the Hathaway Shirt” became the icon for the company. • p. 147 (December 8, 1965). Long John Silver539 is a pirate character from the novel Treasure Island540 by Robert Louis Stevenson541. • p. 168 (January 24, 1966). Schulz repeats the same gag on December 20, 1966. See p. 309. • p. 175 (February 12, 1966). The quotation in panel 3 is from Psalm 35, verses 1 and 15. • p. 177 (February 15, 1966). See September 28, 1964.

528 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Jim 529 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Conrad 530 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%20Overture 531 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr%20Ilyich%20Tchaikovsky 532 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith%20Camel 533 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20von%20Richthofen 534 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis%20Rent%20a%20Car%20System 535 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hertz%20Corporation 536 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Caesar%20%28play%29 537 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia 538 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20F.%20Hathaway%20Company 539 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20John%20Silver 540 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20Island 541 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Louis%20Stevenson

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• p. 192 (March 21, 1966). Fort Zinderneuf is the main setting of the novel and ﬁlm Beau Geste542 , which is about French Foreign Legionnaires. Other references to Beau Geste appear in April 1966 strips. • p. 194 (March 27, 1966). The baseball teams that Linus lists are the National League543 and the American League544 second place winner for each year. • p. 210 (May 3, 1966). Commissioner Eckert was Commissioner of Baseball William Eckert545, who was commissioner between 1965 and 1968. • p. 215 (May 15, 1966). There is an interesting mismatch between the daily strip and the Sunday strip here -- Linus, who has moved away in the daily strip is present for the baseball game in the Sunday strip! • p. 216 (May 18, 1966). In the last panel, Schroeder is referring to another piece of music from the musical My Fair Lady546 , ”I’ve Grown Accustomed to Her Face547”. • p. 232 (June 23, 1966). The quotation is from Jeremiah 31, verses 16-17. Linus’ speech happens at a time of rising anxiety in America about the sudden escalation of the Viet- name War548. • p. 248 (July 31, 1966). K.P.549 stands for ”kitchen patrol” or “kitchen police“, military slang for kitchen duties. • p.253 (August 11, 1966). Snoopy describes the Allies position at the battle of saint- Mihiel550. • p. 255 (August 16, 1966). Apparently a reference to the German word ”Kamerad” (comrade) which was used as a term for surrender. • p. 258 (August 22, 1966). The ﬁrst appearance of Peppermint Patty551. • p. 262 (September 1, 1966). Leonard Bernstein552 was a famous conductor and composer of the time. • p. 307 (December 17, 1966). The quotation is from Act II, Scene II of Romeo and Juliet553 . • p. 309 (December 20, 1966). Schulz had drawn the same gag on January 24, 1966. See p. 168. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts554

542 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau%20Geste 543 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20League 544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20League 545 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Commissioner%23William_Eckert_.281965-1968.29 546 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Fair%20Lady 547 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Grown%20Accustomed%20to%20Her%20Face 548 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%20War 549 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KP%20duty 550 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle%20of%20Saint-Mihiel 551 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint%20Patty 552 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Bernstein 553 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%20and%20Juliet 554 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

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==1967−1968== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1967 to 1968 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2008. ISBN 1560978260) • p. 8 (January 18, 1967). The Fokker D7555 (actually Fokker D.VII) was an advanced German biplane that came into service at the end of World War I556, while Nieuports557 were French-built biplanes widely flown by the Allies. The Unter Den Linden558 is a grand boulevard in Berlin, and is here being used as a German substitution for Broadway in the famous song. • p. 14 (February 1, 1967). Barnstorming559 was an ancestor of the modern Airshow during the 1920s, where First World War pilots flying military surplus aircraft demonstrated aerobatics and were paid to take passengers on brief flights. • p. 46 (April 16, 1967). Sandy Koufax560 was a well known pitcher for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, who had retired in 1966. • p. 69 (June 8, 1967). General Pershing561 was the commander of the United States Army in Europe during the First World War. • p. 121 (October 8, 1967). Bobby Hull562 was one of the finest hockey players of all time, and at the time was playing Left Wing for the Chicago Black Hawks. • p. 141 (November 25, 1967). At the time of this strip, the New York Mets563 were a recent expansion Baseball club with a terrible win-loss record, which is what Linus is referring to here. • p. 146 (December 4, 1967). Sonja Henie564 was a three-time gold medal winning Olympic figure skater from Norway, who later became a professional figure skater and film star. • p. 200 (April 9, 1968). “Arnold and Winnie” refers to golfer Arnold Palmer565, one of the best known golfers of the era, and his wife Winifred. • p. 200 (April 10, 1968). The golfers being referred to here are Arnold Palmer566, Sam Snead567, and Ben Hogan568. • p. 201 (April 9, 1968). “Snoopy‘s Squad” presumably refers to the many fans of Arnold Palmer, who were collectively known as “Arnie’s Army”. • p. 206 (April 22, 1968). Petaluma, Ca.569, has held the world wrist wrestling champi- onships from 1952 to 2003.

555 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_D.VII 556 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20I 557 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport 558 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unter%20Den%20Linden 559 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorming 560 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Koufax 561 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Pershing 562 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Hull 563 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mets 564 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja%20Henie 565 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Palmer 566 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Palmer 567 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Snead 568 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Hogan 569 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma%2C%20California

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• p. 226 (June 9, 1968). Schroeder is playing the first movement of Beethoven’s piano sonata No. 8 in c minor, op. 13, the ”Pathethique”. • p. 227 (June 10, 1968). The phrase in the final frame is a spoof on the then current television spy show Mission: Impossible570 , in which the leader of the Impossible Mission Force is delivered a mission at the beginning of each show in the form of a tape recording. After describing the mission, the recording then warns that it will “self-destruct in five seconds” before it disintegrates in a puff of smoke. • p. 248 (July 31, 1968). Franklin’s first appearance in the strip. • p. 250 (August 4, 1968). Muscle Beach571 is a beachfront area in the Los Angeles, California area, known for demonstrations by weightlifters and acrobats. • p. 250 (August 4, 1968). ”Chloe572” is a Jazz standard from 1927 with music by Neil Moret and lyrics by Gus Kahn. • p. 266 (September 10, 1968). Tiny Tim573 was the stage name of Herbert Khaury, a popular novelty musician of the time. • p. 268 (September 15, 1968). Love beads574 were a frequent fashion accessory of the time worn by both male and female hippies575. • p. 273 (September 28, 1968). A holding pattern576 is a circling manoeuvre used by aircraft that are waiting to land at an overcrowded airport. • p. 279 (October 11, 1968). Snoopy is acknowledging some of the best hockey players of the era: Stan (Mikita577), Bobby (Hull578 or Orr579) , and Maurice (‘Rocket’ Richard)580. • p. 289 (September 28, 1968). Minnesota Fats581 is the nickname of fictional pool hustler George Hegerman, created by author Walter Tevis582 in the novels The Hustler583 and The Color of Money584 . • p. 305 (December 11, 1968). Jack Nicklaus585 was one of the finest professional golfers of all time. • p. 308 (December 18, 1968). Rosebud is a reference to the film Citizen Kane586 by Orson Welles.

570 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%3A%20Impossible 571 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20Beach 572 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe%20%28song%29 573 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny%20Tim%20%28musician%29 574 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20beads 575 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie 576 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding%20%28aviation%29 577 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Mikita 578 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Hull 579 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Orr 580 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Richard 581 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20Fats 582 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Tevis 583 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hustler%20%28novel%29 584 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Color%20of%20Money 585 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Nicklaus 586 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20Kane

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• p. 310 (December 22, 1968). Linus is taking Lucy’s dictation with shorthand587, an abbreviated form of writing that was more commonly used before the wide availability of voice recording equipment. In this era, secretaries were almost inevitably female, and a female with a male secretary would have been considered most unusual. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts588 ==1969−1970== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1969 to 1970 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2008. ISBN 1560978279) • p. 2 (January 4, 1969). 1984 refers to the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four589 by George Orwell590. Linus is presumably comparing Lucy to Big Brother591. • p. 4 (January 8, 1969). Peggy Fleming592 was a famous figure skater, who had won the gold medal for figure skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France . • p. 8 (January 16, 1969). See December 4, 1967 and October 8, 1967. • p. 14 (February 1, 1969). Joe Garagioloa593 was a former baseball player who had become a broadcaster, and at this time was a panelist on The Today Show594 . • p. 17 (February 6, 1969). The height of the pitcher’s mound595 in Major League Baseball was lowered by five inches after the 1968 baseball season. As Charlie Brown relates, this was designed to lower the dominance of pitching in baseball by reducing the advantage held by the pitcher. See also March 25, 1969. • p. 22 (February 18, 1969). In Genesis 19:26, Lot’s Wife596 looks back as they flee the city of Sodom (defying the angels who told them not to look back), and is turned to a pillar of salt. • p. 29, 31–32 (March 8–15, 1969). Schulz features Snoopy travelling to the moon in his astronaut persona as the genuine Apollo program597 approached its climax. This series of strips ran during the Apollo 9598 mission, with the dress rehearsal Apollo 10599 following in May and the first moon landing on Apollo 11600 in July. • p. 32 (March 13, 1969). Snoopy is alluding to comments made by astronauts Bill An- ders601 and Jim Lovell602 during the Apollo 8603 mission the previous December.

587 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand 588 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 589 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen%20Eighty-Four 590 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Orwell 591 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Brother%20%28Nineteen%20Eighty-Four%29 592 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fleming 593 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Garagioloa 594 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%20%28NBC%20program%29 595 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchers_mound%23Pitcher.27s_mound 596 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s%20Wife 597 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%20program 598 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%209 599 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%2010 600 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%2011 601 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Anders 602 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Lovell 603 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%208

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• p. 37 (March 24, 1969). Expansion clubs604 are new teams that have just been added to a sports league, and usually have less experienced players and staff. At this time, Major League Baseball had just undergone significant expansion, with four new teams added in Montreal, San Diego, Kansas City and Seattle for the 1969 season. • p. 37–38 (March 26–29, 1969). Hyponatremia605 is indeed the term for the condition Linus describes. The special balanced electrolyte solution that Linus prescribes for the condition was already available in commercial form as Gatorade606. • p. 58 (May 13, 1969). “Play it again, Sam” is a reference to the classic motion picture Casablanca607 . This line is not actually in the film: the actual quotation is ”If she can stand it, I can! Play it!”. • p. 60 (May 18, 1969). Kermit Zarley608 was a professional golfer on the PGA tour. Also see February 1, 1969 and October 8, 1967. • p. 74 (June 21, 1969). Eddie Rickenbacker609 was the highest scoring American fighter pilot during World War I, after a previous career as a racing driver. • p. 77 (June 26, 1969). See June 8, 1967. • p. 80 (July 4, 1969). Roller Derby610 is a sport involving teams of five players roller skating around a track. At this time, Roller Derby was closer to sports entertainment611 (similar to professional wrestling) than an actual competitive sport, which explains Snoopy’s outfit. • p. 93 (August 3, 1969). Babe Ruth612 was one of the best known baseball players in history. See also September 28, 1964. • p. 112 (September 15, 1969). At the time of this strip, the United States military still practiced conscription613, and the military draft was a concern for all males as their 18th birthday approached. Conscription was subsequently eliminated in favor of an all- volunteer military in 1973. • p. 113 (September 19, 1969). Vince Lombardi614 was a famous football coach, best known as the coach of the Green Bay Packers615 between 1959 and 1967. At the time of this strip, he was the coach of the Washington Redskins616. • p. 119 (October 3, 1969). Rod McKuen617 was best known as a poet and songwriter. Sally is confused, as usual.

604 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20Team 605 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremia 606 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatorade 607 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca%20%28film%29 608 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit%20Zarley 609 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Rickenbacker 610 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20Derby 611 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sports%20entertainment 612 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe%20Ruth 613 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription%20in%20the%20United%20States 614 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince%20Lombardi 615 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Bay%20Packers 616 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Redskins 617 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20McKuen

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• p. 136 (November 11, 1969). Bill Mauldin618 was an American soldier and cartoonist, best known for creating the characters Willie and Joe for cartoons that appeared in Stars and Stripes619 during World War II. • p. 151 (December 16, 1969). Snoopy has confused his terminology somewhat; the usual term for the easy ski hill that beginners use is the “bunny hill”, rather than “rabbit slope”. • p. 153 (December 21, 1969). The quotation on the descent of Jesus that Linus recites is Matthew 1:1–18. • p. 157 (December 31, 1969). Fred Glover620 was a hockey player and coach (at the time, coach of the Oakland Seals621 of the NHL. Hank Aaron622 was a baseball player with the Atlanta Braves623. Pancho Gonzales624 was a famous professional tennis player. See also January 8, 1969, February 1, 1969, December 11, 1968 and October 11, 1968. • p. 190 (March 18, 1970). ”I was born one bright spring morning...” Yet Snoopy’s birthday was celebrated in the strip of August 10,1968. • p. 206 (April 24, 1970). Lucy should have looked up ”Arbor Day625” instead. • p. 246 (July 26, 1970). First mention of ”The Six Bunny-wunnies” ﬁctional series of books. • P. 308 (December 17, 1970). Ouija boards626 enjoyed a bit of popularity among the general population in the late 1960s and early 1970s, after their commercialization as a toy by Parker Brothers in 1966. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts627 ==1971−1972== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1971 to 1972 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2009. ISBN 1606991450) • p. 49 (April 23, 1971). Herman Hesse628 was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter, and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946. Snoopy’s interest in this rather heavy literary ﬁgure is meant to contrast amusingly with his former preoccupation with the more lighthearted subject matter of Miss Sweetstory’s Bunny-Wunnie books. • p. 57 (May 10, 1971). It is almost impossible to convey how huge an impact the movie Love Story 629 had on popular culture when it was released. The book630, the movie itself, its theme song, were best-sellers. They were referred to in every media; individuals would talk about it at every occasion. It practically saturated the entertainment space.

618 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Mauldin 619 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20and%20Stripes 620 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Glover%20%28ice%20hockey%29 621 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Golden%20Seals 622 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Aaron 623 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta%20Braves 624 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho%20Gonzales 625 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor%20Day 626 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija 627 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 628 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Hesse 629 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%281970%20film%29 630 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%28novel%29

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• p. 64 (May 27, 1971). First mention of ”Joe Cool”. That persona of Snoopy may have had a longer life outside the strip as a merchandising theme (sweaters, posters, etc.) than inside it. • p. 87 (July 20, 1971). First appearance of Marcie, without her being named. • p. 97 (August 12, 1971). Although commonly despised as a somewhat vulgar feat, crushing an empty can of beer was indeed considered by some a sign of muscular strength. The steel walls of beer cans were then thicker and harder than those of aluminium we have today. • p. 107 (September 5, 1971). Many of the first names mentioned by Lucy are from Schulz’ own life: ”...Lee, and Bill, ...” probably for Lee Mendelson631 and Bill Melendez632, ”...Amy, and Jill, and Meredith, ...” are names of Schulz633’s children, ”...Donna” for Donna Mae Johnson634, etc. • p. 123 (October 11, 1971). First time Marcie is named. • p. 163 (January 15, 1972). First mention of ”Peppermint” Patty’s full name. • p. 174 (February 7, 1972). The original series of Star Trek 635, featuring starship ”En- terprise”, had disapointing ratings when it first aired between 1966 and 1969. Through syndication, however, its ratings surged and by 1972 it aired in more than 100 American cities. • p. 180 (February 21, 1972). ”Another unmarried marriage counselor...”: 1972 is the year Schulz separated from his wife. The divorce proceedings completed in 1973. • p. 186 (March 3, 1972). ”Johnny Horizon”636 was the rugged, outdoorsy mascot of the Bureau of Land Management in the 1970’s. Similar to the more well-known Woodsy the Owl and Smokey the Bear, Johnny Horizon encouraged young people to respect and preserve the environment. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts637 ==1973−1974== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1973 to 1974 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2009. ISBN 1606992864) • p. 17 (February 8, 1973). One of the rare occasions, if not the only one, where ”Pepper- mint” Patty does not call Charlie Brown ”Chuck.” • p. 35 (March 24, 1973). ”I’m in the alpha state.” The early 1970s saw a great amount of media attention and popular interest in the field of electroencephalography. Biofeed- back638 techniques were believed to have a great future helping people alleviate their anxiety or achieve better mental performances.

631 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Mendelson 632 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Melendez 633 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Schulz 634 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red-Haired_Girl%23Inspiration 635 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek%3A_The_Original_Series 636 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Horizon 637 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 638 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback

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• p. 63 (May 23, 1973). The author of Love Story639 is Erich Segal640. • p. 68 (June 7, 1973). The book Jonathan Livingston Seagull641 achieved its peak popularity in 1972. At the time, it had a considerable impact on popular culture. • p. 80 (July 5, 1973). Mad magazine642, whose mascot is of course Alfred E. Neuman643, was at its peak circulation in 1973 and 1974. • p. 93 (August 5, 1973). ”Happy birthday, Amy!” Amy is the name of one of Schulz’s daughters. • p. 95 (August 10, 1973). In 1973, Hank Aaron received received death threats644 because of his becoming close to tie and subsequently breaking Babe Ruth’s record. • p. 130 (October 30, 1973). ”Peppermint” Patty forgets her past acquaintance with the Great Pumpkin story. On October 24, 1966, she even declared herself a believer. • p. 157 (January 1, 1974). The Grand Marshal Lucy doesn’t suppose Linus knows was none other than Charles M. Schulz645. • p. 250 (August 5, 1974). See note on page 93. • p. 269 (September 20, 1974). Acupuncture was nearly unknown to the general public before 1970. From then it grew quickly in popularity until, in the mid-1970s, it became common knowledge. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts646 ==1975−1976== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1975 to 1976 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2010. ISBN 1606993453) • p. 94 (August 4, 1975). Schulz lived with his family in Needles, Ca.647, from 1929 to 1931. They went there to join his mother’s brother Monte Halverson. Her other brother Silas, her sister Ella, and her mother also joined them.648 • p. 207 (April 25, 1976). Today not so well-known because of more advanced wireless communication systems, Citizen’s Band649 (CB) radio became very popular in the mid- 1970s. Its users had a notorious way of expressing themselves in coded650 and slang651 language. They organized themselves in clubs and many invested considerable time and resources in their hobby. CB radio enthusiasts eventually formed a kind of alternate culture.

639 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Story%20%28novel%29 640 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Segal 641 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Livingston%20Seagull 642 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20%28magazine%29 643 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20E.%20Neuman 644 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Aaron%23Breaking%20Ruth%27s%20record http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Marshals%20of%20the%20Tournament%20of%20Roses% 645 20Parade%231970s 646 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 647 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needles%2C%20California 648 Schulz and Peanuts. HarperCollins, , 2007 649 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%27s%20band%20radio 650 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-code 651 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20CB%20slang

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• p. 268 September 13-October 28, 1976 The strip’s longest storyline: almost seven weeks. • p. 268 September 14 Peppermint Patty is confusing George Washington and presenta- tional election to ophthalmologist and sports. Bunker Hill652 was a famous battle during the American Revolution, a war that spotlighted Washington. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts653 ==1977−1978== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1977 to 1978 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2010. ISBN 1606993755) • p. 117 (September 26, 1977). Plains, Georgia654 is a small town of around 700 people. Its claim to fame in 1977 was that it was the birthplace of Jimmy Carter655, who was elected President of the United States a year before. • p. 132 (November 1, 1977). ”Deprogramming”656 was often discussed in the American media in the mid-1970s. At the time, some anxiety arose in the population concerning a perception of increased recruiting by fringe cults. Those cults allegedly brainwashed young and weak individuals into leaving their families to follow them. Numerous books and movies were also written on the topics of cults and deprogramming. • p. 261 (August 28-29, 1978). How Charlie Brown obtained the Little Red-Haired Girl’s phone number is a mystery. She had left Charlie Brown’s neighborhood on July 18, 1969, without him knowing at all where she went (see July 17, 1969 and April 30, 1970). After that, Charlie Brown saw her only on a ski trip and at summer camps. In later strips, she is even back in the neighborhood (December 27, 1978) without explanations on exactly when and why she returned. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts657 ==1979−1980== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1979 to 1980 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606994387) • p. 139 (November 20, 1979). Although common today thanks to personal computers, writing in more than one typeface was not generally possible with typewriters. Only high-end typewriters would oﬀer that feature. • p. 230 (June 21, 1980). In the United States as in many other countries, the end of the 1970s had seen a new phenomenon that generated much media interest: religious groups and cults supported by strong public relations and marketing strategies. The secular population, as well as Christian churches and individuals that were rather ”mainstream” (like Schulz himself), generally disapproved of those organisations. The comments oﬀered in previous strips respectively by the intellectual wing and the street-smart wing of the Peanuts gang epitomize that disapproval. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts658

652 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bunker%20Hill 653 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 654 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains%2C%20Georgia 655 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Carter 656 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprogramming 657 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 658 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

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==1981−1982== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1981 to 1982 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606994719) • p. 39 (March 30, 1981). First instance of Marcie calling Charlie Brown ”Charles.” She will persist in that habit. • p. 127 (October 24, 1981). ”Psychiatric help: 34 cents.” In the late 1970s and early 1980s, price inflation in most western countries surged to peacetime records. In the United States, it soared to 15% per year in 1980, generating considerable anxiety in the population. Lucy’s rates followed the trend and increased dramatically in 1981: they were 10 cents on March 15, 34 cents on October 24 and 50 cents on December 16. They returned to their historical level of 5 cents on June 27, 1982. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts659 ==1983−1984== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1983 to 1984 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606995235) • p. 102 (August 24, 1983) As the strip indicates, the French term esprit de l’escalier translates as ”wit of the stairway”. Schulz used French terms several times during the course of his strip, mainly during its later half, and all of them were authentic. • p. 144 (November 29, 1983) The motion picture Flashdance660 was released in April 1983 in the United States and enjoyed a large success at the box office. Bill Melendez released an animated parody of it (and of other dance films) in April 1984, under the title It’s Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown661 . • p. 151 (December 16, 1983) It seems that Sally’s script refers to the Christmas carol ”Hark! The Herald Angels Sing”662, well known in English speaking countries. • p. 156 (December 27, 1983) ”Snowperson”: political correctness in the early 80s had gone quite far in its attempts to erase gender-biased expressions from the common language. At that time, many tried to be gender-neutral to the point of sacrificing clarity, for example in sentences such as ”Every man/woman shall don his/her life jacket and report to the steward/stewardess nearest to him/her.” Some common nouns disappeared at that time, for example, ”fireman” was replaced by ”firefighter.” In a somewhat related gag, Jim Unger663 in his cartoon Herman664 had a sales clerk telling a customer: ”We live in a very strange era,” with in the background a banner saying ”Grandperson clocks.” • p. 193 (March 23, 1984) There is a ”Highland Park” and a ”Selby Avenue” in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Schulz lived at the corner of Selby and Snelling, where his father’s barber shop was also located. • p. 220 (May 25, 1984) ”Playing trivia”: Trivia games started in the early 80s, with Isaac Asimov665’s Super Quiz666 possibly being the first of them in 1982. They became very popular by the mid-80s.

659 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 660 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashdance 661 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Flashbeagle%2C%20Charlie%20Brown 662 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hark%21%20The%20Herald%20Angels%20Sing 663 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Unger 664 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20%28comic%20strip%29 665 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20Asimov 666 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Quiz

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• p. 240 (July 9, 1984) ”Girls Just Want to Have Fun667” was a popular song in early 1984, sung by Cyndi Lauper668. • p. 255 (August 14, 1984) ”Roy Hobbs”: Although the novel The Natural669 , by Bernard Malamud, was released in 1952, the movie based on it670 was produced and released only in 1984. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts671 ==1985−1986== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1985 to 1986 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 1606995723) • p. xi (Foreword by Patton Oswald) ”Snoopy even adds a new make-believe character to his repertoire (...) a bowtie-wearing, bowler-topped attorney.” That sentence is misleading, as the attorney persona of Snoopy in fact appeared many years before 1985/1986. • p. 47 (April 19, 1985) It seems Snoopy is cured of the ”weed claustrophobia” that plagued him in 1956. See the strips of October 27, November 3, and November 6 to 9 of that year. • p. 94 (August 7, 1985). A ”punker” is ”a punk rock musician or a devotee of punk rock or punk styles.”. They were especially prevalent during the late 70’s and 80’s. • p. 94-95 (August 7, 1985-August 9, 1985) Although the term ”mallies” doesn’t actually exist, the type of people Schulz was referring to did. In the 80’s, and still today, there are several people who can be possibly referred to as ”mallies”. • p. 97 (August 12, 1985) YUPpies672 (from ”Young Urban Professional”) defined the 1980s more than any other social group. Their way of life (expensive tastes and professional ambition) was fueled by the financial and economic optimism of the era and was the subject of many books, movies, and television series (The Bonfire of the Vanities673 , Family Ties674 , Wall Street675 ). • p. 127-128 (October 23, 1985-October 25, 1985) ”The Lone Eagle”, as the first strip of this series explicitly indicates, was Charles Lindbergh, who, as this strip also indicates, made the first nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris. Snoopy’s ”Lone Beagle” outfit is also his World War One Flying Ace outfit as well. • p. 128 (October 26, 1985) Wayne Gretzky is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former head coach. The joke is that Rerun’s helmet looks like a hockey mask. • p. 128 (October 27, 1985) One of the rare instances where an adult’s speech appears in Peanuts.

667 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20Just%20Want%20to%20Have%20Fun 668 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi%20Lauper 669 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Natural 670 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Natural%20%28film%29 671 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 672 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie 673 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bonfire%20of%20the%20Vanities 674 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Ties 675 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall%20Street%20%281987%20film%29

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• p. 131 (November 1, 1985) ”Beagle Blaster” refers to ghetto blasters, an 80’s slang term referring to ”a large, powerful portable radio, especially as carried and played by a pedes- trian or used outdoors in an urban area.”. • p. 133-134 (November 6, 1985-November 9, 1985) Halley’s Comet, officially designated 1P/Halley, is the best-known of the short-period comets and is visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only short-period comet that is clearly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and thus the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime. Other naked-eye comets may be brighter and more spectacular, but will appear only once in thousands of years. As this strip series explicitly indicates, Sally has the date at least a month too early, and the comet’s actual arrival was on February 1986. • p. 170 (February 1, 1986) She has what is known as a ten-speed.. A ten speed is ”a system of gears having ten forward gear ratios, especially on a bicycle. ”. These types of bikes were particularly popular during the 70’s and 80’s. • p. 174 (February 9, 1986) The poems Snoopy writes down are plays on a classic love poem that may be traced at least as far back as to the following lines written in 1590 by Sir Edmund Spenser from his epic The Faerie Queene (Book Three, Canto 6, Stanza 6): It was upon a Sommers shynie day, When Titan faire his beames did display, In a fresh fountaine, farre from all mens vew, She bath’d her brest, the boyling heat t’allay; She bath’d with roses red, and violets blew, And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew. The version Snoopy is lampooning is the most popular one: Roses are red, Violets are blue, Sugar is sweet, And so are you. • P. 175 (February 10, 1986) About the political correctness of the 1980s concerning gender bias in language, see also the strip of December 27, 1983. • P. 175-176, 178-179 (February 10, 1986-February 15, 1986, and February 16, 1986 - February 21, 1986) As the series explicitly indicates, the flu Snoopy(as the World War One Ace)catches is the great influenza epidemic of 1918-1919. As it also states, before it ended in 1919, twenty million people had died from the disease.. The armistice that was to mark the end of World War One that was mentioned February 19, was also signed during those years of death and disease. • P. 178 (February 19, 1986) ”The war is over!!” Actually, the war is not over for Snoopy’s pilot persona. It will return to fight on October 4, 1986. • p. 179 (February 22, 1986) The national anthem of the Unites States of America is the Star Spangled Banner, of which lyrics come from ”Defence of Fort McHenry”, a

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poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men’s social club in London. ”The Anacreontic Song” (or ”To Anacreon in Heaven”), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key’s poem and renamed ”The Star-Spangled Banner”, it would soon become a well-known American patriotic song. With a range (tessitura) of one and a half octaves, it is known for being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. ”The Star-Spangled Banner” was recognized for official use by the Navy in 1889, and by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. ”Hail, Columbia” served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. ”My Country, ’Tis of Thee”, whose melody is identical to ”God Save the Queen”, the British national anthem, also served as a de facto anthem. Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs would emerge to compete for popularity at public events, among them ”The Star-Spangled Banner”. • p. 184 (March 5, 1986) ”Baby on Bike” is a reference to the rising popularity of ”Baby on Board” warning signs in the 1980s. • p. 185 ((March 7, 1986) This strip is a little bit confusing, as at first glance it appears that Snoopy is talking in the last panel. However, on closer inspection, it is revealed that it is in fact the body of Snoopy talking. One of the possible hint to this is the scrunched up line directing the thought balloon to its bearer that only Snoopy’s body parts have. • p. 188 (March 15, 1986) James Gould Cozzens was, as this strip indicates, the author of ”By Love Possessed”. • p. 192 (March 23, 1986) Medic is slang for doctor. • p. 195 (March 30, 1986) The definition of the word ”ganglion” Linus is referring to is the less known one, meaning ”a small lump most commonly on the hand or foot”. • p. 202-203 (April 15, 1986) What have we done to Fort Zinderneuf?! Fort Zinderneuf is the main setting of the 1966 film Beau Geste and the 1924 novel it is based on. • p. 208 (April 28, 1986-May 3, 1986) The Maypole Dance that is celebrated in U.S. in Secondary or High School dances as part of a May Day celebration are nearly identical to that celebrated in the United Kingdom. Often the Maypole dance will be accompanied by other dances as part of a presentation to the public.The earliest use of the Maypole in America occurred in 1628, where William Bradford, governor of New Plymouth, wrote of an incident where a number of servants, together with the aid of an agent, broke free from their indentured service to create their own colony, setting up a maypole in the center of the settlement, and behaving in such a way as to receive the scorn and disapproval of the nearby colonies, as well as an official officer of the king, bearing patent for the state of Massachusetts. The May Queen or Queen of May is a term which has two distinct but related meanings, as a mythical figure and as a holiday personification. This series is referring to the latter, the May Queen who is a girl who must ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolize purity and

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usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a Maypole celebrating youth and the spring time. • p.226 (June 9, 1985) This the first appearance of Lydia. • p. 247 (July 29, 1986) Maynard is misquoting the Scripture Luke 10:7(The laborer is worthy of his hire) as Luke 10:4. • p. 252 (August 10, 1986) Mozart, Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, Franck, Lehar, Tchaikovsky, Elgar, Schubert, and Gershwin were all famous composers. • p. 253 (August 12, 1986) Buck Beagle in the 25th century is a parody of the famous 1930s comic strip Buck Rogers in the 25th century, which also was a favorite of Schulz’s as a youth. • p. 254 (August 16, 1986) Joe Garagiola is an American former catcher in Major League Baseball who later became an announcer and television host, popular for his colorful personality. He was well known for being one of the regular panelists of The Today Show on NBC for many years. He also happened to be a good friend of Schulz’s. • p. 258 Fort Zinderneuf See annotation on pages 202-203 • p. 263, 265-266, 268, 289, 292, 301 (September 4, 1986-September 6, 1986, September 8, 1986, September 13, 1986, September 15, 1986-September 17, 1986, November 5, 1986, November 10, 1986, and December 3, 1986) Tapioca Pudding is a satirical remark on runaway licensing, and her name is a likely parody on Strawberry Shortcake, as both of them are named after a dessert item. • p. 274 (October 1, 1986) The first balls were made of natural materials, such as an inflated pig bladder, sometimes inside a leather cover, which has given rise to the slang term ”pigskin”. Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications, with rubber or plastic bladders, and often with plastic covers. Various leagues and games use different balls, though they all have one of the following basic shapes: | a sphere: used in Association football and Gaelic football | a prolate spheroid | either with rounded ends: used in the rugby codes and Australian football | or with more pointed ends: used in American football and Canadian football The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules and regulations. The oldest football still in existence, which is thought to have been made circa 1540, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made of leather (possibly from a deer) and a pig’s bladder. It has a diameter of between 14–16 cm (5.5–6.3 in), weighs 125 g (4.4 oz) and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling. • p. 277 (October 8, 1986) A zamboni is an ice resurfacer, which is a vehicle used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice sheet, usually in an ice rink. The first ice resurfacer was developed by Frank Zamboni in 1949 in the city of Paramount, California. Zamboni /zæmˈboʊni/ is an internationally registered trademark, though the term is often used as a generic colloquialism for any ice resurfacer. • p. 283 (October 22, 1986) Fog is a 1916 poem by Carl Sandburg that reads:

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THE FOG comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on. • p 293 I’ll eat first, and then I’ll call the Humane Society! The Humane Society is a group that aims to stop human or animal suffering due to cruelty or other reasons, although in many countries, it is now used mostly for societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals (SPCAs). • p.301 (December 3, 1986) This the last appearance of Tapioca Pudding. • p. 308, 310 (December 19, 1986-December 20, 1986, and December 22, 1986, and Decem- ber 24, 1986) This unnamed kid closely resembles Shermy, a character who disappeared in the year 1976. Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts676 ==1987−1988== Annotations to The Complete Peanuts: 1987 to 1988 by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2013. ISBN 1606996348) • p. 4 (January 10, 1987) Although it has almost completely disappeared today, ”Kilroy was here”677 used to be a ubiquitous graffiti in the North American urban landscape. Its original meaning is quite obscure. • p. 13 (January 29, 1987) ”I was born in October.” This is not implausible, as the first appearance of Linus is on September 19, 1952, and he then appears a bit younger than one year old. In any case, Peanuts characters are known to age much more slowly than real-world people. • p. 15 (February 2, 1987) The chosen Valedictorian678 is usually the student with the highest ranking among his or her graduating class. Salutatorian679 is an academic title given in the United States to the second highest graduate of the entire graduating class of a specific discipline. • p. 34 (March 19, 1987) Mrs. Nelson and Mrs. Bartley are regulars of the golf club. They used to hire Peppermint Patty and Marcie as caddies (see for example the strip of July 17, 1983, The Complete Peanuts 1983 to 1984 , p. 86.) • p. 227 (June 12, 1988) 1988 is the year when Fax machines became known at large to the general public. They were then expensive and rather big, so they were considered as being primarily office machines.

676 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts 677 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilroy%20was%20here 678 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian 679 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutatorian

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• p. 231 (June 21, 1988) After years of legal arguments, the estate of Margaret Mitchell finally announced on February 3, 1987, that a sequel to Gone with the wind would be authorized.680 The news was a sensation, and generated feverish interest and speculation in the public. On April 26, 1988, the project was formally launched when Warner Books purchased the rights to the sequel for US$4.94 million.681 It was finally published in September 1991, under the title Scarlett682 , by author Alexandra Ripley. • p. 249 (August 2, 1988) Although nearly inescapable today, answering machines became affordable to the general public only in 1988. Before that, they were not even common in an office environment: rather, the secretary of a department had the charge of receiving calls and taking messages. • p. 291 (November 8, 1988) Tuesday, November 8, 1988, was a Presidential election day in the United States. George H.W. Bush won against Michael Dukakis. That Sally rooted for Abraham Lincoln is not unexpected, as he is often referred to with reverence by various characters in Peanuts . He must be the favorite president of the gang.

0.1 References

Category:Annotations of The Complete Peanuts683 =References=

680 Kenneth Wilson. A Visit with Charles SchulzA Visit with Charles Schulz. Christian Herald, Septem- ber1967 681 . ’Gone with the wind’ sequel brings 4.94 million bid’Gone with the wind’ sequel brings 4.94 million bid. The Miami News, April1988 682 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett%20%28Ripley%20novel%29 683 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category%3AAnnotations%20of%20The%20Complete%20Peanuts

52 1 Contributors

Edits User 7 Adrignola1 3 Archolman2 4 Avicennasis3 1 Chazz4 138 Chowbok5 1 Darklama6 1 Hagindaz7 2 Herbythyme8 1 Jomegat9 2 QuiteUnusual10 3 Robert Horning11 27 Simon Peter Hughes12 1 Van der Hoorn13 1 Webaware14 1 Whiteknight15

1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Adrignola 2 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Archolman 3 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Avicennasis 4 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Chazz 5 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Chowbok 6 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Darklama 7 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Hagindaz 8 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Herbythyme 9 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Jomegat 10 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:QuiteUnusual 11 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Robert_Horning 12 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Simon_Peter_Hughes 13 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Van_der_Hoorn 14 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Webaware 15 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Whiteknight

List of Figures

• GFDL: Gnu Free Documentation License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl. html • cc-by-sa-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License. http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ • cc-by-sa-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License. http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ • cc-by-sa-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0 License. http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ • cc-by-sa-1.0: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0 License. http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0/ • cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.0/ • cc-by-2.0: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en • cc-by-2.5: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en • cc-by-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en • GPL: GNU General Public License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt • LGPL: GNU Lesser General Public License. http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl. html • PD: This image is in the public domain. • ATTR: The copyright holder of this ﬁle allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted. • EURO: This is the common (reverse) face of a euro coin. The copyright on the design of the common face of the euro coins belongs to the European Commission. Authorised is reproduction in a format without relief (drawings, paintings, ﬁlms) provided they are not detrimental to the image of the euro. • LFK: Lizenz Freie Kunst. http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/de • CFR: Copyright free use.

55 List of Figures

• EPL: Eclipse Public License. http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/epl-v10. php Copies of the GPL, the LGPL as well as a GFDL are included in chapter Licenses16. Please note that images in the public domain do not require attribution. You may click on the image numbers in the following table to open the webpage of the images in your webbrower.

16 Chapter 2 on page 59

56 List of Figures

1 Roger Higgins, World Telegram staﬀ photographer

2 Licenses

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You may not convey a covered work if you are warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the inter- may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that li- of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third * a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (in- face presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a cense document, provided that the further restriction does not survive party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and cluding a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corre- prominent item in the list meets this criterion. 1. 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A “Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an official copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the product standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of that is covered by this License, on a durable physical medium cus- Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any tomarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above widely used among developers working in that language. implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or requirements apply either way. 8. Termination. (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at be available to you under applicable patent law. 12. 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Any attempt otherwise to propagate or If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with sub- modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an section 6b. * d) Convey the object code by offering access from a this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot con- implementation is available to the public in source code form. 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If the place to copy the from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, un- terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it. object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may be on a less and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy

59 Licenses

both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License conveying the Program. 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copy- cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing along with this program. If not, see . License. right holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version. 15. courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an abso- Disclaimer of Warranty. lute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permis- in return for a fee. mail. sion to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single com- THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EX- If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice bined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this Li- TENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms like this when it starts in an interactive mode: cense will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLD- to Your New Programs the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, ERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EX- section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest Copyright (C) This program PRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, combination as such. 14. Revised Versions of this License. possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these w’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK terms. certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new ver- AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PRO- sions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new GRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DE- To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ FECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SER- attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the in detail to address new problems or concerns. VICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 16. Limitation of Liability. exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your pro- line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. gram’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Pub- AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, lic License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of Copyright (C) You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if nec- THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify essary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCI- GNU GPL, see . DENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at Software Foundation. THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING REN- your option) any later version. The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your DERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPER- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy’s public ATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR- GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, choose that version for the Program. OF SUCH DAMAGES. 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. POSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. please read .

2.2 GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMI- stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as ”Acknowl- part of the section titles. * M. Delete any section Entitled ”Endorse- NATION Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, edgements”, ”Dedications”, ”Endorsements”, or ”History”.) To ”Preserve ments”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. Inc. the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that * N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ”Endorsements” You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document it remains a section ”Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. * O. Preserve any except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt oth- Warranty Disclaimers. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this erwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice automatically terminate your rights under this License. which states that this License applies to the Document. These War- If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appen- ranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this dices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other impli- from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of functional and useful document ”free” in the sense of freedom: to as- from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, un- cation that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of sure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or less and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Sec- your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to no- must be distinct from any other section titles. ondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to tify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either after the cessation. modifications made by others. commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the You may add a section Entitled ”Endorsements”, provided it con- copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies tains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has This License is a kind of ”copyleft”, which means that derivative works permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It com- some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copy- standard. plements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, ing of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the designed for free software. compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, notice. number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage software, because free software needs free documentation: a free pro- Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by gram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this Li- If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, cense principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the LICENSE on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: one. The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this Li- new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title cense give permission to use their names for publicity for or to as- may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work sert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited DOCUMENTS under the conditions stated herein. The ”Document”, below, refers to to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. is addressed as ”you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or respects. You may combine the Document with other documents released under If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified License ”or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the In- following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, variant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the A ”Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifica- actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. tions and/or translated into another language. notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License A ”Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter sec- more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transpar- multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version tion of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of ent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall copy a computer-network location from which the general network- but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 11. RELICENSING subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall using public has access to download using public-standard network adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original au- directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added thor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably pru- ”Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or ”MMC Site”) means any Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant mathematics.) 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List on A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together distribution medium, is called an ”aggregate” if the copyright resulting How to use this License for your documents or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage sub- with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the com- sequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 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60 GNU Lesser General Public License

2.3 GNU Lesser General Public License

GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE The “Corresponding Application Code” for a Combined Work means You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that, You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library the object code and/or source code for the Application, including any taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the portions side by side in a single library together with other library facilities that Version 3, 29 June 2007 data and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse engineer- are not Applications and are not covered by this License, and convey from the Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Com- ing for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of the follow- such a combined library under terms of your choice, if you do both of bined Work. 1. 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