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The Dynamics of Online Shaming : a Sociological Study of Hong Kong's Virtual World

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The Dynamics of Online Shaming : a Sociological Study of Hong Kong's Virtual World Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Lingnan Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 7-8-2019 The dynamics of online shaming : a sociological study of Hong Kong's virtual world Yui Fung YIP Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Yip, Y. F. (2019). The dynamics of online shaming: A sociological study of Hong Kong's virtual world (Master's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from https://commons.ln.edu.hk/otd/68/ This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lingnan Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Lingnan University. Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. THE DYNAMICS OF ONLINE SHAMING: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HONG KONG’S VIRTUAL WORLD YIP YUI FUNG MPHIL LINGNAN UNIVERSITY 2019 THE DYNAMICS OF ONLINE SHAMING: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HONG KONG’S VIRTUAL WORLD by YIP Yui Fung 葉芮豐 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Sociology Lingnan University 2019 ABSTRACT The Dynamics of Online Shaming: A Sociological Study of Hong Kong’s Virtual World by YIP Yui Fung Master of Philosophy T his rese arch stu dies the “dynam ics ” of on line sham in g in the con tex t of H ong K ong s ociety. The term “online shaming” is generally understood to refer to a form of s tigmatization, in which people try to condemn “alleged-deviants”. By introducing E rving Go ffma n’s and Randall Collins’s d iscu ssio ns on the Interact ion Ritual, t his rese arch of fe rs a sociolog ical explana tion for the phenome no n of on line sham ing, a nd the inte raction mec hanism be hi nd it. In pa r ticular , I a rgue th at online sh am ing i s not on ly a practice o f condem ning “de vi ant” acto rs as i t has been usu ally c oncept ua li ze d. Rathe r, it is a dynami c in teractive proces s that re volve s a round d ifferen t t ypes of acto rs an d modes of partic ipa tion (e .g . delibe rately shame or d efend a perso n , intentio nally with draw f ro m a sham ing e ven t, etc) , which is a c rucial a spect of on line sh aming t hat previous r es earch h as yet to ad dress. F u ndamen tally, I propose to disting uish three forms of on line shaming, na mely B e hav ior al L abelling, Pu bli fica tion, and Unm ask in g. What is of no less impor tance i s the f act that the re is an e mo tional-ene rgy-li ke forc e that dr ives net izens t o eng age i n or d ise ngage from on line s ha ming eve nts , which I c a ll “the sense of com pa nio ns”. S uch a d iv ersity o f elements , I argu e, def ine so me of th e major patterns of online interaction among Hong Kong netizens nowadays. DECLARATION I declare that this is an original work based primarily on my own research, and I warrant that all citations of previous research, published or unpublished, have been duly acknowledged. SIGNED _______________________ (YIP Yui Fung) Date: 29 Jul 2019 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL OF THESIS THE DYNAMICS OF ONLINE SHAMING: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HONG KONG’S VIRTUAL WORLD by YIP Yui Fung Master of Philosophy Panel of Examiners : SIGNED (Chairman) (Prof. YEUNG Wai Lan Victoria) SIGNED (External Member) (Prof. GROVES Julian Mcallister) SIGNED (Internal Member) (Prof. BAEHR William Peter) SIGNED (Internal Member) (Prof. O’CONNOR Paul James) Chief Supervisor : Prof. BAEHR William Peter Co-supervisor : Prof. CHEN Hon Fai Approved for the Senate : SIGNED (Prof. MOK Ka Ho Joshua) Chairman, Postgraduate Studies Committee 08 Jul 2019 Date CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: SHAME, SHAMING AND ONLINE SHAMING ............................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: INTERACTION RITUAL........... 35 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 5 DOCUMENTARY FINDINGS: HOW ONLINE SHAMING IS PRACTICED ....................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 6 INTERVIEW FINDINGS: HOW AND WHY ONLINE SHAMING IS PARTICIPATED ................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 130 APPENDIX I: MAP OF KEY CONCEPTS ............................................................ 136 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE ..................................................................... 137 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................. 146 BIBILOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 148 i LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Information on the Four Cases 50 Table 2: Types of the Virtual Documents Studied 51-52 Table 3: Demographic Information (Interviewees) 54 Table 4: Overview of the Lam and Cheung Cases 57-58 Table 5: The Three Types of Shaming Triggers 73 Table 6: Comparison of the Patterns of Online Shaming 78 Table 7: Overview of the Grace Cheung and Chip Tsao Cases 79-81 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Interaction Ritual Chains 41 Figure 2: Comparison of the Modes of Participation 99 Figure 3: Shaming Materials Adopted in the Interview Guide 114 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Chief-Supervisor Professor Peter Baehr and my Co-Supervisor Professor Chen Hon Fai for their continuous support and encouragement. Without their guidance, it is unlikely to have this thesis completed. I am deeply grateful for their enormous help in various aspects and stages of my studies. Professor Baehr gave me the greatest freedom to develop my own theoretical mind. I was tremendously impressed and inspired by his profound and extensive intellectual knowledge. His thoughts blew my mind every time I discussed with him. He always stimulates and motivates me to be more critical, creative and confident. The time he spent on reading numerous versions of my thesis and the positive and excellent suggestions he gave on every part of the thesis is absolutely indispensable to me. Professor Chen, who was also the supervisor of my senior thesis, gave me a lot of helpful advice before (and of course, after) admitting the MPhil programme. He has been an unfailing source of encouragement and reassurance. He provided me with an alternative way of thinking and always offered me constructive comments and suggestions; all these helped sharpen my thinking and analysis, and structure my ideas neatly. I am very fortunate and honored to have this opportunity to meet, work with and learn from both of them. Yet, words cannot fully express my gratitude for all the academic and personal support they have given to me. Being a student of these two distinguished scholars in social theory and history of sociology is my invaluable asset that I am proud of in my whole life. Although “thank you” seems to be my “cliche”, but once again, thank you very much for everything. iv I would also like to thank Professor Julian Groves, Paul (Professor O’Connor), Professor Victoria Yeung for being my examiners and chairperson, and for their valuable feedback. My gratitude is also extended to Professor Burak Ho, Professor Annie Chan and Dr. Dominic Yeo for their useful advice in various stages of my studies. I must also thank Miss Grace Wong, Miss Annabella Wong, Miss Lena Chan and Miss Sherri Cheung for their great administrative support. My acknowledgments would not be complete without thanking all the interviewees who have taken part in this research. Their participation helped to delineate a more comprehensive picture of the online shaming phenomenon in Hong Kong. Thanks also to my friends Jack Lau, Kenny Lau and Wolfson Wong. My warmest thanks go to my family - my dad, mom and grandfather - for their wholehearted support, patience, care and love. I always enjoy the complete freedom of choice in every big moment - primary school, high school, university, etc. Living in Hong Kong, some say that it is difficult to chase our dream. But with all their support, I think I get closer and closer. My home is the place where I feel warm, peaceful and relaxed - where I can fully concentrate on my work. I am glad I was born in this family. A very special thank you goes to my girlfriend – actually, fiancée – Tsz Wan, for her constant companionship and love for the past 11 years since high school. She brings me pleasure and happiness whenever I feel stressed. Thank you for waiting for me. I can hardly wait to see our 12-year anniversary and many more years of love to come. Last but not least, I would not have been able to afford to undertake
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