DOCSLIB.ORG

Applications of Nanotechnology in the Polymer and Textile Fields

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Applications of Nanotechnology in the Polymer and Textile Fields Applications of Nanotechnology in the Polymer and Textile Fields Von der Fakultät Chemie der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Master-Chem Wael Sabry Mohamed aus Kairo - Ägypten Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Franz Effenberger Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Karl Bredereck Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 28.September 2009 Universität Stuttgart Institut für Polymerchemie Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe und Faserchemie 2009 TO THE SPIRIT OF MY FATHER II First and foremost, I would like to present my sincere thanks to my advisor, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Franz Effenberger, for all of his friendly support and guidance throughout my education at Stuttgart University. Words cannot express how much I have gained his wisdom, as well as from the many learning opportunities he afforded me during my tenure. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Michael Schweizer, for without his insight, patience, and helpful suggestions that have shaped my development as a scientist, this thesis would not have been possible. I would like also to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. Gabriele Hardtmann for her encouragement and support throughout my studying years at Stuttgart University. Dr. Manuella Frick for her enormous helping. Dr. Anette Hoffmann-Frey for her friendly interesting. Dr. Gutmann for support in the melt spinning. Dr. F. Harmanutz and Mrs. Müller for the manufacturing of X-rays. Mr. Jan Pigorsch for assistance with laboratory work. Mrs. Segel for measuring the mechanical properties. Mrs. Henzler and Mr. Hageroth for the investigation by SEM. Mr. Wölfl for melting intercalating process. All of my colleagues in the institute for polymer chemistry and institute for textile and chemical fibres (Denkendorf) for the pleasant working climate and good cooperation. III I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Egyptian Government for the financial support and I would like also to extend my gratitude to the Egyptian Cultural Counsellor and all members of the Egyptian Culture Office in Berlin for their interest and enormous helping IV Abstract Intercalated modification of Montmorillonite clay (MMT) with three different amino acids - Alanine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine - in the presence of hydrochloric acid followed by surface modification by phenyl triethoxy silane coupling agent to produce double modified montmorillonite clay which is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data show an increase in d- spacing of modified clay as a result of cationic exchange. The ability of clay to make glucose and fructose absorption was kinetically studied and also the swelling degree of the clays was determined. Double modified MMT clay was used in the preparation of Polyacrylate / clay nanocomposites by using an in situ redox emulsion polymerization of polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The structure and properties of the prepared nanocomposites were achieved by XRD, TGA, and SEM. The results show that all weight loses temperatures for the nanocomposite samples are higher than that of pure polymer in both PGMA and PMMA. It is also obvious that the increasing in the clay content plays an effective role in the increasing of thermal stability of these materials. SEM shows that the clay is more homogenously dispersed in PMMA than in PGMA matrix. Polyolefin nanocomposites were synthesized by using Na-MMT, Leucine-MMT and DM-MMT clay by solution polymerization method using anhydrous xylene solvent in case of polypropylene and using a co-solvent of xylene and benzonitrile (80:20wt %) in case of polyethylene. The structure and properties of the prepared nanocomposites were examined by XRD, TGA and SEM. The results show that a homogenous dispersion of MMT clay in the polymer matrix is observed only in the case of PP/DM-MMT up to 10%DM-MMT weight percentage. The grafting emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers onto cotton was carried out in the presence of double-modified montmorillonite clay. The obtained results show that grafting with glycidyl methacrylate/montmorillonite gave a higher rate of grafting than grafting with methyl methacrylate/montmorillonite in all clay percentages, and also, the grafting yield of glycidyl methacrylate monomer onto cotton in the presence of montmorillonite clay had a higher value than that in the absence of the clay for all factors studied. Cotton grafted with glycidyl methacrylate/ montmorillonite with a graft yield of about 50% was prepared according to the emulsion polymerization technique V and was treated with different concentrations of dibutylamine solutions ranging from 1 to 4%. The obtained samples were characterized according to nitrogen content, thermal stability, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties, water absorption, and colour strength according to acid, basic, and reactive dyes. Polypropylene and nanocomposites polypropylene fibres were successfully prepared via melt spinning process. The prepared fibres were characterized according to thermal stability, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties, water absorption, and colour strength according to acid and disperse dyes. VI Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction and Objectives 1 1.1. Nanotechnology 1 1.1.1. Nanoscale systems and their properties 2 1.2. Nanocomposites 2 1.2.1. Types of Composite materials 2 1.2.2. The classification of nanocomposites 3 1.2.3. Nanoeffect 4 1.2.4. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 5 1.2.5. Applications of nanocomposites in Textile field 8 1.3. Objective of the study 8 Chapter 2: Clay Structure and Modification 10 2.1. Crystal Structure of Layered Silicate 11 2.1.1. Montmorillonite (MMT) 14 2.2. Modification of the Clay 16 2.2.1. Cation Exchange Process 16 2.2.2. Cation Exchange Capacity 17 2.2.3. Surface Charge Density 18 2.2.4. Types of Clay Modifications 18 A) Interlayer modification 18 Ι) Amino acids 18 II) Alkylammonium ions 19 B) Surface and edges modification 19 Chapter 3: Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites (PLSN) 21 3.1. Polymer Matrices Used in Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 21 3.1.1. Vinyl Polymers 21 3.1.2. Polyolefin 22 3.2. Morphology of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 22 3.2.1. Intercalated 22 3.2.2. Exfoliated 23 3.2.3. Flocculated 25 3.2.4. Intercalated-Exfoliated mix VII 26 3.3. Synthesis of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 26 3.3.1. In-Situ Polymerization 26 3.3.2. Solution Mixing 29 3.3.3. Melt Intercalation 33 3.4. Characterization of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 34 3.4.1. Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) 34 3.4.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 36 3.4.3. Rheology 36 3.5. Properties of Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites 37 3.5.1. Young’s modulus 37 3.5.2 Flexural modulus 38 3.5.3 Thermal degradation 38 3.5.4 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT) 39 3.5.5 Barrier property improvements 40 Chapter 4: Grafting of Vinyl Monomers Nanocomposites onto Cotton Fabric 41 4.1. Cotton Fabric 41 4.1.1. Chemical Composition 41 4.1.2. Cotton Morphology 44 4.1.3. Cellulose Chemistry and Reactions 45 4.2. Grafting 47 4.2.1. Grafting Method 47 4.2.1.1. Grafting Initiated by Chemical Technique 47 4.2.1.1.1. Free-radical grafting 47 4.2.1.1.2. Grafting through living polymerization 48 4.2.1.1.3. Ionic grafting 50 4.2.1.2. Grafting Initiated by Radiation Technique 50 4.2.1.2.1. Free-radical grafting 50 4.2.1.2.2. Ionic grafting 51 4.2.1.3. Photochemical grafting 52 4.2.1.4. Plasma radiation induced grafting 52 4.2.1.5. Enzymatic grafting 53 VIII Chapter 5: Fibre Reinforcement Polypropylene / Montmorillonite 54 Nanocomposite 5.1. Polypropylene Based Nanocomposites 55 5.2. Processing Of PP/MMT Filament 56 5.2.1. Introduction to Spinnability Criteria 56 5.2.2. Melt Spinning Processing Techniques 59 5.2.2.1. Fibre Melt-spinning Principles 59 5.2.2.2. Film Extrusion-Calendering 59 Chapter 6: Experimental Part 61 6.1. Materials 61 6.2. Methods 62 6.2.1. Modification of MMT Clay 62 6.2.1.1. Intercalated Modification of MMT with Amino Acids 62 6.2.1.2. Surface Modification of MMT with Silane Coupling Agent 62 6.2.1.3. Double Modification of MMT with Amino acid and Silane 62 Coupling Agent 6.2.2. The Swelling Degree 62 6.2.3. Glucose and Fructose Absorption Studies 63 6.2.3.1. Preparation of Calibration Curve 63 6.2.4. Preparation of Nanocomposites 63 6.2.4.1. Preparation of Polyacrylate / MMT Nanocomposites by In Situ 63 Emulsion Polymerization 6.2.4.2. Preparation of Polypropylene / Montmorillonite Nanocomposite 63 by Solution Polymerization 6.2.4.3. Preparation of Polyethylene / Montmorillonite Nanocomposite 64 by Solution Polymerization 6.2.4.4. Preparation of Polypropylene / Montmorillonite Nanocomposite 64 by Direct Melt Spinning Intercalation Method 6.2.5. Polypropylene / Montmorillonite Fibre Production Method 64 6.2.6. Grafting Polymerization Procedure 65 6.2.7. Dyeing Methods 65 6.2.8. Water Absorption 66 6.3. Characterization 67 IX Chapter 7:Modifications, Characterizations and Applications of 68 Montmorillonite Nanoparticles 7.1. Introduction 68 7.2. Modification of Montmorillonite Clay 69 7.3. Characterization of Montmorillonite Clay 71 7.3.1. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 71 7.3.2. Morphology of MMT Clay by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) 72 7.4. Applications of Montmorillonite Clay 72 7.4.1. The Swelling Degree 72 7.4.2. Sugar Absorption Study 73 7.5. Conclusion 75 Chapter 8: Synthesis and Characterization of some Polyacrylate / 75 Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by In Situ Emulsion Polymerization using Redox Initiation System 8.1. Introduction 75 8.2. Structures and Properties of nanocomposites 76 8.2.1. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 76 8.2.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Polymer Processing and Manufacturing Engineer Nushores
    Polymer Processing and Manufacturing Engineer NuShores’ mission is to improve the quality of life for people globally while competing successfully by applying its licensed and internally developed advanced materials portfolio to the Biomaterials industry. NuShores has exclusive global license to patented bone and tissue regeneration technologies developed at University of Arkansas – Little Rock from over $12M in research. We are seeking a Polymer Processing and Manufacturing Engineer to Join our growing team to launch NuCress™ scaffold product family, our award-winning bone void filler line of medical device products. If working with a smart and creative team that designs and builds products that improve quality of life interests you, then consider a career with us. Job Type. Full-time professional employee. Reports To. The Polymer Process and Manufacturing Engineer will report to Chief Technical Officer, Chief Scientist or Product Manager. Salary. Competitive, with benefits. Job Overview. The Polymer Processing and Manufacturing Engineer will be the technical lead for new and existing processes that involve the integration of polymeric biomaterials to biological systems and products such as artificial bone and tissue medical devices. This role is responsible for concept development, equipment design and installation, vendor management, and process development and optimization for small to large-scale manufacturing readiness. A key focus for the Polymer Processing and Manufacturing Engineer is to lead process engineering to create and maintain a manufacturing line/facility. Additionally he/she will provide technical subject matter expertise in polymer structure-property relationships, catalyst, polymerization and to develop and maintain know-how and intellectual property within their relevant area of expertise to support regulatory and business objectives and sustain future growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Progress on Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Applications
    applied sciences Review Research Progress on Conducting Polymer-Based Biomedical Applications Yohan Park 1, Jaehan Jung 2,* and Mincheol Chang 3,4,5,* 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea 3 Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 4 School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea 5 Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.) Received: 23 February 2019; Accepted: 10 March 2019; Published: 14 March 2019 Abstract: Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted significant attention in a variety of research fields, particularly in biomedical engineering, because of the ease in controlling their morphology, their high chemical and environmental stability, and their biocompatibility, as well as their unique optical and electrical properties. In particular, the electrical properties of CPs can be simply tuned over the full range from insulator to metal via a doping process, such as chemical, electrochemical, charge injection, and photo-doping. Over the past few decades, remarkable progress has been made in biomedical research including biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery, as CPs have been utilized as a key component in these fields. In this article, we review CPs from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Specifically, representative biomedical applications of CPs are briefly summarized: biosensors, tissue engineering, artificial muscles, and drug delivery.
    [Show full text]
  • POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY and ENGINEERING June 1999 Aims and Scope
    rJ 31 CY Ls dM F4 B cnY 0 cc z=8 OE 0 U POLYMER-PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING June 1999 Aims and Scope. The joumal Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering will provide a forum for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed, English lan- guage articles such as state-of-the-art reviews, full research papers, reports, notes/communications, and letters on all aspects of polymer and plastics tech- nology that are industrial, semi-commercial, and/or research oriented. Some ex- amples of the topics covered are specialty polymers (functional polymers, liq- uid crystalline polymers, conducting polymers, thermally stable polymers, and photoactive polymers), engineering polymers (polymer composites, polymer blends, fiber forming polymers, polymer membranes, pre-ceramics, and reac- tive processing), biomaterials (bio-polymers, biodegradable polymers, biomed- ical plastics), applications of polymers (construction plastics materials, elec- tronics and communications, leather and allied areas, surface coatings, packaging, and automobile), and other areas (non-solution based polymerization processes, biodegradable plastics, environmentally friendly polymers, recycling of plastics, advanced materials, polymer plastics degradation and stabilization, natural, synthetic and graft polymerskopolymers, macromolecular metal com- plexes, catalysts for producing ultra-narrow molecular weight distribution poly- mers, structure property relations, reactor design and catalyst technology for compositional control of polymers, advanced manufacturing techniques and equipment, plastics processing, testing and characterization, analytical tools for characterizing molecular properties and other timely subjects). Identification Statement. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering is pub- lished five times a year in the months of February, April, June, September, and November by Marcel Dekker, Inc., P.O. Box 5005, 185 Cimarron Road, Monti- cello, NY 12701-5185.
    [Show full text]
  • Department Wise Specialization
    Department wise Specialization 1 Applied Geology: Petroleum Geology, Coal Geology, Structural Geology, Mathematical Geology, Geostatistics, Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy, Geomorphology, Quaternary Geology, Neotectonics, Paleontology, Organic Geochemistry, Igneous, Metamorphic Petrology, Marine Geology, Economic Geology, Mineral Exploration, Engineering Geology, Hydrogeology, Remote Sensing and GIS, Nanotechnology in Geosciences, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in Geosciences. 2 Applied Geophysics: Earth and Planetary Science, Gravity and Magnetic Methods, Geophysical Signal Processing, Seismic Methods, Well Logging, Electromagnetic Methods, Electrical Methods, Remote Sensing, Seismology, Magneto-telluric Methods, Atmospheric Sciences, Marine Geophysics and Physical Oceanography. 3 Chemical Engineering: Process Systems Engineering and Control, Transport and Separation Processes Modelling and Simulation, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals, Polymer Engineering, Energy Systems Engineering, Coal to Chemicals, Process Integration, Process and Equipment Design, Molecular Simulation, Electrochemical Engineering Membrane Science & Engineering, Industrial, Occupational & Process Safety, Advance Materials, Colloids & Interface Science, Multiphase Reactors 4 Chemistry: Physical Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, Computational Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Science / Engineering. 5 Civil
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Materials Engineering Terminology
    Glossary of Materials Engineering Terminology Adapted from: Callister, W. D.; Rethwisch, D. G. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 8th ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2010. McCrum, N. G.; Buckley, C. P.; Bucknall, C. B. Principles of Polymer Engineering, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, 1997. Brittle fracture: fracture that occurs by rapid crack formation and propagation through the material, without any appreciable deformation prior to failure. Crazing: a common response of plastics to an applied load, typically involving the formation of an opaque banded region within transparent plastic; at the microscale, the craze region is a collection of nanoscale, stress-induced voids and load-bearing fibrils within the material’s structure; craze regions commonly occur at or near a propagating crack in the material. Ductile fracture: a mode of material failure that is accompanied by extensive permanent deformation of the material. Ductility: a measure of a material’s ability to undergo appreciable permanent deformation before fracture; ductile materials (including many metals and plastics) typically display a greater amount of strain or total elongation before fracture compared to non-ductile materials (such as most ceramics). Elastic modulus: a measure of a material’s stiffness; quantified as a ratio of stress to strain prior to the yield point and reported in units of Pascals (Pa); for a material deformed in tension, this is referred to as a Young’s modulus. Engineering strain: the change in gauge length of a specimen in the direction of the applied load divided by its original gauge length; strain is typically unit-less and frequently reported as a percentage.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Based on Starch: Processing Methodologies, Morphology, Degradation and Mechanical Properties
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM Materials Science and Engineering C 20 (2002) 19–26 www.elsevier.com/locate/msec Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties M.E. Gomes*, J.S. Godinho, D. Tchalamov, A.M. Cunha, R.L. Reis Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal Abstract An ideal tissue engineering scaffold must be designed from a polymer with an adequate degradation rate. The processing technique must allow for the preparation of 3-D scaffolds with controlled porosity and adequate pore sizes, as well as tissue matching mechanical properties and an appropriate biological response. This communication revises recent work that has been developed in our laboratories with the aim of producing 3-D polymeric structures (from starch-based blends) with adequate properties to be used as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Several processing methodologies were originally developed and optimised. Some of these methodologies were based on conventional melt-based processing routes, such as extrusion using blowing agents (BA) and compression moulding (combined with particulate leaching). Other developed technologies included solvent casting and particle leaching and an innovative in situ polymerization method. By means of using the described methodologies, it is possible to tailor the properties of the different scaffolds, namely their degradation, morphology and mechanical properties, for several applications in tissue engineering. Furthermore, the processing methodologies (including the blowing agents used in the melt-based technologies) described above do not affect the biocompatible behaviour of starch-based polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael R. Bockstaller
    Michael R. Bockstaller Professor, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213. Phone: (412) 268-2709; Fax: (412) 268-7247; E-mail: [email protected] Professional Preparation University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe (Germany) Chemistry (Diplom) 1990-1996 Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (Germany) Chemistry (Dr. rer. nat.) 2000-2005 Postdoctoral Associate, MIT, Cambridge MA Mat. Sci. & Eng. 2000-2004 Lecturer, RWTH Aachen, Aachen (Germany) Chemistry 2004-2005 Appointments 07/14 – present Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 03/11 – present Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 07/10 – 06/14 Associate Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 4/05 – 05/10 Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 3/04 – 3/05 Emmy-Noether Research Group Leader, Department of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen (Germany) 7/00 – 2/04 Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, 02139 MA 4/99 – 12/99 Visiting Scientist, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas - Institute for Electronic Structure and Laser Technology, Iraklion (Greece) 1/98 – 12/98 Teaching Assistant, Dept. of Chemistry., Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (Germany) 9/97 – 7/00 Research Assistant, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz (Germany) Awards and Honors 2014 Fellow of the American Physical Society 2008 The Philbrook Prize (by the Department of Materials Science and Engineering) 2003 Emmy Noether grant recipient of the German Science Foundation 2000 Feodor-Lynen fellowship award by Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Membership and Activities in Honorary Fraternities, Professional Societies 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Characterization and Properties of Polymeric Materials for Optoelectronic and Photonic Applications
    International Journal of Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 5; May 2013 Optical Characterization and Properties of Polymeric Materials for Optoelectronic and Photonic Applications A. N. Alias Z. M. Zabidi A.M.M. Ali M. K. Harun Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor D.E Malaysia M.Z.A. Yahya Faculty of Science & Defence Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kemsg. Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Abstract The optical properties of polymers attract considerable attention because of their potential optoelectronic applications, such as in polymer-based light-emitting diodes, light electrochemical cells, and solar cells. To optimize the performance of optoelectronic and photonic devices, some polymers are modified through the introduction of specific end groups, copolymerization, grafting, crosslinking, blending, and hybridization with other inorganic polymers. All these techniques affect the optical properties of the polymer. This paper reviews the fundamental emission and optical properties, such as absorption, reflection, and polarization effect, of numerous polymer materials. These aspects are important to be considered in optoelectronic devices. Introduction Polymers are widely used in electrical and electronic applications. In early works, polymers have been used as insulators because of their high resistivity and dielectric properties. Polymer-based insulators are used in electrical equipment to separate electrical conductors without passing current through themselves. The insulator applications of polymers include printed circuit boards, wire encapsulants, corrosion protective electronic devices, and cable sheathing materials [1]. Polymers have several advantages, such as easy processing, low cost, flexibility, high strength, and good mechanical properties. In the microelectronic fabrication industry, polymers are used in the photolithography process.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Engineering for Drug/Gene Delivery: from Simple Towards Complex Architectures and Hybrid Materials
    Pure Appl. Chem. 2014; 86(11): 1621–1635 Conference paper Geta David, Gheorghe Fundueanu, Mariana Pinteala, Bogdan Minea, Andrei Dascalu and Bogdan C. Simionescu* Polymer engineering for drug/gene delivery: from simple towards complex architectures and hybrid materials Abstract: The paper summarizes the history of the drug/gene delivery domain, pointing on polymers as a solution to specific challenges, and outlines the current situation in the field – focusing on the newest strate- gies intended to improve systems effectiveness and responsiveness (design keys, preparative approaches). Some recent results of the authors are briefly presented. Keywords: controlled drug delivery systems; gene therapy; magnetic carriers; particulate polymer systems; POC-2014; stimuli-sensitive polymers. DOI 10.1515/pac-2014-0708 Introduction Significant human and financial resources have been always invested in medical research and development. Nowadays, the annual growth of sales for medical systems using biomaterials and the development of con- nected industries is, by far, one of the highest [1]. According to recent healthcare market research reports systems for drug delivery, diagnostics and regenerative medicine are among the global top ten medical device technologies. In this context, a major contribution to medical technologies comes from chemical engineering research, interfacing bioengineering and materials science. One main research direction is aimed at understanding how materials interact with the human body, i.e., twigging the factors affecting materials biocompatibil- ity and therapeutic efficiency, while another one is dealing with new biomaterials and devices to address unsolved medical problems. Specific requirements are to be met in the effort towards macromolecular materials with correct engi- neering, chemical and biological properties for the intended medical application.
    [Show full text]
  • College of Engineering MSE Materials Science and Engineering
    College of Engineering MSE Materials Science and Engineering MSE 101 MATERIALS ENGINEERING. (1) An introduction to the materials engineering profession. Professional growth, conduct, ethics and organizations. Introduction to the techniques of materials engineering. MSE 201 MATERIALS SCIENCE. (3) Microscopic and macroscopic structure as related to the properties of materials with engineering applications. Prereq or concur: MA 114 and freshman chemistry. MSE 202 MATERIALS SCIENCE LABORATORY. (1) To teach students the basic materials characterization laboratory techniques and demonstrate the difference in properties between different types of materials. Prereq: Concurrent enrollment in MSE 201. MSE 212 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS. (3) Modern ideas on the engineering properties of solids, crystallographic properties; relationship of properties to structure and electronic properties of materials. Prereq: PHY 232 and 242, MA 214 concurrent. MSE 301 MATERIALS SCIENCE II. (3) Introduction to processing of ceramic, polymer and composite materials; relating the structure and bonding in these materials to their properties; considerations in choosing appropriate materials for engineering applications. Prereq: MSE 201, or consent of instructor. *MSE 351 MATERIALS THERMODYNAMICS. (3) Solution thermodynamics; partial molal quantities; ideal and non-ideal solutions; application of thermodynamics to phase equilibria; heterogeneous equilibria; free energy-composition relationships; temperature-pressure relationships. Prereq: MSE 201, MA 213 or concurrent. MSE 395 INDEPENDENT WORK IN MATERIALS ENGINEERING. (1-3) Research for undergraduate departmental students. May be repeated to a maximum of 12 credits. Prereq: Department major and approval of chairperson. MSE 401G METAL AND ALLOYS. (3) Crystal structures, phase diagrams, diffusion, nucleation and growth, deformation, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth are discussed to understand the structure-property relations in metals and alloys.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Characterization of Polycarbonate Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers for High-Temperature-Resistant Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensors
    Fabrication and characterization of polycarbonate microstructured polymer optical fibers for high-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg grating strain sensors Andrea Fasano,1 Getinet Woyessa,2 Pavol Stajanca,3 Christos Markos,2,4 Alessio Stefani,2,5 Kristian Nielsen,2 Henrik K. Rasmussen,1 Katerina Krebber,3 and Ole Bang2,* 1 DTU Mekanik, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 2 DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 3 Division 8.6 “Optical and Fibre Optic Methods“, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany 4 CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA 5 Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia *[email protected] Abstract: Here we present the fabrication of a solid-core microstructured polymer optical fiber (mPOF) made of polycarbonate (PC), and report the first experimental demonstration of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) written in a PC optical fiber. The PC used in this work has a glass transition temperature of 145°C. We also characterize the mPOF optically and mechanically, and further test the sensitivity of the PC FBG to strain and temperature. We demonstrate that the PC FBG can bear temperatures as high as 125°C without malfunctioning. In contrast, polymethyl methacrylate-based FBG technology is generally limited to temperatures below 90°C. ©2016 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.2370) Fiber optics sensors; (060.3735) Fiber Bragg gratings; (060.4005) Microstructured fibers; (060.2270) Fiber characterization; (160.5470) Polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Engineering (9841) 1
    Polymer Engineering (9841) 1 9841:497 Honors Project (3 Credits) POLYMER ENGINEERING Prerequisites: Senior standing in the Honors Program and and full admission to an engineering major in the College of Engineering and (9841) Polymer Science. This is a design course in which the students will be actively involved in implementing design principles to synthesize new 9841:321 Polymer Fluid Mechanics (3 Credits) materials, to evaluate the performance of polymer materials, to design Prerequisite: 4600:310 or equivalent. Rheological properties and flow a processing scheme, or manufacture polymer products. The students characteristics of polymer fluid systems; non-Newtonian viscosity, will acquire skills in identification and ranking of factors, identification of viscoelasticity. materials systems, development of design of experiments, and evaluation 9841:324 Quantitative Polymer Analysis (3 Credits) of factors. The learning outcomes will be documented in detailed project Prerequisites: 3450:223, 3450:335, and full admission to an engineering reports. major in the College of Engineering and Polymer Science. This is an 9841:498 Research Problems in Polymer Engineering (1-9 Credits) undergraduate course on quantitative analysis problems in polymer Prerequisite: Permission of Department Chair. Faculty-supervised engineering. This course will allow the students to learn and use undergraduate research problems in polymer engineering culminating in necessary analytical methods in designing and optimizing processes a written report. in the field of the polymer. The solution to the linear and nonlinear 9841:499 Polymer Engineering Design Project (2 Credits) first and higher-order differential equations are provided by analytical Corequisite: 4600:400. Analysis and design of mechanical polymer methods. Students will be exposed to various concepts in linear algebra systems.
    [Show full text]