Stellar Consciousness Bioculturalism Semantic Pathologies
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
EdgeScienceNumber 29 March 2017 Current Research and Insights Stellar Consciousness Bioculturalism Semantic Pathologies A publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration EdgeScience #29 March 2017 EdgeScience is a quarterly magazine. Print copies are available from edgescience.magcloud.com. CONTENTS For further information, see edgescience.org Email: [email protected] Why EdgeScience? Because, contrary to public perception, scientific knowledge is still full of THE OBSERVATORY unknowns. What remains to be discovered — what Semantic Pathologies and the “Laws” of Nature we don’t know — very likely dwarfs what we do know. 3 By Michael Reddy And what we think we know may not be entirely correct or fully understood. Anomalies, which researchers tend to sweep under the rug, should be actively pursued as clues to potential breakthroughs and new directions in science. PUBLISHER: The Society for Scientific Exploration EDITOR: Patrick Huyghe ASSOCIATE EDITOR: P.D. Moncrief FEATURES CONTRIBUTORS: Frank Bures, Gregory L. Matloff, Michael Reddy DESIGN: Smythtype Design Bioculturalism: What Modern Medicine The Society for Scientific Exploration (SSE) 8 Misdiagnoses is a professional organization of scientists and By Frank Bures scholars who study unusual and unexplained phenomena. The primary goal of the Society is to provide a professional forum for presentations, criticism, and debate concerning topics which are for various reasons ignored or studied inadequately within mainstream science. A secondary goal is to promote improved understanding of those factors that unnecessarily limit the scope of scientific inquiry, such as sociological constraints, restrictive world views, hidden theoretical assumptions, and the temptation to convert prevailing theory Stellar Consciousness: into prevailing dogma. Topics under investigation Can Panpsychism cover a wide spectrum. At one end are apparent Emerge as an anomalies in well established disciplines. At the 15 other, we find paradoxical phenomena that belong Observational Science? to no established discipline and therefore may By Gregory L. Matloff offer the greatest potential for scientific advance and the expansion of human knowledge. The SSE was founded in 1982 and has approximately 800 members in 45 countries worldwide. The Society also publishes the peer-reviewed Journal of Scientific Exploration, and holds annual meetings in the U.S. and biennial meetings in Europe. Associate and student memberships are available to the public. To join the Society, or for more information, visit the website at scientificexploration.org. PRESIDENT: William Bengston, St. Joseph’s College VICE PRESIDENT: Garret Moddel, University of Colorado, Boulder SECRETARY: Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University TREASURER: York Dobyns EDUCATION OFFICER: Chantal Toporow EUROPEAN COORDINATOR: Anders Rydberg Cover image: The Eagle Nebula, M16, through the Hubble Telescope in 2014. Credit: NASA/ Copyright © 2017 Society for Scientific Exploration The authors, artists, and photographers retain copyright to their work. ESA/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)/J. ISSN 2330-4545 (Print) Hester, P. Scowen (Arizona State U) ISSN 2330-4553 (Online) EDGESCIENCE #29 • MARCH 20017 / 3 ❛THE OBSERVATORY❜ Michael Reddy Semantic Pathologies and the “Laws” of Nature ainstream science has strong social, financial, institu- these (b) utterances with more social opprobrium, using words Mtional, and even political drivers. While this is not part of like “oppose,” “violate,” “flout,” or, as in (3) its preferred public image, many educated people understand it. Research is by no means simply an observational and cogni- (3b) Don’t think you can defy the second law of tive endeavor. I contend it is also a linguistic endeavor. Even in thermodynamics. cases where findings can be reduced to mathematical equations, there are underlying presuppositions, metaphors, and models I want to suggest that regular blind use of this kind of that get expressed in human language. I want to suggest and expression steadily undercuts the otherwise widely acknowl- present evidence that English, by and large the lingua franca edged understanding that scientific findings remain a tenta- of world science, creates bias. Speaking in certain ways is in a tive “observed so far” kind of truth. Such use is what’s called reciprocal relationship with thinking in certain ways. What if a “semantic pathology.” These are instances in which two the apparatus we use in our language to speak about scientific or more ideas that are important to distinguish are lumped findings strongly favors the social, financial, institutional, and unnoticed together in the same linguistic expression. Calling political drivers? scientific findings “laws” conflates the notion of “regulated by Let’s begin with the simple premise that what science dis- authority” with “observed patterns.” It muddles prescription covers is recurrent patterns of behavior in the world around us. with description. While patterns of profound importance are Yes, there may be reasons later to qualify or nuance that.1 Still, uncovered and persist so far in our investigation of our world, as a first approximation, let it suffice. Even when these regu- it is problematic that we still teach and talk of those patterns larities have very wide scope, are not obvious, and have long as “laws of nature.” gone unnoticed—they are still simply patterns recognized and verified. But the origin of the whole scientific endeavor took place in, and merged with, a deist worldview. The struggle The Conduit Metaphor— between the emerging method of empirical observation and A Central Semantic Pathology the authoritarian church split what had been a more unified, During my 11 years at the University of Chicago and Columbia living, organic cosmos into life and spirit on the one hand, and (1967–1978), I jump started a branch of what is now called dead mechanism on the other (Merchant, 1990). But the cre- cognitive science (Wikipedia, 2010; Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, ator ruled both, in analogous ways, with the divine “law.” One 1999). The term and the interdisciplinary approach did not commonly heard cliché is that Newton felt he was explaining exist at the time. I took some serious flak in doing so and ulti- the ways of God to man. What’s important here is that signifi- mately walked away from academics. Still, what I had done was cant ways in which we speak about scientific findings are unfor- discover and document a pervasive, underlying, metaphorical tunately still rooted in this historical worldview. framework in English that serves as our default explanation for how linguistic communication succeeds or fails. These “dead” Consider the difference in the following metaphors comprise a folk model that is patently false. And yet, (1a) There are many laws of nature. barring vague terms or unnatural circumlocutions, there is no (1b) There are many patterns in nature. easy way to speak on the subject without falling into its trap of mistaken entailments. (2a) That breaks the second law of thermodynamics. Here’s what the folk model says we do using language. The (2b) That doesn’t fit with thesecond pattern of writer or speaker first puts her or his meanings or feelings into thermodynamics. the words. The words then carry these across to the reader or listener, whose job it is now to take out of the words the same There is a shift in force and implication between the (a) meanings or feelings the writer or speaker put there—and thus and the (b) versions of these English sentences. The (b) ver- receive just what was wrapped up and sent over. Language is sions are much more open in feeling and suggest nothing of a modeled here as a conduit, a delivery system, one that brings vaguely “criminal” nature involved in coming up with findings what’s in your head quite literally into mine. So, relative to the that “don’t fit.” The data diverges somehow but is in no way writer/speaker, we say associated with “lawbreaking.” It’s perfectly possible to load 4 / EDGESCIENCE #29 • MARCH 2017 (3a) Writing teaches you to put your ideas into words How does what happens in readers’ or listeners’ minds differ more carefully. when they comprehend the (a-“law”) versus the (b-“pattern”) (3b) Don’t try to pack too many thoughts into too few versions of sentences (1), (2), and (3)? Like all linguistic signals, words. “law” in “law of Nature” begins as a group of marks or sounds. But the relation between these signals and human concepts is Of the words or groups of words themselves, we say never one to one. It’s always one to many. So there is a set of (4a) That same thought is in several words in the possible meanings typically called “senses” of the word that must paragraph—don’t be so redundant. be sorted through. Based entirely on the surroundings (nearby (4b) Your words are hollow—empty promises. They are words, syntactic restrictions, and the whole context of the dis- meaningless. course), the reader or listener must select from the set of word senses which one to use in constructing the meaning. Think of Of the reader or listener, we say a “word” as just the name we give to a set of possible meanings. (5a) I can’t get any coherent meaning from his garbled These meanings are typically related but distinct concepts. words. If you trace the etymology of the “law” set back, the root (5b) I found a lot of anger in those kinds of words. meaning from which the others spring remains “something prescribed as a regulation,” something “laid down by author- This is just a quick look at the careful explication of data ity with penalties for violating.” So the brain of the reader or and implications in The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame listener must access roughly the following set of concepts to Conflict in our Language about Language. (Reddy, M., 1979) begin the disambiguation process. It has been widely referenced2 as having documented that the primary vision the English language has of its own workings is LAW1 (a civic regulation with penalties for violators, that meanings are put “right there in the words.” If they are, of “Congress enacted a new law.”).