Competing Nationalisms

CEU eTD Collection

The Race Slobodanof Milošević In requirements f fulfillmentof the partial Competing nationalisms Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University Advisor: András LászlóAdvisor: András Pap for the Serbianfor Nation Nóra Wagner Budapest, Hungary Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted 2013 By

and the Orthodox Serbian Church

- Vá rady

or thedegree of

CEU eTD Collection controlnation over the Serbian two These finally stood instr easiest. was cause his for population the of mobilization the which Orthodox Serbian the Church. of ambitions big the limiting also and threats, Islam and Catholic the on and church, faith, Orthodox the of believers by led „theodemocracy” a hand one the on existence, national of alternatives competing two unde both they However, interests. national nationalism secular a and Church Milošević the by represented Orthodox Serbian the by represented nationalism inhabited Serbian on side by side existed nationalisms competing two that arguing by topic the on perspective new a offer to intends thesis This naturehostile ofthisrelationship. Miloševi present Serbia in state and church between relationship debate. not to is Yugoslavia subject of process disintegration the in factor religious the of importance The Abstract umentalize Milošević umentalize vn huh ioei ws a was Milošević though Even

parallel

up for interests. Serbian ć and the Serbian Orthodox Church as allies, and others that emphasize the emphasize that others and allies, as Church Orthodox Serbian the and ć

other hand a secular, homogenous Greater Serbia free from the internal internal the from free Serbia Greater homogenous secular, a hand other oee, hr i n cness n h relevant the in consensus no is there However, but rival nationalisms nationalisms rival but

for its own goals own its for - regime. Both of these nationalisms claimed to represent Serbian represent to claimed nationalisms these of Both regime.

protecting Serbian interests Serbian protecting

non , hoping that it would be would it that hoping , rstood national interests differently. interests national rstood teghnd ah other each strengthened - eivr h realized he believer, i

during the 1990s. There are sources that that sources are There 1990s. the during

ertre i te 90: religious a 1990s: the in territories

under the guidance of an ethnic ethnic an of guidance the under

that nefit from from nefit , The church also tried to tried also church The

u as cmee for competed also but t s rhdx along Orthodoxy is it

ieaue about literature a politician that politician a They offered offered They the

CEU eTD Collection and Nationalism:Four Approaches, 1 Bibliography 4. 3. 2. 1. Abstract Table C of

In sub In

nationalism Rogers2.1. Brubaker’s four approaches of studying therelationship between religion and 3.4. The3.3. relationship between Slobodan Milošević and the Serbian OrthodoxChurch 3.2. State3.1. 2.3. religion and nationalism 2.2...... Conclusion 3.4.3. 3.4.2. 3.4.1. 3.3.4. RepublikaSrpska andSerbian the Orthodox Church 3.3.3. roleThe ofSerbian the Orthodox Church inwar mobilization 3.3.2. Milošević’s stancetowar 3.3.1. stanceThe of the Serbian OrthodoxChurch towards Milošević 3.1.3. Tito 3.1.2. Kingdom Yugoslaviaof 3.1.1. Ottoman rule Competing Nationalisms 2.1.4. 2.1.3. 2.1.2. 2.1.1. Religion and nationalism Introduction

- ...... titles 2.1.1. titles Religious and church revival in the 1980s Religion and national Secularizatio Competing nationalisms

...... church relations Serbianon inhabited territories in three historically important cont ontent ...... “Religious nationalisma as distinctivekind nationalism”of “Religionimbricated as intertwinedor nationalism” with „Religiona as cause or explanation nationalism”of „Religion and n Common grounds and competing aims basesThe of secular nationalism represented by the Milošević basesThe of religious nationalism re - regime

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n and desecularization as a context examiningof relationship the between

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...... 1 .1.4.

...... – ationalism as analogous phenomena” – , ism inliterature the Serbia on in the 1980s and 1990s

the Milošević a theoretical background I use the exact titles Brubaker uses: Rogers Brubaker, Religion Brubaker, Rogers uses: Brubaker titles exact the use I

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...... ds religion and the Serbian OrthodoxChurch ...... Nations and Nationalism and Nations ...... - regimeand ...... ii

...... presented by the Serbian Orthodox Church

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...... theSerbian OrthodoxChurch ......

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...... 18: 1(2012).

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60 56 53 52 50 49 46 43 42 40 39 35 32 31 28 28 28 23 20 19 15 14

8 7 7 1

CEU eTD Collection Serbian Orthodox Church. Church. Orthodox (accessed May 20,2013). http://www.spc.rs/eng Brussels”, in agreement the Serbian of signing the regarding people Serbian the and Serbia of state 2 Serbia in state and church between relationship the of nature the about literature relevant the in consensus no is there However, the of account no therefore and region the in phenomena interconnected widely are nationalism top in used were elements religious ethn different the among hatreds” “ancient constituting element principal a as religion consider approaches Primordialist Yugoslavia. of disintegration the to up leading causes central the of one as regarded be to national Serbian the in role important very a played always has and is itself Church Orthodox Serbian the and factor religious the that seems It centuries to there living been have who Albanians ethnic those of land the also tha denying not time same the at and times all for country their as always Metohija and Kosovo consider to but injustice and force of tyranny the „recognize to not people Serbian terr important denounced it which in c a issued Church Orthodox Serbian the of Bishops of Synod Holy the reaction, agreem an to came finally Kosovo afte 2013, 19 April On 1.

oy yo o Bsos f h Srin rhdx hrh “ Church. Orthodox Serbian the of Bishops of Synod Holy

disinte Introduction ” . gration 2

tr n prta adhsoia t historical and spiritual in itory

process ofYugoslavia leavestopicunattended. this

/communique_holy_synod_bishops_serbian_orthodox_church_0

the e ons of rounds ten r ic groups of Yugoslavia, while modernist approaches emphasize how emphasize approaches modernist while Yugoslavia, of groups ic

agreement, calling agreement,

ent regarding the normalization of their relationship. As a As relationship. their of normalization the regarding ent during the 1990s. A large A 1990s. the during -

on fot t cntut h nto. eiin and Religion nation. the construct to efforts down negotia

it a „surrender” of Serbia’s „centuries Serbia’s of „surrender” a it 1 rs.Tecmuiu lo call also communiqué The erms”.

tions led by the European Union, Serbia and and Serbia Union, European the by led tions

question. Religious differences also tend tend also differences Religious question.

part of the literature depicts the depicts literature the of part Communiqué.

gether with Serbs for for Serbs with gether Addressing the the Addressing ommuniqué, ed

- upon the upon old most most old

t it is it t CEU eTD Collection Nicolas “L’église Miletitch, serbe”, orthodoxe Ramet, Deat the P. from Yugoslavia Sabrina 2002); Press, University Oxford 5 2000). Catharsis and Trauma Successor Yugoslav 4 in Islam and of States”, Catholicism Abuse Orthodoxy, and of Use Politicization Political the The and Religion: “Nationalism Iveković, Ivan 1999); Press, University 3 analogous as nationalism and „religion (i) possible: is nationalism through categories four describes logical and approaches four Nationalism: Brubaker’sRogers use will Iethnicity. and religion and nationalism and religion p theoretical first, the In religion andnationalism i Serbia in relations time. same the at interests national reinforced why secularnationalism differently. religiouseach and Thisis understood both they However, interests. national Serbian represent to Milošević the by represented nationalism secular period researched two that si arguing by by side firstly existed topic nationalisms the competing on perspective new a offer to intends thesis This betwee relationship. other. each reinforcing and serving rela

E.g. E.g. Branimir E.g. tionship between the between tionship Radmila Radić, “The Church and the ’Serbian Question’” in Question’” ’Serbian the and Church “The Radić, Radmila Vjekoslav Perica, Vjekoslav

n church is and state n Social Compass 4

categorization In many works on the topic a changing relationship from cooperation to cooperation from relationship changinga topic the on works Inmany Anzulović, Anzulović, : a :

eody a e prpcie il e ruh i b placing by in brought be will perspective new a Secondly,

framework analytical general a into 1990s the n religious nationalism rep nationalism religious .

Balkan Idols. Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States, Yugoslav in Nationalism and Religion Idols. Balkan ed. Nebojša Popov Popov Nebojša ed. 49:4 (2002). Milošević

art of the thesis I will examine the literature of relations between between relations of literature the examine will I thesis the of art h of Tito to the Fall of Milošević of Fall the to Tito of h

Heavenly Serbia. From Myth to Genocide ( Genocide to Myth From Serbia. Heavenly described. f prahs ocrig h rlto i qeto. Bruba question. in relation the concerning approaches of

article as a starting point, as I have not found a more profoun more a found not have I as point, starting a as article

- hc aaye o te eainhp ewe rlgo and religion between relationship the of analyses which regime

3 5

te sucs mhsz te otl ntr o this of nature hostile the emphasize sources Other

and the Serbia the and de (Budapest: Central European University Press, Press, University European Central (Budapest: resented by the Serbian Orthodox Church and Church Orthodox Serbian the by resented 2 Politique étrangère Politique

n Se on - regime. Both of these nationalisms claimed nationalisms these of Both regime. ba ihbtd territories inhabited rbian akn ae. h Dsnerto of Disintegration The Babel. Balkan n Orthodox Church Orthodox n

(Boulder: Westview Press, 2002); 2002); Press, Westview (Boulder:

61:1 (1996). The Road to War in Serbia. Warin to Road The phenomena New York: New York New York: New

f eain between relations of other bu as a partnership, partnership, a as ”, (ii) „religion „religion (ii) ”,

Religion and Religion t were rivals rivals t were

state during the the during (Oxford:

- conflict church church ker ker d a

CEU eTD Collection 18: 1(2012): 4. 6 secular metand where they nationalisms diverged. nationalism competing Following religio abused or used and understood sphere factualpolitical the a how of give account to attempt will I first 1990s, the question, in period actual the Concerning up torepresent ofthe Serbian nation. the interests i only the was church the decade this during Thus, 1980s. the of ethnically the with interfered nor acknowledged neither regime taboo were tensions Serbia. in 1980s the of end the in turn nationalist the for ground the set Church Th myths and examined relationsh moments historic those explain and highlight arbitrarily historical perspectivical, more a without complete from far be would story process disintegration the during Serbia in state and church between relations of development the describe to attempt I thesis the of part second the In Yugoslav setting. the in topic the concern that those especially sources, other with literature his complementing c Brubaker’s of understanding I thesis the of litera important ofthe most a compilation analysis butalso litera my of source primary a as served also article nationalism”. of kind distinctive a as nationalism „religious (iv) nationalism”, (iii) nationalism”, of explanation or cause a as

Rogers Brubaker “Religion and Nationalism: Four Approaches.” Four Nationalism: and “Religion Brubaker Rogers e second e this factual account, I will will I account, factual this

part part

of the thesis will basically argue that the narratives of the Serbian Orthodox Serbian the of narratives the that argue basically will thesis the of endeavored

ip wouldbedifficult tounderstand.

topics of the party ideology of of ideology party the of topics s

and finally define those areas where the interests of the religious and and religious the of interests the where areas those define finally and

to reexamine the suggested literature according to my own own my to according literature suggested the reexamine to

tgre ad o upr Buae’ agmns by arguments Brubaker’s support to and ategories separately describe the aims and claims of the two two the of claims and aims the describe separately 3

rlgo a ibiae o itrwnd with intertwined or imbricated as ”religion

ture review, ture “

rteho ad unity and brotherhood ture about the topic aboutture the

of Yugoslavia, up to 1995. to up Yugoslavia, of - related conflicts until the end the until conflicts related nstitution that overtly stood stood overtly that nstitution as it is not only a valuable a only not is it as Nations and Nationalism and Nations without which the the which without background n and v and n . In first. part the ” ,

6 the political political the

Brubaker’s As ice versa. ice

, I will will I , As the As e thnic thnic

CEU eTD Collection re conclusion The cleanfree Serbia, fr and masses mobilize to h but morally, religion by driven verySlobodan is unlikelythat it hand other ce the of role the playing Church a their Orthodox the with religion, practice envisioned who politicians clergy and Orthodox scholars religious The by governed in. society live theodemocratic to Serbianhood the for systems different A toanswer.thesis wouldlike thethat questions the of onesovereignty is territorial also or spiritual only meant church the If extending by possible seemed only war of circumstances the under interests Serbian of defence the as platform, means. and scope its in different endeavour an „empire”, Serbian a recreate p and church both by emphasized was sup the of superiority moral The ideologies. or groups ethnic adversary to victim fell per the stressed instead and unity, and brotherhood emphasizing victimization. of politics the was ground common Another existence. national Serbian to threat potential the as Yugoslavia populat Muslim and Catholic the regarded church and state both as enemy, common which coAs for part from the above common characteristics state and church both church and state characteristics common above the from part ligion andtry andnationalism meant that both act both that meant mmon grounds, b mmon

of the thesis the of om the dominanceanyom the authority of from apart hisown. or p or

to reserving oth state and church torepresent claimed and oth state ors shared certain principles and principles certain shared ors amass political power political amass

will go will h nraie f itmzto dsadd h pria rhetoric partisan the discarded victimization of narrative The

to place the Serbian case study in this context. case context. inthis to placetheSerbian study e realized how to abuse religion and religious myths in order order in myths religious and religion abuse to how realized e

Serbian sovereignty over sovereignty Serbian back to Rogers Brubaker’s typology of relations between between relations of typology Brubaker’s Rogers to back ial, ertra abtos lo rvdd common a provided also ambitions territorial Finally, arty ideologists and it was used to legitimate efforts to efforts legitimate to used was it and ideologists arty Milošević mrcd y both by embraced 4

. But what he envisioned was an was envisioned he what But . thought of anything similar. He similar. anythingofthought

strategies. One of these was the the was these of One strategies.

ntral national institution. On the On institution. national ntral all Serbian inhabited territories. inhabited Serbian all hrh n s and church iods of history when Serbs when history of iods

Serbian Serbian

envisioned completely envisioned

national interests, national interests,

ae although tate,

ethnically ethnically

was notwas pressed o of ion CEU eTD Collection 9 April 2011). 8 to give an interview. BelgradeI anyone find but atwho didnot of trip was the time myfield willing for available or 7 The oft role conversations. personal through evolved things most and documented adequately not were events relevant many that fact the to attention my drew he when similarly argued also affairs sta and church between relations missing. still for responsible the archives of fact the that Recent the state on experts for renowned most the of one Serbia, of History Institute the of researcher the Radić, Radmila about. the talked to interviewees attention the draw to here need the feel also I the Patriarchate. of library the to access had only I Therefore, months. two to up takes usually process the and upo learned only I information, of lack and constraints time to due but Belgrade, in Patriarchate the of archives state on experts Serbian co although literature, the of methodology the as far As fo and and society influence over power for competed also but each other processes strengthened 1990s the in territories inhabited to come will thesis This

ŽivicaTucić, Radić, Radmila In r control the nation. Serbian over nducted a five anducted tal I lne t cnut neves ih rhdx lrya a te aracae in Patriarchate the at clergyman Orthodox with interviews conduct to planned I itially

he Serbian Orthodox Church in the disintegration process of Yugoslavia is a topic isa Yugoslavia Churchprocess of inthe disintegration Orthodox Serbian he 8

Therefore, we do not have the have not do we Therefore,

Interviewby author the relationship with the religious communities at the time of time the at communities religious the with relationship the -

n arrival that access to the archives can only be granted by the Holy Synod, Synod, Holy the by granted be only can archives the to access that arrival n

day field trip in trip field day Interview by author by Interview

hn available when - hrh relations. church h cnlso ta to eaae ainlss xse o Serbian on existed nationalisms separate two that conclusion the Federal Ministry of Religious Religious of Federal Ministry

: Belgradei te from the state’s side. Živica Tucić, Tucić, Živica side. state’s the from te a secular and a religious one. religious a and secular a

(Serbia, Belgrade,(Serbia, 14.April 2011). hss s ocre, it concerned, is thesis

(Serbia, Belg (Serbia,

I 7

n the course of which I carried out interviews withinterviews out I carried which courseof the n

endeavored It was also my intention to do research in the the in research do to intention my also was It

official documentation about the content of the of content the about documentation official 5

rade, Institut za Noviju Istoriju Srbije, 13. Srbije, Istoriju Noviju za Institut rade,

o s piay ore a wl. I well. as sources primary use to Affairs ( Affairs topic

s primarily is - church relations emphasized the emphasized relations church -

spec These two rival but parallel but rival two These Savezno Ministarstvo Vera Ministarstvo Savezno fc constr ific

based on secondary secondary on based nls o religious of analyst Milošević Milošević it ta my that aints

are 9 )

CEU eTD Collection 10 unanswered room for questionsand research. further ab talk not do conflict involved another or way one werein who especiallythose clergyman, Most understand. and disclose to want Church Orthodox Serbian the outside researchers and people only that

Tucić, interview.

u ti sensitive this out

topic. 6

h tpc hrfr sil fes many offers still therefore topic The

in the the in CEU eTD Collection 11 the relationship betwe exam that those especially sources, other with Brubaker by used literature the complement also I course, Of study. case my to most relate that arguments and authors those highlight analyze this In t mu not areup sets categories he relationshipIn between andreligion. nationalism s analytical an titled article, 2012 Brubaker’s Rogers nationalism and religion between 2.1. researched offers. period lit the background theoretical the presenting by chapter the close and criticism its and secularization of theory religion. and nationalism between relationship the analyze to uses desecularization. it of understanding reli a as and secular a as both understood be can Nationalism nationalism between relationship the of nature The 2. he topic, and therefore

Brubaker, Nationalism”, “Religion 15. and Religion and nationalism Rogers Brubaker’s four approaches of studying the relationship therelationship of studying approaches four Brubaker’s Rogers

part of the of part

th s ieaue codn t m on nesadn o Brubaker’s of understanding own my to according literature is se t alvae h suy of study the alleviate to ystem In this part of the thesis I thesis the of part In this

hss e u rmteltrtr rbkrsget nhsatce u I but article, his in suggests Brubaker literature the from out set I thesis rtr o state on erature

lo nlecs u tikn aot ednis f euaiain and secularization of tendencies about thinking our influences also en religionen t in andnationalism

anycould toanalyzestudy. beused a ofthem singlecase

tually exclusive. His categories are different ways to approach approach waysto different categories are His tually exclusive. - hrh eain i te otx o Ygsai i the in Yugoslavia of context the in relations church – Religion and natio and Religion

a a theoretical background

will present the four possible approaches Brubaker approaches possible four the present will

the vast amount of literature written on the the on written literature of amount vast the the articleBrubakeremphasizes he Yugoslav context. n relig and nalism: four approaches four nalism: gious phenomenon and our our and phenomenon gious o i sbet o debate. to subject is ion hn I il ics the discuss will I Then,

typology 11

that the four that thefour

, constructs ,

and and ine

CEU eTD Collection 18 17 16 15 14 164. 13 12 understandin moder of „religion the words his with religion, modern a as regarded be can it that religion historic from much so draws it aims, its in secular is nationalism though even that argues therefore ar both evidence, historical on based be to expect not do „believers” the of most a and necessarily places, not is that sacred mythology, days, holy have symbolism, sophisticated a use both mission, a possess community”. the of salvation „p whose phenomena social are religion nationality”. one’s of future everlasting the and past eternal b imagination „The it: puts Hayes as elements, imaginatory or fatherland the of idea abstract the be also can god. it but saint patron or patron, a tangible a be can nationalism have nationalism and religion both Firstly, religion. to similar ways many in is nationalism whom to according Hayes, Carlton of writings the features Brubaker nationalism asa kindofreligion. religion and nationalism between parallel a draw either that arguments those includes examines Brubaker approach first The 2.1.1.

Carlton J. H. Hayes, H. J. Carlton Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.

secularism” n

„Religion and nationalism as analogous phenomena” 3. 176. 176. 165 165. 164.

167. g means g patrie

. .

a natural human receptivity to an organizing order that exists above the above exists that order organizing an to receptivity human natural a 17

Nationalism: A religion A Nationalism:

eody rlgo ad ainls bt bid pn mtoa and emotional upon build both nationalism and religion Secondly, ae apas o h „a’ rlgos sense” religious „man’s the to appeals Hayes die b a cletv fih ad eoie traitors. demonise and faith” „collective a by driven e

Furthermo

r ecie h to s identical as two the describe or bi ie [are] rites ublic e bt ae once t a hsn epe both people, chosen a to connected are both re, 8

(N ew York: The Macmillan Company, 1960), Company, Macmillan The York: ew

efre n t in performed uilds an unseen world around the the around world unseen an uilds 14 12

Thirdly, both nationalism and nationalism both Thirdly,

he name and for the for and name he phenomena 18 wih i my in which, , The god of of god The ta is, that , 16

Hayes CEU eTD Collection 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 part are nationalism secular and religion both him, to According Juergensmeyer. Mark is analogous and nationalismphenomena as religion Another sees theview representative of that and missions. nationali whereas mankind, of universality the to – heroes. comm ceremonies religious and churches in flags national of usage the as such examples further gives he and two the of syncretism the about also but nationalism, two. the of mixture the o nationalism, as others for religion, a as understood is many for which Judaism, of example worship”. „nationalist and sense) historical the in meant is religion case pheno nationalism to welcoming even hostile, less be to tend religions that c subjugates (Hayes Christianity as such religions riva potential nationa and religion both that fact the of latter the for substitute a find might religion historic condemn who above The argued by B beings. human influenceof of zone

or more specifically Christianity specifically more or Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., menon 24

181. 178. 177. 177. 177. 176. 165.

However, Hayes also draws the attention to an essential difference between religion between difference essential an to attention the draws also Hayes However,

the fact that nationalism firstemergedfact intraditionallythe that nationalism cultures. Christian

receptivity to religion in the sense of an order makes it possible that even those even that possible it makes order an of sense the in religion to receptivity hurches to a secondary role. secondary a to hurches

l 25 many tim many s. As s.

nationalism does not tolerate rival religions, it is either hostile to historic to hostile either is it religions, rival tolerate not does nationalism

23 es results in an interesting symbiosis between religious faith (in this this (in faith religious between symbiosis interesting an in results es

That is That

, Hayes does not only discuss only not does Hayes , –

and nationalism. In the end, Christianity always appeals always Christianity end, the In nationalism. and u

t oe u wt te xml o t of example the with up comes parallels 21 lism lism

Although briefly, but Hayes also refers to the fact the to refers also Hayes but briefly, Although 9 are

between religion and n andbetween religion m las a priua itrss claims interests, particular has always sm specimens of the same category same the of specimens

parallels between religion and religion between parallels

in nationalism. in at than vice versa. This This versa. vice than e oit no) or Union) Soviet he ionalism can a can ionalism emorating national national emorating 22

ae gvs th gives Hayes 19 20

, they are they ,

Because lso be lso of a of e r

CEU eTD Collection 34 33 32 31 International Studies 30 29 28 27 International Affairs 26 messiani its and connotation. national with heritage religious of sites bestowing and heroes national to figures historical religious of ge religion traditional when happens „messianiz specifies co on based is which citizens” of communion „sacred a forms defining by nationalism religion” and „political as religion nationalism between parallel a draws also Smith D. Anthony death decisions, includingthe life for sanction moral give to right „the includes it as nationalism, secular and religion authority”. „ultimate riv are they category, same the to belong both they as Hayes, of argument the to similarly Very communities. together hold to force the has whichprinciple organizing an is also it as order of concept broader the relatesto alsoReligion par a and place particular a with associated collectivity larger a to her or him „ cat broader secular nationalism, as an ideology of order, locates an individual within the universe. It ties It universe. the within individual an locates order, of ideology an as nationalism, secular

nhn D Sih “h ’ard Dmnin f Nationalism”, of Dimension ’Sacred’ “The Smith, D. Anthony Mark Juergensmeyer, “The Global Rise o Rise Global “The Juergensmeyer, Mark Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.,

799. 799. 799. 792. 267. 267. 266.

ain f oiis s o ol aot noig tews sclr edr with leaders secular otherwise endowing about only not is politics of zation edr ae xle ad noe wt rlgos charisma” religious with endowed and exalted are leaders that we are facing a two a facing are we that ation of politics” of ation gr, they egory,

64 : 3(2000): 265. 33 29 (2000): 792. 28

We can talk about the „messianization of politics” when „the nation „the when politics” of „messianization the about talk can We

n ti atoiy i Jegnmyrs view Juergensmeyer’s in authority, this And are 32 both

right to kill”. kill”. right to are parallel processes developing at the same time. The former The time. same the at developing processes parallel are - faced phenomenon: the „ the phenomenon: faced ielge o order”. of „ideologies , 30 ts a political load. He gives the example of the elevation the of example the gives He load. political a ts

ptnil ia o hsoi rlgos Te ain thus nation The religions. historic of rival potential a

29 f Religious Nationalism”, Religious f

l: hy oh li tesle t b the be to themselves claim both they als:

politicization llective faith. llective I Jegnmyrs definition, Juergensmeyer’s n Millenium Australian Journal of Journal Australian ,

. of religion” and the the and religion” of 34 ny characterizes only 31 ticular history”.ticular

However, Smith However, oee, t However, –

ora of Journal - and he 27 -

CEU eTD Collection 40 39 38 37 36 35 common ancestryup thetwoprincipalunavoidable ofa and prerequisites nation. make examples. as costume national gi He religious. the on built are practices national separated, radically are state that and church where arguescountries he is, that countries, fro draw domain secular secular the of rituals and otherwisesymbolisms in traced be sacred even these that can out properties points Smith relationship. this about view Smith’s about most the nation”. level, third The which theinfluencegiven onthe ofreligion populationa measured. country be isto placed. be can systems other all endpoints two these between In sharia. of law religious the on based are systems legal whose states Muslim aim its with extr two gives He nationalism. religious other the and nationalism „secular a delineates HereSmith t call would I one first The religion. and three a offers Smith IndependenceBastille Day Day. or and nation the of history the sacralizing about also but characteristics otherworldly superhuman,

Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., creating and respecting the holy days of this new, secular faith, such as ANZAC Day, Day, ANZAC as such faith, secular new, this of days holy the respecting and creating

38 803. 802. 802. 801. 800. 799.

This factor tells the most about the interaction of relig of interaction the about most the tells factor This

o opeey aih eiin rm pub from religion banish completely to - e sltn te lg national flag, the saluting ves the one that Smith emphasizes most most emphasizes Smith that one the -

level system for the analysis of the relations between national identity identity national between relations the of analysis the for system level

- Ac religious spectrum” one of the end points of which is secular is which of points end the of one spectrum” religious 35 cording to Smith, these „sacred properties” together with together properties” „sacred these Smith, to cording

he religious saturation of the official political sphere. political official the of saturation religious he 11 36

The second The isos oiial rlgos oias in holidays religious originally missions, -

i ad oenet far and affairs government and lic measures the „sacred properties of the the of properties „sacred the measures m the religious sphere. Even in those in Even sphere. religious the m

is the popular level, in case in level, popular the is ion and nationalism and also and nationalism and ion eme examples, examples, eme Kemalism, 37 40

those those

of CEU eTD Collection 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 religion of demise the entail not does secularization religions. of offspring actual an but phenomenon, new a not is which claims nation describe modernist of validity the disputes Smith properties, sacred these on Based which and strengthensprojects mission thenational theirheroism the future. into their sacrificed that heroes those of remembering the sacrifice”, „national is property sacred fourth the of ages golden the or climax, ethno that out points also He historiography. ethnic which (of traditions” narrative „communal „ethno defines Smith properties, sacred among Thirdly the of projected is history specific a conceptwhich bymemory” of „territorialisation the with territory of sacralization the connects He history. national the of inh second The people promise. initial benefits will achieve itrespectsan certain if „ been have to claims people given into election” the that meanswhich four distinguishes Smith oeatl coens, n h cs o wih hr i a areet r rms ta the that promise or agreement an is there which of case the in chosenness, covenantal”

Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., abited by a given group of people is sacralized over time, and the land itself becomes part part becomes itself land the and time, over sacralized is people of group given a by abited lives

810. 808 807. 807. 806. 804. 804.

for the nation. This nation. the for -

9. “ ard property sacred

w sub two alism as an invented phenomenon. Therefore, according to Smith, nationalism Smith, to according Therefore, phenomenon. invented an as alism

given community sees itself as a „cho a as itself seescommunitygiven - aeois te is o wih s msinr” chose „missionary” is which of first the categories, id of kinds ”

national sacrifice is the basis for the „cult of the glorious dead” dead” glorious the of „cult the for basis the is sacrifice national

is „sacred territory”. Smith points out that the physical land land physical the that out points Smith territory”. „sacred is chosen by a deity for a certain mission. The other one is one other The mission. certain a for deity a by chosen ethnie “ ard properties sacred ,

hc hglgt h mrlt o te nation. the of morality the highlight which - 12 histories al histories

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An Brubaker, Nationalism”, “Religion 4. and Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., h lights the importance of endogamy in making both ethnic and religious communities communities religious and ethnic both making in endogamy of importance the lights in) ugs a wl. rbkr dniis he sc srcue o poess o which to processes or structures such three identifies Brubaker well. as suggest tions) organize thony D. Smith, thony Smith, D.

4. 4. 811. claims.

The

nationalism derive from „more general social structures and processes”. and structures social general „more from derive nationalism

epes live people’s Cultural Foundations of Nations. Hierarchy, Covenant, and Republic ( Republic and Covenant, Hierarchy, Nations. of Foundations Cultural 51

Chosen Peoples gr wih ead rlgo ad ainls a „analogous as nationalism and religion regards which egory ad create and s

nationalis

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 255; Anthony University(Oxford: Oxford Press, 2003), 49 m

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n sca chsos Hr Brubaker Here cohesions. social and 48 52

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and and

(iii) CEU eTD Collection 59 58 Nationalism 57 56 55 54 53 graduallywhich could b print and Protestantism between coalition “the sense. this in religion of place the filled that of questions about thinking for Enlight the that fact the of Inspite any unlike nationalism: death. of and life continuity, of concept the to place central roots a gives religion, as just nationalism, cultural the in lies answer His does. is nation, the defines he as community”,“imagined an came which of “out explanation an as religion sees also is thinking of line this of example best the Maybe religion. religion related arguments a of aspects certain highlighting by of nationalism elements certain to explanation an give to try approaches these explains, Brubaker As 2.1.2. political, economic orcultural claimsgiven madecommunity. ofa inthe interest claim of ’agenda’ the form that systems both are they that is Brubaker religio which along assimilation”. through dissolution „their preventing and homogenous

Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., eeit Anderson, Benedict

into being. Anderson is seeking an explanation to the question of why it is possible, that possible, is why it of question the to explanation anseeking is Anderson being. into

„Religion a 40. 9 6. 5. 5. 5. 56 -

12.

is the fac the is

(London: 1991), Verso, 12.

s a cause or explanation of nationalism” n and nationalism can be examined as analogous phenomena according to according phenomena analogous as examined be can nationalism and n t that they defy defy they that t

e used fore political and mgnd omnte. elcin o te rgn n Sra of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities. Imagined

continuity enment deprived religionof deprived enment those views those

under a structural a under 58 14

national pur national Another line of argument of Anderson is that is Anderson of argument of line Another

that look upon nationalism as an antithesis of antithesis an as nationalism upon look that - capitalism” – represented by represented

as well as against which” against as well as able to mobilise as mobilise to able poses. 55 59

its central role, the human need need human the role, central its frame remained. It was nation nation was It remained. frame

ruh aot as literacy, mass about brought

B . What connects these these connects What . enedict Anderson, who Anderson, enedict 53 -

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te “ism” other 57 54

nationalism - s, CEU eTD Collection 66 Sociological Theory 65 64 Ltd.,Unwin 1915),317. 63 62 61 60 as works religion but language, not where case, Yugoslav the as well as nationalism Jewish coincide “the intertwining of kinds two examines Brubaker and religion of intertwining the to explanation nationalism aswell. interesting an be can This construct. whic ‘sacred’, the for pretension and sensibility social”, is divinity that is contagious so is world sacred the why reason th of contagiousness „extraordinary the to phenomenon this ascribes “ to tends 63 profa the and sacred the between antagonism and dichotomy deep a about talks Durkheim li would I toBrubakerThis approach,according 2.1.3. which churches, Brubaker the calls autocephalous of creation the in resulted Christianity of nationalisation homogeculturalnational of) component a often (and for model “a as serve could later which churches of territorialisation the it with brought Reformation of process confessionalization the Brubaker, to According

Brubaker, Nationalism”, “Religion 8. and world sacred the exclusivity, mutual and antagonism this of spite in view, his in However, Brubaker, Nationalism”, “Religion 9. and Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Roger Emile Emile

“Religion as imbricated or intertwined with nation 65

318. 8. 11.

reln, Mny Sx ad o: h Eoi Lgc f eiiu Nationalism”, Religious of Logic Erotic The God: and Sex, “Money, Friedland, Durkheim, which in my understanding means that human beings have an intrinsical, collective intrinsical, an have beings human that means understanding my in which spread itself into this same profane world which it excludes elsewhere”. Durkheim Durkheim elsewhere”. excludes it which world profane same this into itself spread

e to ke

nce of religious and national boundaries”. national and religious of nce begin

“etatisation of“etatisation religion”.

20:

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neity”. topic

60 y examining by

Similarly, as far as Eastern Christianity is concerned,theis EasternChristianity as Similarly, far as ,

looks atlooks of religion aspart nationalism. 61

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CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 69 68 67 being two the of aim ultimate the state, and church between relationship close and equal ‘ bet relationship the of name theological The Eastern as Orthodoxychurchand historically indetail, state are inOrthodoxy. interlaced nationali of intertwining the to comes it When study. discourse” religious of inflection “nationalist the Therefore, too. round, Nevertheless, as amere metaphor or religiously or religious a how public, the is that side, recipient the to up also is it that suggests but unanswered, question this leaves he However, discourse. tinged” “religiously to opposed as religious, actually between is boundary the where about metaphor. simple a as used be can language orsuggestany real, in intertwining language”. and religion between relationship the of nature arguesHe that nationalism. the about much tell itself in not does mere the that argues Brubaker However, categorythis as well. nation. the to symbols” and metaphors “myths, essential providing by nationalism of contents the of one up makes identification. national of primary the basis symphonia

Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.,

11. 11. 10. 10. 9. 9.

’ and its origins can be traced back to the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine the to back traced be can origins its and ’

e find He

it is not only nationalism that might use religious language, but the other way other the but language, religious use might that nationalism only not is it

s that the use of religion in nationalist discourse does not necessarily necessarily not does discourse nationalist in religion of use the that s

as 68 Anthony D. Smith’s “sacred properties” could actually be fitted into fitted be actually could properties” “sacred Smith’s D. Anthony actual religious language. we have to differentiateto havewe

- debth embedd debth fact that nationalism uses religion in its discourse discourse its in religion uses nationalism that fact 67 70

ween church and state in the Orthodox realm is realm Orthodox the in state and church ween The second kind of intertwining is whe intertwiningis of kind secondThe 16

The important question Brubaker poses here poses Brubaker question important The

m n rlgo, t s essential is it religion, and sm e dness of religion into nationalism: religiousreligion nationalism: dness into of 71

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is CEU eTD Collection 78 77 76 75 ed. Neusner Jacob (Washington University99. Georgetown 2003), D.C.: Press, 74 Identities National 73 1217 in Constantinople of 13 the in Patriarch Therefore the from Serbia of Church the to who autocephality Sava, Saint of father the was state Serbian powerful a of founder In background. religious Thu private phenomenon. an intrinsicallypublic religionuponasand realm not the Eastern Orthodox looked always was polis” the of life cultic the as understood was religion “where Greece, ancient the of origin the that fact the by strengthened often. pretty roles religious on take political might sphere the and roles political on take may church the therefore and Orthodoxy, Eastern state and church between boundary exact the that the fact the draws to attention Leustean Lucian Therefore, claims. political include might guidance spiritual guidance ofitssubjects.for thespiritual provides church the whereas politics”, international in power its of projection the and states of system a within “survival nation’s the guarantees and realm political the into embedded S andrelationshipto that ofbody temporal ofpriesthood authority and soul. so wel “the promoting identical: ymphonia

- Petros Vassiliadis, “Orthodox Christianity” in Christianity” “Orthodox Vassiliadis, Petros Popović, RadomirV Popović, Vassiliadis, “Ortho Ibid., Leustean, Myths”, Political and “Orthodoxy 422. uin . esen “rhdx ad oiia Mts n akn ainl Identities”, National Balkan in Myths Political and “Orthodoxy Leustean, N. Lucian called Epanagoge of the ninth century further strengthens this claim by comparing the the comparing by claim this strengthens further century ninth the of Epanagoge called s, the s,

423.

nationalistic inclination of Eastern Orthodoxy can be explained by the historical and and historical bythe explained be can Orthodoxy Easternof inclination nationalistic of course does course of

10:4 (2008): 422. th

- dox Christianity”,dox 93.

century history of history century . , Serbian Orthodox Church inHistory

Serbia this phenomenon is further stren further is phenomenon this Serbia

not mean that the tasks of the two players are the same. The state is is state Thesame. the playersare two the of tasks the that mean not fare of their subjects” subjects” their of fare

75 Serbia church and state are state and church Serbia

However, s However,

God’s Rule. The Politics of World Religions, World of Politics The Rule. God’s theory of of theory 76

by “imitating the kingdom of God”. of kingdom the “imitating by The political role of the church is further is church the of role political The urvival toreligion can connected be symphonia

(Novi Artprint Sad: gthened by the fact that the that fact the by gthened

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CEU eTD Collection dto: in 14] Poea Rastko. Projekat 1847], Wien, 86 2013). http://www.rastko.rs/knjizevnost/umetnicka/njegos/mou Edition: 85 May 2,2013). http://www.rastko.rs/knjizevnost/usmena/kosovski 84 ( Nationalism 83 University CaliforniaPress, 1998),37 of 82 81 80 79 and joined therace of identity racial their changed had Muslims the Christianity, from Islam to converting by that view the crystallizes ‘Turks’ as or (Poturice) ‘Turkifiers’ as Muslims Slavic the to references century, nineteenth the in later strengthened further was imagery” “Christological of tendency This the called poem the in example Karadžić Vuk by collected ep the In yoke. Ottoman the against revolts Serbian of series a of context historical Karadžić Vuk romanticism, 19 the until mythology national in role and myth Kosovo the of history several Le Lucian that manifestation”. myth the examine I example, Serbian the to Sticking myths. national on religion of effect the examining worth also is It andattributed world topolitics leadersare often “seenasby by theChurchGod”. chosen well. as basis

Petar P Petar Srpska književnazadruga, “Kosov Sells, Sells, Ibid., Ibid., Leustean, Myths”, Political and “Orthodoxy 425. Ibid., Michael A. Sells, Sells, A. Michael

allusions to the “nation as having divine qualities”. divine having as “nation the to allusions 427. 425 The bridge betrayed 37 n epcal b Ptr Petrovi Petar by especially and etrović Njegoš, etrović - - 39;

431. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1997),132.

80 fe al i i n srrs tha surprise no is it all, After Adrian

A central piece of Serbian epic poetry, the s the poetry, epic Serbian of piece central A

Turks who Turks h big btae: eiin n genocid and religion betrayed: bridge The Hastings, Hastings, The Mountain Wreath. Unabridged Internet Edition Internet Unabridged Wreath. Mountain The , the analogy between Prince Laza Prince between analogy the ,

, 41. who started to fill the folk literature with biblical content in the in content biblical with literature folk the fill to started who

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Michael A. Sells traces back the back traces Sells A. Michael o r and Christ is obvious. is Christ and r ” case n - . called Kosovo cycle contains cycle Kosovo called 86

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CEU eTD Collection 93 92 91 90 89 88 Boundaries inSouth 87 sacred space”. into sovereign from nation their of territoriality the “transform to tend nationalists religious also process this However, content. sacred politicize to he when suggest FriedlandRoger what also is This about orderingregulating conformingwith religious and public life inamanner principles”. clai “major when nationalism religious about talk can We purposes. political content” Acc 2.1.4. battles andthe lost glorified heroescontribute tothe divine quality nation. ofthe of “myth The failures. po geographical and history nation’s the blames often most which victimization, against”. protect to exists wall by p erected Catholic one wall, imaginary another to relation in while world, Islamic the to relation bastion, last the themselves considering of situation peculiar the in themselves of words the with which, well. as here salient is myths national Pål

Friedland,“Money, and God”, Sex, 383. Brubaker, „ReligionNationalism”, 12. and Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Pål rig o hs approach this to ording Kolst

osø “sesn te oe f itrcl yh i Mdr Scey in Society” Modern in Myths Historical of Role the “Assessing Kolstø, “

13. 13. 26. 25. Religious nationalism as a distinctive kind of nationalism 91 ø also engages in examining Serbian national myths, and the effect of religion on on religion of effect the and myths, national Serbian examining in engages also ø

eoples further north, they will be on the outside, and part of the forces of chaos the the chaos of forces the of part and outside, the on be will they north, further eoples of nationalism, which has to be much more than using religious metaphors for for metaphors religious using than more much be to has which nationalism, of

Eastern Europe martyrium Kols , religious nationalism presupposes a “distinctively religious religious “distinctively a presupposes nationalism religious ,

t 88 ø

“[…] The ” 89

ed. (London: Pål Kolstø is also central to the Serbian national identity in which in identity national Serbian the to central also is antemurale

87 some Orthodox peoples, such as the Serbs, may find find may Serbs, the as such peoples, Orthodox some

o eape “h atmrl mt” acrig to according myth”, antemurale “the example, For

yh s lo once t a icus of discourse a to connected also is myth says that religious nationalism religious that says

ok te te wy on, as round, way other the works

Hurst &Hurst Company, 2005). ” 90

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CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 96 95 94 both from the internationalandnational politi out squeezed has based, is thesis secularization the which on thought, modernist The 2.2. create “Islamic states”. national nation to connected financially be can vision transnational al Laden’s bin Osama of example fo primarily nation of basis and the on borders order religious given national a establishing accept vision transnational a with religions earth”. this on purpose and values making content, new creating purposes, its for states existing uses nationalism religious However, whichnationalism in therepresentation organized is around religious content. representation this of criteria and content the but representation”, of form “a is nationalism that suggests He authority. and order of models are state and religion both that argues Friedland analogous: sub two and as approach, this regarded within nationalism are nationalism secular and nationalism Religious IranIsrael.certainas autonomy, in such amountof or the and general where places emerge inthose tendsto religiousFriedland nationalism argues that

Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.,

relationship between religion and nationalism and religion between relationship the examining of context a as desecularization and Secularization

388. 388. 387. 387. 390. 386. “religion the basis for the nation’s collective identity and the source of its ultimate ultimate its of source the and identity collective nation’s the for basis the “religion

s o predefined. not is

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CEU eTD Collection 104 103 Chicago 1994). Press, 102 Modernization 101 Internationalism”, 100 public the spherepolit butalsotakes up enters only not religion which of course the in secularization, to response a as 1980s the in started that process the describes he which in works, Casanova’s José in central re religion to essential not modernity. is secularization as modernity, of understanding our contradict not does suggests Casanova José modernity. to normative not is secularization that arguing whole, a as thesis secularization the of validity the reject authors other Many connected transition. tosocial where situation „cultural scenarios: two of exception the with retreat, in is religion whom to according Bruce, and Wallis by formulated e add to tried have scholars many Therefore, criticism. much received has thesis secularization the time, Over ideologicalsecular onboththeandinstitutional form planes”. o sphere’ the as religion of ‘retreat the and domains religious the and secular the between “ is one first The secularization. of understandings or meanings separate two Na modernity. for criteria the of one become has politics from Enlight the following thesis, secularization the to According

Casanova, Christianity”,Vassiliadis, “Orthodox 101. ahne Bra, ’h Sce Consp Sacred “’The Berman, Nathaniel Roy oé Casanova, José als n Sev Bue “euaiain Te rhdx oe” in Model” Orthodox The “Secularization: Bruce, Steeve and Wallis f society”. The second one is „ is one second The society”. f - 102 mre fo te rvt it te public the into private the from emerges

Public Religions in the Modern World theModern in Public Religions n at the fact, In

ed. Steeve Univer Bruce Oxford (Oxford:

utr i chal is culture Leiden Journal of International Law Journal ofInternational Leiden ulc eiin i te oen World Modern the in Religions Public

cpin t te ue o keep to rule the to xceptions

ervtzto o rlgo i tkn pae a a eut f which of result a as place, taking is religion of deprivatization defense ical claims. 101

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rc’ Rlgo, ainls, n te rss of Crisis the and Nationalism, Religion, iracy’: anslation and anslation

h tei vld Sc a ecpin is exception an Such valid. thesis the

sphere.

25 (2012): 15. sity Press, 1992), 17. sity 1992), Press,

‘transfer’ en 100 103

ment, the separation of religion religion of separation the ment, Ciao Te nvriy of University The (Chicago:

thaniel Berman distinguishes distinguishes Berman thaniel h dpiaiain hss is thesis deprivatization The hr clua defence cultural where

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CEU eTD Collection 110 University194. 2003), Press, 109 University Chicago 2005). Press, of 108 107 106 York: 124. Basic Books, 1983), 105 law more much are t intertwined religion and politics that is valid longer no are secularization of theories built. is nationalism which of bases the on religion no does understanding this his in However, bases. religious on foundedways many in is nationalism that argues also Asad Talal and content. concepts” theological secularized are state the of theory modern the of that saying his in thinking of line same the represents Schmitt Carl is built”. world the way the with connected fashion odd some in but important merely not being organizati non in traced be also can analogy the However, monarch. religion or religion entire s is secular and religious invented”. situations, revolutionary more in or, inherited, either have they that appurtenances and formalities insignia, ceremonies, stories, of collection a of terms coin. the same the of in sides two are power secular and religious him, to According are thesis. secularization they as separated be cannot nationalism and religion that suggests also Geertz

Talal Asad Talal Schmitt, Carl Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Clifford Geertz, Geertz, Clifford

n etr countries Western in 105 107

Geertz suggests that political leaders „justify th „justify leaders political that suggests Geertz

200 124. 124.

n i te om f lmuie ad ofrne” n te rain f n ar of „aura an of creation the and conferences” and „limousines of form the in ons 108 - han it was originally was it han 201. ,

Formations of the Secular. Christianity, Islam, Modernity Islam, Christianity, Secular. the of Formations Political Theology. Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty of Concept the on Chapters Four Theology. Political

oa Knowled Local

tronger in case of traditional monarchies, where in many cases an an cases many in where monarchies, traditional of case in tronger i patc ter i their practice in , - ie e o crmne, ybl ad eif ae ul aon the around built are beliefs and symbols ceremonies, of set like

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thought

e Frhr sas n nepeie Anthropology Interpretive in Essays Further ge: . 110

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(Stanford: Stanford (Stanford: gnificant concepts gnificant

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Anzulović, Anzulović, For example Ibid., ee F Sugar, F. Peter

113 1990s nati and Religion

The fact that religion was important was religion that fact The 200 -

201. r nationalism. Therefore, a large a Therefore, nationalism. r Heavenly Serbia, Sells, Sells, re exist many interpretations to interpretations many exist re

ainls ad eiin n h Blas ic the Since Balkans the in Religion and Nationalism

The bridge betrayed. onalism in the literature on Serbia in the Serbia on literature inthe onalism

Milošević Milošević 119. 112 –

to those that claim that religion was a mere „ethnic name „ethnic mere a was religion that claim that those to Serbia vn h mns n bde o worshipers of bodies and minds the even

the relationship between the between relationship the and the church the and

in the 1980s in the

te. te. For example, Branimir Anzulović Branimir example, For –

part of the literature on the role of religion in religion of role the on literature the of part in one or another form another or one in However, as However,

this role, ranging role, this in the existing literature existing the in –

1990s in the context ofthe thecontext 1990s in theory of - tionalism represented by the church the by represented tionalism

presents these tw these presents 114 I have already pointed out pointed already have I

and

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in the disintegration the in

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CEU eTD Collection 121 120 Islam, to converted 119 Slavs of group a 118 which of course regardedmassacred. were as traitors the in event, historical allegedly poetry epic Serbian the of elements central poem his poet, and philosopher a also was He Cetinje. 117 116 115 He agenda. national and political own Church’s Orthodox as place their secure the and agenda, political their had also churches that is wars religious as wars Yugoslav the upon look cannot we why reason relationship. tensionsthatthorough burdenedthis aboutthe details “Churcha about talks also a Balkans the in churches Perica partnership. mere a than complex more much was relationship this that suggests and picture nuanced more a gives literature the of part Another opportunism been have might decisions political authors above The power. political amass to myths ethno traditional a by driven was Njegoš been has Christoslavi Sells, to According Serbian Church after Orthodox Iveković Ivo

Perica, Ramet, Perica, Sells, Ibid. Iveković, “Nationalism andtheAbuse Use Political and ofReligion”. ea Ptoi Neo (1813 Njegoš Petrović Petar 117

The bridge betrayed the focal point not only of many of only not point focal the , but also most also but , Balkan Idols Balkan Idols. Balkan Babel. m ht„otas lvc ulm a Crs kles n rc traitors” race and killers Christ as Muslims Slavic „portrays that sm .

follows su follows

“ , 130. , 130. eba ntoa iett i taiinly ae o te da of idea the on based traditionally is identity national Serbian edn ntoa institutions national leading it, and only starts talking about a break between break a about talking starts only and it,

Serbian political leaders. Sells presents Slobodan Slobodan presents Sells leaders. political Serbian

re just as much political institutions as religious ones. religious as institutions political much as just re - state rapprochement” state , 27.

Milošević Milošević - - 81 ws rne f otngo n te erpltn of Metropolitan the and Montenegro of prince was 1851) religious mythology, rather than using religion and religious and religion using than rather mythology, religious

y were also competing for political power: they wanted to wanted they power: political for competing also were y

motivated ’s relationship worsened Bosnianrelationship withthe ’s Serbs.

crucial literary crucial and national mythology. The poem is about an an about is poem The mythology. national and 24 not not

during the during seem to seem ” by . 121 religious principles but mere politica mere but principles religious ‘ oa Bfr dsrbs h Serbian the describes Byford Jovan The mountain wreath mountain The

personalities such as such personalities Milošević Milošević ignore the fact that in many in that fact the ignore argues that church leaders of the the of leaders church that argues 118

and 120

Ramet Perica points out thatthe out Perica points

era, without going into into going without era,

Milošević Milošević Miloše 119

mhsz that emphasize ’

, is one of the of one is , Petar Petrović Petar Still, Ramet Still, vić 116

n this and

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cases 115

CEU eTD Collection 128 LillyCarol Martin’sSt. Press, (NewYork: 1997). in 127 Dragana Dulić post the in Serbia Values. Uncivic and 126 125 Dragana Dulić(Budapest: Post the in Serbia Values. Uncivic and Democracy on Laypeople and 124 123 40 Velimirović Nikolaj Bishop Serbian the 122 own its to religion traditional the subordinate to aims and collectivity certain a of existence [the it because religions traditional r totalitarian with conflict into enter “may regimes totalitarian of religions” “political onlythe but myths,religious and religions traditional of use makemay Gentile’s fits argument polit of Their sacralization the nation. of description the to religion of sacredness the transfer to order in myths and symbols religious religion, use operations” „marketing political how out point as such scholars other time, same the At holiness” „ that states he when agenda Serbian the serve aut many its details in describes and Miletitch society scholars.governedreligious by influentia their built 1980s produced a new quality new a produced -

State Miletitch, “L’égliseMiletitch, serbe”. orthodoxe Byford, Jovan Iveković, “Nationalism andtheAbuse Use Political and ofReligion”. J. Lenard Č Ivan lu Bcea, Otoo V “Orthodox Buchenau, Klaus 41. Miletitch, “L’égliseMiletitch, serbe”. orthodoxe

- oit rltos n uolva 1945 Yugoslavia, in relations society 123 . l theologian Nikolaj Velimirović Nikolaj theologian l 124 olović

also characterizes the Serbian Orthodox Church as an autonomous political force political autonomous an as Church Orthodox Serbian the characterizes also

egime] claims the primary role in defining the meaning and purpose of the the of purpose and meaning the defining in role primary the claims egime] Cohen, “‘Serpent in the Bosom’: Slobodan Milošević and Serbian Nationalism” Serbian and Milošević Slobodan Bosom’: the in “‘Serpent Cohen,

(Budapest: Central(Budapest: EuropeanUniversity Press, 2011). ,

“Nationalism as a Religion: Examples from Contemporary Serbia” in Serbia” Contemporary from Examples Religion: a as “Nationalism program on the views of a theological school of the 1920s, coined by the the by coined 1920s, the of school theological a of views the on program Denial and Repression of Antisemitism. Post Antisemitism. of Repression and Denial ainlitrs. Buchenau interest. national

of nationalism by describing Serbian national history as a pursuit of pursuit a as history national Serbian describing by nationalism of Central EuropeanUniversity 117. Press, 2011),

h anti the

Human Rights, Transition and Globalization” in Globalization” and Transition Rights, Human le ad oen eeste: eba Otoo Cl Orthodox Serbian Necessities: Modern and alues - Milošević Era Era Milošević onomous att onomous - 122 -

Milosević Era Milosević etre cret f h Srin rhdx Church Orthodox Serbian the of current westerner ics. According to Gentile, to According ics. (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2008), 2008), Press, University European Central (Budapest:

. The principal aim of this school was to establish a establish to was school this of aim principal The . Miletitch, 25

suggests that the church had its own national national own its had church the that suggests -

1992 empts empts

ed. Ola Listhaug, Sabrina P. Ramet and Ramet P. Sabrina Listhaug, Ola ed. 125 e. eis Bkvy Jl Ivn and Irvine Jill Bokovoy, Melissa ed. , ed. Ola Listhaug, Sab Listhaug, Ola ed.

– Čolović appeals, memoranda, etc. memoranda, appeals, - , Communist Remembrance of Remembrance Communist 126 all political establishments political all

Cohen

127 rina P rina

n Ivekovi and . Ramet and Ramet . - Civic and Civic

trying to to trying Civic ergy ć 128

CEU eTD Collection Scholars Press, 1998),188. in Herzegovina” & Bosnia in War 131 Society forSerbianStudies Integration”, Regional and Determination 130 129 t within authors many However, question. national the the important also is it question, in relationship the of nature the understand to order In others”. wrong anyone’s to blessing a alone church Orthodox the Yugoslavia, of breakup the during that argues Belgrade in Faculty Theological politicians. communist but innocent only not were religions official view, this Muslim”. Albanian or Bosnian the and Catholic Croatian the Serb, the Orthodox of soul the „strip to attempted communism as era, communist the of consequence the ar 1990s, the of process disintegration the to religion of relevance the denies and stability and peace of messenger a O currently is who Dobrijević, Irinej repres the from come that works A church ontheperiphery. abusing aspirations”. rthodox Church rthodox completely thenature different church approachon isrepresented of

Dimitrije Kalezić, “The Serbian Orthodox Church’s View of the Role of Religion in th in Religion of Role the of View Church’s Orthodox Serbian “The Kalezić, Dimitrije Emilio

church was deeply divided in its stance towards the political regime and more generally more and regime political the towards stance its in divided deeply was church Irinej –

131 e hrh For church. he religious symbols and myths but at the same time carefully trying to keep the national the keep to carefullytrying time same the atmyths andbut symbols religious

in line with the teachings the with line in

Gentile, orjvć “h Rl o te Serbi the of Role “The Dobrijević, 129

And this is exactly what we see in Serbia during the 1990s: a political a 1990s: the during Serbia in see we what exactly is this And

is a very good example to this. He depicts the Serbian Orthodox Church as Church Orthodox Serbian the depicts He this. to example good very a is Politics Politics as Religion

ey iial, iirj Klzć te omr en f h Orthodox the of dean former the Kalezić, Dimitrije similarly, Very guing that it was a civil war. In this understan this In war. civil a was it that guing xml Anzulović example

15:1 (2001): 105.

entatives and the hierarchy of the Serbian Or Serbian the of hierarchy the and entatives

Religion and the War in Bosnia in War the and Religion the

of the Bible Bible the of -

(Princeton: Princeton2001), 16. University Press, doing or to any form of evil, neither Serbian, nor nor Serbian, neither evil, of form any to or doing Bishop of Australia and New Zealand for the Serbian the for Zealand New and Australia of Bishop Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American American North the of Journal Studies: Serbian

makes false homogenizations by presenting the the presenting by homogenizations false makes 26

completely ignore the manyfold cleavages cleavages manyfold the ignore completely – n rhdx hrh n ainl Self National in Church Orthodox an

never were the victims of the wars incited by by incited wars the of victims the were “ gave encouragement in word, let word, in encouragement

ed. Paul Mojzes, (Atlanta: Mojzes, Paul ed. - ding, the ding, state relations bystate those 130 thodox Church. thodox

civil war was war civil According to According

to see that see to

regime

e - CEU eTD Collection 133 132 Milošević explanation as both state of nature The topic. debated highly a constitute still state whole, the On inner fractions. institution transparent a not is church Serbian the as However, Church. Orthodox Serbian the of realities inside the reflect necessary not do and observer anti as such categories that me to seems values. a as communism also but onlycapitalism However, establishment. t from political starting the with cooperate to willing were who communism, anti the and moderates currents different xenophobia” of recen inciters However, and nationalists „ardent as Church Orthodox Serbian entire

Buchenau, “Orthodox ValuesBuchenau, 118. Necessities”, and “Orthodox Modern Anzulović, 133 partners

n pt o te at ht hs itnto apas n oe pub some in appears distinction this that fact the of spite In

and national theSerbian question.

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lu Bcea i mc mr epii on explicit more much is Buchenau Klaus - 177. church relatio church

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Serbian Serbian lways . 132

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Full independe Full hn o present to then Orthodox Church Competing Nationalisms

e brother of the first Serbian king Serbian first the of brother e e a factual account of state of account factual a e - church relations relations church

Church - Yugoslav region Yugoslav Kosovo. A short history history Kosovo. Ashort ncy, or autocephaly from the Greek Orthodox Church was achieved in 1346. in achievedwas Church Orthodox Greek the from autocephaly or ncy,

hurch and the secular nationalism represented by the Milošević the by represented nationalism secular the and hurch

of Serbia Serbia of

t s nipnal t gv a re acut n h hsoia relations historical the on account brief a give to indispensable is it h smlrte and similarities the

the Milošević regime, just as just regime, Milošević the was established by the youngest son of Stefan Nemanja, Saint Saint Nemanja, Stefan of son youngest the by established was . on Serbian inhabi Serbian on oee, as However, - church relations in Serbia during the the during Serbia in relations church

– (

London: Pan Books, 2002),44 the the Milošević .

ure about the nature of the relationship between the the between relationship the of nature the about ure The se contradictions se differences 28

independency meant the exemption of Serbian of exemption the meant independency described

ted territories in three in territories ted

ewe te eiiu nationalism religious the between in the introduction, there are there introduction, the in -

134 regime and there

ae bc t 11, hn the when 1217, to back dates in this thesis. Therefore, my aim aim my Therefore, thesis. this in

are

many contradicting viewcontradicting many - 45, 48. 45, the Serbian Milošević

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in gime. gime. many many the CEU eTD Collection 139 138 University20. 1997), Press, 137 26 136 (Budapest: Central Eu 135 Mijatović Čedomil historian, givesfollowingaccount religiousness: the onSerbs’ p the in role important an play not did traditionally religion c Serbian the Still, educational, issues. certain in power legal taxes, Sultan’s the collecting were competencies been have would otherwise that competencies quasi population. Orthodox the of safeguard 500 a and 1389 in Kosovo of battle lost the after disintegrated state Serbian medieval the as However, equal indispensable andmutually manner. of state the in other each complemented By T consolidation andle Nemanja rulers the ide of national „sacralisation Serbian the as Church Serbian the of foundation the characterises Mylonas ecoecneto ewe hrhadsae a nt necpinl hnmnni the in phenomenon exceptional an not was state and church between connection close he

zantine world. There world. zantine are families of members ruling Popović, Popović, Anzulović, Tim Anzulović to According Christos Christos - , political purposes during the Ottoman rule. rule. Ottoman the during purposes political 136 Judah, Judah,

yat ws once wt a with connected was dynasty properties” “sacred with them investing - er toa occupa Ottoman year

Serbian Orthodox Church inHistory Mylonas, scholastic and functioned even life HeavenlyFrom Myth Genocide. to Serbia. The Serbs. History, Myth and the Destruction of Destruction the and Myth History, Serbs. The hurch did not manage to mobilize the masses for religious worship because because worship religious for masses the mobilize to manage not did hurch gitimacy ofthe dynasty.

ntity” ropean xii. University Press, 2003), eba Otoo Fnaetl. h Qet o a Eenl Identity Eternal an for Quest The Fundamentals. Orthodox Serbian –

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was instrumental in drawing certain clergyman into state politics and and politics state into clergyman certain drawing in instrumental was (London: Duke 1998),148. (London: Univerity Press,

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Sabrina P. Ramet’s P. Sabrina 161

the idea the - made made -

CEU eTD Collection 168 167 166 the ’Serbian Question’ 165 1982 In people. of masses conventions” establis within for catered not views and grievances common of articulation in minority Serbian the Thus of Kosovo” state Kosovo in population document The biological and spiritual the „protect Kosovo in Monuments Sacred entitled document a addressed 1982 In certaingrou while province, the left Serbs of crowds Massive interest. public and media Yugoslav of topic central a was crisis Kosovo deepening the 1980s the During Church. Orthodox Serbian the two decade the of beginning the marked events These independence. full later and province the for republic of status the demanding first Kosovo, in started demonstrations massive 1981 In (BishopBačka of dioceses) Bulov Irinej and 1991) from Dioceses Prizren and Raš of (Bishop Radosavljević Artemije

brotherhood and unity, the regime the unity, and brotherhood Mylonas, Quoted by Quoted by

Byfo ad ht a pl „a that and ,

the - long history of disintegration of Yug of disintegration of history long , . rd,

c 167 hurch was the only institution that overtly stood up and represented the interests of interests the represented and up stood overtly that institution only the was hurch twenty ps

However, as ethnic tensions ethnic as However, Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals,Serbian Orthodox . Denial and Repression of Antisemitism, Antisemitism, of Repression and Denial 168

Perica, Radić,

called fo drew the attention to the grievances of the Orthodox clergy and the Serbian the and clergy Orthodox the of grievances the to attention the drew

h woe eae a mre b c by marked was decade whole The - one

The Church andthe’Serbian Question’ , argued that Albanians wanted to createto ,wanted arguedAlbanians that Balkan Idols, Balkan ne gncd hs en are ot gis te eba pol in people Serbian the against out carried been has genocide anned

, 251. , 251. r the regimer leadership eb rhdx clergymen orthodox Serb Kosovo. As Mylonas put it, the c the it, put Mylonas As Kosovo. , .

165 the c the

‘ ’ Appeal for the Protection of the Serbian Population and their and Population Serbian the of Protection the for Appeal

hurch published a chronicle of atrocities committed against committed atrocities of chronicle a published hurch o eea ad eba sae authorities state Serbian and federal to 124. being of the Serbian people in Kosovo and Metohija” and Kosovo in people Serbian the of being

neither acknowledged neither

were taboo were oslavia, and served as a basis for the revival of revival the for basis a as served and oslavia, 36

in Belgrade clashes.in toaddressthe ethnic 8.

led by Archimandrite Atanasije Jevtić Jevtić Atanasije Archimandrite by led

topics of the communist the of topics uc eet ad uies mobilising jubilees and events hurch hurch served as the „language for the the for „languagethe as served hurch 40 , , 249.

- nor interfered with the conflict. the with interfered nor there 1 Radić, 41;

an ethni an , h Cuc and Church The callyhomogenous

ih h am to aim the with - p arty ideology arty e political hed

. 166 ić ić -

CEU eTD Collection 173 172 171 ed. (London: Pål Kolstø, Hurst & Company, 20 in Croatia” and Serbia of myths founding of 170 169 morals main two its and interests, popular of centre the to returned myth Kosovo The Croats. enemies greatest Jasenovac, two its of hands of the on Serbs of martyrdom myth the symbolising modern the with completed was Kosovo of myth old the Thus War World 1990 In the celebrate to gathered people Ustasha national Serbian a as revived was story Jasenovac the 1980s the in whereas martyrdom, and unity partisan of regime. the of mur were people thousand hundred differ number this (though Approximately 1945. to 1941 from Croatia of State Independent the of existence the during operating and Ustasha the by extermin and concentration a was Jasenovac celebration of “ethnic heritages” the to Yugoslavism of narrative patriotic the exchanging Church Orthodox Serbian the to led harass longer no were participants were overtones ethnic with activities church when liberties, religious c the of revival The Kosovo 1968 since Kosovo in Serbians

Miletitch, “L’égliseMiletitch, serbe”, orthodoxe 192. Perica, Perica, of “TheSanctification Enmity”, 150. Per Ibid., ica, . , - 169

ruled Independent State of Croatia during the Second World War. In 1984 In War. World Second the during Croatia of State Independent ruled 133; Vjekoslav Perica, “The Sanctification of Enmity: Churches and the constructionthe and ChurchesEnmity: of Sanctification “The Perica, Vjekoslav 133; church leaders organised the exhumation and reburial of mass graves of the Second Second the of graves mass of reburial and exhumation the organised leaders church Balkan Idols, Balkan Idols,

, 173

During the Tito the During and drew parallels between Auschwitz and Jasenovac, Jerusalem and Kosovo. and Jerusalem Jasenovac, and Auschwitz between parallels drew and

myth, symbolising the suffering of the Serbians in the hand of the pro the of hand the in Serbians the of suffering the symbolising myth, hurch was not suppressed by the regime, as the 1980s saw an expansion in expansion an saw 1980s the as regime, the by suppressed not was hurch

148 127. 124, - 149.

- , era the site of the Jasenovac concentration camp was a symbol symbol a was camp concentration Jasenovac the of site the era

, and in 1987 it made public an atlas an public made it 1987 in and 171 consecration

ed.

dered such as the Jasenovac myth 170

This liberalization of state policy towards churches towards policy state of liberalization This here ation camp 100 km south of Zagreb, established established Zagreb, of south km 100 camp ation Myths and Boundaries in South in Boundaries and Myths

, mostly Serbs, Jews, Romas and other enemies other and Romas Jews, Serbs, mostly , o 05), 150. 05), f St. John the Baptist Church in Church Baptist the John St. f

dpnig n h sources) the on depending s .

of the Serbian heritage in heritage Serbian the of still still - Eastern Europe Eastern condemned –

Jasenovac. Muslims and Muslims ,

20,000 - Axis, Axis, , both

but six six 172 ,

CEU eTD Collection Nationalism of Theory the and CambridgeUniversity Press, 1998) Gellner Ernest Nation: the 178 ( u believers liturgies, shortened „lax in of discipline because and westernized” and secular „rather being Serbs the about disappointment de 177 176 175 2000), 207. Catharsis, and Trauma 174 erupted thesediscussion, regime past Tito when wounds the collapsed. soc the for chance no was there Second the during nationalities that argues Brubaker nationalism. on view repressed” the of “return the of version Yugoslav the about argument identity. national their of indicator bottom a in resulted idea Yugoslav the of crisis the hand, one the On Church. Orthodox Serbian the of role strengthened a to place took processes parallel two 1980s the in Consequently, glorified heroes glorifiesand its still traitors” and recognizesits has people Serbian „The following: the was editorial the of subtitle the and issue, Kosovo journey. their throughout believers of masses by welcomed were relics The country. the of regions populated Serbian the throughout transported were Lazar Prince of relics the where festivals, c The 1989. June 28th Day, Vitus Kosov the of anniversary 600th the in culminated revival church of process The central and of church topics writings. bothsecular – Buchenau, “Orthodox ValueBuchenau,“Orthodox

the scribes the account of a Russian monk in the 1990s in Serbia, in which he expresses his expresses he which in Serbia, in 1990s the in monk Russian a of account the scribes

Rogers Zirojević, Collective “Kosovo Memory”, inthe 207. Perica, huh eun o eiin r de or religion to return Though Olga “ leitmotif 175 ioei, Ksv i te olcie Memory” Collective the in “Kosovo Zirojević, Balkan Idols, Br

n 8 ue 1989 June 28 On ubaker, ”

of betrayal and the promise of the resurrection of resurrection the of promise the and betrayal of

“Myths and Misconcepti and “Myths : 128; Radić, : 128; because d Nbja Pop Nebojša ed. s and Modern Necessities”, 135.) Necessities”, s and Modern

iety h diy ainl esae Pltk was Politika newspaper national daily the World War was made was War World

f h fc ta te ilne ewe te constituting the between violence the that fact the of , 288.

- to face its past to heal the wounds. As there was no public no therewas As wounds. the heal to past its face to euaiain s lo a also is secularization up process when people returned to religion, the primary primary the religion, to returned people when process up uc peae fr hs vn b a year a by event this for prepared hurch The Church andthe’Serbian Question’ 177

culy hs as this Actually ov (Budapest: Central European University Press, Press, University European Central (Budapest: ov nwilling to kiss his hand, and smoking priests”. smoking and hand, his kiss to nwilling 38 ons in the Study of Nationalism of Study the in ons

174

a taboo a

et uprs oes Brubaker’s Rogers supports pect

in r ltv peoeo. Buchenau phenomenon. elative in Serbian soc Serbian in

during the communist perio communist the during . h Ra t Wr n Serbia. in War to Road The

176 ed

the Serbian empire Serbian the .

John Hall (Cambridge: (Cambridge: Hall John 178

iety, both iety, , 254. , eiae t the to dedicated ” - og serie long i o battle on St. on battle o n The State ofState The

leading leading –

were were s of of s d s , CEU eTD Collection 181 180 179 country oneanfor thenext thatwoulddetermine the and Greater thehistory of aSerbian introduced policy of nationalism partythe id discarded powerand cameto Milošević Slobodan c the of role The Church 3.3 allowing themtoinfluence socio activity increased an an and vacuum identity reactions to naturalthe outcomehuman of all probability were they people the of enlightenment 1975. in 25 only to compared percent 42 to amounted religion their practised who believers Orthodox capital, Serbian the in institution” national trustworthy most „the mid the In AgeMiddle the since identity national Serbian of depository and protector continuous and authentic only o vacuum a of circumstances the under individuals the of reaction natural a was religiosity to return The transitory reference its butclaimed torest „God’seternal point interests, in truth”. that church a as return c the where place, bottom above the with parallel hand, other the On

Miletitch, “L’égliseMiletitch, serbe”, orthodoxe 191. Perica, ValuesBuchenau, 113. Necessities”, and “Orthodox Modern .

The relationship between between relationship The

181 f identities and it was further was it and identities f - Balkan Idols, 1980s, 21 percent of the respondents considered respondents the of percent 21 1980s, s

“ – u tee hne d nt see not do changes these But . edn ntoa institution national leading

unlike the politi the unlike hurch as the only guardian of Serbia of guardian only the as hurch hurch saw its opportunity and tried to mobilize the masses to prepare its its prepare to masses the mobilize to tried and opportunity its saw hurch f lrc wo a te ie s h rgt oet o rs a e role new a grasp to moment right the as time the saw who clerics of

129. d a half decades. or a real turning point in the overall patterns of secularisation. In secularisation. of patterns overall the in point turning real a or

cal regime that disappointed many disappointed that regime cal - political changes. political changes. Slobodan Milošević and the Serbian Orthodox Orthodox the Serbian and Milošević Slobodan

assisted by the fact that the c the that fact the by assisted ” . oevr i as add o h ceiiiy f the of credibility the to added also it Moreover,

m 39

o ae en h rsl o a of result the been have to

up process, a top a process, up n national identity was soon contested as as contested soon was identity national n

the Serbian Orthodox Church as Church Orthodox Serbian the eology of brotherhood and unity, unity, and brotherhood eologyof

180 -

hurch offered itself as the the as itself offered hurch

it did not only represent represent only not did it - and in 1993 the ratio of ratio the 1993 in and down proc down

ep spiritu deep ess also took also ess 179

al CEU eTD Collection 187 56. in Politics” 186 185 184 183 182 „W following: the declaring Serbia in elections parliamentary disintegration. towards country the leading to started it soon Nevertheless, the o benefitthat will everybody leadership the toward following: the observed 600 the of institution”. celebration national leading a as role „historic its to according a property church confiscated the of return the for called document the question”. Serbian the of solution the to leadership Serbian new the of commitment Church Serbian the of Proposal the 1989 In forefront a ofas thesociety the to back come to means doctrinal and financial necessary the getwould it that hoped it that Rad Radmila to According long as a clerics him saw Whe 3.3.1. of Thestance the Serbian Orthodox Church towards Milošević

Radić, Quoted Perica, Quoted by Radić Tucić, interview;

n Milošević assumed power, the c the power, assumed Milošević n

as the c the as , interview. The Church andthe’Serbian Question’

Balkan Idols, by Lenard J. Cohen, “Bosnia’s ‘Tribal Gods’ ‘Tribal “Bosnia’s Cohen, J. Lenard by Religion and the War in Bosnia in War the and Religion hurch reckoned that the new regime also refused to guarantee a leading role for it, it, for roleleading a guarantee refusedto also regime new the that reckoned hurch criticize Anzulović, Anzulović, ptimism ofthec ptimism Perica, Perica,

Milošević Serbian Church and its people […] people Church its Serbian and th

anniversary of the battle of Kosovo of battle the of anniversary 130. - Heavenly Serbia., national Serbian standupfor would who awaited person „T ”. ić, the main reason behind the c the behind reason main the ić, “ Balkan Idols, 143 186

leading national institution e rsn cags n h at the in changes present he

ae ovne ta te eba pol wl b cpbe of capable be will people Serbian the that convinced are e

o dnig h c the denying for ,

the Bishops’ Assembly issued Assembly Bishops’ the hurch towards the Milošević hurch towards hurch was supportive in its stance towards him. Most him. towards stance its in supportive was hurch 187

- , ed. Paul Mojzes (Atlanta: Schol (Atlanta: Mojzes Paul ed. , 121. National Program recognized „certain merits and merits „certain recognized Program National 40 .

In December 1990, befor 1990, December In

, 258 hurch its rightful place in society and for for and society in place rightful its hurch - 260. ” . : The Role of Religion in Nationalist in Religion of Role The :

183 is the beginning of goodis thebeginning cooperati of hurch’s support for Milošević was was Milošević for support hurch’s

, titude of the Serbian [political] [political] Serbian the of titude

the incumbent patriarch German patriarch incumbent the - regime quic

an anti an 185

n ue 99 a the at 1989, June In e the first multi first the e - Milošević statement Milošević d t recognition its nd kly dissipated. As ars Press, 1998), Press, ars interests. 184 -

party Still, 182 on,

CEU eTD Collection 192 B Radić, War and Religion 191 190 189 188 the of institutions army Yugoslav the the of structure with command the with nor nor Federation, Yugoslav people, Serbian the of whole the represent to mandate d which January1992 p the of behalf on undertaking schools. institutions religious help financially c The and calledofelections. the boycott for th assuring not for regime the criticized also they Again, war”. fratricidal and civil the of consequences the „heal to failing for and society” in dialogue democratic a for rights „equal assuring not ruling party. the from itself distanced and condemned 1992 May in Patriarchate Serbian the by issued Church Orthodox Serbian the of Bishops of Assembly Holy the of Memorandum The terror”. “neo reject to Serbs all demanded selfish and power interests” for quest their hide they which behind promises big make who those, faithful sincerely candidates electing and recognizing elgrade”.

Ramet, David Chuck Quote Quoted by hurch also condemned Milošević for retaining communist symbols, his unwillingness to unwillingness his symbols, communist retaining for Milošević condemned also hurch 190 189 h Cuc ad h ’eba Question’, ’Serbian the and Church The

192 In this statement the Holy the statement this In d by .

Ste Sudetić, “Serbian Church Assails Belgrade” 188 Nihil Obstat, Obstat, Nihil e church its historic place in the Serbian society that belonged to it for centuries for it to belonged that society Serbian the in place historic its church e

n re t scr te uue f h Srin ain gis ay destructiv any against nation Serbian the of future the secure to order In ele, “Religion as a Fount of Ethnic Hostility or an Agent of Reconciliation?” in Reconciliation?” of Agent an or Hostility Ethnic of Fount a as “Religion ele,

Perica, Perica, h Paolvj cuc nwppr anhd mr epii atc and attack explicit more a launched newspaper church Pravoslavlje The

ed. Dušan Janjić (Belgrade: European Movement in Serbia, 1992), 165 1992), Serbia, in Movement European (Belgrade: Janjić Dušan ed.

Balkan Idols, Balkan Idols, Balkan ecided that „no pact „no that ecided 166.

arty leadership, the Bishops’ Assembly issued a document in in document a issued Assembly Bishops’ the leadership, arty 144. 144. Assembly of Bishops criticized the Milošević regime for regime Milošević the criticized Bishops of Assembly -

Bolshevism and to reintroduce obligatory religious education in state in education religious obligatory reintroduce to and 191

–

neither with the Serbian authorities, who have the the havewho authorities, Serbian the with neither 41

[ … 263; Sudetić, “Serbian Church Assails Assails Church “Serbian Sudetić, 263; ]

to God and to the nation, in contrast to contrast in nation, the to and God to The New York Times The NewYork ihnsy banahn ad media and brainwashing dishonesty, , May 29,1992. –

can bind the bind can - 166;

e -

CEU eTD Collection 198 University11, 176 2002), Press, 197 196 University38 2001), Press, 195 194 193 power. political amass to and masses mobilize rel how of recognition rational a rather one, spiritual a not but revelation, a been have might Monastery Hilandar the in „conversion” Milošević’s Still, celebrations career. and thinking political Milošević’s c prominent religious have would that career Milošević’s in nothing was there education, by priest c a was Milošević Slobodan holiest place Church Orthodox ofSerbian t religious about unconcerned totally was Milošević monastery. the left him meet to wishing not prior the and cells their to withdrew religion. or church spiritual „moving a through lived Milošević experience”. 1991 in Monastery Hilandar the to visit state a during that suggested affairs religious for minister Milošević’s Dragojlović, Dragan hand other the On 3.3.2. Milošević’s stance towards religion and the Serbian Orthodox Church Serbian Church” Orthodox Serbian

Ristić, interview.Ristić, Tuci Djukić, Slavoljub Perica, Quoted by Louis

ć, interview. people as a whole without the approval and the blessing of its spiritual Mother, the the Mother, spiritual its of blessing the and approval the without whole a as people background. Balkan Idols, Sell, Sell,

muit aiis woe hard whose families, ommunist 194 and any any showed toreligion. never affiliation ofhaving signs kindof Radić, Radić,

oee,i s ihyulkl ht ews mo was he that unlikely highly is it However, lbdn ioei ad h Dsrcin f Yugoslavia of Destruction the and Milošević Slobodan

An account of his vi his of account An Milošević

The Church andthe’Serbian Question’

Milošević and Marković: A Lust for Power for Lust A Marković: and Milošević 196

129. His wife, Mira Marković, was an offspring of offspring an was Marković, Mira wife, His . - 193 39.

ommunist

n hs ice wr not were circles his and - 178.

and and sit covers that during his stay in Hilandar in stay his during that covers sit . 195 esrs f h mnsey n utuhd y the by untouched and monastery the of reasures an -

line 42 197 We can say that Milošević was very pragmatic pragmatic very was Milošević that say can We atheist

axs v Marxist

hy ee attended never They . Although his father was an Orthodox Orthodox an was father his Although .

as dismissive dismissive as iews played an an played iews igious sentiments c sentiments igious , 263. ved by anything connected to connected anything by ved

(Montreal: McGill (Montreal: one of Serbia’s most Serbia’s of one oad te c the towards

rel

i m Dra: Duke (Durham:

gos holiday igious p a o r n r eferred

a be used to used be the monks monks the n 198 - t Queen’s

oe in role hurch

o a to . CEU eTD Collection the ’Serbian261 Question’”, 202 201 200 199 1 than more where Belgrade, in Bosnia peace for and Church Bosnia Yugoslavia the judge to hard very is It 3.3.3. Therole of Serbian the Orthodox Church in war colossal CathedralSava inBelgrade. ofSaint monasterie new many of (espe building the sites, religious historical of reconstruction mass the is which of proof the support, financial serious given was Church Orthodox the Ramet, basi spiritual Politika as such press, Serbian the era, Tito meri and criticising of instead Therefore, attack ontheregime. interests and religion historicalbetween the bonds to due (ii) state,the Serbian of financialsupport the without exist church the conflict. the in role church’s the about

Radić, “Thethe ’Serbian and Church Question’ Quoted by Ibid., tee “eiin s Fut f tnc Hostility” Ethnic of Fount a as “Religion Steele, cially in Kosovo and Bosnia and Kosovo in cially - - Herzegovina” was signed as well. as signed was Herzegovina” Herzegovina

ts. Contrary to contesting the c the contesting to Contrary ts. 257. hc would which . 201 , he was very well a well very was he , a te vdne e ae s otaitn. B contradicting. is have we evidence the as ,

the Islamic Religious C Religious Islamic the s for and the most essential component of the national identity”. national the of component essential most the and for s

h Srin nation Serbian the I Ramet, Ramet, Nvme 19 a on Catholic joint a 1992 November n ,

Balkan Babel Balkan arac Pve e sprt dlgtos f h Croat the of delegations separate met Pavle Patriarch ev hs ol ad rvn te c the prevent and goals his serve

attitude of the of attitude - 262.

ware of the fact that (i) the Serbian Orthodox Church cannot cannot Church Orthodox Serbian the (i) that fact the of ware

0,000 people participated and protested against Milošević and Milošević against protested and participated people 0,000 the c the ,

- i ad h c the and his , 113. Herzegovina) and the continuation of the building of the the of building the of continuation the and Herzegovina) ommunity hurch, the Milošević the hurch,

In spite of all the criticism th criticism the all of spite In hurch’s role in the Serbian national identity during the during identity national Serbian the in role hurch’s

202 Serbian Orthodox Church towards the break the towards Church Orthodox Serbian

200 In June 1992 Patriarch Pavle led a peace march peace a led Pavle Patriarch 1992 June In 43 ,

n hailed the Orthodox Church as being being as Church Orthodox the hailed uc’ aed cnand eea common several contained agenda hurch’s d ”, 261 ”,

- t Orthodox o g e mobilization t - h 262. - e , regime publicly recognized its role its recognized publicly regime frontal a out carrying from hurch

r efore the outbreak of the war in in war the of outbreak the efore

6; ai, Te hrh and Church “The Radić, 164; condemned hostilities and called and hostilities condemned

- ulm Apa fr ec in Peace for „Appeal Muslim at he got from the part of of part the from got he at

199

According to According ian Catholic Catholic ian - up of of up „the „the s CEU eTD Collection 2013); Europe 208 Intrenational Relations 207 206 palanačkog uma 205 (Atlanta:1998), Scholars 178. Press, in Herzegovina” and Bosnia in War the 126; University(Oxford: Oxford Press, 2003), in Agent” Reconciling 204 203 Muslims. civilian killing Scorpions the shows so the of members blessing v provinces” Serbian all of and lives Serbian of defence armed the also including territory the on living [Serbs them protect must 1991 October In nation. Serbian the against massacre repeated a of possibility the and War World Second the in Serbs against committed genocide the was argument this justified what and w The interests. Serbianof satisfaction strongly in violence with parallel However, as well. groups religious between hatred and committ means it creating if Serbia, smallest the even but Greater, the only “not refused he that emphasized policies his ideo recording from the 1990s appeared in the Serbian press, showing an Orthodox priest Orthodox an showing press, Serbian the in appeared 1990s the from recording ideo

Steele, “ChristianityBosnia in David Dartel, Churches Nations “The and 285. inYugoslavia”, Peter arc Moe „eba n Mneer/ona A ie Sok Serbia”, Shocks Video A Montenegro/Bosnia: and „Serbia Moore, Patrick Mirko Mirko ,

a document of the Holy Synod declar Synod Holy the of document a 9 ue 2005. June 9 , Keith Doubt, “Scapegoating and the Simulation of Mechanical Solidarity in Former Former in Solidarity Mechanical of Simulation the and “Scapegoating Doubt, Keith 206

with the Serbian cause Serbian the with amr “h Cuce ad h Cnlc i Fre Ygsai” in Yugoslavia” Former in Conflict the and Churches “The Palmer,

tee Crsint n Bosnia in “Christianity Steele, ođvć “arac Pves mrla in Umbrella” Pavle’s “Patriarch Đorđević, defence . 203 ing a crime”. a ing

al as cle fr h csain f otlte svrl times, several hostilities of cessation the for called also Pavle ed. Mirko Đorđevićed.Peščanik, Mirko (Belgrade: 2010),229.

of Serbian national interests also abounded. Most clergyman identified so identified clergyman Most abounded. also interests national Serbian of

, ed. Palgrave,(New K.R.DarkYork: 2000), 94. Faith http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1059192.html

hs paeu ambitions, peaceful these 205 - -

ald crin prmltr fre Te ae eodn also recording same The force. paramilitary Scorpions called Based Diplomacy. Trumping Realpolitik Trumping Diplomacy. Based

I ,

t was in fact not only Pavle who spoke out against violence against out spoke who Pavle only not fact in was t - that they that Herzeg

, but , ar was depicted by depicted wasar - ovina and Kosovo”,ovina and 137. Herzegovina and Kosovo: From Et From Kosovo: and Herzegovina certain other individuals from the Orthodox clergy Orthodox the from individuals other certain eiin n te a in War the and Religion could not imagine a peaceful solution without the without solution peaceful a imagine not could ed that „the Serbian state and the Serbian people Serbian the and state Serbian „the that ed 44 208 Radmila Radić, “Serbian Orthodox Church and Radić, “Serbian Orthodox Radmila

In 1995, Patriarch Pavle celebrat Pavle Patriarch In1995,

voices of Croatia] with all legitimate means, means, legitimate all with Croatia] of iorn arjra Pavle Patrijarha Kišobran most clergyman most

ihn h church the within

Bosnia,

, ed. Douglas Johnston Johnston Douglas ed. ,

(accessed May 20, 20, May (accessed as a war of defence, of war a as ed. Paul Mojzes Mojzes Paul ed. hnic Captive to Captive hnic . that 207 eiin and Religion ed a mess a ed R

do Free adio In 2005 In

– accepted

204 kritika

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CEU eTD Collection 213 212 211 210 209 (2007). Yugos Serbia the within is cleavages it Church, historical Orthodox the regarding However, 1990s. the of conflict re the decrease or explain common. longer lasted rule Ottoman there that where Herzegovina, and Bosnia from came clergyman of significantpart schools other to admitted not were and families poor from came who education religious of institutions entered people young weakness. his ra important filling clergyman other that possible is it and manipulate to easy was patriarch the him, to According newspapers. read or TV watch Tucić Živica what also bad consequences. destructive clergy Orthodox the of members other by manipulated and patriarch, the of intentions good the contest not Pavle Patriarch are There conflict. the in Patri alone, let or, church’s the about conclusion a to come to hard very is It were military by Serbian massacred and paramilitaryand forces 1994. between 1992 Foč of ceremony renaming the

Tucić, interview. Tucić, interview. Đorđević, “Patriarch Umbrella”, Pavle’s 229. Ibid., Ibid., ,

but he was not able to withstand t withstand to able not was he but lavia: ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ and the Serbian Orthodox Church” Orthodox Serbian the and Cleansing’ ‘Ethnic lavia:

228. 228. 213

t i It 212

hr t jde f these if judge to hard s himself

Tucić also draws the attention to the fact that on Serbian lands mostly those mostly lands Serbian on that fact the to attention the draws also Tucić

suggests when he says that says he when suggests as someone, who “did not quite know how to act”. to how know quite not “did who someone, as lo osbe that possible also certain sources, such as as such sources, certain 211 sponsibility of either the patriarch or patriarch the either of sponsibility

hs h sget ta te netos f h ptirh ee not were patriarch the of intentions the that suggests he Thus, a to Srbinje, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where masses where Herzegovina, and Bosnia in town a Srbinje, to a

or had no other chance to get an education. Moreover, a a Moreover, education. an get to chance other no had or –

intolerance towards people of other religion was more more was religion other of people towards intolerance he influence of his fellow clergy fellow his of influence he

views either consciously or or consciously either views

eiu disagreements serious 45

the writings of of writings the Patriarch nks in the church hierarchy made use of of use made hierarchy church the in nks

to take to e suggest he Pavle was a person who did not did who person a was Pavle

some crucial decisions that had had that decisions crucial some

the church as a whole in the in whole a as church the Mirko Đorđević Mirko existed existed ,

ta te pat the that s Humanity and Society and Humanity u n osiul sre to serve consciously – man. This is in fact in is This man.

ih ead o the to regard with because of the fact the of because 210 arch Pavle’s role role Pavle’s arch

Đorđević ,

riarch was was riarch that depict depict that

209

does

31 n

CEU eTD Collection 214 did Milošević than way explicit more a c The administra the outside living Serbs the of autonomy political the for Bosnia in Serbs the towards authorities Serbian of attention of degree insufficient the was leadership of One Republika Srpska as oppose the of leadership the towards relationship its is Church spiritual Orthodox and Serbian the territorial of real ambitions the on most the conclude us lets that issue the Interestingly, 3.3.4. masses. c in interest s to theology and liturgy Orthodox on programmes broadcast channels TV thu werepractices Religious religionbefore. with do to nothing had who church the of nationalism t the despite and war the accompaniedidentification religious inescapable an Nevertheless, Church as aninstitution. criticized pro represented clearly who clergyman those P the from independently autonomy large relatively a given are of the SerbianChurch, Orthodox inwhichthe patriarch isonly pr emphasiz to important also Itis took. churchfinally the actions approachor a te hrh rtcsd ioei, h sclr ainls o te tt ad h religious the and state the of nationalism secular the Milošević, criticised church the hat

Radić, interview. hurch found a partner in Radovan Karadžić, the president of Republika Srpska, who Srpska, Republika of presidentthe Karadžić, Radovan in partner a found hurch Republika Srpska - Herzegovina. The Orthodox clergy was increasingly explicit in expressi in explicit increasingly was clergy Orthodox The Herzegovina.

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by the c the by

hurch affairs hurch an ra o hsiiy ht h cuc mnfse i rlto t te Belgrade the to relation in manifested church the that hostility of areas main hurch, it is it hurch,

, and theand Serbian

atriarchate. and long and grew together grew d to

difficult Belgrade - forgotten religious holidays were again celebrated by the by celebrated again were holidays religious forgotten 214

, to confute the responsibility of the Serbian Orthodox Serbian the of responsibility the confute to

However, as up until today until up as However,

and served each other each served and lo ae t osbe o cran clergyman certain for possible it made also .

Orthodox Church

–

46 played the religious trump card: he adopted adopted he card: trump religious the played

- w ar views views ar

would have been dismissed or or dismissed been have would , influencing masses of people people of masses influencing , imus inter pares inter imus tive boundaries of Serbia. Serbia. of boundaries tive there is no evidence tha evidence no is there s revitalized: national revitalized: s e atisfy the growing the atisfy

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CEU eTD Collection 219 1998), 88. i Herzegovina” 218 217 Gods’”, 71. 216 ChurchQuestion’”, and the’Serbian 267 215 God i another his In or actions. person his against reservation slightest the have not did Church Orthodox Serbian suc that fact sole The be should what you tell will alone Spirit The say. will said’”. you what worry not ’Do Gospel co prepared three of exception a without gatherings the to went I frequently because convinced personally am I which of say, should we what us whisperedto Spirit Holy the and do, to what us taught he because freedom us brought probably God „And religious ofOrthodox Monten magazine agencies to compared stanc the in differences substantial fact in were There of holiness, unsullied of redoubt last untroubled and truth unpolluted „the as community Serb Bosnian the described society”. theocratic a of construction the to war,a Bosnian duringthe politician idealistic anemerged as curriculum educational the in instruction process quas a as Orthodoxy

Recountedand by ChurchtheWar”, Radić, “Serbian Orthodox 177. Paul by Quoted Quoted by uhnu “rhdx aus n Mdr Ncsiis; 1; oe, Bsi’ ‘Tribal “Bosnia’s Cohen, 118; Necessities”; Modern and Values “Orthodox Buchenau, Perica, ”. 219 218 ,

officially recognized it as a a as it recognized officially

Karadzic’s anti Karadzic’s –

Karadžić akn Idols, Balkan

ht of that Ramet, Ramet, n Religion and the War in Bosnia, Bosnia, in War the and Religion - four impo four

Mojzes, “The Camouflaged Role of Religion in the War in Bosnia and Bosnia in War the in Religion of Role Camouflaged “The Mojzes, i state i

had real religious sentiments. In an interview published in Svetigora, the the Svetigora, in published interview an In sentiments. religious real had triw „Karadžić nterview h words were given place in an official church magazine prove that the that prove magazine church official an in place given were words h Balkan Babel Balkan lbdn ioei. Firstly, Milošević. Slobodan - communist stance was stance communist - 1 religion, involved the the involved religion, 2 Mltth “’gie rhdx sre, 9; ai, “The Radić, 196; serbe”, orthodoxe “L’église Miletitch, 62; rtant historical gatherings historical rtant

”. 217 , 25

“ 5. edn ntoa institution national leading egro the following: he said -

268;

215 added that all he does he he does he all that added

From the church’s viewpoint, Radovan Karadžić Radovan viewpoint, church’s the From 47 216 Tucić, interview.Tucić,

ncept ncept also sympathetic to the church the to sympathetic also c

n aur 19, erpltn Amfilohije Metropolitan 1992, January In hurch in the parliamentary decisi parliamentary the in hurch ed. Paul Mojzes (Atlanta: Scholars Press, Scholars (Atlanta: Mojzes Paul ed. -

– t es bsd on based least at e of Radovan Karadžić to the church the to Karadžić Radovan of e –

with always so is this actually and I always went according to the to according went always I and „ true Orthodox leader committed Orthodox true

”

n itoue religious introduced and “ does with thinking of of thinking with does

what ,

as he publicly he as e od press told he on - making making the the CEU eTD Collection 223 222 221 220 on endurance and survival spiritual and physical the for necessary interests, vital own their of age the defend to people Serb entire the “calling by further even went O Serbian the by issued Public” World and People rised and people the to loyalty Lazar’s St. renewed you justice, God’s in faith the yourself in revived the commented Amfilohije Metropolitan Vance the of rejection autonomy. of degree certain a with regions ten endowed into Herzegovina and Bosnia divided have would which 1993, in plan peace state Church Orthodox Serbian declared allegedly Jovan Metropolitan 1993, May In through. leaders Serb Bosnian meet to Pale to visits regular made Pavle Patriarch with along hierarchy Orthodox Srpska Republika the of supporter only the remained Church Orthodox Serbian caus Serbian the up give to unwilling was Karadžić However, community. international the of plans peace the accept community international the by Miloše Srpska Republika the of programme Serbia” of States Croatian the of result 199 From republicsa façadefor as onlyreligious it theirmobilisation own used seriously took Serbia only that something was communism that argued

Steele, “ChristianityBosnia in Paul Hockenos, Quoted by Ibid., ” . 222 vić decided to back o back to decided vić

135.

The church also supported the Bosnian Serbs in their r their in Serbs Bosnian the supported also church The 3 h dgiy f h Sr people Serb the of dignity the ,

the policy of Milošević towards the Bosnian Serbs changed substantially. As a As substantially. changed Serbs Bosnian the towards Milošević of policy the . 221

Mojzes, “The Camouflaged RoleofReligion”, “The Mojzes,

The church supported the Bosnian Serb territorial interests interests territorial Serb Bosnian the supported church The “ Letter Belgrade from

- - Owen plan by the Bosnia the by plan Owen Bosniac compromise and the general condemnation of the „United „United the of condemnation general the and compromise Bosniac

gave support to the efforts of the Bosnian the of efforts the to support gave ad o ae n cmrms. Under compromise. any make to and e ut from ut

- Herzegovina and Kosovo”,Herzegovina and 135.

the conflict and pressuris and conflict the ”, ”. 223 New Statesman & Statesman New Society 48

h dcmn tte “h Apa t te Serb the to Appeal “The titled document The

Serb Assembly th Assembly Serb too Cuc i te umr f 1994 of summer the in Church rthodox 87. e the Bosnian Serb leadership to leadership Serb Bosnian the e

ht te oy yo o the of Synod Holy “the that ejection of the Vance the of ejection

e following way: following e

Serbs to obtain their own own their obtain to Serbs s hs circumstance these

. 8: 361 (1995): 10. 8: 361(1995): 220 - old rights and liberties liberties and rights old

whereas the rival rival the whereas l te way the all ,

“ and the the and Having - Owen s the the s

CEU eTD Collection 228 227 Conflict”, 95 226 225 224 two the of aims The Serbs. mobilize to empire Serbian new a of Serbianhood” of convictions moral and dignity national pride, the of cause Serbian representingthe Milošević appearedof rise the with However, 1980s. the of beginning the at firstinterests national Serbian of defender that Church Orthodox Serbian the was it seen, already have we As 3.4. protect the Serbian nati above the All s people” Serbian the for precedent without defeat a is and it while justice, of Dayton victory a „as treaty peace of the presenting accords peace the condemned later and 1995, December debates heated was negotiate self of onbehalf the to him allowed that Pavle Patriarch and Srpska Republika the of leadership the by signed Mil Before “guaranteedright the ofself cessati the for gr and fathers the of land i g

n Mylonas, Cohen, “Bosnia’s ‘Tribal Gods’”, 73. by Quoted Quoted by “Serbian Orth Radić, Quoted byChurchtheWar”, “Serbian and Orthodox 179. Radić, e

regarded by certain circles of c of circles certain by regarded d

t Competing nationalisms Competing h e

d t h ed f h dcd, the decade, the of end the at ošević departed to Dayton in October 1995, he managed to enforce a document document a enforce to managed he 1995, October in Dayton to departed ošević o - Serbian Orthodo c

96; actually u n f hostilities of on ieic, Léls otooe eb” 17 Ple, Te hrhs n the and Churches “The Palmer, 197; serbe”, orthodoxe “L’église Miletitch, , m

h Hl Snd ial dcdd o naiae al’ erir intr in signature earlier Pavle’s invalidate to decided finally Synod Holy the e Radić, “Serbian ChurchRadić, and Orthodox theWar”, 182. n t . . 226

227 means th means onal being interests, for thatis, not

The synod allegedly also argued that Pavle should resign resign should Pavle that argued also allegedly synod The andfathers”. - determination, namelyconfederation withYugoslavia’”.determination, a -

x Fundamentals, , proclaimed entity. The proclaimed entity.The ,

as Milošević also „elevated hims „elevated also Milošević as at the c the at u a te ae ie bevd ht ona Serb Bosnian that observed time same the at but odox ChurchtheWar”, and 180. odox hurch hierarchy as a betrayal of Serbian interests. After interests. Serbian of betrayal a as hierarchy hurch

224 hurch criticised hurch

Furthermore, in October 1994 Patria 1994 October in Furthermore, c hurch lost its position as the only institution institution only the as position its lost hurch 49 126.

signing of the document bysigning document ofthe thep Milošević Milošević

radical enough. elf to the designated defender defender designatedthe to elf

agents of nationalism of agents to enough far going not for

, 228

and used the promise the used and

rch Pavle called Pavle rch Milošević for for Milošević f s o

r must be be must

atri 225 h as the the as a

were v arch i n g

CEU eTD Collection 230 of capable leader national a 229 for waiting were Church Orthodox Serbian the and „Serbia 1987 In affiliation. religious to according division territorial 1980s the of half second the In of context of picture Serbian of arrangement territorial the concerned are aims territorial as far As theodemocracy creative and i genuine a with Europe, Christian „truly a for calling 1989, Church Serbian of Proposal the in appeared also idea This Serbia, theSerbian cannot people them astheir accept own” Whil representatives. Serbian legitimate be cannot they then themselves, cross service, religious attend not do Church, Orthodox Serbian the with gove highest […] conditions „Certain of part integral an is national education: ideology national of basis the as religion, where and religion their i government the religion, state the is Orthodoxy where “ the of aim The 3.4.1. by summarizing the of aims and nature the imp is it but similar, very nstead ofaWestern democracy” arid, formal, leading national institution national leading

Quoted by Quoted by

The basesThe of

divided a nationalist rnment representatives are not Orthodox, that is, if they maintain no spiritual ties spiritual no maintain they if is, that Orthodox, not are representatives rnment Perica, Radić,

the similarities andthe similarities differences. eiiu ntoaim f the of nationalism religious Se

religious nationalism represented by Serb the rbian The Church andthe’Serbian Question’ Balkan Idols, Balkan

Croatia several thatby thenrevived

must be met in order for Serbs to restore their Serbian state. If the the If state. Serbian their restore to Serbs for order in met be must - ortant to ortant two competing nationalisms competing two inhabited regions inhabited ” , the depository of national unity, and to realize an ideal society ideal an realize to and unity, national of depository the ,

some voices among the Orthodox clergy called for an explici an for called clergy Orthodox the among voices some 131. see th see , -

naie triois fe a osbe break possible a after territories inhabited the church the e differences as well. First well. as differences e was a nightmare for the for nightmare a was 50 . 230 eba Otoo Cuc ws o eoe a become to was Church Orthodox Serbian

implicitly expressed its conceptions about conceptions its expressed implicitly

in th in s composed of politicians practising politicians of composed s

symbo . e period in question in period e 229 , 266. - ainl rga pbihd in published Program National ,

arac Grau si that said Germanus Patriarch ls of the Ustasha rule.ls ofthe

[

ian ian Orthodox Church … I will separately discuss discuss separately will I c hurch, especially hurch, ]

and if they refuse to refuse they if and e they may rule rule may they e , and continue and , - up. The The up.

in the the in

t CEU eTD Collection serbe”, 195. 236 Center Press, 2006),501. State Yugoslavias. 235 234 Church Assails Belgrade”). Serbs live” problemsof allexistential people with whomthe a that emphasized also Memorandum The Belgrade”. 233 232 231 tolive Jews future perhaps and previous their the forced nobody War World and Second the After longer. any together live cannot executioners genocide of victims the that understood was it th explained Pavle Patriarch Carrington, Lord united be would people Serbian all where Serbia” of States Amfilohij Metropolitan 1992, April In with any She isconcernedher for kindofboundaries. entire people” identified be cannot nature, very her by lands, Serbian the in Church „the that expressed and 199 May in Patriarchate Serbian the by issued Church Orthodox Serbian the of Bishops of Assembly Holy the of Memorandum The Serbia. Yugoslavia” socialist partitio underdevelopment, subordination, economic endure e Church Serbian the of Proposal t of partition accomplishing necessary, if and interests Serbian defending xamined in the following part of the thesis the of part following the in xamined

atl “h Nat “The Dartel, Quoted by “Serbia Sudetić, 166; Hostility”, Ethnic of Fount a as “Religion Steele, Quoted by Ibid., Radić, “The Church and the ’Serbian Question’”, 263; Sabrina P. Ramet, Ramet, P. Sabrina 263; Question’”, ’Serbian the and Church “The Radić,

143. with Germans thesame in state”

Dobrijević, “Th Anzulović, the Chairman of the European Union Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, on Conference Peace Union European the of Chairman the - ulig n Lgtmto, 1918 Legitimation, and Building os n Cuce i Ygsai” 24 Mltth “’gie orthodoxe “L’église Miletitch, 284; Yugoslavia”, in Churches and ions

, 232

Heavenly Serbia, n dmne gaate fr h rig the for guarantees demanded and

at genocide was threatening Serbs for the second time second the for Serbs threatening was genocide at

e Role of the Serbian Orthodox Church”,e of Role Orthodox theSerbian 110. - National Program Program National 2 called for the unity of Serbian lands and people and lands Serbian of unity the for called 2 e expressed his support to finally create „a United United „a create finally to support his expressed e

121. .

236 - 51

argued that in the last 50 years „Serbia had to had „Serbia years 50 last the in that argued

similarly to the Academy Memorandum Memorandum Academy the to similarly - „just solution of the national rights and rights national the of solution „just 2005 ns, and political inferiority in the in inferiority political and ns,

Wsigo: odo Wilson Woodrow (Washington: was necessary (Sudetić, “Serbian necessary(Sudetić, was . 235

In the In t o Srs iig outside living Serbs of hts . 234

letter that he wrote to wrote he that letter he country” he

n Church Assails Church n :

h Three The „It is time time is „It . 231

The , 233

CEU eTD Collection 239 238 SANU Godine” 1986. Jugoslaviji u Pitanjima 237 n the of that to right” democratic and historical their culturalis in, living be and might they province or national republic which of regardless complete integrity, people's Serbian the of establishment „the that declared „r to right the had Serbia that argued document the result, a As "centralists,"”. "unitarists," "oppressors," „being of accused were they sacrifices „subject were they among and, Yugoslavia of creation the for most sacrificed had Serbs federation. the in politically and economically culturally, discriminated were Serbs and neighbours its by nationa and assimilation of politics effective and subtle the „discrimination, Croatia in while Kosovo, c certain as Such blueprint for hisprogramme. 1980s the of end the in turn nationalist questio for leadership 1986” S Yugoslavia, of in Questions group Social a „Current of work the document, This Sciences. and Arts of Academy Serbian the of Memorandum the by illustrated best be can regime the of aims The 3.4.2. a t

i Ibid. Ibid. Gua kdmk Spk Aaeie ak i mtot o kuli Drustvenim Aktuelnim o Umetnosti i Nauka Akademije Srpske Akademika “Grupa o n

l pursued were inequality” l (accessedApril 1,2013). The basesThe of secular nationalism represented by the

i t i e s , who betrayed the idea of Yugoslavia. As Obradović put it, „the collective fear of of collectivefear„the it, Obradovićput As Yugoslavia. ofidea the betrayed who , c hurch, the hurch, hurch statements, the document explained that genocide was taking place in place taking was genocide that explained document the statements, hurch

to physical annihilation” during the Second World War. Despite all their their all Despite War. World Second the during annihilation” physical to

. 239 ig party ning

main

These e These

p arty narrative was that Serbia was forcwasSerbia that artywasnarrative

lements .

238 dooy n te l the and ideology

According to the Memorandum, Serbia had been abused been had Serbia Memorandum, the to According ,

Milošević endorsed Milošević http://www.scribd.com/doc/2838406/Memorandum were also central to official to central also were 52

237

a frt odme b te Yugoslav the by condemned first was eturn to its own historical roots”, and and roots”, historical own its to eturn gc o Tt. oee, ih the with However, Tito. of egacy Milošević this document and used it as a as it used and document this rin nelgnsa on intelligentsia erbian ed into war by the other other warbythe into ed p arty po arty - regime licy. Similarly licy.

ot her thin her gs, -

CEU eTD Collection 241 Catharsis 240 solutions Just people. Serbian the of interests the solution just a for and peace for called it when later self of concerns these Unfortunately minoritySerbian heartland. inthe historical t in change irreversible an that fearing threat, the represented Yugoslavia in living Albanians the of power demographic Metohija” and Kosovo in people Serbian the of allegedaim the were enemy common other The whereall other consequences werebetrayal. events just initial ofthe T up giving for egoism selfish and nationalism Orthodox p the to jurisdiction its extend to ambition was imaginarium Orthodox the in and culture, and ideals Orthodox questioned centuries for that threat a represented view of point religious the from enemy Croatian) (mainly northern The existence. national Serbian to threat Serbia all After 3.4.3. which hysteria” political and nationalistic into transformed was future uncertain an and change eninsula. In the secular nationalist rhetoric the northern threat was a symbol of ethnic ethnic of symbol a was threat northern the rhetoric nationalist secular the In eninsula.

Quoted by Marija Obradović, “The Ruling Party” in in Party” Ruling “The Obradović, Marija

actions against rival groups rival against actions

Te ubr n acrac i te w cmo eeis represent enemies common two the is accordance one number The . everyjustifiable. protectSerbian to were unity means Common grounds and competing aims hr em t emc omn ground common much be to seems there , ed. Nebojša (Budapest: Popov Central European 200 University Press, of the Albanians the of Radić, “The ChurchQuestion’”, and “The the’Serbian 249. Radić,

he ethnic structure would overturn the status quo, leaving Serbs in a in Serbs leaving quo, status the overturn would structure ethnic he –

to quote the wordsquote theo to a n d Bosnia -

rsrain ee rdal cnetd no ard and hatred into converted gradually were preservation r eligions. en as seen

c s and and s 53

. ,

241

itoist ideology, thus triggering the break the triggering thus ideology, itoist h Ra t Wr n eba Tam and Trauma Serbia. in War to Road The Even if the c the if Even it always called for options that represented that options for called always it bridge a

– In the secular nationalist interpretation the interpretation nationalist secular the In Jevtić Atanasijef Albanians (or more generally Islam) generally more (or Albanians

both for church and state state and church for both for -

popul eiiu adsclrntoaim in nationalism secular and religious ed f oe ih h long the with Rome of head

ated territories of the Balkan Balkan the of territories ated hurch denied to be politicized, be to denied hurch

was „the exterminationwas „the ing a potential potential a ing - 0), 427.

included the the included

, - . The The . 240 term term - up,

CEU eTD Collection Geoffey Hosking 244 243 January 2010). http://www. 242 a antiquity” of p and persecution” and of „myth the of basis the created theory victimization This Milošević. of power the of consolidation Draš Vuk Šešelj, diss the of victim a as country the representing fell Serbs when history rhetoric partisan the discarded victimization of narrative The 1990s. the of conflicts the in and historically c Yugoslavia in Serbs of break the to leading problems all of reduction the and Victimization t s several issued also crime” is price its if Serbia smallest the even not and Greater want not do “I out: pointed once Pavle Patriarch war the During also state one in live ground. common to a represented right the have Serbs that thought the and ambitions Territorial were man retur to aspiration h hurch statements and Milošević claimed Milošević and statements hurch e

i Anthony D. Anthony “AssessingKolstø, ofRole Historical the Myths”, Ivan r

c arty ideologists while ideologists arty o n

t ačvć “ls en due rie Rzoo s poeoo Mro Đorđevićem” Mirko profesorom sa Razgovor Srbije. druge jedne “Glas Šarčević, e - martyrium made myths rather thanhistoricalmade truths. rather myths n t svjetlorijeci.ba/arhiva/html/2003/11 .

nd “the shared memories of the Golden Age” Golden the of memories shared “the nd

Smith, “The ’Golden Age’ and National Renewal” in Renewal” National and Age’ ’Golden “The Smith, , .

243 and George Schöpflin (London: Hurst &39. Schöpflinand (London: Company, George 1997), n to an ideal state, but in both cases the etalons they wanted to return to return to wanted they etalons the cases both in but state, ideal an to n mhszn bohrod n uiy ad nta srse te eid of periods the stressed instead and unity, and brotherhood emphasizing oi) a edre b te at amnsrto prle wt the with parallel administration party the by endorsed was ković)

”, where „the nat „the where ”, tatements which tatements The moral superiority of the sup the of superiority moral The

victim to adversary ethnic groups or ideologies. Serbian intelligentsia Serbian ideologies. or groups ethnic adversary to victim

a aohr omn lmn o cuc ad tt reoi. Both rhetoric. state and church of element common another was –

as Anthony D. Smith points out points Smith D. Anthony as Milošević Milošević . 242 ion is presented as the perennial target of discrimination of target perennial the as presented is ion w e

Still, Still, r e not far from far not e ’s Greater Serbian goals are not subject to debate. to subject not are goals Serbian Greater ’s that Serbs were not aggressors but victims but aggressors not were Serbs that as we have seen above, seen have we as 54 olution of Yugoslavia (Dobrica Ć (DobricaYugoslavia of olution -

2003/revija/razgovor.html

19 pressed was emphasized by both church both by emphasized was pressed - Milošević Milošević 20. 244

were used to legitimate efforts legitimate to used were -

„the collective appropriation collective „the ’s Greater Serbian ideas Serbian Greater ’s - Myths & Nationhood & Myths up to the to up he he and other clergyman other and

acse 4th (accessed discrimination

osić, Vojislav osić, -

both , ed.,

i n

CEU eTD Collection 22. Nationhood 245 competedinfluenceand society for over and power of state a into a itself for mobilisation ethnic of momentum r using by state ideal this achieve to threats,the bigSerbian Church. andalsowished oftheMilošević Orthodox ambitions limiting inter from freehomogenous the GreaterSerbia a secular, handthe other interests Serbian protecting faith, Orthodox a and elements shared these all of spite In fundamental instrum boundary” creating and “distinctiveness expressing of means simplest the as Milošević reach it character, its in secular th though Even well. as ground common a constituted Myths differentmeans.and scope its in „empire”, Serbian a recreate to lternatives of national existence, on the one hand a „theodemocracy” led by belie by led „theodemocracy” a hand one the on existence, national of lternatives

George the Miloše , ed. Geoffrey Hosking and George Schöpflin (London: Hurst & Company, 1997), 1997), Company,& Hurst (London: Schöpflin George and GeoffreyHosking ed. , cöfi, Te ucin o mt ad txnm o mts in myths” of taxonomy a and myth of functions “The Schöpflin, Svetosavlje vić - eie a fr rm en a partnership a being from far was regime ents for ethnicents mobilisation

. These two rival parallel processes strengthened each other each strengthened processes parallel rival two These .

nedaor mrcdb oh c both by embraced endeavour an d ak to back ed eligious rhetoric, whereas the c the whereas rhetoric, eligious ,

the relationship between the Serbian Orthodox Church Orthodox Serbian the between relationship the

under the guidance of an ethnic church, and on on and church, ethnic an of guidance the under nd seize the chance to transform Serbian society society Serbian transform to chance the seize nd 55

. eiiu motives religious

control over thenationcontrol Serbian over Te ofrd w competing two offered They . e rhetoric of Milošević was was Milošević of rhetoric e . Myths were adopted by by adopted were Myths . hurch and hurch hurch wanted to keep the keep to wanted hurch nal Catholic and Islam and Catholic nal s tate, although tate, vers of the the of vers yh & Myths ,

. but also but

, 245

as CEU eTD Collection 249 248 247 246 Milošević the and Church Orthodox the both order” of “ideologies both are they because analogous are nationalism and religion that argument Juergensmeyer’s religion.cannot Orthodox beseparatedfrom and religion between analogy an about talk cannot we Therefore, Church. Orthodox Serbian the of that used and over took but etc., mythology Milošević the case political that says base he religions when similarly argues also Smith D. Anthony religions. historical of prerequisites the using nationalism, secular of religion modern a creates It content. own the technical over takes other it words mythology. and symbolism distinct a days, holy places, sacred creates sense secular secularism” modern by represented nationalism Serbian Greater the that is reason The case. Serbian the in category analytical suitable most the not is offers Brubaker approach first The analytical framework. approaches four Brubaker’s to return I part, concluding this In religion. and nationalism between relationship w it As 4.

Juergensmeyer, of Rise Religious 265. „The Global Nationalism”, “TheSmith, ‘Sacred’ ofNationalism”, 802. Dimensions Hayes, Hayes, Conclusion as pointed out earlier in the thesis, there are many different ways to approach the the approach to ways different many are there thesis, the in earlier out pointed as Nationalism Nationalism

hmevs n sce poete o te nation”. the of properties “sacred on themselves ,

ih h itnin o lc te ae f eba n h 19s i 1990s the in Serbia of case the place to intention the with

- regime did not create its own “sacred properties”, a distinct symbolism, distinct a properties”, “sacred own its create not did regime 246

249

, 165 , 176.

e s. s age bfr, codn t Hys ntoaim n the in nationalism Hayes, to according before, argued I As se. per

smr ai o h eba ae I iewt his with line In case. Serbian the for valid more is -

167.

– Slobodan Miloše Slobodan

religion and nationalism being analogous phenomena analogous being nationalism and religion requirements of established religions and fills it with its withits and it fills religions ofestablished requirements

56 - regime offered different conceptions of order, of conceptions different offered regime

Milošević’s nationalism, because the latter latter the because nationalism, Milošević’s vić cannot be regarded as a “religion of of “religion a as regarded be cannot vić

248

oee, n h Serbian the in However,

iw n Serbia in view, Brubaker’s n 247

In –

CEU eTD Collection 254 253 252 251 250 religiousclaims of the tingedas language”, “religiously from religious different is nationalism nationalism” k distinctive a as nationalism “religious regards which approach, fourth Brubaker’s out church. Rather or ofpolitical promotion religion regime serve the didnot religious 1990s the part the the fromChurch Orthodox Serbian the relatedto allusions and TV on programs in where case, Serbian the in valid very is argument This metaphor. sense the (in of “religiously tinged language” usage the which to according argument, Brubaker’s Rogers on reflect to necessary is it Here why and national intertwiningelucidateshistorical also This nation. Serbian the of survival the for condition the is intertwining this understanding, church’s the in fact, In nationalism. and religion state, and principle a is partners, indispensable and equal are of concept the background, I theoretical the in discussed As period. researched the in nationalism and religion between relationship the explains intertwining historical thecase: Serbian the in separated be cannot two the nationalism” of explanation nationalism” with intertwined or imbricated as or“religion cause a as “religion regards Brubaker Although thougheach they for used temporary goals other thesakeof authority”. “ultimate the as themselves regarded and

Brubaker, „ReligionNationalism”, 12. and Brubaker, „ReligionNationalism”, 10. and Brubaker, „ReligionNationalism”, 8. and Brubaker, „ReligionNationalism” and Juergensmeyer, of Rise Religious 267. „The Global Nationalism”, –

religion ametaphor as was used 254 of a real personal belief) into secular nationalism, as religion can be used as a as used be can religion as nationalism, secular into belief) personal real a of

has been central to my argument throughout the thesis. Brubaker argues that argues Brubaker thesis. the throughout argument my to central been has religious myths arereligious inseparable andsymbols inSerbia.

253

does not necessarily signal a real embeddedness ofreligion real embeddedness signaldoes a necessarily not –

a metaphor for beinga Serbian. metaphor , 5.

that explains the intertwining of church church of intertwining the explains that 250 symphonia

252 This is what made them rivals, even rivals, them made what is This

. as two distinct approaches, I think I approaches, distinct two as

, in which church and state state and church which in ,

–

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