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Bolanos-Zamia Skinneri Rev. Agr. Trop. 35: 107-117 (2005) ISSN: 1409-438X INFORMACIÓN TÉCNICA PROPAGACIÓN DE Zamia skinneri Warszewicz, UNA PLANTA TROPICAL ORNAMENTAL EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN1 Pablo Bolaños Villegas2 RESUMEN ABSTRACT Propagación de Zamia skinneri Warszewicz, una Propagation of Zamia skinneri Warszewicz, an planta tropical ornamental en peligro de extinción. En endangered ornamental plant from the tropics. This este trabajo se analiza la labor realizada por investigado- work is a review of publications about the propagation of res nacionales en el área de la reproducción en campo y Zamia skinneri, an endangered cycad of great en laboratorio de Zamia skinneri, una Cycadophyta de al- ornamental value. Both field and laboratory to valor ornamental en peligro de extinción. Se indican methodologies are discussed as a way to pinpoint what aspectos aún por dilucidar con el fin de orientar la inves- areas can still be developed in order to attain feasible tigación futura hacia el desarrollo de métodos de produc- commercial methods of mass propagation for this plant. ción masiva a escala comercial. Key words: Zamia skinneri, cycad, endangered species, Palabras claves: Zamia skinneri, cycadophyta, especie vegetative propagation, micropropagation. en peligro, propagación vegetativa, micropropagación. INTRODUCCIÓN planta adulta en los bosques de la región atlántica costarricense. Por tal motivo la comercialización Zamia skinneri Warszewicz es una planta de internacional de esta planta está restringida por la gran atractivo, considerada como un fósil viviente. Convención sobre Comercio Internacional de Espe- Su existencia se considera amenazada a causa de la cies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CI- gran presión que se ha dado sobre ella como pro- TES), en donde está inscrita en el Apéndice II que ducto ornamental de gran valor, lo cual se manifies- determina que su comercio debe ser controlado a ta en la extracción de semillas, trozos de tallo y través de permisos (Amador 2000). 1 Recibido: 31 de enero, 2005. Aceptado: 24 de octubre, 2005. 2 National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation 1 Hsue-Fue Rd, Nei-Pu Hsiang, Pingtung, Taiwan. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 108 BOLAÑOS: PROPAGACIÓN DE Zamia skinneri, UNA PLANTA ORNAMENTAL EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN No obstante, algunos investigadores han des- hojas, o las plántulas provenientes de su semilla cartado que iniciativas de conservación in situ co- (Robles et al. 1997 a). mo CITES protejan adecuadamente a las plantas de la expansión de las áreas agrícolas y del comercio Siendo una Zamiaceae (División Cycadophyta), ilegal internacional, y han sugerido como alternati- Z. skinneri semeja una palma enana, con tallo arbo- va aumentar la disponibilidad comercial de las za- rescente sin ramificaciones. Las plantas presentan de miáceas y cicadáceas exóticas por medio de méto- seis a nueve hojas compuestas que pueden tener más dos mejorados de polinización manual y de un metro de longitud, y entre seis a doce pares de germinación de semillas, prácticas como la poda foliolos (Robles et al. 1997 a). Las hojas llegan a vi- de raíces para estimular el crecimiento vegetativo y vir de cuatro a seis años (Amador 2000). En cuanto técnicas de cultivo in vitro más eficaces en cuanto a a sus estructuras reproductivas, son plantas dioicas propagación por medio de zigotos y tejido somáti- que producen estróbilos, no presentan dimorfismo co (Litz et al. 2004). sexual y poseen ciclos reproductivos largos de hasta seis años (Robles et al. 1997 b). Fue precisamente en esa dirección alternativa que durante los años 90 en Costa Rica se enfocaron Según Maiocco (1998), la producción de folio- los esfuerzos de la Dirección General Forestal los se estabiliza al alcanzar la madurez sexual. Indi- (DGF) y el Proyecto Conservación para el Desarro- viduos con 16 foliolos (ocho pares) o más en la ho- llo Sostenible en Centroamérica (OLAFO) del ja más desarrollada pueden producir estróbilos, Centro Agronómico Tropical para la Investigación permitiendo clasificar las plantas de Z. skinneri en y la Enseñanza (CATIE), tendientes a investigar la sexualmente maduras y juveniles. forma de manejo más apropiada para Z. skinneri. Eventualmente a la labor del CATIE se le sumaron Sólo un 26% de las plantas adultas producen instituciones como la Universidad de Costa Rica estróbilos (Clark y Clark 1991), no obstante cada (UCR), el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica estróbilo ovulado (cono femenino) puede producir (ITCR) y la Universidad Nacional (UNA). hasta 200 semillas con un porcentaje de germina- ción del 100% (Ocampo 20043). El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo princi- pal recopilar la información existente sobre manejo La variabilidad natural de las poblaciones de de campo y técnicas de propagación in vitro para el esta planta es alta como se puede apreciar en el cultivo de Z. skinneri con miras a facilitar la labor Cuadro 1. de todas aquellas personas interesadas en investigar esquemas de cultivo de dicha planta que sean am- biental y comercialmente sostenibles. Manejo de campo Tanto Maiocco (1998) como Porras (1996), Generalidades coinciden en observar que las poblaciones de Za- mia skinneri presentan mayor cantidad de indivi- Zamia skinneri es una planta de la América tro- duos por unidad de área en las laderas suaves (me- pical que crece de forma natural en el sotobosque nores al 30%) y en los llanos. Según Jones (1993) de los bosques húmedos de la vertiente Atlántica el buen drenaje es requisito para el desarrollo de las del sur de Nicaragua, Costa Rica y norte de Pana- plantas del género Zamia, debido a la vulnerabili- má, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 950 msnm. Es dad de su sistema radical a pudriciones y problemas una planta adaptada a recibir del 1 a 2% de la luz incidente sobre el dosel superior. Se le utiliza como 3 Ocampo, R. 2004. Propagación de Z. skinneri (entrevista). planta verde de interiores por lo que se comerciali- San José, C.R. Centro Agronómico de Investigación y Ense- za la planta entera, estacas enraizadas con brotes de ñanza (CATIE). REVISTA AGRICULTURA TROPICAL 35: 107-117 (2005) ISSN: 1409-438X BOLAÑOS: PROPAGACIÓN DE Zamia skinneri, UNA PLANTA ORNAMENTAL EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN 109 Figura 1. A: Estróbilo polinífero (cono macho), B: Estróbilo ovulado (cono hembra) de Zamia skinneri (Amador 2000). Cuadro 1. Síntesis de variables estudiadas por Maiocco (1998) para cuatro grupos de poblaciones de Zamia skinneri, analizadas según la metodología de discriminante canónico. Variables La Lupe, Reservas Poco Sol, San Rafael de Reserva Indígena consideradas Nicaragua-Area Barra del Colorado Bordón* y Corina, Chirripó de Conservación y La Selva (C.R.) Talamanca (C.R.) - (C.R.) Guanacaste, C.R. Panajungla, Panamá Altura del tallo de la 31 68 123 65 planta de mayor desa- rrollo (cm) Número total de hojas 6 12 23 15 de la planta de mayor desarrollo Número total de 18 22 26 27 foliolos de la hoja más desarrollada de la planta de mayor desarrollo Altitud sobre el nivel 292 488 211 773 del mar (m.s.n.m) Temperatura prome- 24,8 23,5 24,5 19,5 dio anual (°C) Número promedio de 123 80 545 1.022 individuos por hectárea *Sitio donde se maneja a Z. skinneri en sistema silvicultural diversificado (Ocampo y Marmillod 1997). REVISTA AGRICULTURA TROPICAL 35: 01-10. 2005 110 BOLAÑOS: PROPAGACIÓN DE Zamia skinneri, UNA PLANTA ORNAMENTAL EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN con hongos. Hasta el momento no se ha realizado como el uso de diferentes secciones de tallo, y com- investigación respecto a los requerimientos de parar también el crecimiento de la planta y la pro- fertilización de Z. skinneri, no obstante como se ducción de hojas compuestas a distintas intensida- aprecia en el Cuadro 2, un pH del suelo de 4,2 no des lumínicas. Los experimentos fueron llevados a parece ser un factor limitante como tampoco lo son cabo simultáneamente en dos localidades diferen- niveles bajos de potasio y fósforo ni niveles abun- tes, Siquirres, Limón, y en la Estación Experimen- dantes hierro (69 mg/l), que causarían toxicidad en tal Fabio Baudrit, de la UCR, en La Garita de Ala- otros cultivos. juela. En cada localidad se evaluaron nueve tratamientos, con seis plantas por tratamiento y un Como norma general las cycadophytas poseen diseño experimental tipo irrestricto al azar con cin- compuestos neurotóxicos denominados azoxiglicó- co repeticiones (Cuadro 3). sidos que las protegen de la depredación, es por ello que a la hora de manipular semillas de Zamia sp., se recomienda el uso de guantes plásticos para re- Cuadro 3. Tratamientos usados en el experimento sobre ducir el contacto entre la sarcotesta y la piel (Jones propagación vegetativa de Zamia skinneri (Ji- 1993). A la hora de germinar las semillas de espe- ménez y Ocampo 1999). cies como Zamia integrifolia y Zamia pygmaea se Número de Posición del Profundidad Sección recomienda utilizar bandejas de germinación, y tratamiento esqueje de siembra del tallo posteriormente cuando la radícula ha emergido, transplantar a bolsas de polietileno con una longi- 1Vertical 1/3 longitud (5cm) Apical tud mayor a los 25 cm para no limitar el crecimien- 2Vertical 1/3 longitud (5cm) Media to en longitud de la raíz y evitar los trasplantes fre- 3Vertical 1/2 longitud (7,5 cm) Apical cuentes (Del Risco et al. 2001). 4Vertical 1/2 longitud (7,5 cm) Media 5Vertical Superficial Apical 6Vertical Superficial Media Propagación vegetativa y poda 7 Horizontal 1/3 de diámetro Apical (1 cm) Debido a la carencia de información sobre as- 8Horizontal 1/3 de diámetro Media pectos básicos de cultivo, Jiménez y Ocampo (1 cm) (1999), investigadores de la UCR y del CATIE res- 9Horizontal 5 cm Sección pectivamente, se dieron a la tarea de investigar de de tallo 1996 a 1999 métodos de propagación vegetativa, con raíz Cuadro 2.
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