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INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8726630 The writings of Monica Hughes: Implications for the middle school Fondse, Christtine Heather, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Fondse, Christtine Heather. All rights reserved. U MI 300 N. Zceb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. 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Other University Microfilms International THE WRITINGS OF MONICA HUGHES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MIDDLE SCHOOL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christtine Heather Fondse, B.A., M.ED. ***** The Ohio State University 1987 Reading Committee: Approved By: Dr. C harlotte S. Huck Dr. Janet G. Hickman Adviser Dr. Frank J. Zidonis College of Education Copyright by C hristtine Heather Fondse 1987 To those who have made a difference, this page is lovingly dedicated: My mother, Mrs. Heather Fondse, who first awoke in me the desire to explore "the realms of gold", for her b e lie f in me which has remained unshaken. My brother Roy and Evelyn his wife for their encourage ment and support. Mrs. Clara Bessie S chiff and the memory of Miss Margaret Moore, two rare teachers who touched the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My work on this study could not have been accomplished without the guidance and support of my dissertation committee to whom I owe a debt of gratitu d e. To Dr. Charlotte Huck, whose belief in children's literature and its significant role in the lives of children has influenced me, goes my deepest appreciation. I particularly value the freedom she gave me to pursue my own connections. Thanks to Dr. Janet Hickman whose unfailing good humour and advice have sustained me. To Dr. Frank Zidonis go especial thanks for his insightful recognition that a dissertation was embedded in on independent study. Thanks to Elinor Chelsom, Dr. Betty Cleaver, the Staff of the Edgar Dale Media Center, and Dr. Raymond Muessig for their encouragement and support. Finally, grateful thanks to Mrs. Barbara Fincher, treasured friend and superb typist, who helped transform scribbled dreams into reality. In Appreciation of Monica Hughes These words seem singularly appropriate in their expression of the relationship between the author and her audience: Dear reader, I shall begin and see what happens to arise between the two of us. You who hold th is book in your hand, I wonder Do you open it with curiosity? With greed and hunger because you feel emptied of all skill As I sometimes do? To jibe at other's ways of thought? Or because you have been told you must, Or only recommended ju s t to try? Is your in te re st in the book, Or in the name upon the cover, Or in those names you read within? Because my words are lame I ask of you that as you read You will neither judge all nor be!ieve all that you read of me, But rather that you inquire, as a man going into a 1abyri nth, Or toward death, or to a new place, Or when returning to an old familiar one (So that things may come to you as you read) Or you stumble upon them almost by chance when turning round a corner. I ask th is because I would wish my mind and yours to meet here, Not as opponents who might clash or friends who greet each o th er's wisdom, but rather as persons who eye one another from the place we fit; and out of the eyeing, we are surprised into new understanding. Dorothy Heathcote Of These Seeds Becoming: Drama in Education VITA 1974 .................................................................... B.Ed. (Great D istinction), University of Saskatchewan 1975 .................................................................... Post-Graduate Diploma in Education, University of Saskatchewan 1976 .................................................................... M.Ed., University of Saskatchewan 1983 .................................................................... B.A. (Honours), University of Saskatchewan FIELDS OF STUDY Children's Literature Young Adult Literature Language Arts v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. ii i VITA ............................................................................................................................... v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 Science Fiction Defined ........................................................ 3 The Growth and Development of a Genre......................... 7 Children's and Young Adult Science Fiction ........... 19 One Author - Monica Hughes.................................................... 32 A Statement of the Problem................................................. 40 Purpose of the Study ................................................................ 42 Review of Author Studies in Children's Literature ............................................................................ 45 Scope of the Study ..................................................................... 48 Organization of the Study .................................................... 50 II. BACKGROUND OF AUTHOR ................................................................ 52 Childhood Reading Influences ............................................ 56 On Becoming a Writer: Other Influences .................. 66 Writing Patterns .......................................................................... 74 Composition of the Story...................................................... 75 a) Germ of Story............................................................. 76 b) Process of Meditation .......................................... 80 c) The F irst Draft ......................................................... 87 d) Revision ......................................................................... 88 Sequels ............................................................................................... 89 Summary ............................................................................................... 91 vi Page III. HISTORICAL AND REALISTIC FICTION WORKS .................... 92 Historical Fiction .................................................................... 92 Realistic Fiction ....................................................................... 110 Summary ...................................................................... 129 IV. SCIENCE FICTION TO 1982 ........................................................ 130 Science Fiction ............................................................................ 130 Summary ............................................................................................... 182 V. SCIENCE FICTION SINCE 1982 AND HUGHES' SHORT STORIES ............................................................................................... 184 Science Fiction Novels Since 1982 ................................ 185 Short Stories................................................................................ 200 New Directions .............................................................................. 210 Summary ............................................................................................... 215 VI. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CLASSROOM ....................................... 217 A Developmental