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Current Orthodontic Theory and Treatment a Peer-Reviewed Publication Written by Cathy Seckman, RDH

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Current Orthodontic Theory and Treatment a Peer-Reviewed Publication Written by Cathy Seckman, RDH Earn 1 CE credit This course was written for dentists, dental hygienists, and assistants. Current Orthodontic Theory and Treatment A Peer-Reviewed Publication Written by Cathy Seckman, RDH Abstract Learning Objectives: Author Profile The history of orthodontics began in ancient times, At the conclusion of this educational Cathy Hester Seckman, RDH, is a pediatric hygienist as well as an leading us to assume that humankind has always seen activity participants will be able to: indexer, writer, and novelist. She has worked in dentistry 33 years, in- value in an attractive smile. Orthodontics was first 1. Name and describe common cluding eight years in a practice that includes orthodontic treatment. recognized as a specialty in the 19th century. In mod- orthodontic appliances. She presents CE courses on topics including pediatric management, ern dentistry, with evidence-based practice gaining 2. List the actions of and purposes for nutrition, pre-natal to pre-school care, communication, and ground, treatment options address malocclusions as which different appliances are used. adolescent risk behaviors. She is a member of the American Dental well as problems in the transverse and vertical dimen- 3. Knowledgeably discuss invisible Hygienists Association and the Tri-County Ohio Dental Hygienists sions. Present-day practice includes the use of both orthodontics technology and use. Association. She can be reached at [email protected] . fixed and functional appliances. Dental hygienists 4. Customize oral hygiene recommen- with a working knowledge of orthodontic practice can dations for orthodontic appliances. Author Disclosure serve as valuable resources to patients and parents Cathy Hester Seckman has no potential conflicts of interest to from diagnosis to post-treatment questions. disclose. Go Green, Go Online to take your course This educational activity was developed by PennWell’s Dental Group with no commercial support. Publication date: September 2012 Supplement to PennWell Publications This course was written for dentists, dental hygienists and assistants, from novice to skilled. Expiration date: August 2015 Educational Methods: This course is a self-instructional journal and web activity. Provider Disclosure: PennWell does not have a leadership position or a commercial interest in any products or services discussed or shared in this educational activity nor with the commercial supporter. No manufacturer or third party has had any input into the development of course content. Requirements for Successful Completion: To obtain 1 CE credit for this educational activity you must pay the required fee, review the material, complete the course evaluation and obtain a score of at least 70%. CE Planner Disclosure: Heather Hodges, CE Coordinator does not have a leadership or commercial interest with products or services discussed in this educational activity. Heather can be reached at [email protected] Educational Disclaimer: Completing a single continuing education course does not provide enough information PennWell designates this activity for 1 Continuing Educational Credit to result in the participant being an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a combination of many educational courses and clinical experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise. Dental Board of California: Provider 4527, course registration number 01-4527-12070 Image Authenticity Statement: The images in this educational activity have not been altered. “This course meets the Dental Board of California’s requirements for 1 unit of continuing education.” Scientific Integrity Statement: Information shared in this CE course is developed from clinical research and The PennWell Corporation is designated as an Approved PACE Program Provider by the represents the most current information available from evidence based dentistry. Academy of General Dentistry. The formal continuing dental education programs of this Known Benefits and Limitations of the Data: The information presented in this educational activity is derived from program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship, Mastership and membership the data and information contained in reference section. The research data is extensive and provides direct benefit to maintenance credit. Approval does not imply acceptance by a state or provincial board of the patient and improvements in oral health. dentistry or AGD endorsement. The current term of approval extends from (11/1/2011) to Registration: The cost of this CE course is $20.00 for 1 CE credit. (10/31/2015) Provider ID# 320452. Cancellation/Refund Policy: Any participant who is not 100% satisfied with this course can request a full refund by contacting PennWell in writing. Course Objectives: ously treated.”5 As orthodontic methodologies have advanced At the conclusion of this educational activity participants will with the availability of more socially acceptable hardware, ac- be able to: ceptance of treatment has improved. Braces had been seen as 1. Name and describe common orthodontic appliances. having a negative social impact, but the stigma of “tin grins” 2. List the actions of and purposes for which different appli- and “braces faces” has been alleviated in the popularity of ances are used. lingual braces, clear brackets, and invisible aligners. In fact, 3. Knowledgeably discuss invisible orthodontics technology braces are now seen as a desirable status symbol by some and use. adolescents. A few years ago, it was possible for teens in Thai- 4. Customize oral hygiene recommendations for orthodontic land to buy do-it-yourself kits of brackets and multicolored appliances. rubber bands and apply them as a fashion statement, but a consumer protection board has cracked down on the trend.6 Abstract In the absence of a handy kit, any fashion-conscious teen can The history of orthodontics began in ancient times, lead- build her own set of fake orthodontic hardware by using tin ing us to assume that humankind has always seen value in foil, opened paper clips, and metal earring backs.7 The focus an attractive smile. Orthodontics was first recognized as of this article is to present a history of the science, along with a specialty in the 19th century. In modern dentistry, with common diagnoses and treatment. evidence-based practice gaining ground, treatment options address malocclusions as well as problems in the transverse Figure 1: A stage tooth positioner and vertical dimensions. Present-day practice includes the use of both fixed and functional appliances. Dental hygienists with a working knowledge of orthodontic practice can serve as valuable resources to patients and parents from diagnosis to post-treatment questions. Introduction One in three children, according to the British Orthodontic Society, needs orthodontic intervention.1 The physical and History of orthodontics psychological consequences of malocclusions can be dis- Evidence of what might have been orthodontic work – metal abling. Malocclusions have been shown to be a contributing bands wrapped around individual teeth – has been found in factor in the development of TMD; the likelihood of dental ancient mummies. Both Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote trauma; gingival recession; masticatory efficiency and ability; on ways to stabilize teeth with wires, and both Etruscans nutritional status; periodontal disease; and speech abnor- and Romans used appliances and ligature wire to maintain malities. Psychological consequences include damage to one’s space and move teeth.8 Within the last 250 years, though, the self-concept and self-confidence in both adolescence and science of orthodontics has advanced exponentially. Pierre adulthood.2 Adolescents with a history of orthodontics have Fauchard, in 1728, discussed ways to straighten teeth in his been shown to be less likely than those without such history book, The Surgeon Dentist. His bandeau, a horseshoe-shaped to report condition-specific impacts on their quality of life.3 implement, was intended to expand the arch. Another Since orthodontics as a science was developed in the 19th French dentist, Ettienne Bourdet, did further work with century, its focus has broadened from correction by force to the bandeau and is the first dentist on record to recommend correction by design. Jaw growth and expansion can be influ- extraction of premolars in cases of crowding. His book, The enced at an early age, avoiding the need for serial extractions. Dentist’s Art, was published in 1757. It was nearly a hundred Conventional banded orthodontics has been supplemented years later that the term “orthodontia” was first used by by the use of aligners and positioners, both removable and Joachim Lafoulon in 1841. Gum elastics were first used to fixed. Orthodontic therapy can be mixed and matched to each straighten teeth in 1843, and bands cut from rubber tubing individual case, providing the best possible outcome for even in 1850. the most difficult cases. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several men are A study eliciting information on current trends indicated credited with bringing orthodontics into the modern age. that extraction rates have declined to 29.28% of cases.4 Al- Norman Kingsley, in his Treatise on Oral Deformities (1880), though adult orthodontics appears to be on the rise, a 2010 discussed orthodontic and cleft palate therapy.9 J.N. Farrar British study that attempted to discover the numbers of wrote A Treatise on the Irregularities of the Teeth and Their adults being treated came up short. The study
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