Argemone Mexicana. Methods of Treatment and Prevention of Epidemic Dropsy Are Described
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
National Ribat University Faculty of Graduate Studies and Scientific Researches Behavioral pharmacology study on Argemone Mexicana L. seed in Sudan A dissertation submitted for the partial fulfillment of the degree of MSc. In forensic sciences By:Bayan Osman Mustafa Abd Allah Supervised by:Prof. Yahia M.A.Elimam 2016 I بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم ِ ِ ِ " أَلم تر أن اهلل أنزل من السماء ماء فأخرناا ب ممرا ٍ َِ َِ َِ َِ ِ ِ َِ َِ ِ َِ ِ ِ َ َِ ِ ِ ِ مختلفا ألوانها و من الجبال ندد بيض و حمر مختلف ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ألوانها و غرابيب سود * و من اﻻاس و الدواب و األنعام ِ ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ َِ َ َِ ِ ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ مختلف ألوا ن كذلك إنما يخشى اهلل من ِ با د العل ما ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ َ َِ ِ َِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َِ َ َ ِ َ إن اهلل زيز غفور " ف اطر 28-27 َِ ِ َِ َِ ِ َ ِ ِ صدق اهلل العظيم I Dedication Every challenging work needs self-efforts as well as guidance of elders especially those who were very close to our heart, My humble effort I dedicate to my sweet and loving Mother and Father, Whose affection, love, encouragement and prays of day and night make me able to get such success and honor.. II Acknowledgment First of all, I am grateful to Allah for establishing me to complete this thesis.. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Yahia M.A.Elimam for the valuable supervision, guidance, and his kind patience.. I place on record, my sincere gratitude to Prof. AbdAlgader Makkawe (Alraze university), for his help throughout this work.. I take this opportunity to record my sincere thanks to all members of the department of pharmacology – Omdurman Islamic University for their help and encouragement.. I also thank my parents for their unceasing encouragement and support.. I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all who, directly or indirectly have lent their helping hand on this venture.. III List of contents Subject Page ii ههههه Dedication Iii Acknowledgement iv List of contents v List of tables ix List of figures x Abstract xiv xv هههههههه CHAPTER ONE: 1 INTRODUCTION& LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Rationale and Objectives 3 1.2.1 Study Problem 3 1.2.2 Study statement 3 1.2.3 Justification 3 1.2.4 Hypothesis 3 1.2.5 Objectives 3 1.2 literature review 4 1.2.1 Medicinal Plants 4 1.2.2 Behavioural science 8 IV 1.2.2.1 Difference between 9 behavioral sciences and social sciences 1.2.2.2 Categories of behavioral 10 sciences 1.2.2.3 Theories of Behavioral 10 Psychology 1.3.3 Argemone mexicana L. 11 1.3.3.1 General description 11 1.3.3.1.1 Scientific name 11 1.3.3.1.2 Synonyms 11 1.3.3.1.3 Family 12 1.3.3.1.4 Vernacular Names 12 1.3.3.2Botanical Description 12 1.3.3.3 Origin and Distribution 13 1.3.3.4 Plant Part Used 14 1.3.3.5 Ethno botanical information 15 1.3.3.6 Chemical constituents 16 1.3.3.7Organoleptic Properties 17 1.3.3.8 Pharmacological properties 17 1.3.3.8.1 In Vitro Experiments 17 1.3.3.8.1.1 Anti-malarial activity 17 1.3.3.8.1.2 Antioxidant activity 17 1.3.3.8.1.3 Antibacterial activity 18 1.3.3.8.1.4 Antimicrobial activity 18 1.3.3.8.1.5 Effect on gut 19 1.3.3.8.1.6 Neuropharmacological 19 V effects 1.3.3.8.1.7 Anxiolytic-like effect 20 1.3.3.8.2 In Vivo Experiments 20 1.3.3.8.2.1 Hepato protective activity 20 1.3.3.8.2.2 Anti diabetic activity 21 1.3.3.8.2.3 Wound healing activity 22 1.3.3.8.2.4 Anti-inflammatory and 22 analgesic activities 1.3.3.9 Clinical Studies 23 1.3.3.10 Toxicity 24 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS & 26 METHODS 2.1 Study design 27 2.2 Study population 27 2.3 Plants 27 2.4 Animals 27 2.5 Materials 27 2.6 Data collection method 28 2.7 Preparation of successive extracts 28 2.8 Administration of plant seed 29 extract 2.9 Behavioral methods 29 2.10 Data analysis 29 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS & 30 DISCUSSION 3.1 Yield percentage of extracts 31 3.2 Loco motor activity, in vivo 32 VI 3.3 Behavioral activity, in vivo 43 3.4 Discussion CHAPTER FOUR: 60 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIN 4.1Conclusion 61 4.2Recommendation 61 References 62 VII List of Tables Table Page Table 1 Yield percent of successive 31 extracts Table 2 Yield percent of crude ethanolic 31 extract Table 3 sleep between groups of study 43 Table 4 ANOVA Test for sleep between 44 groups of the study Table 5 Movement in place between 46 groups of study Table 6: ANOVA Test for movement in 47 place between groups of the study Table 7: Movement around the cage rate 49 between groups of study Table 8: ANOVA Test for movement 50 around the cage between groups of the study VIII List of figures Figure Page Fig. 1: loco motor activity among study 32 groups Fig. 2: loco motor inhibitory activity of 33 native alcohol compared to normal Fig. 3: loco motor inhibitory activity of 34 the seed oil compared to normal Fig. 4: loco motor inhibitory activity of 35 the seed successive ethanol extract compared to normal Fig. 5: loco motor inhibitory activity of 36 the. seed direct ethanol extract compared to normal Fig. 6: loco motor inhibitory activity 37 induced by mixed dose of seed extracts and alcohol compared to normal Fig. 7: loco motor inhibitory activity of 38 the seed oil in different doses compared to +ve control Fig. 8: loco motor inhibitory activity of 39 the seed successive ethanol extract compared to the +ve control Fig. 9: loco motor inhibitory activity of 40 the seed direct ethanol extract compared to the +ve control IX Fig. 10: Mixed dose of direct ethanol 41 extract and native alcohol induced loco motor activity compared to the +ve control Fig. 11: The seed oil and seed extracts - 42 induced loco motor activity by different doses compared to mixed dose of direct ethanol extract and native alcohol Fig 12: sleep rate among study groups 45 Fig 13: Movement in place rate among 48 study groups Fig 14: Movement around the cage rate 51 among study groups Figure 15: sleep, movement in place, and 52 movement around the cage rate of the seed oil compared to normal Figure 16: sleep, movement in place, and 53 movement around the cage rate of seed direct extracts compared to normal Figure 17: sleep, movement in place, and 54 movement around the cage rate of Argemone mexicana L. seed successive extracts compared to normal Figure 18: sleep, movement in place, and 55 movement around the cage rate of native X alcohol and mixed dose of native alcohol and seed direct extract compared to normal Figure 19 : sleep, movement in place, and 56 movement around the cage rate of seed oil in different doses compared to positive control Figure 20: sleep, movement in place, and 57 movement around the cage rate of seed direct extract compared to positive control Figure 21: sleep, movement in place, and 58 movement around the cage rate of the seed successive extracts compared to positive control XI Abstract Behavioral science is the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. This is observational analytical study describes the behavioral effect of Argemone mexicana L. seed oil and extracts on albino rats. Horizontal movement of rats affected by the plant seed oil, successive and crude ethanolic seed extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg oral dose, and mixed dose of native alcohol and crude ethanolic extract was assessed by computerized activity cage and compared to the negative and positive control. Rat general behavior was observed during the test. The results of the study prove that Argemone mexicana L. seed oil and extracts affect the CNS and increase the narcotic potency of native alcohol drinks. It is highly recommended to inform all the concerned of the danger of using this plant and limit its use only for therapeutic purposes and under control. XII المستخلص هدفت هذه الدراسه لمعرفة األثر السلوكي لبذور نبات الخشخاش المكسيكي باستخدام فئران التجارب و اتبعت المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لرصد و تحليل البيانات. رصدت الحركه األفقيه للفئران المتأثره بجرع من زيت و مستخلصات البذور الكحوليه بتراكيز مختلفه 250 و 500 مجم/كجم ، جرعه مخلوطه من مستخلص النبات الكحولي و الخمرالبلدي (عرقي) كما رصدت التغييرات السلوكيه للفئران أثناء التجربه. قورنت النتائج بالفئران الطبيعيه و الفئران المتأثره بجرعه من الخمر البلدي كعينات مرجعيه سالبه و موجبه على التوالي. أثبتت الدراسه أن زيت بذور نبات الخشخاش المكسيكي و مستخلصاتها الكحوليه ذات أثر على الجهاز العصبي المركزي ، كما انها تزيد التأثر المخدر للخمور البلديه. يوصى بضرورة تنبيه المعنيين بخطورة األستخدام العشوائي للنبات ومنع استخدامه إال ألغراض عالجيه تحت اشإررا و المتابعه. XIII Chapter one Introduction and Literature Review 1 1.1 Introduction: Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals.