FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE from Modern to Global Space ARCHITECTURE from FABRICATING from Modern to Global Space VOLUME I (THESIS)

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FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE from Modern to Global Space ARCHITECTURE from FABRICATING from Modern to Global Space VOLUME I (THESIS) António Alberto Duarte Lopes Fernandes Correia António VOLUME I (THESIS) VOLUME António Alberto Lopes Fernandes Duarte Correia FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE From Modern to Global Space ARCHITECTURE From FABRICATING From Modern to Global Space VOLUME I (THESIS) Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitectura, orientada pelos Professor Doutor Luís Simões da Silva e Professor Doutor Vítor Murtinho e apresentada ao Departamento de Arquitectura da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Dezembro de 2017 Bolsa SFRH/BD/65732/2009: António Lopes Correia FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE From Modern to Global Space VOLUME I (THESIS) PhD thesis in Architecture, advised by Prof. Dr. Luís Simões da Silva and Prof. Dr. Vítor Murtinho and presented to the Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the University of Coimbra December 2017 à Sofia e ao Jorge Table of Contents AGRADECIMENTOS —11 RESUMO —13 ABSTRACT —15 INTRODUCTION —17 I A MECHANISTIC INHERITANCE —25 1 Industrialization and the housing problem: Architecture’s foundations through modernism —27 1.1 Echoes of a Cartesian space and time —27 1.2 The establishment of a modernist architecture through CIAM —31 1.3 The housing problem in the modernist formulation —33 1.4 Convolutions of a modernist science —36 1.5 CIAM dismissal towards a new modernity —40 2 Engaged structures in a (post)modern world: Concepts, trends, forms and alterities —45 2.1 Structuralism, semiotics and significance —45 2.1.1 Language and semiotics —45 2.1.2 Building meaning —51 2.2 Research trends of a structuralist affinity [vernacular, natural, normative, numerical] —59 2.3 Structuralist related forms —66 2.4 Alterity in architectural production —72 3 Taxonomic landscapes: (Re)mapping architecture’s structures —81 3.1 A general notion of systems —82 3.2 Type and architecture —87 3.2.1 A kin order of type —87 3.2.2 An enlightened type —88 3.2.3 Characteristics and limitations —90 3.2.4 A rationale of type —92 3.2.5 Using and understanding types —95 3.3 A discrete view of architectural production —98 3.3.1 Matter, craft and reason —99 3.3.2 Space, time and network —101 3.3.3 Systems and shearing layers —104 II (PRE)FABRICATING ARCHITECTURE —109 1 A prefabrication terminology —111 1.1 (Post)industrial architectural production —111 1.2 An evolutionary view of lightweight dry construction practices —116 1.3 Towards a prefabrication definition —120 2 From the modernist industrial paradigms to a networked reality —127 2.1 A business reality —127 2.2 Notes from the automotive industry —130 2.3 Notes from the aerospace industry —133 2.4 Notes from the shipbuilding industry —135 2.5 Comparison and challenges towards housing production —137 3 Prefabrication and variability —141 3.1 Logistics and output vectors —141 3.2 Mass-production and mass-customization —144 3.3 Notes towards variability in prefabrication of houses —148 4 Modularity —153 4.1 A modularity context —153 4.2 Defining modules and modularity —154 4.2.1 A system’s perspective —154 4.2.2 Types of modularity —155 4.2.3 Functional mapping —156 4.2.4 Interfaces —157 4.2.5 Coupling and decoupling —159 4.2.6 Measures of modularity —160 4.2.7 An example —163 4.3 Notes on modularity and architectural production —166 4.3.1 Modular knowledgeability —166 4.3.2 Modularity and variability —166 4.3.3 Change and obsolescence —167 4.3.4 Implementing a modular architecture —170 4.3.5 Modularity and architectural form —172 5 A practical case: The Affordable Houses Project —175 5.1 Background —175 5.2 Preliminary remarks on the affordability concept —178 5.3 The AHP design system —180 5.3.1 Main conceptual lines —180 5.3.2 Setting initial modular constraints —181 5.3.3 The original AHP design system —183 5.3.4 An illustrative design case —186 5.4 Optimizing the design system —189 5.4.1 Expanding the grid —189 5.4.2 Definitions and formalisms of modular shapes —191 5.4.3 Tackling dependencies —195 5.4.4 Outlining a minimum combinable unit —198 5.4.5 Improving symmetry and beyond —201 5.4.6 Light and ventilation constraints —204 5.4.7 Theoretical grid constraints —207 5.4.8 Establishing a minimum circulation —207 5.4.9 Functional mapping strategies —210 5.4.10 The multistory building —215 5.5 The prototype —219 5.5.1 Modularity, construction and sustainability —219 5.5.2 Building the prototype —220 5.6 Revisiting the prototype —226 5.6.1 The company —226 5.6.2 The prototype —227 III PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS ON A (PRE)FABRICATED ARCHITECTURE —231 1 On an idea of prefabrication —231 2 Territorial considerations —232 3 Economy and value —232 4 Commercial considerations —233 5 Clients’ bias, resistances and preconceptions —234 6 Clients’ attractiveness factors —235 7 People and the construction industry —236 8 The public and the architect —237 9 Technical considerations —238 10 Lightweight prefab issues —239 11 Architectural production and industrial paradigms —241 12 Modularity, change and variability —242 13 Impacting design performance —245 14 Future work —246 IV EPISTEMOLOGICAL NOTES [A GLOBAL EPILOGUE] —247 1 Globalization’s semiotic paradox —249 2 Space-time shifts —251 3 A global architecture factory —255 4 Architecture, media and the masses —261 5 Shifts in the profession —267 6 Crisis, conflict and empowerment —271 7 Closure —277 BIBLIOGRAPHY —281 TABLE OF ACRONYMS —303 TABLE OF FIGURES —305 TABLE OF TABLES —307 REFERENCES —309 Agradecimentos Quero começar por agradecer aos meus orientadores, Professor Luís Simões da Silva e Professor Vítor Murtinho, pelo apoio dado na investigação que conduziu a esta tese. Quero também agradecer aos amigos e companheiros desta ou de outras aventuras à volta da arquitetura (e não só), como o Filipe Costa, o Rui Santos, o César Cerqueira e o Hélder Ferreira. Quero também agradecer à Cláudia Pinto pelas boas conversas. Por fim, que é o princípio, quero agradecer à minha família. Aos meus pais, por quem sou, irmã e tia Prazeres. Aos meus amores, a minha casa, Sofia e Jorge. 11 12 Resumo Esta tese estabelece uma visão modular da pré-fabricação sob uma perspetiva da produção arquite- tónica. É fundamentada tanto de um ponto de vista taxonómico, delineado de uma herança modernista, com o problema da habitação como veículo principal, e de um ponto de vista estruturalista, delineado a partir de elementos linguístico/semióticos, constituintes essenciais de processos socioculturais. Pretende esclarecer vínculos entre a produção arquitetónica e uma esfera industrial na abordagem dos requisitos contemporâneos da habitação, favorecendo modelos de alteridade (e.g., implementando flexibilidade ou abordagens de adaptabilidade) em detrimento de modelos de controlo mais rígidos (e.g., propostas fun- cionalistas) e endossando uma égide modular. A partir daí, propõe-se um contributo mais geral para o debate sobre o papel da arquitetura num mundo globalizado, na sua inevitável evolução epistemológica para um lugar diferente, (re)fabricando-se. Assim, num nível mais abrangente, esta tese é sobre a obser- vação da pré-fabricação de habitação como um caso particular do que poderá ser o diálogo epistemológico da arquitetura com o estado tecnológico e o paradigma informacional de um mundo globalizado. Na origem desta tese está um desenvolvimento prático de um caso de estudo de prefabricação de habitação para fins residenciais de baixa ou média densidade habitacional, com recurso a uma filosofia estrutural ligeira. De forma direta e indireta, esse caso contribuiu para resultados concretos, como a criação de uma empresa de construção pré-fabricada, um protótipo de habitação em escala real e uma patente registada sobre construção modular. Todavia, o trabalho inicial suscitou várias perplexidades, nomeadamente na relação histórica entre a prática arquitetónica com métodos pré-fabricados e no que parece ser uma sujeição a um preconceito social, ou na validade de alguns discursos arquitetónicos em face às idiossincrasias de algumas práticas construtivas [aparentemente] inovadoras. Esse questiona- mento manifesta-se numa revisão crítica do caso de estudo inicial, que coloca um foco em aspetos de sistematização de processos de produção arquitetónica, mas também em todo o seu enquadramento e contextualização histórica, teórica e crítica. Parte desta tese tem, pois, intuitos metodológicos no que concerne uma clarificação da lógica que levou aos desenvolvimentos tangíveis iniciais (construção do protótipo, etc.). Além disso, constitui um esforço para relacionar um discurso arquitetónico com uma prática onde uma semântica de pré-fabricação desejavelmente possa ocorrer com desassombro. 13 14 Abstract This thesis lays a modular insight on prefabrication from an architectural production perspective. It is grounded both from a taxonomic standpoint, outlined from the modernist architecture inher- itance, with the housing problem as main vehicle, and from a semiotic, structuralist standpoint, out- lined from the linguistic/semiotic socio-cultural building blocks. It aims to clarify bonds between architectural production and an industrial sphere in the addressing of contemporary house require- ments, favoring alterity models (e.g. enacting flexibility or adaptability approaches) in detriment of more rigid control models (e.g. functionalist proposals), and endorsing a modular aegis. From there, a more general contribution is proposed to the debate about the role of architecture in a globalized world, in its inevitable epistemological evolution to a different place, re-fabricating itself. Thus, on a broader level, this thesis is about observing house prefabrication as a particular case of what can be architecture’s epistemological dialogue with the technological state and informational paradigm of a globalized world. On the origin of this thesis is a practical development of a case-study of house prefabrication for residential purposes with low or medium density, making use of a lightweight structural philosophy.
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