Polysaccharides

Kishan Gopal Ramawat Jean-Michel Me´rillon Editors

Polysaccharides

Bioactivity and Biotechnology

With 488 Figures and 154 Tables Editors Kishan Gopal Ramawat Jean-Michel Me´rillon Botany Department Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à M.L. Sukhadia University Activite´ Biologique Udaipur, India Universite´ de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin Villenave d’Ornon, France

ISBN 978-3-319-16297-3 ISBN 978-3-319-16298-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-16299-7 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941889

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Preface

We are pleased to present a three volume treatise on “Polysaccharides: Bioactivity and Biotechnology.” Polysaccharides are present throughout the plant kingdom and involved in various biological processes including defense for the plant and many useful applications for human welfare. This work on polysaccharides is a reference work providing state-of-the-art knowledge composed by highly renowned scientists in their field. The book aims to present comprehensive, up-to-date, and well-established information about com- plex and astonishing structures, properties, and biotechnological applications of polysaccharides and their upcoming industrial applications. The book will be a valuable source on polysaccharides to those working in the field of industrial production and biotechnology development. Polysaccharides are a class of impor- tant biomacromolecules, with complex structures and various functional activities. Polysaccharides are extremely common and wide-spread in nature, with cellulose as the most common and abundant organic compound on the planet. It is believed that the second most common polysaccharide in the world after cellulose is chitin. Chitin is to shellfish what cellulose is to trees. This is a very timely compilation of recent developments about polysaccharides as no book is available in this format. These polysaccharides find many uses: cf. for example the significant role of cellulose in the paper and textile industries, as a feedstock for the production of rayon (via the viscose process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose; as surgical threads (chitin), as sources of energy, dietary fibers, as a blood flow adjuvant; cosmetics, emulsion stabilizer, film former, binder, viscosity increasing agent, and skin conditioning agent; direct food additives in gums and chewing gum bases; and as vaccines. Many polysaccharides have been developed into useful products, including xanthan gum, dextran, welan gum, gellan gum, diutan gum, and pullulan. This comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date reference book presents the sources, identification, methods of analysis, biosynthesis, biotechnology, and appli- cations of important polysaccharides likes starches, cellulose, chitin, gum, and microbial polysaccharides. Polysaccharides have received much attention recently because of the emergence of different biological activities, such as immunomodu- latory, antibacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcer, antidepressant, antisepticemic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.

v vi Preface

New industrial applications in pharmaceutical and medical sciences are being developed. Due to these properties and benefits, a vast body of data is being generated. The various polysaccharides constitute important classes of biological polymers, which are dealt with in these volumes. The handbook is divided in several sections to encompass the entire spectrum of developments in this field: Part I. Biology and Biotechnology: occurrence, structure, distribution and biotechnology (bacterial polysaccharides, fungal polysaccharides, polysaccharides from lower plants, poly- saccharides from higher plants including gums), biosynthesis of polysaccharides, applications in biotechnology, production by fermentation, biopolymers from marine prokaryotes, carrageenan, dextrans, polysaccharide nanocrystals, and mod- ified gums in drug delivery. Part II. Food: structural (pectins, cellulose, xylans, gum, gumexudates, glycosamines), storage (starch, glycogens, fructans, minor polysaccharides), marine polysaccharides (alginate and brown sea weeds, carra- geenan, and red sea weeds; agar, agarose, chitosan, and chitin derivatives), bacterial and synthetic polysaccharides (dextrans, cyclodextrins, gellans, xanthan, pullulan, etc.), polysaccharides from edible plant parts, and as functional foods. Part III. Methods: Extraction, identification, quantification, assays, and emerging technolo- gies. Part IV. Bioactivity: applications in medicine, immunostimulant, polysaccha- rides from algal, aloe, brown seaweeds, fructus, ganoderma, medicinal mushrooms, scleroderma, and their biological activity. Most of the chapters are well illustrated, many of them in color, for the benefit of the readers. A comprehensive index section will assist in navigating through this book when searching for specific topics. Well recognized international specialists in their respective fields of research have contributed these chapters. This book will be useful to everybody working in the field of botany, phytochemistry, pharmacy, drug delivery, molecular biology, forestry, biotechnology, and industrial/food and medical products. This work is arranged in 73 well illustrated chapters. Because of the voluminous work for the treatise, this project was spread over almost 2 years, from concept to print. We would like to acknowledge cooperation, patience, and support of our contributors who have put their serious efforts to ensure the high scientific quality of this book with up-to-date information. This work could not have been completed without active support of Springer team who took pains in streamlining the production process. We are particularly indebted to Drs. Tobias Wassermann, Sylvia Blago, and Stephanie Hugler€ for their continuous support from the very inception of the project. Our final and most heartfelt thanks we want to give to our wives Marie-Claude Me´rillon and Manju Ramawat, who have supported us during the entire period of this book project.

March 2015 J. M. Me´rillon K. G. Ramawat Contents

Volume 1

Part I Biology and Biotechnology ...... 1

1 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Structure and Biosynthesis .... 3 Michael A. Held, Nan Jiang, Debarati Basu, Allan M. Showalter, and Ahmed Faik

2 Cell Wall Evolution and Diversity ...... 55 David S. Domozych

3 Bacterial Polysaccharides: An Overview ...... 81 Swati Misra, Varsha Sharma, and Ashok Kumar Srivastava

4 Algal Polysaccharides and Health ...... 109 Ladislava Misˇurcová, Jana Orsavová, and Jarmila Vávra Ambrozˇová

5 Polysaccharides from Lower Plants: Bryophytes ...... 145 Laura Klavina

6 Microbial Production of Extracellular Polysaccharides from Biomass Sources ...... 161 Emrah O¨ zcan and Ebru Toksoy O¨ ner

7 Tree Gum: Gum Kondagogu ...... 185 Rao Beedu Sashidhar, D. Raju, and Rasineni Karuna

8 Chitosan ...... 219 Surinder P. Chawla, Sweetie R. Kanatt, and A. K. Sharma

9 Cyclodextrins ...... 247 Andre´ Sá Couto, Paulo Salu´stio, and Helena Cabral-Marques

10 Cellulosic Biomaterials ...... 289 Holger Wondraczek and Thomas Heinze

vii viii Contents

11 Starch Metabolism in Green Plants ...... 329 Maria V. Busi, Diego F. Gomez-Casati, Mariana Martı´n, Julieta Barchiesi, Mauricio J. Grisolı´a, Nicolás Hedı´n, and Julieta B. Carrillo 12 Fungal Cultivation and Production of Polysaccharides ...... 377 Carla Maı´sa Camelini, Márcio Jose´ Rossi, Francielle T. G. S. Cardozo, A. Gomes, Ceci Sales-Campos, and Admir J. Giachini 13 Starch and Nanoparticle ...... 417 Alain Dufresne 14 Polysaccharide Production by Submerged Fermentation ...... 451 O´ scar J. Sánchez, Sandra Montoya, and Liliana M. Vargas 15 Cellulose from Lignocellulosic Waste ...... 475 Michele Michelin, He´ctor A. Ruiz, Daniel P. Silva, Denise S. Ruzene, Jose´ A. Teixeira, and Maria Lourdes T. M. Polizeli 16 Sugarcane Straw and Its Cellulosic Fraction as Raw Materials for Obtainment of Textile Fibers and Other Bioproducts ...... 513 Sirlene M. Costa, Andre´ Aguiar, Sandra M. Luz, Adalberto Pessoa, and Silgia A. Costa 17 Endogenous Hydrolyzing Enzymes: Isolation, Characterization, and Applications in Biological Processes ...... 535 Waleed Ahmad Khattak, Mazhar Ul-Islam, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Shaukat Khan, and Joong Kon Park 18 Production of Pullulan by Microbial Fermentation ...... 581 Venkatachalam Ponnusami and Varadarajan Gunasekar 19 Biosynthesis of Extracellular Matrix Components, Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, Collagens, Elastin and Structural Glycoproteins ...... 597 Leslie Robert 20 Polysaccharides from Bioagro-Waste for New Biomolecules .... 603 Paola Di Donato, Annarita Poli, Valentina Taurisano, and Barbara Nicolaus

Volume 2

Part II Food ...... 639

21 Gum of Prosopis/Acacia Species ...... 641 Yolanda L. Lo´pez-Franco, Francisco M. Gooycolea, and Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza 22 Resistant Starch in Food Industry ...... 663 Leyla Khalili and Amir Amini Contents ix

23 Inulin and Health Benefits ...... 675 Matthias Moser, Anke Sentko, and He´le`ne Alexiou 24 Active Edible and Biodegradable Starch Films ...... 717 Laura Sánchez-González, Elmira Arab-Tehrany, Maite Cháfer, Chelo González-Martı´nez, and Amparo Chiralt 25 Dextran and Food Application ...... 735 Damini Kothari, Deeplina Das, Seema Patel, and Arun Goyal 26 Galactans and Its Applications ...... 753 Guillaume Pierre, Ce´dric Delattre, Ce´line Laroche, and Philippe Michaud 27 Functional Components in Zizyphus with Emphasis on Polysaccharides ...... 795 Tsai Hua Kao and Bing Huei Chen 28 Chitosan-Based Edible Films ...... 829 Maher Z. Elsabee 29 Characterization of Psyllium (Plantago ovata) Polysaccharide and Its Uses ...... 871 Ashwini R. Madgulkar, Monica R. P. Rao, and Deepa Warrier 30 Dietary Fiber and Prebiotics ...... 891 Werner Praznik, Renate Loeppert, Helmut Viernstein, Alexander G. Haslberger, and Frank M. Unger 31 Polysaccharide-Protein Complexes from Edible Fungi and Applications ...... 927 Jian-Yong Wu 32 Oligosaccharides from Botrytis cinerea and Elicitation of Grapevine Defense ...... 939 Cassandrine Saigne-Soulard, Assia Abdelli-Belhadj, Marie Te´lef-Micouleau, Je´roˆme Bouscaut, Ste´phanie Cluzet, Marie-France Corio-Costet, and Jean-Michel Me´rillon 33 Physical Properties of Inulin and Technological Applications . . . 959 Ce´sar Leyva-Porras, Ana L. Lo´pez-Pablos, Claudia Alvarez-Salas, Jose´ Pe´rez-Urizar, and Zenaida Saavedra-Leos

Part III Methods ...... 985

34 Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides ...... 987 Ana Cristina Soria, Laura Ruiz-Aceituno, Lourdes Ramos, and Luz Maria Sanz 35 Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms ...... 1009 Fengmei Zhu, Bin Du, and Baojun Xu x Contents

36 Isolation, Purification, and Nanotechnological Applications of Chitosan ...... 1029 Joydeep Dutta 37 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of a Marine Algal Polysaccharide, Fucoidan and Bioactivities ...... 1065 H. H. Chaminda Lakmal, Ji-Hyeok Lee, and You-Jin Jeon 38 Microwave-Synthesized Polysaccharide Copolymers ...... 1079 Marcin Łukasiewicz, Grzegorz Kowalski, and Anna Ptaszek 39 Analytical Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass Structural Polysaccharides ...... 1121 Jason S. Lupoi 40 Carbohydrate Secondary and Tertiary Structure Using Raman Spectroscopy ...... 1181 Shaun Thomas Mutter and Ewan William Blanch 41 Production, Upgrading and Analysis of Bio-oils Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass ...... 1219 Pankaj K. Kanaujia 42 HPLC Method for Microanalysis and Pharmacokinetics of Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides, Propylene Glycol Alginate Sodium Sulfate ...... 1251 Yi-Ting Xue, Chun-Xia Li, Xia Zhao, and Hua-Shi Guan 43 Determination of Must and Wine Polysaccharides by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) ...... 1265 Zenaida Guadalupe, Bele´n Ayestarán, Pascale Williams, and Thierry Doco 44 NMR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Mucoadhesive Properties of Polysaccharides ...... 1299 Gloria Uccello-Barretta, Federica Balzano, and Federica Aiello 45 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Transformation of Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides ...... 1319 Zuzana Hricovı´niová 46 Surface Properties of Polysaccharides ...... 1373 Yi Wang and Gary A. Dykes 47 Computerized Models of Carbohydrates ...... 1397 Alfred D. French 48 Carbohydrate Microarrays ...... 1441 Denong Wang, Jin Tang, Russell D. Wolfinger, and Gregory T. Carroll Contents xi

49 Advanced Nano-biocomposites Based on Starch ...... 1467 Fengwei Xie, Eric Pollet, Peter J. Halley, and Luc Ave´rous 50 Chemically Modified Natural Polysaccharides to Form Gels . . . . 1555 John Garner and Kinam Park

Volume 3

Part IV Bioactivity ...... 1583

51 Extraction, Structure, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Fructus ...... 1585 Yanfang Wu, Xinsheng Wang, and Enguo Fan 52 Bioactivity of Chitosan Derivatives ...... 1609 Mani Prabaharan 53 Gellan ...... 1627 Ding Kang, Hong-Bin Zhang, Yoko Nitta, Ya-Peng Fang, and Katsuyoshi Nishinari 54 Bioactivity and Applications of Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae ...... 1683 Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo, Alcina Maria Miranda Bernardo de Morais, and Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais 55 Pectic Polysaccharides and Their Functional Properties ...... 1729 Beda M. Yapo and Dago Gnakri 56 Recent Advances on the Development of Antibacterial Polysaccharide-Based Materials ...... 1751 Ve´ronique Coma, Carmen S. R. Freire, and Armando J. D. Silvestre 57 Modified Polysaccharides for Drug Delivery ...... 1805 Eleni K. Efthimiadou, Aikaterini-Foteini Metaxa, and George Kordas 58 Chitosan-Based Polysaccharide Biomaterials ...... 1837 Jayachandran Venkatesan, Baboucarr Lowe, Ramjee Pallela, and Se-Kwon Kim 59 Structure and Bioactivities of Fungal Polysaccharides ...... 1851 Muhammad Saeed Khan, Xuewu Zhang, Lijun You, Xiong Fu, and Arshad Mehmood Abbasi 60 Biopolysaccharides for Skin Hydrating Cosmetics ...... 1867 Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul and Nattaya Lourith 61 Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Antitumor Activities ...... 1893 Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li xii Contents

62 Resistant Starch as Functional Ingredient ...... 1911 Elena Sánchez-Zapata, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Juana Fernández-Lo´pez, and Jose A. Pe´rez-Alvarez 63 Pharmaceutical Applications of Various Natural Gums ...... 1933 Anand Shankar Deshmukh and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi 64 Cationic Polymers for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleotides ...... 1969 Anjali Jain, Hossein Hosseinkhani, Abraham J. Domb, and Wahid Khan 65 Dietary Polysaccharides and Immune Modulation ...... 1991 Herta Stutz Dalla Santa, Pedro Roosevelt Torres Roma˜o, Vanessa Sovrani, Fabio Rodrigues Oliveira, Alessandra Peres, and Marta Chagas Monteiro 66 Bacterial Polysaccharides: Production and Applications in Cosmetic Industry ...... 2017 Filomena Freitas, Vı´tor D. Alves, and Maria A. M. Reis 67 Effects of Polysaccharide-Based Formulations on Human Skin ...... 2045 Patrı´cia Maria Berardo Gonc¸alves Maia Campos, Maisa Oliveira de Melo, and Flavio Bueno de Camargo Junior 68 Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines ...... 2065 Damiano Cancogni, Matteo Fusari, Niccolo` Poggi, and Luigi Lay 69 Plant Polysaccharides and Their Effects on Cell Adhesion ...... 2117 Xianxiang Xu 70 Polysaccharides from Aloe vera and Oral Ulcerations ...... 2137 Kanokporn Bhalang and Kevin Tompkins 71 Natural Polysaccharides from Mushrooms: Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Properties ...... 2151 Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle, Andrea Caroline Ruthes, and Marcello Iacomini 72 Polysaccharides in Cancer Prevention: From Bench to Bedside ...... 2179 Sanjeev Banerjee, Mansi Parasramka, and Shivani B. Paruthy 73 Polysaccharides from the Fungus Scleroderma ...... 2215 Marı´lia da Silva Nascimento Santos and Edda Lisboa Leite Index ...... 2233 About the Editors

Professor Dr. Kishan G. Ramawat is Former Pro- fessor and Head of the Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India, and can look back on longstanding research experience. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Biotechnology in 1978 from the University of Jodhpur, India, and after- wards joined the university as a faculty member. In 1991 he moved to the M.L. Sukhadia University in Udaipur as Associate Professor and became Professor in 2001. He served as the Head of the Department of Botany (2001–2004, 2010–2012), was in charge of the Department of Biotechnology (2003–2004), was a member of the task force on medicinal and aromatic plants of the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi (2002–2005), and coordinated UGC-DRS and DST-FIST programs (2002–2012). Professor Ramawat had done his postdoctoral studies at the University of Tours, France, from 1983 to 1985, and later returned to Tours as visiting professor (1991). He also visited the University of Bordeaux 2, France, several times as visiting professor (1995, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2010), and in 2005 Poland in an academic exchange program (2005). Through these visits in France, Prof. Ramawat and Prof. Me´rillon established a strong connection, which has resulted in productive collab- orations and several book and reference work publications. Professor Ramawat has published more than 170 well-cited peer-reviewed papers and articles, and edited several books and reference works on topics such as the biotechnology of medicinal plants, secondary metabolites, bioactive mole- cules, herbal drugs, and many other topics. His research was funded by several funding agencies. In his research group, Prof. Ramawat has supervised doctoral thesis of 25 students. He is an active member of several academic bodies, associations, and editorial boards of journals.

xiii xiv About the Editors

Professeur Dr. Jean-Michel Me´rillon Directeur de l’EA 3675/Faculte´ de Pharmacie/Universite´ de Bordeaux is the “Directeur de l’EA 3675 (Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique + Polyphe´nols Biotech)” at the Faculte´ de Pharmacie, Universite´ de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, in Villenave d’Ornon, France. He received his M.Pharma. (1979) and Ph.D. (1984) from the University of Tours in France. He joined the University of Tours as assistant professor in 1981, and became associate professor in 1987. In 1993 he moved to the faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bordeaux, France, accepting a position as full professor. He is currently leading the “study group on biologically active plant substances” at the Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, which comprises 25 scientists and research students. The group has been working on phenolic compounds from vine and wine for many years, mainly complex stilbenes and their involvement in health. Profes- sor Me´rillon has supervised the doctoral theses of 19 students. He is involved in developing teaching on plant biology, natural bioactive compounds, and biotechnology. Professor Me´rillon has published more than 145 research papers in internation- ally recognized journals, resulting in an H index of 35 (documents published between 1996 and 2015). He has co-edited books and reference works on secondary metabolites and biotechnology. Throughout his career, Prof. Me´rillon has traveled widely as a senior professor. Scientists from several countries have been and are working in his laboratory, and his research is supported by funding from the Aquitaine Regional Government, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research, and various private companies. In 2004, he founded the technology transfer unit “Polyphenols Biotech,” providing support for R&D programs for SMEs and major groups from the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and health-nutrition sectors. Contributors

Arshad Mehmood Abbasi College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Tech- nology, Abbottabad, Pakistan Assia Abdelli-Belhadj Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Universite´ de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France Andre´ Aguiar Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil Federica Aiello Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy He´le`ne Alexiou BENEO Institute, Mannheim, Germany Claudia Alvarez-Salas Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, San Luis Potosı´, SLP, Mexico Vı´tor D. Alves CEER-Biosystems Engineering, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Jarmila Vávra Ambrozˇová Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlı´n, Zlı´n, Czech Republic Tejraj M. Aminabhavi Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, S.E.T’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India Amir Amini Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Elmira Arab-Tehrany Universite´ de Lorraine, LIBio, ENSAIA, Vandœuvre-le`s- Nancy, France Luc Ave´rous BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Universite´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Bele´n Ayestarán Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja y CSIC, Logron˜o, Spain

xv xvi Contributors

Federica Balzano Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Sanjeev Banerjee Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Julieta Barchiesi Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Debarati Basu Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Kanokporn Bhalang Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Ewan William Blanch School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Je´roˆme Bouscaut INRA, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), UMR Sante´ et Agroe´cologie du Vignoble (1065), Villenave d’Ornon, France Maria V. Busi Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Helena Cabral-Marques Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Carla Maı´sa Camelini Laborato´rio de Cultivo de Fungos Comestı´veis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazoˆnia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil Damiano Cancogni Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Francielle T. G. S. Cardozo Laborato´rio de Virologia, Departamento de Mole´stias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Julieta B. Carrillo Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Gregory T. Carroll Sunstar Engineering Americas, Springboro, OH, USA Maite Cháfer Departamento de Tecnologı´a de Alimentos, Instituto de Ingenierı´a de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Polite`cnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Surinder P. Chawla Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Contributors xvii

Bing Huei Chen Department of Food Science, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan Haixia Chen Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High- Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Amparo Chiralt Departamento de Tecnologı´a de Alimentos, Instituto de Ingenierı´a de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Polite`cnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Ste´phanie Cluzet Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Universite´ de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France Ve´ronique Coma University of Bordeaux, CNRS, LCPO, UMR 5629, Pessac, France LCPO, ENSCBP, Bordeaux University, Talence, France Marie-France Corio-Costet INRA, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), UMR Sante´ et Agroe´cologie du Vignoble (1065), Villenave d’Ornon, France Silgia A. Costa School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Sirlene M. Costa School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Marı´lia da Silva Nascimento Santos Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Deeplina Das Department of Bio-Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, West Tripura, India Flavio Bueno de Camargo Junior Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Maria Filomena de Jesus Raposo CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı´mica Fina – Laborato´rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal Maisa Oliveira de Melo Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Alcina Maria Miranda Bernardo de Morais CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı´mica Fina – Laborato´rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal Rui Manuel Santos Costa de Morais CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Quı´mica Fina – Laborato´rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cato´lica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal xviii Contributors

Ce´dric Delattre Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Clermont Universite´, Universite´ Blaise Pascal - PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, Aubie`re, France Anand Shankar Deshmukh Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Surat, Gujarat, India Thierry Doco INRA, Joint Research Unit, Sciences for Enology, Montpellier, France Abraham J. Domb School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Jerusalem College of Engineering (JCE), Jerusalem, Israel David S. Domozych Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA Paola Di Donato CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomo- lecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy Bin Du Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Alain Dufresne Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP) – The Interna- tional School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Saint Martin d’He`res, France Joydeep Dutta Department of Chemistry, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India Gary A. Dykes School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Eleni K. Efthimiadou Sol–gel Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nano- technology, Athens, Greece Maher Z. Elsabee Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo Univer- sity, Cairo, Egypt Ahmed Faik Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Enguo Fan Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Ya-Peng Fang Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology Wuchang, Wuhan, China Contributors xix

Juana Fernández-Lo´pez IPOA Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Depart- ment, Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de Orihuela, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain Carmen S. R. Freire CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Filomena Freitas REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Cieˆncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal Alfred D. French Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA, USA Xiong Fu College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Matteo Fusari Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy John Garner Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN, USA Admir J. Giachini Laborato´rio de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Brazil Dago Gnakri Subunit of Pedagogy in Biochemistry and Microbiology, Unit of Training and Research in Agroforestry, University of Jean Lorougnon GUEDE (UJLoG), Daloa, Coˆte d’Ivoire A. Gomes Laborato´rio de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Brazil Diego F. Gomez-Casati Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Chelo González-Martı´nez Departamento de Tecnologı´a de Alimentos, Instituto de Ingenierı´a de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Polite`cnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Francisco M. Gooycolea Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany Arun Goyal Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India Mauricio J. Grisolı´a Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Zenaida Guadalupe Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, Universidad de la Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja y CSIC, Logron˜o, Spain xx Contributors

Hua-Shi Guan Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shan- dong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Varadarajan Gunasekar School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Peter J. Halley Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Alexander G. Haslberger Department of Nutritional Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Nicolás Hedı´n Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Thomas Heinze Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany Michael A. Held Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Hossein Hosseinkhani Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (TAIWAN TECH), Taipei, Taiwan Zuzana Hricovı´niová Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic Marcello Iacomini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Anjali Jain Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India You-Jin Jeon Laboratory of Marine Bioresource Technology, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea Nan Jiang Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Sweetie R. Kanatt Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Pankaj K. Kanaujia Analytical Sciences Division, Mass Spectrometry Area, Electron Microscopy Area, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Ding Kang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Mayuree Kanlayavattanakul School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand Contributors xxi

Tsai Hua Kao Department of Food Science, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan Rasineni Karuna Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Leyla Khalili Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Muhammad Saeed Khan College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Shaukat Khan Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Wahid Khan Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India Waleed Ahmad Khattak Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Se-Kwon Kim Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science and Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea Laura Klavina Department of Environmental Science, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia George Kordas Sol–gel Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnol- ogy, Athens, Greece Damini Kothari Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India Grzegorz Kowalski Department of Engineering and Machinery in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Technology, Agriculture University in Krakow, Krako´w, Poland H. H. Chaminda Lakmal Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea Ce´line Laroche Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Clermont Universite´, Universite´ Blaise Pascal - PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, Aubie`re, France Luigi Lay Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Ji-Hyeok Lee Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea

Edda Lisboa Leite Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil

Ce´sar Leyva-Porras Centro de Investigacio´n de Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV- Unidad Monterrey), Apodaca, Mexico xxii Contributors

Chun-Xia Li Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Shuqin Li Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High- Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China Jaime Lizardi-Mendoza CTAOA, Biopolymers Group, Research Center for Food and Development, Centro de Investigacio´n en Alimentacio´n y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Renate Loeppert Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Yolanda L. Lo´pez-Franco CTAOA, Biopolymers Group, Research Center for Food and Development, Centro de Investigacio´n en Alimentacio´n y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Ana L. Lo´pez-Pablos Coordinacio´n Acade´mica Regio´n Altiplano, Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, Matehuala, Mexico Nattaya Lourith School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand Baboucarr Lowe Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science and Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea Marcin Łukasiewicz Department of Carbohydrate Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Agriculture University in Krakow, Krako´w, Poland Jason S. Lupoi Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA Sandra M. Luz Department of Energy, University of Brası´lia, Gama, Brazil Ashwini R. Madgulkar Department of Pharmaceutics, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, India Patrı´cia Maria Berardo Gonc¸alves Maia Campos Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Mariana Martı´n Molecular Biology and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Estudios Fotosinte´ticos y Bioquı´micos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina Jean-Michel Me´rillon Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique, Universite´ de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France Contributors xxiii

Aikaterini-Foteini Metaxa Sol–gel Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Athens, Greece Philippe Michaud Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Clermont Universite´, Universite´ Blaise Pascal - PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, Aubie`re, France Michele Michelin Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Cieˆncias e Letras de Ribeira˜o Preto, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeira˜oPreto,Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Swati Misra Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Ladislava Misˇurcová Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlı´n, Zlı´n, Czech Republic Marta Chagas Monteiro Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Bele´m, Brazil Sandra Montoya Bioprocess and Agro-Industry Plant, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia Matthias Moser BENEO Institute, Mannheim, Germany Shaun Thomas Mutter Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Barbara Nicolaus CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomo- lecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy Katsuyoshi Nishinari Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology Wuchang, Wuhan, China Yoko Nitta Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan Fabio Rodrigues Oliveira Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Bele´m, Brazil Jana Orsavová Language Centre, Faculty of Humanities, Tomas Bata University in Zlı´n, Zlı´n, Czech Republic Emrah O¨ zcan Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Turkey Ramjee Pallela Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India Mansi Parasramka Division of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA Joong Kon Park Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Kinam Park Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA xxiv Contributors

Shivani B. Paruthy Department of Surgery, VM Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha (GGSIP) University, New Delhi, India Seema Patel Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA Alessandra Peres Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Jose A. Pe´rez-Alvarez IPOA Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Depart- ment, Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de Orihuela, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain Jose´ Pe´rez-Urizar Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas, Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, San Luis Potosı´, Mexico Adalberto Pessoa Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Guillaume Pierre Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Clermont Universite´, Universite´ Blaise Pascal - PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, Aubie`re, France Niccolo` Poggi Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Annarita Poli CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy Maria Lourdes T. M. Polizeli Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Cieˆncias e Letras de Ribeira˜o Preto, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeira˜o Preto, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Eric Pollet BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR 7515, Universite´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Venkatachalam Ponnusami School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India Mani Prabaharan Department of Chemistry, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, Padur, India Werner Praznik Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Anna Ptaszek Department of Engineering and Machinery in Food Industry, Faculty of Food Technology, Agriculture University in Krakow, Krako´w, Poland D. Raju Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Lourdes Ramos Departamento de Análisis Instrumental y Quı´mica Ambiental, Instituto de Quı´mica Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Contributors xxv

Monica R. P. Rao Department of Pharmaceutics, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, India Maria A. M. Reis REQUIMTE/CQFB, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Cieˆncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal Leslie Robert Laboratoire de Recherches Ophtalmologiques, Faculte´ de Me´decine Paris Descartes, Hoˆpital Hoˆtel Dieu, Universite´ Paris-V, Paris, France Pedro Roosevelt Torres Roma˜o Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil Márcio Jose´ Rossi Laborato´rio de Bioprocessos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Brazil He´ctor A. Ruiz Food Research Department, Biorefinery Group, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Laura Ruiz-Aceituno Departamento de Análisis Instrumental y Quı´mica Ambiental, Instituto de Quı´mica Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Andrea Caroline Ruthes Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Denise S. Ruzene Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil Andre´ Sá Couto Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal Zenaida Saavedra-Leos Coordinacio´n Acade´mica Regio´n Altiplano, Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, Matehuala, Mexico Cassandrine Saigne-Soulard Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Universite´ de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France Ceci Sales-Campos Laborato´rio de Cultivo de Fungos Comestı´veis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazoˆnia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil Paulo Salu´stio Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal O´ scar J. Sánchez Bioprocess and Agro-Industry Plant, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia Laura Sánchez-González Laboratoire d’inge´nierie des biomole´cules (LIBio), ENSAIA, Universite´ de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-le`s-Nancy, France Elena Sánchez-Zapata Gluten Free Fibers S.L., Elche, Alicante, Spain xxvi Contributors

Luz Maria Sanz Departamento de Análisis Instrumental y Quı´mica Ambiental, Instituto de Quı´mica Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Rao Beedu Sashidhar Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Anke Sentko BENEO Institute, Mannheim, Germany Department Regulatory Affairs and Nutrition Communication, BENEO GmbH, Obrigheim, Germany A. K. Sharma Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India Varsha Sharma Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Allan M. Showalter Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Daniel P. Silva Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil Armando J. D. Silvestre CICECO and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biol- ogy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil Ana Cristina Soria Departamento de Análisis Instrumental y Quı´mica Ambiental, Instituto de Quı´mica Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain Vanessa Sovrani Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences - Polytechnic Center Campus, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil Ashok Kumar Srivastava Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotech- nology, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Herta Stutz Dalla Santa Department of Food Engineering, Midwest State University-UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, Brazil Jin Tang Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA Valentina Taurisano CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy Jose´ A. Teixeira Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal Contributors xxvii

Marie Te´lef-Micouleau Groupe d’Etude des Substances Ve´ge´tales à Activite´ Biologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Universite´ de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France Ebru Toksoy O¨ ner Department of Bioengineering, Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology (IBSB) Research Group, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey Kevin Tompkins Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Gloria Uccello-Barretta Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Mazhar Ul-Islam Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Muhammad Wajid Ullah Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea Frank M. Unger Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Liliana M. Vargas Bioprocess and Agro-Industry Plant, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia Jayachandran Venkatesan Department of Marine-bio Convergence Science and Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea Helmut Viernstein Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Manuel Viuda-Martos IPOA Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Depart- ment, Escuela Polite´cnica Superior de Orihuela, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain Denong Wang Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, Biosciences Division, SRI Interna- tional, Menlo Park, CA, USA Xinsheng Wang School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan Univer- sity of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China Pharmaceutical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Yi Wang School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia Deepa Warrier Department of Pharmaceutics, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, India Pascale Williams INRA, Joint Research Unit, Sciences for Enology, Montpellier, France xxviii Contributors

Russell D. Wolfinger SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA Holger Wondraczek Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany Jian-Yong Wu State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Phar- macology in Shenzhen, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Yanfang Wu Pharmaceutical School, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China Fengwei Xie Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Baojun Xu Food Science and Technology Program, United International College, Beijing Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China Xianxiang Xu Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Science, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China Yi-Ting Xue Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Beda M. Yapo Subunit of Pedagogy in Biochemistry and Microbiology, Unit of Training and Research in Agroforestry, University of Jean Lorougnon GUEDE (UJLoG), Daloa, Coˆte d’Ivoire Lijun You College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Hong-Bin Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Xuewu Zhang College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Xia Zhao Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China Fengmei Zhu Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China