1
OUTLINE
General Introduction 6
Statement of the problem 7
Aim and Purpose of the work 9
Scope of the work 9
Sources and Method of research 9
Structure of the work 10
CHAPTER ONE: Fundamental Thematic Delineation 11
Part one: Definitions and nuances 12
1. Corruption 12
1.1. Forms of corruption 15
1.1.1. Bribery 15
1.1.2. Fraud 16
1.1.3. Embezzlement ..17
1.1.4. Extortion 17
1.1.5. Favouritism 18
1.1.6. Nepotism 18
Chapter One: Part two 18
1.2 Society and Governance 18
1.2.1. Governance or Politics 19
1.2.2. Society is natural to man 20
1.2.3. Organisation of the society 25
CHAPTER TWO: Nigeria: Socio-Political Appreciation of Corruption 27
Part one: Corruption in the pre-colonial Nigeria 27
2.1. Religion in the pre-colonial Nigeria 28
http://d-nb.info/1043564322 2
2.1.1. Priests in the Nigerian traditional religions 29
2.1.2. Governance in the pre-colonial Nigeria 30
2.1.2.1. Emirs in the pre-colonial Nigeria 31
2.1. 2.2. The council of elders in Eastern Nigeria (Ndigbo case) 32
2.1.2.3. Organisational structure of the council of elders 33
2.1.2.3.1. Ofo Symbol 36
2.1.2.3.2. Judiciary 37
2.1.2.3.3. Secret societies, Masquerades and Age grade 38
2.1.2.3.4. Women folk 41
2.1. 3.Bribery in the pre-colonial Nigeria 47
2.1.4. Summary 48
Part two: Colonial era in Nigeria 48
2.2.1 Colonialism 49
2.2.2 Effects of colonialism in Nigeria 50
2.2.3 Colonialism as neo- slavery 52
2.2.4 Leadership Structure 53
2.2.4. 1 Warrant Chiefs 54
2.2.4 .2 Bribery as a colonial administrative strategy 56
2.2.4.3. The judicial system: Court Clerk and Court Messengers 56
2.2.5 Summary 57
CHAPTER THREE: Post-colonial Nigerian society 60
3.1. Part one: The First Republic - 1960-1966 60
3.1.2 Coups and counter coups 63
3.1.2.1 Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi and fight against political corruption 64
3.1.2.2 Counter coup 1 : Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon 65 3
3.1.2.3 Counter coup II: Murtala Mohammed, 1975 66
3.1.2.4 Shehu Shagari (1979) 67
3.1.2.5 Muhammadu Buhari / Tunde Idiagbon (1983) 68
3.1.2.6 Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida (1985) 70
3.1.3 Summary 71
Part Two: Nigeria back to democracy-1999 till 72
3.2.1. Olusegun Obasanjo's administration 73
3.2.2. The three arms of government 77
3.2.2. 1. Legislature 77
3.2.2.2 Executive 83
3.2.2. 3 Judiciary 88
3.2.2. 4 Reasons for corruption in the judiciary 92
3.2.3 The Nigerian Police Force and their defence 93
Part three: CAUSES OF CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA 99
Introduction 100
3.3.1 Ethical standard in Nigeria 100
3.3.1.2. Poor and dishonest Leadership 101
3.3.1.3. Poor Welfare System - Pensions and Gratuities 102
3.3.1.4. The importance attached to wealth 105
3.3.1.5 .Tribalism and Nepotism 106
3.3.1.6. Bad government policies 108
3.3.1.7. The rule of law in Nigeria 110
3.3.2 Effects of Corruption 111
3.3.3. Anti-Corruption Policies and Efforts 112
3.3.4 Summary 114 4
CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH ON CORRUPTION 116
4.1. A General overview of the social teachings of the Church 118
4.2. Dignity 119
4.2.1 Human dignity 120
4.2.2. Equality of human dignity 121
4.2.3. Human dignity and human rights in the Nigerian constitution 123
4.2.4. Human dignity in the society 124
4.2.5. Food, Housing and Clothing 124
4.3. Gaudium et Spes on Public Authorities and the common good 125
4.4. The popes on the common goods 130
4.4.1 Populorum Progressio: Common good and the political leaders 130
4.4.2. Solicitudo Rei Socialis (On Social concerns) 133
4.5. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Nigeria (CBCN) on the society—134
4.5.1 Perfect temporary society 134
4.5.2 Temporary society and political authority 135
4.6. The statements of the CBCN on corruption in Nigeria 137
4.6.1. Ordinary Nigerian citizens 138
4.6.2. Nigeria: A sinking nation 140
4.6.3. Identification of the causes of corruption in Nigeria 142
4.6.4. Consequences of corruption in Nigeria 142
4.7. Summary 143
GENERAL SUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 144
General summary 144
Suggestions 145 5
Equal opportunity 145
Elimination of "godfatherism" in politics. 146
Employment opportunity 146
Punishments and Rewards 146
Change of attitude and mentality in politics and places of work 147
Law enforcement agencies 147
The elimination of "everybody is doing it" mentality 147
One Nigeria 148
The Church should do more 148
Selected Sources and Bibliography 149