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1 Indira Gandhi National Open University MPYE – 014 School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-Disciplinary Studies Philosophy

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1 Indira Gandhi National Open University MPYE – 014 School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-Disciplinary Studies Philosophy 1 Indira Gandhi National Open University MPYE – 014 School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies Philosophy of Mind Block 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF MIND UNIT 1 Definition, Scope and Importance of Philosophy of Mind UNIT 2 Mind and Other Disciplines UNIT 3 Mind and Animals UNIT 4 Mind and Computers 1 2 Expert Committee Prof. Gracious Thomas Director, School of Dr Babu Joseph Social Work, IGNOU CBCI Centre Dr. Sathya Sundar New Delhi Sethy Prof. Renu Bharadwaj Dept of Humanities School of Humanities Prof. Tasadduq Husain IIT, Chennai. IGNOU Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Dr. Joseph Martis Prof. George St. Joseph’s College Panthanmackel, Dr. Bhuvaneswari Jeppu, Mangalore – 2 Senior Consultant, Lavanya Flats IGNOU Gangai Amman Koil Dr. Jaswinder Kaur Thiruvanmiyur Dhillon Dr. M. R. Nandan Chennai – 600 041 147, Kabir park Govt. College for Opp. GND University Women Dr. Alok Nag Amristar – 143 002 Mandya - Mysore Vishwa Jyoti Gurukul Varanasi Prof. Y.S. Gowramma Dr. Kuruvila Principal, Pandikattu Dr. Jose Kuruvachira College of Fine Arts, Jnana-deepa Salesian College & Manasagangotri Vidyapeeth IGNOU Study Centre Mysore – 570 001 Ramwadi, Pune Dimapur, Nagaland 2 3 Block Preparation Units 1-2 Mathew Philippose Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth Ramwadi, Pune. Unit 3 Bins Sebastian JNU, New Delhi. Unit 4 Dr. Raja Kishore Nath IIT, Mumbai. Content Editor Dr. V. John Peter St. Joseph’s Philosophical College, Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu. Format Editor Prof. Gracious Thomas IGNOU, New Delhi. Programme Coordinator Prof. Gracious Thomas IGNOU, New Delhi. 3 4 BLOCK INTRODUCTION The philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of human mind or, in other words, what it is that makes us conscious beings. The philosophy of mind is concerned with the problems associated with the functioning of the mind or brain. It tries to study the properties of the mind and its relationship with body. The central question in the field is whether the mind is material or immaterial: Are we merely physical beings, or something more? Do we have immaterial souls that animate our bodies, or are we merely electrical activity in an organic brain? Is the mind separate from the brain, or a by-product of it? Is there such a thing as a permanent self or soul? What is consciousness? Is artificial intelligence possible? A human being is a conscious, experiencing subject and a possessor of a variety of mental states like hearing, seeing, feeling an ache or pain, remembering, thinking and wondering. Even animals, birds, fish, insects and possibly even molluscs also have mental lives, however underdeveloped and rudimentary some of these minds might be. This characterization is called mental phenomena. At the same time, a human person possesses another phenomenon which is called physical. He or she possesses human nature, behaviour of physical bodies, processes and events. The block differentiates also human person with animals and computers. Unit 1 introduces the philosophy of mind as the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of human mind or, in other words, what it is that makes us conscious beings. The basic notions, core themes, questions, problems and issues associated with the functioning of the mind or brain are elaborated along with a study of the properties of the mind and its relationship with body. Unit 2 familiarizes students with some key terms and notions of general philosophy which are useful to philosophy of mind. It would make them realize the multi-disciplinary nature of philosophy of mind. Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes, the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind. The list of such sciences includes: Psychology, biology, computer science, cognitive science, cybernetics, linguistics, medicine, pharmacology. Unit 3 gives a brief understanding of pre-behaviorist philosophical understanding of the issue of animal mind, the behaviorist turn in the scientific world, the ethical implications of affirming or denying of animal consciousness, and the arguments for and against animal consciousness. In order to facilitate such a utilitarian approach we needed a theory where the animals did not have thinking capacity nor felt pain. In this unit, we will look at different approaches to mind and animals: what do we mean by mind; do animals seem to think; and what do we mean when the animals do not have a mind. Unit 4 analyses human mind in comparison with computers. The machine functional state of the mind is like a computational state of a computer. The machine functionalists argue that mental states are like the ‘information processing’ states of a computer. According to the computer functionalism or artificial intelligence, the brain is a computer, and the mind is a computer program implemented in the brain. 4 1 COURSE INTRODUCTION Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies “the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.” Many of the philosophers of mind are materialists. But today there are many other philosophers of mind, who are not materialists in the crude form. According to them we can very well have a non-dualistic philosophy of the mind, that does not reduce everything to its physical or material aspects. The philosophy of mind is the equivalent of philosophical anthropology in the continental tradition. Thus the scope of Philosophy of Mind may be regarded as that of Philosophical Anthropology itself. Philosophy of mind, though separate from and related to philosophical anthropology, gives new terms and categories to philosopher to analyse the problems and offer solutions. It gives more precise definitions to philosophical anthropology and is based on current scientific findings. Thus Philosophy of Mind can truly help us realize our own uniqueness thus serve us in making our lives better. The radical aspect of the problem concerns the existence of minds in other people at all. This skeptical problem argues that not only is it impossible to know what another person is thinking/feeling, but also that they actually think and feel. What do we base our knowledge of other people on? On what basis do we interpret their actions? How can we claim knowledge of what others think and feel? Block 1 introduces the discipline, philosophy of mind as a branch of philosophy distinguished for its specific treatment on the nature and function of the human mind. The relationship of philosophy of mind with several other disciplines reveal that the study of human mind is not an isolated affair but mutually enriching and complementing. The second part of the block deal with comparing the human mind with the animal behaviour and with the mechanical function of the computer. Clarity is sought in understanding the specificity and specialty of human mind. Block 2 is a survey of the understanding of human mind by various philosophers of the West and India. In both the traditions, understanding of human mind began with the speculative and philosophical probe until the scientific revolution brought in fresh and renewed scope of dealing with human mind. While the ancient thinkers dealt with human mind as a part of psychological and merely mental categories, the medieval Western thinkers treated it along with spiritual entity, called soul. Recent developments in the neurological and physiological studies approached human mind entirely differently. Modern psychological analysis too added much to the development of contemporary philosophy of mind. Block 3 deals with certain concrete expressions of human mind and brain, as understood and upheld in both Western and Indian traditions. Perception is one of the means of valid knowledge in the world and consists in an inseparable relation of the perceptive consciousness with its content. Dreams are the pictures of the unconscious mind. Emotions are expressions of the mind and brain. Language is well related to thought process in the mind. The block deals elaborately on all these expressions. Block 4 extensively discusses about the operations of the mind such as remembering, understanding and willing. Remembering is about memory. Understanding, Wittgenstein holds, is not a state or process. The logic (grammar) of understanding and that of mental states, 2 experiences and processes is totally different. Willing is the act of volition. Volition is the power or act of making decisions about an agent's own actions. 1 UNIT 1 DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE Contents 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Questions 1.3 Theories of the Mind and Body 1.4 Some Significant Themes 1.5 The Basic Philosophy: Materialism? 1.6 Importance and Scope of Philosophy of Mind 1.7 Let Us Sum Up 1.8 Key Words 1.9 Further Readings and References 1.0 OBJECTIVES • To introduce the students to the basic notions of philosophy of the mind. • To set the stage with the basic notions of this discipline so that the students can gain further information on philosophy of the mind. • To take up some core themes and issues of philosophy of the mind.. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of human mind or, in other words, what it is that makes us conscious beings. The central question in the field is whether the mind is material or immaterial: Are we merely physical beings, or something more? Do we have immaterial souls that animate our bodies, or are we merely
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