Connective Tissue Disorders
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Next Generation Sequencing Panels for Disorders of Sex Development
Next Generation Sequencing Panels for Disorders of Sex Development Disorders of Sex Development – Overview Disorders of sex development (DSDs) occur when sex development does not follow the course of typical male or female patterning. Types of DSDs include congenital development of ambiguous genitalia, disjunction between the internal and external sex anatomy, incomplete development of the sex anatomy, and abnormalities of the development of gonads (such as ovotestes or streak ovaries) (1). Sex chromosome anomalies including Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome as well as sex chromosome mosaicism are also considered to be DSDs. DSDs can be caused by a wide range of genetic abnormalities (2). Determining the etiology of a patient’s DSD can assist in deciding gender assignment, provide recurrence risk information for future pregnancies, and can identify potential health problems such as adrenal crisis or gonadoblastoma (1, 3). Sex chromosome aneuploidy and copy number variation are common genetic causes of DSDs. For this reason, chromosome analysis and/or microarray analysis typically should be the first genetic analysis in the case of a patient with ambiguous genitalia or other suspected disorder of sex development. Identifying whether a patient has a 46,XY or 46,XX karyotype can also be helpful in determining appropriate additional genetic testing. Abnormal/Ambiguous Genitalia Panel Our Abnormal/Ambiguous Genitalia Panel includes mutation analysis of 72 genes associated with both syndromic and non-syndromic DSDs. This comprehensive panel evaluates a broad range of genetic causes of ambiguous or abnormal genitalia, including conditions in which abnormal genitalia are the primary physical finding as well as syndromic conditions that involve abnormal genitalia in addition to other congenital anomalies. -
1 Long-Read Genome Sequencing for the Diagnosis Of
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.185447; this version posted September 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Long-read genome sequencing for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders Susan M. Hiatt1, James M.J. Lawlor1, Lori H. Handley1, Ryne C. Ramaker1, Brianne B. Rogers1,2, E. Christopher Partridge1, Lori Beth Boston1, Melissa Williams1, Christopher B. Plott1, Jerry Jenkins1, David E. Gray1, James M. Holt1, Kevin M. Bowling1, E. Martina Bebin3, Jane Grimwood1, Jeremy Schmutz1, Gregory M. Cooper1* 1HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA, 35806 2Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 35924 3Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, 35924 *[email protected], 256-327-9490 Conflicts of Interest The authors all declare no conflicts of interest. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.185447; this version posted September 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Purpose Exome and genome sequencing have proven to be effective tools for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but large fractions of NDDs cannot be attributed to currently detectable genetic variation. This is likely, at least in part, a result of the fact that many genetic variants are difficult or impossible to detect through typical short-read sequencing approaches. -
Treatment of Congenital Ptosis
13 Review Article Page 1 of 13 Treatment of congenital ptosis Vladimir Kratky1,2^ 1Department of Ophthalmology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada; 21st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Correspondence to: Vladimir Kratky, BSc, MD, FRCSC, DABO. Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Ophthalmic Plastic and Orbital Surgery, Oculoplastics Fellowship Director, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada; 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: Congenital ptosis is an abnormally low position of the upper eyelid, with respect to the visual axis in the primary gaze. It can be present at birth or manifest itself during the first year of life and can be bilateral or unilateral. Additionally, it may be an isolated finding or part of a constellation of signs of a specific syndrome or systemic associations. Depending on how much it interferes with the visual axis, it may be considered as a functional or a cosmetic condition. In childhood, functional ptosis can lead to deprivation amblyopia and astigmatism and needs to be treated. However, even mild ptosis with normal vision can lead to psychosocial problems and correction is also advised, albeit on a less urgent basis. Although, patching and glasses can be prescribed to treat the amblyopia, the mainstay of management is surgical. There are several types of surgical procedure available depending on the severity and etiology of the droopy eyelid. The first part of this paper will review the different categories of congenital ptosis, including more common associated syndromes. The latter part will briefly cover the different surgical approaches, with emphasis on how to choose the correct condition. -
Journal of Medical Genetics April 1992 Vol 29 No4 Contents Original Articles
Journal of Medical Genetics April 1992 Vol 29 No4 Contents Original articles Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a demonstration of the mechanisms responsible for the excess J Med Genet: first published as on 1 April 1992. Downloaded from of transmitting females C Moutou, C Junien, / Henry, C Bonai-Pellig 217 Evidence for paternal imprinting in familial Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome D Viljoen, R Ramesar 221 Sex reversal in a child with a 46,X,Yp+ karyotype: support for the existence of a gene(s), located in distal Xp, involved in testis formation T Ogata, J R Hawkins, A Taylor, N Matsuo, J-1 Hata, P N Goodfellow 226 Highly polymorphic Xbol RFLPs of the human 21 -hydroxylase genes among Chinese L Chen, X Pan, Y Shen, Z Chen, Y Zhang, R Chen 231 Screening of microdeletions of chromosome 20 in patients with Alagille syndrome C Desmaze, J F Deleuze, A M Dutrillaux, G Thomas, M Hadchouel, A Aurias 233 Confirmation of genetic linkage between atopic IgE responses and chromosome 1 1 ql 3 R P Young, P A Sharp, J R Lynch, J A Faux, G M Lathrop, W 0 C M Cookson, J M Hopkini 236 Age at onset and life table risks in genetic counselling for Huntington's disease P S Harper, R G Newcombe 239 Genetic and clinical studies in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 (ADPKD1) E Coto, S Aguado, J Alvarez, M J Menendez-DIas, C Lopez-Larrea 243 Short communication Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between D16S94 and the adult onset polycystic kidney disease (PKD1) gene S E Pound, A D Carothers, P M Pignatelli, A M Macnicol, M L Watson, A F Wright 247 Technical note A strategy for the rapid isolation of new PCR based DNA polymorphisms P R Hoban, M F Santibanez-Koref, J Heighway 249 http://jmg.bmj.com/ Case reports Campomelic dysplasia associated with a de novo 2q;1 7q reciprocal translocation I D Young, J M Zuccollo, E L Maltby, N J Broderick 251 A complex chromosome rearrangement with 10 breakpoints: tentative assignment of the locus for Williams syndrome to 4q33-q35.1 R Tupler, P Maraschio, A Gerardo, R Mainieri G Lanzi L Tiepolo 253 on September 26, 2021 by guest. -
Experiences of Rare Diseases: an Insight from Patients and Families
Experiences of Rare Diseases: An Insight from Patients and Families Unit 4D, Leroy House 436 Essex Road London N1 3QP tel: 02077043141 fax: 02073591447 [email protected] www.raredisease.org.uk By Lauren Limb, Stephen Nutt and Alev Sen - December 2010 Web and press design www.raredisease.org.uk WordsAndPeople.com About Rare Disease UK Rare Disease UK (RDUK) is the national alliance for people with rare diseases and all who support them. Our membership is open to all and includes patient organisations, clinicians, researchers, academics, industry and individuals with an interest in rare diseases. RDUK was established by Genetic RDUK is campaigning for a Alliance UK, the national charity strategy for integrated service of over 130 patient organisations delivery for rare diseases. This supporting all those affected by would coordinate: genetic conditions, in conjunction with other key stakeholders | Research in November 2008 following the European Commission’s | Prevention and diagnosis Communication on Rare Diseases: | Treatment and care Europe’s Challenges. | Information Subsequently RDUK successfully | Commissioning and planning campaigned for the adoption of the Council of the European into one cohesive strategy for all Union’s Recommendation on patients affected by rare disease in an action in the field of rare the UK. As well as securing better diseases. The Recommendation outcomes for patients, a strategy was adopted unanimously by each would enable the most effective Member State of the EU (including use of NHS resources. the -
The Genetic Basis for Skeletal Diseases
insight review articles The genetic basis for skeletal diseases Elazar Zelzer & Bjorn R. Olsen Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) We walk, run, work and play, paying little attention to our bones, their joints and their muscle connections, because the system works. Evolution has refined robust genetic mechanisms for skeletal development and growth that are able to direct the formation of a complex, yet wonderfully adaptable organ system. How is it done? Recent studies of rare genetic diseases have identified many of the critical transcription factors and signalling pathways specifying the normal development of bones, confirming the wisdom of William Harvey when he said: “nature is nowhere accustomed more openly to display her secret mysteries than in cases where she shows traces of her workings apart from the beaten path”. enetic studies of diseases that affect skeletal differentiation to cartilage cells (chondrocytes) or bone cells development and growth are providing (osteoblasts) within the condensations. Subsequent growth invaluable insights into the roles not only of during the organogenesis phase generates cartilage models individual genes, but also of entire (anlagen) of future bones (as in limb bones) or membranous developmental pathways. Different mutations bones (as in the cranial vault) (Fig. 1). The cartilage anlagen Gin the same gene may result in a range of abnormalities, are replaced by bone and marrow in a process called endo- and disease ‘families’ are frequently caused by mutations in chondral ossification. Finally, a process of growth and components of the same pathway. -
A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated. -
The Inactive X Chromosome Is Epigenetically Unstable and Transcriptionally Labile in Breast Cancer
Supplemental Information The inactive X chromosome is epigenetically unstable and transcriptionally labile in breast cancer Ronan Chaligné1,2,3,8, Tatiana Popova1,4, Marco-Antonio Mendoza-Parra5, Mohamed-Ashick M. Saleem5 , David Gentien1,6, Kristen Ban1,2,3,8, Tristan Piolot1,7, Olivier Leroy1,7, Odette Mariani6, Hinrich Gronemeyer*5, Anne Vincent-Salomon*1,4,6,8, Marc-Henri Stern*1,4,6 and Edith Heard*1,2,3,8 Extended Experimental Procedures Cell Culture Human Mammary Epithelial Cells (HMEC, Invitrogen) were grown in serum-free medium (HuMEC, Invitrogen). WI- 38, ZR-75-1, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-436 cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). DNA Methylation analysis. We bisulfite-treated 2 µg of genomic DNA using Epitect bisulfite kit (Qiagen). Bisulfite converted DNA was amplified with bisulfite primers listed in Table S3. All primers incorporated a T7 promoter tag, and PCR conditions are available upon request. We analyzed PCR products by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after in vitro transcription and specific cleavage (EpiTYPER by Sequenom®). For each amplicon, we analyzed two independent DNA samples and several CG sites in the CpG Island. Design of primers and selection of best promoter region to assess (approx. 500 bp) were done by a combination of UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu) and MethPrimer (http://www.urogene.org). All the primers used are listed (Table S3). NB: MAGEC2 CpG analysis have been done with a combination of two CpG island identified in the gene core. Analysis of RNA allelic expression profiles (based on Human SNP Array 6.0) DNA and RNA hybridizations were normalized by Genotyping console. -
Complete Loss of CASK Causes Severe Ataxia Through Cerebellar Degeneration
Complete loss of CASK causes severe ataxia through cerebellar degeneration Paras Patel Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Julia Hegert Orlando Health Corp Ingrid Cristian Orlando Health Corp Alicia Kerr National Eye Institute Leslie LaConte Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Michael Fox Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Sarika Srivastava Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Konark Mukherjee ( [email protected] ) Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6922-9554 Research article Keywords: CASK, MICPCH, neurodegeneration, X-linked, X-inactivation, cerebellum, ataxia Posted Date: May 4th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-456061/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/34 Abstract Background: Heterozygous loss of X-linked genes like CASK and MeCP2 (Rett syndrome) causes neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in girls, while in boys loss of the only allele of these genes leads to profound encephalopathy. The cellular basis for these disorders remains unknown. CASK is presumed to work through the Tbr1-reelin pathway in neuronal migration. Methods: Here we report clinical and histopathological analysis of a deceased 2-month-old boy with a CASK-null mutation. We rst analyze in vivo data from the subject including genetic characterization, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ndings, and spectral characteristics of the electroencephalogram (EEG). We next compare features of the cerebellum to an-age matched control. Based on this, we generate a murine model where CASK is completely deleted from post-migratory neurons in the cerebellum. Results: Although smaller, the CASK-null human brain exhibits normal lamination without defective neuronal differentiation, migration, or axonal guidance, excluding the role of reelin. -
Novel Anterior Segment Phenotypes Resulting from Forkhead Gene Alterations: Evidence for Cross-Species Conservation of Function
Novel Anterior Segment Phenotypes Resulting from Forkhead Gene Alterations: Evidence for Cross-Species Conservation of Function Ordan J. Lehmann,1 Stephen Tuft,2 Glen Brice,3 Richard Smith,4 Åsa Blixt,5 Rachel Bell,3 Bengt Johansson,6 Tim Jordan,1 Roger A. Hitchings,2 Peng T. Khaw,2 Simon W. M. John,4 Peter Carlsson,5 and Shomi S. Bhattacharya1 PURPOSE. Mutations in murine and human versions of an ances- cause it may affect the clinical management of certain trally related gene usually result in similar phenotypes. How- glaucoma subtypes and lead to excessive treatment. The ever, interspecies differences exist, and in the case of two FOXC1 and Foxe3 data, taken together with the novel ocular forkhead transcription factor genes (FOXC1 and FOXC2), phenotypes of FOXC2 mutations, highlight the remarkable these differences include corneal or anterior segment pheno- cross-species conservation of function among forkhead genes. types, respectively. This study was undertaken to determine (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2627–2633) DOI:10.1167/ whether such discrepancies provide an opportunity for iden- iovs.02-0609 tifying novel human–murine ocular phenotypes. METHODS. Four pedigrees with early-onset glaucoma pheno- types secondary to segmental chromosomal duplications or ecognition that mutations in orthologous genes frequently deletions encompassing FOXC1 and 18 individuals from 9 Rcause similar phenotypes has allowed the field of compar- FOXC2 mutation pedigrees underwent detailed ocular pheno- ative genetics to contribute to the understanding of human typing. Subsequently, mice with mutations in Foxc1 or a re- disease. As the human, murine, and Drosophila PAX6 mutants lated forkhead gene, Foxe3, were assessed for features of the (aniridia, Small eye, and eyeless) demonstrate, genotypic con- human phenotypes. -
2018 Etiologies by Frequencies
2018 Etiologies in Order of Frequency by Category Hereditary Syndromes and Disorders Count CHARGE Syndrome 958 Down syndrome (Trisomy 21 syndrome) 308 Usher I syndrome 252 Stickler syndrome 130 Dandy Walker syndrome 119 Cornelia de Lange 102 Goldenhar syndrome 98 Usher II syndrome 83 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (Trisomy 4p) 68 Trisomy 13 (Trisomy 13-15, Patau syndrome) 60 Pierre-Robin syndrome 57 Moebius syndrome 55 Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) 52 Norrie disease 38 Leber congenital amaurosis 35 Chromosome 18, Ring 18 31 Aicardi syndrome 29 Alstrom syndrome 27 Pfieffer syndrome 27 Treacher Collins syndrome 27 Waardenburg syndrome 27 Marshall syndrome 25 Refsum syndrome 21 Cri du chat syndrome (Chromosome 5p- synd) 16 Bardet-Biedl syndrome (Laurence Moon-Biedl) 15 Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H) 15 Crouzon syndrome (Craniofacial Dysotosis) 13 NF1 - Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen dis) 13 Kniest Dysplasia 12 Turner syndrome 11 Usher III syndrome 10 Cockayne syndrome 9 Apert syndrome/Acrocephalosyndactyly, Type 1 8 Leigh Disease 8 Alport syndrome 6 Monosomy 10p 6 NF2 - Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis 6 Batten disease 5 Kearns-Sayre syndrome 5 Klippel-Feil sequence 5 Hereditary Syndromes and Disorders Count Prader-Willi 5 Sturge-Weber syndrome 5 Marfan syndrome 3 Hand-Schuller-Christian (Histiocytosis X) 2 Hunter Syndrome (MPS II) 2 Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) 2 Morquio syndrome (MPS IV-B) 2 Optico-Cochleo-Dentate Degeneration 2 Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome 2 Wildervanck syndrome 2 Herpes-Zoster (or Hunt) 1 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada -
My Beloved Neutrophil Dr Boxer 2014 Neutropenia Family Conference
The Beloved Neutrophil: Its Function in Health and Disease Stem Cell Multipotent Progenitor Myeloid Lymphoid CMP IL-3, SCF, GM-CSF CLP Committed Progenitor MEP GMP GM-CSF, IL-3, SCF EPO TPO G-CSF M-CSF IL-5 IL-3 SCF RBC Platelet Neutrophil Monocyte/ Basophil B-cells Macrophage Eosinophil T-Cells Mast cell NK cells Mature Cell Dendritic cells PRODUCTION AND KINETICS OF NEUTROPHILS CELLS % CELLS TIME Bone Marrow: Myeloblast 1 7 - 9 Mitotic Promyelocyte 4 Days Myelocyte 16 Maturation/ Metamyelocyte 22 3 – 7 Storage Band 30 Days Seg 21 Vascular: Peripheral Blood Seg 2 6 – 12 hours 3 Marginating Pool Apoptosis and ? Tissue clearance by 0 – 3 macrophages days PHAGOCYTOSIS 1. Mobilization 2. Chemotaxis 3. Recognition (Opsonization) 4. Ingestion 5. Degranulation 6. Peroxidation 7. Killing and Digestion 8. Net formation Adhesion: β 2 Integrins ▪ Heterodimer of a and b chain ▪ Tight adhesion, migration, ingestion, co- stimulation of other PMN responses LFA-1 Mac-1 (CR3) p150,95 a2b2 a CD11a CD11b CD11c CD11d b CD18 CD18 CD18 CD18 Cells All PMN, Dendritic Mac, mono, leukocytes mono/mac, PMN, T cell LGL Ligands ICAMs ICAM-1 C3bi, ICAM-3, C3bi other other Fibrinogen other GRANULOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANTS Chemoattractants Source Activators Lipids PAF Neutrophils C5a, LPS, FMLP Endothelium LTB4 Neutrophils FMLP, C5a, LPS Chemokines (a) IL-8 Monocytes, endothelium LPS, IL-1, TNF, IL-3 other cells Gro a, b, g Monocytes, endothelium IL-1, TNF other cells NAP-2 Activated platelets Platelet activation Others FMLP Bacteria C5a Activation of complement Other Important Receptors on PMNs ñ Pattern recognition receptors – Detect microbes - Toll receptor family - Mannose receptor - bGlucan receptor – fungal cell walls ñ Cytokine receptors – enhance PMN function - G-CSF, GM-CSF - TNF Receptor ñ Opsonin receptors – trigger phagocytosis - FcgRI, II, III - Complement receptors – ñ Mac1/CR3 (CD11b/CD18) – C3bi ñ CR-1 – C3b, C4b, C3bi, C1q, Mannose binding protein From JG Hirsch, J Exp Med 116:827, 1962, with permission.