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EPvidroceedingsence of anof ethextinct Hawaiian Philodoria Entomological species Society (2014) 46:55–57 55

Evidence of an Undescribed, Extinct Philodoria Species (: ) from Hawaiian Hesperomannia Herbarium Specimens

Chris A. Johns1,2, Natalia Tangalin3, Keahi Bustamente4, and Akito Y. Kawahara1,2,5 1Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. 2McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. 3National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96741. 4Plant Extinction Prevention Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822. 5Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining and blotch formation are often distinc- genus Philodoria Walsingham 1907 tive at the genus or species level. Leaf (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is com- mines preserved in fossils and herbarium posed of 30 described species (Zimmer- specimens are useful media for capturing man 1978). Most Philodoria species are historical leaf miner activity (Crane and monophagous, but the genus as a whole Jarzembowski 1980). Recently, herbarium is known to feed within the leaf tissue specimens were used to infer the histori- of 12 families of endemic Hawaiian host cal distribution and interaction between (Swezey 1954, Zimmerman 1978). a leaf-mining moth and its host Several members of the genus are closely (Lees et al. 2011). In the present report, associated with endemic plant lineages, we conducted a preliminary analysis of including the silversword alliance and the native Philodoria leaf mines preserved in Hawaiian lobelioids, but their complete herbarium specimens stored at the Bernice host plant range and classification remain Pauahi Bishop Museum’s Herbarium Paci- unclear. Many of Philodoria’s known ficum (BISH). The survey involved visual host plant genera included threatened or inspection of specimens of threatened or endangered species (IUCN 2013). Con- endangered species in five genera within sidering the group’s extensive host plant known host plant families: Neraudia range and the host specificity of each Gaud. (Rosales: Urticaceae), Urera Gaud. species, it is likely that there are unde- (Rosales: Urticaceae), Remya Hillebr. scribed Philodoria that specialize on rare ex Benth. (: ), Argy- members of recorded host plant genera. roxiphium DC (Asterales: Asteraceae), Such interactions would indicate a need and Hesperomannia A. Gray (Asterales: for conservation of these native . Asteraceae). Despite their unique life history and po- Our examination of Hesperomannia tential need for conservation, Philodoria herbarium specimens revealed leaf mines, has received little scientific attention since pupae, and pupal cases on the adaxial leaf its description over a century ago. surface of Hesperomannia arborescens Because of their extreme host specific- collected from Lanai in 1929 (Fig. 1). The ity, leaf miners provide an excellent op- Lanai population of H. arborescens is portunity to study plant- interactions believed to be extinct (Wagner et al. 1990, (Opler 1974). Leaf mine characteristics Morden and Harbin 2013). Currently, only such as shape, length, frass quantity, one species of Philodoria is known from 56 Johns et al.

Figure 1. Philodoria pupal tents on the adaxial surface of Hesperomannia arborescens leaves from Lanai (BISH1022034).

Lanai, P. splendida Walsingham 1907, Recent field observations by the second which mines the leaves of Metrosideros and third authors of the remaining wild polymorpha (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), and populations of Hesperomannia species is highly unlikely to occur on Hespero- on Kauai and Maui suggest additional in- mannia. Ten described and undescribed stances of unrecorded Philodoria species. Philodoria species are known to feed on These observations likely represent unde- Hawaiian Asteraceae. There is only one scribed species endemic to their respective record from Kauai of a Hesperomannia island as well. Since all Hesperomannia miner, but no adults or larvae were ever species are critically endangered (IUCN collected (Swezey 1940). Furthermore, 2013) and the Philodoria species that feed nine of these Philodoria species associ- on them are thought to be specialists, it is ated with asters are single-island endem- crucial that we continue to gather basic ics. This suggests that the mines on Hes- biological data from these endemic leaf peromannia herbarium specimens were miners. Building on these basic life his- caused by an undescribed, extinct species tory data, we plan to study the population of Philodoria from the island of Lanai. dynamics and evolution of Philodoria in Evidence of an extinct Philodoria species 57 order to prioritize conservation efforts for Literature Cited both these moths and their hosts. Crane, P.R., and E. Jarzembowski. 1980. Insect leaf mines from the Palaeocene of Acknowledgments southern England. J. Nat. Hist. 14:629–636. IUCN. We thank Barbara Kennedy (BISH) 2013. The IUCN Red List of Threat- ened Species. Version 2013.2. http://www. for access to the herbarium specimens iucnredlist.org. Accessed May 2014. and Jonathan Bremer (FLMNH) for his Lees, D.C., H.W. Lack, R. Rougerie, A. assistance in the herbarium analyses. In Hernandez-Lopez, T. Raus, N.D. Avtzis, addition, we are very grateful to Hank S. Augustin, and C. Lopez-Vaamonde. Oppenheimer of the Plant Extinction 2011. Tracking origins of invasive herbi- Prevention Program for logistical support vores through herbaria and archival DNA: and help with plant identification, West the case of the horse-chestnut leaf miner. Maui Mountain Watershed Partnership Front. Ecol. Environ. 9:322–328. Morden, C.W., and S.C. Harbin. 2013. for logistical support, Avery Chumbley for Evolution and biogeographic origins of the access to land, and Pomaika’i Kaniaupio- endemic Hawaiian genus Hesperomannia Crozier and Daniel Tanaka of Pu’u Kukui (Asteraceae). Pac. Sci. 67:219–235. Watershed Preserve for field support. We Opler, P.A. 1974. Oaks as evolutionary islands also thank two anonymous reviewers for for leaf-mining . Am. Sci. 62:67–73. their constructive comments on earlier Swezey, O.H. 1940. New species of Hawaiian drafts of this manuscript. This study is Lepidoptera. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. funded by the University of Florida’s 3:461–465. Swezey, O.H. Tropical Conservation and Development 1954. Forest entomology in Ha- waii. An annotated check-list of the insect Field Research Grant and the Entomo- faunas of the various components of the logical Society of America’s Systematics, Hawaiian forests. Bishop Museum Special Evolution, and Biodiversity Student Travel Publication 44. Award to CAJ, NSF grant number DEB- Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohm- 1354585 to AYK, and an SBS Mini-ARTS er. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants grant to AYK. of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Walsingham, L. 1907. Microlepidoptera. p. 469–759 in D. Sharp, ed., Fauna Hawaiien- sis, v. 1. Cambridge University Press. Zimmerman, E.C. 1978. Insects of Hawaii. Volume 9. Microlepidoptera, Part 1. Gracil- larioidea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 58 Johns et al.