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Masaryk University MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature The Analysis of Selected Western Archetypes: Case Study of Jesse James Master's Thesis Brno 2018 Supervisor: Wrtitten by: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D., Bc. Filip Hanzlík Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně, a že jsem použil pouze uvedené zdroje. Souhlasím s uložením mé práce na Masarykově univerzitě v Brně v knihovně pedagogické fakulty i s jejím zpřístupněním ke studijním účelům. Brno, 11. listopadu 2018 Filip Hanzlík Declaration: I declare that I have created my thesis independetly and that the only sources I have used are those listed. I agree with the deposition of my thesis at Masaryk University, Brno, at the library of Faculty of Education and with making it acessible for study purposes. Brno, 11th November 2018 Filip Hanzlík 2 Aknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. Zdeněk Janík for his patient, kind and important advice as well as his guidance that was provided while working on my thesis. 3 Abstract The goal of this master's thesis is to examine whether the portrayal of selected archetypical roles that appear in western movies is faithful to their historical source. The thesis is divided into two parts with the first one selecting the archetypes and further comparing them to their historically accurate versions, the selected archetypes are the cowboy, the outlaw, the native american. the lawman and the prostitute. The second part then deals with a case study of Jesse James, a notorious outlaw of the Old West with three selected sources being analysed for their portrayal of the character as well as the moments of demise of this outlaw. Keywords Western movies, Cowboys, Outlaws, Prostitutes, Lawmen, Jesse James, Wild West, Old West Anotace Hlavní úkol této diplomové práce je vyzkoumat, zda-li jsou vybrané archetypické role které se vyskytují ve westernových filmech věrné svým historickým předlohám. Tato práce je rozdělena do dvou částí, v první jsou selektovány archetypy a následně srovnávány s jejich historicky přesnou verzí. Vybrané archetypy jsou kovboj, bandita, původní američan, zástupce zákona a prostitutka. Druhá část se věnuje případové studii Jesse Jamese, proslulého bandity z dob divokého západu. Jsou vybrány tři zdroje a je analyzován o jejich vyobrazení povahy a momentu úmrtí tohoto bandity. Klíčová slova Westernové filmy, Kovbojové, Banditi, Prostitutky, Zástupci zákona, Divoký západ, Starý západ 4 Table of Contents 1.Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1. 1. Stereotypical American Western Movies ................................................................................ 7 2.Western Character Archetypes .......................................................................................................... 8 2. 1 Selected Archetypes ............................................................................................................... 10 2. 1. 1. 1 Fictional Archetype: The Cowboy ............................................................................. 11 2. 1. 1. 2. Historical Accuracy: The Cowboy............................................................................ 13 2. 1. 1. 3. Conlcusion: The Cowboy ......................................................................................... 16 2. 1. 2. 1. Fictional Archetype: The Outlaw.............................................................................. 16 2. 1. 2. 2. Historical Accuracy: The Outlaw ............................................................................. 18 2. 1. 2. 3. Conclusion: The Outlaw ........................................................................................... 20 2. 1. 3. 1. Fictional Archetype: Native Americans .................................................................... 20 2. 1. 3. 2. Historical Accuracy: Native Americans ................................................................... 23 2. 1. 3. 3. Conclusion: Native Americans ................................................................................. 28 2. 1. 4. 1. Fictional Archetype: The Lawman ........................................................................... 28 2. 1. 4. 2. Historical Accuracy: The Lawman ........................................................................... 32 2. 1. 4. 3. Conclusion: The Lawman ......................................................................................... 36 2. 1. 5. 1. Fictional Archetype: The Prostitute .......................................................................... 36 2. 1. 5. 2. Historical Accuracy: The Prostitute .......................................................................... 37 2. 1. 5. 3. Conclusion: The Prostitute ....................................................................................... 39 2. 2. Selected Archetypes: Conclusion .......................................................................................... 39 3. The Case Study of Jesse James: Introduction ................................................................................ 40 3. 1. The Life and Death of Jesse James ....................................................................................... 41 3. 2. Selected Sources .................................................................................................................... 45 3. 2. 1. 1. The Character of Jesse James in the Writings of John Newman ............................. 48 Edwards .................................................................................................................................... 48 3. 2. 1. 2. The Death of Jesse James in the Writings of John Newman Edwards ..................... 52 3. 2. 1. 3. Conclusion: the Writings of John Newman Edwards ............................................... 53 3. 2. 2. 1. The Character of Jesse James in the Movie The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford .............................................................................. 53 3. 2. 2. 2. The Death of Jesse James in the Movie The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford .................................................................................. 56 3. 2. 2. 3. Conclusion: The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford ............ 57 3. 2. 3. 1. The Character of Jesse James in the Book Jesse James, My Father ......................... 57 3. 2. 3. 2. The Death of Jesse James in the Book Jesse James, My Father ............................... 60 3. 2. 3. 3. Conclusion: Jesse James, My Father ........................................................................ 61 3. 3. The Case Study of Jesse James: Comparison and Conclusion .............................................. 61 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 63 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 65 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 66 Works cited ..................................................................................................................................... 77 5 1. Introduction Western as a genre has caused so many misconceptions about the era it is supposed to depict that it would be safe to say it has created a mythical version of the history of United States, or at least some of its southern parts. The genre itself originated during the era it is depicting with dime novels being the very first westerns. Although usually being distributed as historically accurate, most, if not all, dime novels have greatly dramatized and/or romanticized the events and characters they were supposed to depict. (Slotkin) Despite its United States origin, many different countries have contributed to this genre as well, most notably Italy with so-called "Spaghetti Westerns," the popular example being The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). During the 20th and 21st Century, various strange mutations of the Western genre have occured, such as the weird western (a combination of western and fantasy, horror or science fiction elements), space western - a western set in space with cowboys riding robotic horses, using energetic weapons etc.) or ostern, created in Eastern Europe during the communist era. Unlike the American westerns, osterns depicted the Native Americans as friendly people just defending their land and way of life. (Staples 319 - 329) Although categorization and specification of various western subgenres seems to be very clear and simple, defining the western genre itself is not. While comedy, horror or drama can be defined by the emotional responses they are supposed to cause, Western is not linked to any specific emotion. (Staples 319 - 321) According to Edward Wragg, "To describe a film as purely a western is to reduce a film to its location." (Hobsbawm, Eric"The myth of the cowboy") This statement is also further supported in the book Wild West Movies (Newman), which states that western is a genre set in the second part of the 19th century in American West and depicts the stories of various gunslingers, cowboys, outlaws, adventurers etc. Asking anyone with no formal education in genres about western would result in answers very similar to this
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