The Tropical g, North of Mexi

Thereare onlya handfulof spotsin Arizonaand where Tropical can be foundreliably--but vagrantindividuals turn up all over NorthAmerica. This stray• winteringat SantaBarbara, California, was photographed in lanuary1993. Photograph/BrianE. Small

STEVEN G. MLODINOW* As its nameimplies, the TropicalKingbird is primarilya of thetropics (technically, the Neotropics). Its breeding range stretches asfar southas central and central and as far northas tiveheTropicalflycatcher Kingbirdwith a vibrant(Tyrannus personality melancholicus)that matchesisalarge, its attrac-bright southeastern Arizona and, recently,extreme southern Texas. This coloration. Most birders from the and Canada associ- speciesis residentthrough most of its range,but the populationin atethis sought-after species with southeasternArizona. In fact,it has Arizonacompletely evacuates its breeding range during winter, and a verywide rangein the NewWorld and hasoccurred as a wanderer TropicalKingbirds in northwesternMexico at leastpartially with- acrossa surprisinglylarge part of the UnitedStates and Canada. drawduring winter aswell (Howelland Webb1995). Furthermore, '4819 GardnerAvenue, Everett. Washington 982.03 the southernmostpopulations in SouthAmerica are knownto be tForthe purposes of thisarticle, non-calling kingbirds from Alaska, British Columbia, partly migratory (AOU 1983). Vagabondindividuals in North •ashington,Oregon, California, and Nevada have been assumed to beTropical. Thus, it is America have been found as far northwest as Alaska and as far entirelypossible that one or two Couch's have been included under the guise of Tropical. northeast as Maine and Quebec. Records have also come from Whilethis might slightly skew the pattern for Tropical , eliminating allnon-calling BritishColumbia, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Ari- birdswould distinctly alter our ability to lookat this species' status. especially since it isnot knownwhich of the many California records pertain to vocalizing individuals. Todate, only zona,Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, Connecticut, North Carolina,and oneCouch's Kingbird has been identified from the Pacific Coast states and prownces-- Florida.As is often the casewith birdshaving such an extensive anindividual that spent the winter of 1997-1998in Orange County, California. Western range,the statusand distributionof the TropicalKingbird in the Interiorrecords of Tropical,away from Arizona, have a muchless established pattern, UnitedStates and Canadais bestconsidered in parts.t andCouch's have been seen (and heard) as far west as Bosque del Apache and Cliff, NewMexico. The possibility ofCouch's Kingbird should always be kept in mind when looking PACIFIC COA,•T :1: atmigrant or vagrant Tropical-type kingbirds. •tPlease note that several records have come from Pacific Coast states in areaseast Alongthe PacificSlope of the UnitedStates and Canada,Tropical ofthe Peninsular, Sierra, and Cascade ranges. These s•ghbngs better fit the •stern Kingbirdstypically occur during the fall as northboundmigrants. Interiorpattern and are discussed there. Presumably,these are individuals that havemigrated north instead

FIELD NOTES Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species

At first glance,a strayTropical Kingbird might be mistaken At Celestun,Yucatan, eastern Mexico, both Tropical for the muchmore numerous Western Kingbird (see below). andCouch's kingbirds are possible,so this Tropicalwas A secondlook would reveal that the tail is duskybrown, identifiedcarefully by voice. Even without that confirmation, andnotched at the tip. Theyellow of the underpartsextends we mightguess that it wasa Tropicalbecause this individual well up ontothe chest,and grades into olivethere, whereas looksso Iong-billed•there is muchoverlap, but someTropicals the WesternKingbird has the chestmostly pale gray. are longer-billedthan anyCouch's Kingbird. The largerbill of the Tropicalmay also draw attention. Photograph/Rickand Nora Bowers Photograph/BrianE. Small

Couch'sKingbird is virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbird except for vocal differences.Seeing a Couch's in an area where it is expected-- such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio GrandeValley State Park, Texas---one mightnotice subtle differences in proportion.Couch's is, on average, a slightlylarger bird with a very slightlyshorter and stouter bill. This difference in ratio can create a subtlydifferent facial expression. Photograph/BrianE. Small

gent view of a Couch's Kingbird.The •'greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from TropicalKingbird, but variationsin plumage and the effectsof lighting The "yellow-bellied"kingbird that wanders conditions make mostwidely in NorthAmerica is the Western, this useless as a field andsome out-of-range-Tropicals may have mark. Voiceis the only been passedoff as that species.As seen completelydiagnostic here,the white outeredges of the outertail difference in the field. featherson WesternKingbird can be very Tropicalsare sometimes narrow(or practicallyabsent when the bird aggravatinglysilent, is in veryworn plumage). However, the tail but Couch'sKingbirds tend is still black,not duskybrown, and Western to be fairlyvocal Kingbirdalso hasa smallerbill and much at all seasons. moreextensive pale gray on the chest Photograph/BrianE. $mnll than TropicalKingbird. Photograph/BrianE. Small Tropical Kingbird compared to similar species

At firstglance, a strayTropical Kingbird might be mistaken At Celestun,Yucatan, eastern Hexico, both Tropical for the muchmore numerous Western Kingbird (see below). andCouch's kingbirds are possible,so this Tropicalwas A secondlook would reveal that the tail is duskybrown, identifiedcarefully by voice. Even without that confirmation, andnotched at the tip. Theyellow of the underpartsextends we mightguess that it wasa Tropicalbecause this individual well uponto the chest,and grades into olive there, whereas looksso Iong-billedl there is muchoverlap, but some Tropicals the WesternKingbird has the chestmostly pale gray. are longer-billedthan any Couch's Kingbird. Thelarger bill of the Tropicalmay also draw attention. Photograph/Rickand NoraBowers Photograph/BrianE. Small

Couch'sKingbird is virtuallyidentical to TropicalKingbird except for vocal differences.Seeing a Couch's in an areawhere it is expected-- such as this bird at Bentsen/Rio GrandeValley State Park, Texas•ne mightnotice subtle differences in proportion.Couch's is, on average, a slightlylarger bird with a very slightlyshorter and stouterbill. This difference in ratio can create a subtlydifferent facial expression. Photograph/BrianE. Small

Rear view of a Couch's Kingbird.The "greener back"of this speciesis sometimesquoted as a difference from TropicalKingbird, but variationsin plumage andthe effectsof lighting The "yellow-bellied"kingbird that wanders conditions make mostwidely in NorthAmerica is the Western, this useless as a field andsome out-of-range Tropicals may have mark.Voice is the only been passedoff as that species.As seen completelydiagnostic here,the whiteouter edges of the outertail difference in the field. featherson WesternKingbird can be very Tropicalsare sometimes narrow(or practicallyabsent when the bird aggrevatinglysilent, is in veryworn plumage). However, the tail but Couch'sKingbirds tend is still black,not dusky brown, and Western to be fairly vocal Kingbirdalso has a smallerbill and much at all seasons. moreextensive pale gray on the chest Photograph/BrianE. Small than TropicalKingbird. Photograph/BrianE. Small TROPICAL KINGBIRD thereare five records, all betweenearly June and early October: Oc- is:Have they always been resident there, or arethey recent newcom- tober1, 1947,at Topock;August 16, 1954,at BillWilliams Delta; June ers?This confusion arises from the nearly identical appearance of the 10, 1973, at Tacna;June 5, 1978, at Bill Williams Delta; and June6 to Couch'sKingbird, which is a commonsummer and uncommon win- 9, 1980,in theDome Valley. As suggested by Rosenberget al. (1991), ter residentin southernTexas, and is compoundedby the former the earlysummer records may represent migrants overshooting be- conspecificstatus of Couch'sand Tropical under the nameTropical yondbreeding areas in Arizonaor northwesternMexico. Kingbird.These two taxawere not splituntil 1983(AOU 1983),pri- Recordsaway from Arizonaare far-flung.The region'smost marilybased on the work of Traylor(1979a). Perhaps not coinciden- northwesterlyTropical appeared at MalheurNational Wildlife tally,it wasin the 1980swhen the recentTexas reports of Tropical Refuge,Harney County, Oregon, on September27, 1995(NASFN Kingbirdbegan appearing. 50 108). The easternmostregional record is of three at Big In anycase, the TropicalKingbird currently seems to be estab- BendNational Park, Texas, from June24 to August3, 1996.Two of lishedas a year-roundresident in CameronCounty and, perhaps, theseattempted to nestbut failed(NASFN 50:971). Other non-Ari- HidalgoCounty. Whether or notthis range increases will remainfor zonaTropicals include eight from easternCalifornia and two from time to tell. Nevada.Additionally, a bird that may well have been a Tropicalwas photographedat Rodeo,New Mexico,in December1980 (Mortson EASTERN NORTH AMERICA and Phillips1981). However, given the existenceof fall and winter The statusof TropicalKingbird in easternNorth Americais almost Couch'sKingbird records from Bosque del Apache, New Mexico (AB completelyobfuscated by the Tropical-or-Couch'squestion. There 40 153,AB 40:314) and near Cliff, Grant County,New Mexico (K. are about40 easternTropical/Couch's records, and manyof these Kaufman,pers. comm.), the possibilitythat this bird might have sightingswere from the eraduring which these species were consid- beena Couch'scannot be comfortablyeliminated. eredconspecific. Furthermore, both Tropical and Couch's kingbirds Outsideof the BigBend record, non-Arizona Tropical Kingbirds arevagrants in the eastand often fail to do usthe favorof calling.Of havebeen seen only during spring and fall. Springrecords stretch the 17eastern records that were identified by voice, camera, or shot- frommid-March to mid-Juneand fall recordsspan late September to gun,nine were considered Couch's, seven were reportedly Tropical, m•d-December. and onespecimen was identified as both. Hopefully, with time and increasedobserver awareness, the patternof thesespecies in eastern SOUTH TEXAS North America will become less confused. Beforethe 1980s,the TropicalKingbird was known from Texasonly The sevenbirds identified as Tropical Kingbirds are asfollows: a on thebasis of a 1909specimen from Brownsville (G. Lasley,in litt.). specimencollected at Scarborough,Maine, on October31, 1915 Then,during the 1980s,a fewunverified reports of thisspecies sur- (Norton 1916);a bird seenand heard at KeyWest, Florida*, winter faced,but the TropicalKingbird's presence in southernTexas really 1956to April 15, 1957 (Stevensonand Anderson1992); a specimen remainedunestablished until February9, 1991,when two were from GrandIsle, Louisiana, collected May 12, 1984(AB 38:923);a foundin Brownsville,Cameron County (AB 45:292). Later that sum- bird photographedat the westernend of AnticostiIsland, Quebec, mer,they nested and fledged two young (AB 45:1137). By 1994,there June16, 1984,that was identified by measurementsfrom the photo werefour pairs nesting in CameronCounty (NASFN 48:318), and by (M. Gosselin,pers. comm.); a callingbird presentnear Fairfield, 1995,Tropical Kingbirds were known to breedat six southTexas North Carolina,from December29, 1985,to January3, 1986 (AB s•tes,five in CameronCounty and one in HidalgoCounty (NASFN 40:270-271);a callingbird photographedin New HavenCounty, 49 951). Thesenesting birds have generally proven to be residentat Connecticut,November 11-14, 1990(AB 45:77);and a callingbird theirbreeding areas, and sightings away from these locations remain well-describedfrom EagleHarbor, Keweenaw County, Michigan, scarce.The farthest afield include a record from Falcon Dam, Starr May 23, 1997(L. Dombroski,pers. comm.). County,on June26, 1991(AB 45:1137),and an unverifiedreport The origin of easternTropical Kingbirds is virtuallyunknown from Falfurrias,Brooks County, during the springand summerof The Mainespecimen was identified as T.m.chloronotus (AOU 1957) 1992 (AB 46:449,AB 46:1155).Outside of one recentrecord from which,by the taxonomyof the time,was considered to occurfrom B•gBend (see discussion under Western Interior), there are currently southernMexico into northernColombia (Hellmayr 1927; Miller et no Texasrecords away from thesesouthernmost locales. In the fu- al. 1957).The bird wasan immaturein freshplumage, thus confirm- ture, however,it would not be surprisingto find that someof the ing that it waslikely from a northernhemisphere origin. William silentTropical/Couch's Kingbirds straying northward along the Gulf Glandsof the Universityof Mainewas kind enoughto re-examine Coastare Tropicals. the specimenand confirmedits identityas a Tropical.This bird's MostTropical Kingbirds in Texashave been found at sitessome- subspecificidentity, in currentterms, remains unknown. The Louisi- whatbereft of naturalhabitat, including football fields, power sta- ana specimenwas identified as T.m. satrapa (S. Cardiff, pers tions,golf courses,and suburbanneighborhoods (G. Lasley,pers. comm.),the subspecieswhich occursin Texasand easternMexico comm.).This is in distinctcontrast to the closelyrelated Couch's Of the ninebirds identified as Couch's Kingbirds, four werefrom •ngbird (Tyrannuscouchii), which favors more natural habitat. This Florida,one wasfrom Arkansas,three were from Louisiana(includ- discrepancycan be explained,at leastin part,by the habitatprefer- ing two specimens),and one was from Alabama.The four Florida encesthese species show in easternMexico, where they are sym- records*are as follows:one callingbird presentat Loxahatchee patr•c.The Couch'sKingbird prefers thornscrub forest, where it NationalWildlife Refugefrom December6-23, 1985 (AB 40:273), mostlyfeeds from the canopy, whereas the Tropical Kingbird is more one heardand photographedat St. Mark'sLight on September26- a bird of openhabitats such as beach scrub and savannah(S.N.G. 27, 1986(Stevenson and Anderson 1994); one calling bird presentat Howell,pers. comm.). Artificial habitats, such as golf coursesand playingfields, are more open and thus more suited to TropicalKing- *Therehas not been a consistentapproach regarding members ofthis complex bythe birds,and probably are less to theliking of Couch's. committeesreviewing Florida's bird records. Though this difficulty islikely to soon be The big questionrelating to TropicalKingbirds in southernTexas rectified,I am currently following Stevenson and Anderson's (1994) treatment of thetopic

VOLUf4E52 (1998), ISSUE1 9 VAGRANT TROPICAL KINGBIRDS BelleGlade from February 2 to April 7, 1991(AB 45:266, AB 45'437), and one heard and seen near Loxahatchee N.W.R. from December Thistable includes all records from states and provinces inwhich the Tropical Kingbirdis considered a vagrant. All Tropical/Couch'skingbirds from Pacific Coast 18, 1993, to March 28, 1994 (Florida Field Naturalist22:123) The statesand provinces have been assumed to be Tropicalsunless there is specific non-Floridarecords are asfollows: one photographedand tapedat reasonsto believeotherwise. Excepting sightings from Floridaand British Columbia, Lake Millwood, Arkansas,on December 5, 1995 (NASFN 50 181), noneof the followingrecords has been rejected by state or provincialrecords committeesas either Tropcial Kingbird or Tropical/Couch'sKingbird. In FIorid• one collectedin CameronParish, Louisiana, on October9, 1965 (S therehas not been a consistentapproach regarding members of thiscomple• and I Cardiff,pets. comm.); one seen,then collected,in CameronParish, am thereforefollowing Stevenson and Anderson's (1994) treatment of thesebirds. In BritishColumbia, only the mostrecent reports have been reviewed by the Louisiana,on December20-21, 1986(S. Cardiff,pets. comm ), one )rovincialcommittee, and those have been rejected in their entiretyif not calling. seenin St.Charles Parish, Louisiana, on February10-11, 1991 (AB Consequendy,I have included all published sightings from this province. 45:285);and one heard at FortMorgan, Alabama, on October4, 1988

ALASKA RECORDS (AB 43:119). Ketchikan _•-ct.23-24,1976 D.Gibson, perscomm The controversialspecimen resulted from a bird photographed Ketchikan -•ct.•9-13,1992 A•:135 -- and then collected about 25 miles west of Boca Raton, Florida, February1 to March2, 1996(NASFN50:163). It wasinitially consid- BRITISH COLUMBIA RECORDS ereda Couch'sby severalwell-respected ornithologists at Louisiana French'sBeach, Vancouver I. Feb. 1923 Kermode1928 StateUniversity who were using Traylot's (1979a) criteria. The speci- Victoria,Vancouver I. _.__ _Oct.17-22, 1972 Roberson1980 menwas recently reviewed by Traylorhimself, who felt that it wasa Tofino,Vancouver I. Oct.11,197•6 Roberson1980 __ SeaIsland Oct. 20-23.1976 Roberson 1980 Tropicalwith an aberrantwing chord (S. Cardiff, pers. comm.) Colwood,Vancouver I. Oct. 26-50,1977 Roberson1980 The remainingunidentified Tropical/Couch's Kingbirds include Metchosin,Vancouver I. Oct. 22-25,1978 AB 33:208 five from Louisiana,one from Alabama, about 18 from Florida, one Colwood,Vancouver I. Nov.14-25,1982 _ AB37:217 from Maine, and one from Nova Scotia. All have been between Tofino/Ucluelet,Vancouver I. (3 Oct. 22-30,1985 AB40:323 September7 andMay 20, exceptingthe Nova Scotiarecord, which birds) I Nanalmo,Vancouver I. Oct.24,1986 Campbelletal. 1997•_ wasfrom July 18 (Tufts1986). Torino,Vancouver I. Nov.5,1987 Campbell1988 Torino, VancouverI. Oct. 3-Nov. 1,1989 AB44:148 SUMMARY Torino,Vancouver I. Oct.24-Nov. 8.1990 Campbelletal. 1997 North of the Mexicanborder, the TropicalKingbird is a verylocal Delta Oct.28-Nov. 1,1990 AB45:144 nesterbut a far-flungwanderer. Nesting takes place at scatteredloca- JordanRiver, Vancouver I. Nov.2,1990 Campbelletal. 1997 IonaIsland Sept.26,1992 AB47:138 tions in southeasternArizona and, recently,at a few locationsin Torino,Vancouver I. Oct.10-21,1992 _Carn•bellet •1.1997 southernmostTexas. Come fall, the Arizonabirds leave, presumably CentralSaanich, Vancouver I. Oct. 27,1992 AB 47:138 migratingsouth, while the Texasbirds stay put. At the sametime, CentralSaanich, Vancouver I. N_ov._4-8,1992 AB47:138 there is a pushof TropicalKingbirds northward along the Pacific EsquireairLagoon, Vancouver L Nov.10-12,1994 NASFN49:91 Coastconsisting of mostlyimmature birds that were likely reared in Courtnay,VancouverI. __ Oct.15-18,•1995 NASFN50:103 northwesternMexico. This movementresults in about40 sightings Torino,Vancouver I. Oct. 28, 1995 NASFN50:103 Near Sooke, Vancouver I. Oct. 20-25,1996 NASFN 51:107 peryear, mostly in southernand central California, and mostly from JordanRiver, Vancouver I. Oct. 22-30,1996 NASFN51:107 mid-Septemberthrough mid-November. The greatmajority of these vagabondssimply seem to disappear,but duringmost years a couple WASHINGTON RECORDS do survivethrough the winter in southernCalifornia. Otherwise, DestructionIsland, Clallam Co. Nov.18,1916 sli•p1942 winteringTropicals are normally found only in the small,resident, Westport,Grays Harbor Co. Nov.26,1927 Sli•_•1942 andrecently established South Texas population. Come spring, Trop- Hoquiam,Grays Harbor Co. Nov•.17,1953 WBRC icalsreturn to theirbreeding sites in southeasternArizona, usually by OceanShores, Grays Har.bor Co. Nov.6-16,1976 WBRC Tokeland,Pacific Co. Oct. 1,1984 WBRC mid-May. The one or two winteringin southernCalifornia have Aberdeen,Grays Harbor Co. Oct.4,1984 WBRC usuallydeparted by mid-April,and the Texasbirds remain on terrrl- PortAngeles, Clallam Co. ____ Oct.6,1984 WBRC tory. Tokeland,Pacific Co. Nov. 16, 1986 AB41:135 Outsideof the above"typical" pattern, there are some extraordi- LaPush, Clallam Co. __._ _Oct.10,1987 AB42:125 nary records.Two Tropical Kingbirds have ventured as far northas Ocosta,Grays Harbor Co. __ Oct.21-26,1991 WBRC Ketchikan,Alaska, on the PacificCoast, and one made it to Malheur RubyBeach, Clallam Co._. Oct.30, 1992 AB47:142 .... SamishFlats, Skagit Co. Nov.15-28,1992 AB47:142 NationalWildlife Refuge,Oregon, in the WesternInterior. To the OceanShores, Grays Harbor Co. Oct.16,1995 ___ NASFN50:108 east,Tropicals have wandered at leastas far asScarborough, Maine, OceanShores, Grays Harbor Co. _ Nov•.2,1995 WBRC AnticostiIsland, Quebec; and Keweenaw County, Michigan. The on- PortTownsend, Jefferson Co. Nov. 2,1996 NASFN51:112 gin of vagrantbirds away from the PacificCoast is uncertain.Some of thesemay be mirror-imagemigrants, as the westcoast birds are OREGON RECORDS Othersmay be spring"overshoots" that haveoverflown their breed- Tillamook,TillamookCo. Nov. 14, 1965 AFN20:85 ing grounds,and yet otherscofild be from the migratorySouth Taft, LincolnCo. Oct. 13,1973 AB 28:97 Devil'sElbow St. Pk., Lane Co. Nov. 3,1973 AB28:97 Americanpopulation, arriving here in muchthe same manner as the HarrisBeach, Curry Co. _ Oct.9-10,1976 __ AB31:215 Fork-tailedFlycatcher. Bandon,Coos Co. Oct. 27,1979 AB 34:193 In the future, greaterefforts at separatingTropical Kingbirds YaquinaBay, Lincoln Co. __ Oct.14,1981 AB36:211 fromCouch's, combined with studyof specimens,will furtherclarify Garibaldi,Tillamook Co. Oct. 17,1981 AB 36:211 the pattern and sourceof TropicalKingbird vagrancy in North Langlois,Curry Co. Oct.22,1981 AB36:211 __ America north of Mexico. AB = AmericanBirds, AFN= AudubonField Notes, NASb?4= National Audubon SocietyField Notes, WBC_=_ from o•fthe files the•Washin_g_to_nB_i•r__d Records Committee lO FIELD NOTES TROPICAL KINGBIRD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VAGRANTTROPICAL KINGBIRDS (continued) Specialthanks are dueto RichardErickson, Greg Lasley, Guy McCaskie,and GaryRosenberg, who were kind enoughto givein to my badgeringand re- OREGON RECORDS(cont.) v•ewearlier versions of this manuscript.Their commentsand insightswere YaquinaBay, Lincoln Co. Nov.3-15,1982 AB37:217 mostvaluable. I wouldalso like to thankBruce Anderson, Casey Beachell, Jeff CoosBay, Coos Co. Nov.4,1982 OBRC Boyd,Steven Cardiff, Marian Cressman, Gary Davidson, Jody Despres, Louie SunsetBay St. Pk., Coos Co. Oct.20,1983 OBRC Dombroski, Ben Garmon, Daniel D. Gibson, William Glands, Michel Gos- WinchesterBay, Douglas Co. Oct.23,1983 ___ AB38:239 sehn,Steve Heinl, S.N.G. Howell, Harry LeGrand,Phil Mattocks,Harry YaquinaBay, Lincoln Co. Sept.30,1984 OBRC Nehls,P. William Smith,Richard Stallcup, Mark Szantyr,Bill Tweit,Peter CapeArago,Coos Co. Feb.18,1985 OregonB 11:105 %ckery,and S.O.Williams for the informationand stimulatingdiscussions YaquinaBay, Lincoln Co. Oct.19,1986 AB41:135 theyprovided. NehalemMeadows, Tillamook Co. Nov. 4-11,1986 AB41:135 NehalemMeadows, Tillamook Co. Nov. 4-15,1986 AB41:135 LITERATURE CITED YaquinaBay, Lincoln Co. Oct.24,1990 AB45:34 AmericanOrnithologists' Union. 1983. The A.O.U. Check-listof North Ameri- Hammond,Clatsop Co. Nov.17,1991 AB46:308 canBirds, 6th ed.The American Ornithologists' Union, Lawrence, Kansas. Newport,Lincoln Co. Nov.7,1993 AB48:146 Campbell,R.W. 1968.Wickaninnish Provincial Park summernaturalist re- CapeBlanco, Curry Co. Nov.16,1993 AB48:146 port, 1968.British Columbia Ministry of Recreationand Conservation Astoria,Clatsop Co. Nov.1,1994 NASFN49:94 (ParksBranch). Unpublished Report, Victoria. MalheurNWR, HarneyCo. Sept.27, 1995 NASFN50:108 Campbell,R.W., N.K. Dawe,I. McTaggert-Cowan,J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser, CapeBla n_co, Curry Co. Oct.5,1995 NASFN50:108 M C.E.McNall, and G.E.J. Smith. 1997. The Birds of British Columbia, Florence,Lane Co. Nov. 18-24,1995 NASFN50:108 vol.3. Universityof BritishColumbia Press, Vancouver. S.Jetty Columbia River, Oatsop Co. Nov.27,1995 NASFN50:108 Garrett,K., andJ. Dunn. 1981. Birds of Southern California. Los Angeles SauvieIsland, Multnomah Co. Nov. 1-17,1996 NASFN51:112 AudubonSociety, Los Angeles, California. Brookings,Curry Co. Oct.17,1996 OBRC Hellmayr,C.E. 1927. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas and Adjacent Islands, part V: T?rannidae.Field Museum of NaturalHistory, Chicago, Illinois. Howell,S.N.G., and S. Webb. 1995. A Guideto Birds of Mexico and Northern NEVADA AND NEW t4EXICO RECORDS* CentralAmerica. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. NearDavis Dam, Clark Co., NV LateMay 1980 Rosenbergetal. 1991 Kermode,F. 1928.The LichtensteinKingbird on Vancouver Island. Condor Rodeo,Hidalgo Co., NM (photo) Dec.14-21,1980 Mortson& Phillips 30 251. 1981 McCaskie,G., E DeBenedictis,R. Erickson,and J. Morlan. 1988. Birds of PahranagatNWR, Lincoln Co., NV Nov.7,1982 M. Cressman,pers NorthernCalifornia. Golden Gate Audubon Society, Berkeley, California. McCaskie,G., andM.A. Patten.1994. Status of theFork-tailed Flycatcher * Thesebirds were not heard and p robably should be considered Tropical / Couch's (T?rannussavana) in the UnitedStates and Canada. Western Birds K•birds. 25 113-127. Miller, A.H., H. Friedmann, L. Griscom, and R.T. Moore. 1957. Distribution- EASTERN NORTH At4ERICAN RECORDS alcheck-list ofthe b{rds of Mexico, part 2. Pacific Coas. t Avifauna, no. 33. Scarborough,Cumberland Co. ME Oct.31, 1915 Norton1916 Monson,G., andA.R. Phillips. 1981. Annotated Checklist of theBirds of Ari- KeyWest,Monroe Co., FL Winter 1956-1957 Stevenson&Anderson zona.University of ArizonaPress, Tucson. 1992 Norton, A.H. 1916. Notes on someMaine birds.Auk 33:376-383. GrandIsle, La Fourche Parish, LA May12, 1984 AB38:923 Roberson,D. 1980.Rare Birds of the West Coast. Woodcock Publications, Pa- AnticostiIsland, PQ June16,1984 M Gosselin,pets corem cific Grove, California. NearFair•eld, NC ? Dec.29,1985-Jan. 3, AB40:270-1 Rosenberg,K.V., R.D. Ohmart,W.C. Hunter,and B.W. Anderson. 1991. Birds 1986 ofthe Lower Colorado River Valle),. University of ArizonaPress, Tucson. New Haven Co., CT Nov. 11-14,1990 AB45:77 Slipp,J.W. 1942. Vagrant occurrences of T),rannusmelancholicus in North EagleHarbor,Keweenaw Co.,MI May23,1997 L. Dombroski, America. Auk 59:310-312. pers. comm. Small,A. 1994.California Birds. Ibis Publishing Co., Vista, California. ? Thiskingbird from North Carolina was identified as a Tropical, by voice, by several ex- Stevenson,H.M., and B.H. Anderson.1994. The Birdlife of Florida. Universi- periencedobservers. Owing to the lack of atape recording, however, the state committee ty of FloridaPress, Gainesville. choseto acceptit onlyas a Tropical/Couch's (H. LeGrand,pers comm). Taylor,R.C. 1995. A Birder'sGuide to Southeastern Arizona. American Birding Association,Colorado Springs, Colorado. AB = American Birds,AFN = AudubonField Notes, NAS FN = National Audubon Traylor,M.A., Jr.1979a. Two sibling species of T),rannus(Tyrannidae). Auk SocietyField Notes, OBRC = fromthe files of the Oregon Bird Records Committee, 96 221-233. ,W__B_•R•.•f.r•).•t_._hefi_!?•.•f.th?W ashi_•.•t__9nBirdRecordsC••_o__m•_.m_itt_ ee.______•_- Traylor,M.A., Jr.1979b. Subfamily Tyranninae. In M.A. Traylor,Jr., editor. Check-listof Birds of theWorld. Vol. VIII. Museumof ComparativeZool- ogy,Cambridge, Massachusetts. TucsonAudubon Society. 1995. Davis and Russell's Finding Birds in South- easternArizona. Tucson Audubon Society, Tucson, Arizona. Tufts,R.W. 1986. Birds of Nova Scotia, 3rd ed.:Nimbus Publishing Companyand the Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax.

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VOLUIqE5Z (1995), ISSUE1 11