DOCSLIB.ORG

ED309204.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 309 204 UD 026 853 AUTHOR O'Neill, June; And Others TITLE The Economic Progress of Black Men in America. Clearinghouse Publication 91. INSTITUTION Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Oct 86 NOTE 166p. AVAILABLE FROMUnited States Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, DC 20425. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DErCRIPTORS *Black Employment; Blacks; Civil Rights Legislation; *Economically Disadvantaged; *Education Work Relationship; Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Labor Market; *Males; Multivariate Analysis; *Racial Differences; Racial Discrimination; Research Proposals; *Salary Wage Differentials; Unemployment IDENTIFIERS '.*Economic Equity ABSTRACT This report attempts to identify and analyze the causes of the differences between the earnings and employment of black males and white males. Although the earnings gap between black and white men was substantially reduced between 1940 and 1980, black men still earn less than white men. While the relative earnings of black men has risen since 1940, their relative employment has declined. Factors that influence the earnings gap include the following: (1) discrimination; (2) education; (3) region of residence; (4) industrial sector; and (5) marital status. The report finds that while a narrowing of racial differences in worker characteristics accounts for part of the earnings convergence, other factors, including declining racial prejudice, federal civil rights policies, and unmeasured changes in employment skills, must be considered. The precise effect of civil rights policy remains undetermined. Some of the evidence attributes earnings differentials to differences in knowledge and skills acquired in school. Further research on the following issues is recommended: (1) the effect of civil rights programs; (2) black-white differentials in educational attainment; (3) declining labor force participation among younger black men; (4) upward earnings bias due to labor force withdrawal; and (5) the failure of the black-white unemployment gap to narrow. The report includes four appendices, a bibliography, 51 statistical tables, and nine figures. (AF) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. WO U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL PESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) The Economic +Ttus documenthas been reproduced as received from tne person or organaat.on ongmating it C Mmor changes nave been made to improve reproduce on quality Progress of Points of oew or opmons stated in thiSdOCu ment do not necessaray represent &two' UERI position or Polcy Black Men in America United States Commission on Civil Rights Clearinghouse Publication 91 October 1986 U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is an independent, bipartisan agency first established by Congress in 1957 and reestablished in 1983. It is directed to: Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices; Study and coilect information concerning legal developments constituting discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or in the administration of justice; Appraise Federal laws and policies with respect to discriminatir or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin, or in the administration of justice; Serve as a national clearinghouse for information in respect to discrimination cr denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, religion, sex, age, handicap, or national origin; Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and the Congress. MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr., Chairman Murray Friedman, Vice Chairman Mary Frances Berry Esther Gonzalez-Arroyo Buckley John H. Bunzel Robert A. Destro Francis S. Guess Blandina Cardenas Ramirez J. Al Latham, Jr.. Staff Director The Economic Progress of Black Men in Ameilca United States Commission on Civil Rights Clearinghouse Publication 91 October 1986 Acknowledgments This report was prepared by June O'Neill, James Cunningham, Andy Sparks, and Hal Sider, a former employee who worked on the initial stages of the study. Nabeel Alsalam, Matthew Cooper, Harriet Duleep, Robert E. Johnson, and Philip Lyons also contributed to the report. Jonathan Dunn, Elizabeth Farkas, and Christopher Jones provided able research assistance. Editorial and production assistance were provided by Sally Harriston, Carol-Lee Hurley, Darcy Johnson, Martha Jones, Felice Roggen, Joseph Swanson, and Linda Zimbla. Appreciation is also extended to Cathy H. Somers and Audrey H. Wright who typed the many drafts of this report and helped to prepare the final manuscript. The report was prepared under the overall supervision of June O'Neill, Assistant Staff Director for Programs and Policy. This report is part of a larger project on the incomes of Americans. The members of the advisory committee to the project are: Prof. Glen Cain, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin; Prof. Claudia Goldin, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania; Prof. Glenn Loury, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; Prof. Jacob Mincer, Department of Economics, Columbia University; Prof. Stephan Thernstrom, Department of History, Harvard University; Prof. Finis Welch, Department of Economics, University of California at Los Angeles. Other outside experts who have provided helpful comments include, alphabetical- ly: Prof. Alfred Blumrosen, Rutgers Law School, Rutgers; Prof. Charles Brown, Department of Economics, University of Michigan; Prof. Barry Chiswick, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago; Prof. Reynolds Farley, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan; Dr. Harry Gilman, U.S. Department of Labor; Prof. Nathan Glazer, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University; Prof. Eric Hanushek, Department of Economics, University of Rochester; Prof. Robert Higgs Department of Economics and Business, Lafayette College; Prof. Robert Margo, Department of Economics, Colgate University; Prof. William J. Wilson, Department of Sociology. University of Chicago. iii 5 Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 7 Part I: An Overview of Racial Patterns in Earnings and Employment,1940-1980 9 1.Trends in Earnings and the Economy 10 Earnings Growth Changes in the, Relative Earnings Differential Patterns of Growth Is Black Earnings Growth a Statistical Illusion? Distinguishing Fluctuations and Trends Annual Changes in Relative Earnings Earnings Inequality Differences and Trends in Earnings Inequality Relative Earnings Gains for High and Low Earners Concluding Comments 7s. Trends in Employment and Unemployment 26 Measures of Current Labor Force Status Labor Force Participation Unemployment Weeks and Hours of Work Summary Part II: Sources of the Earnings Gap,1940-1980 50 3.The Economics of Discrimination: Theory and Measurement 51 Measurement of Discrimination 4.Education and Training 54 Differences in Years of Schooling Differences in School Quality arid Educational Achievement Measures of Educational Outcomes Summary of Racial Differences in Educational Attainment The Effect of Racial Differences in Schooling on Raciai Differences in Earnings iv 1 Work Experience and On-The-Job Training 5.Geographic Migration and Other Sources of the Wage Gap 78 Geographic Location and Migration Industrial Sector Marital Status 6.A Multivariate Analysis 89 Accounting for the Earnings Gap Racial Differences in Coefficients Changes in the Earnings Ratio Over Time Summary Part III: Why the Wage Gap Narrowed: ,.1ternative Hypotheses 99 7.Labor Market Effects of Civil Rig Etc Policy 100 Background Issues in Enforcement Econometric Studies Conclusions 8.Unexplained Wage Differentials 110 Factors Underlying the Trend The Current Wage Gap and Unmeasured Characteristics Concluding Comments 116 What Has Happened Since 1980? Issues for Future Research Statement of Chairman Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. 118 Statement of Commissioner John H. Bunzel Joined by Vice Chairman Murray Friedman and Commissioners Esther G. Buckley and Robert Destro 120 Dissenting Statement of Commissioners Mary Frances Berry, Francis S. Guess, and Blandina Cardenas Ramirez 122 Appendices A.Data Development 124 B.The Impact of Sample Definition on Relative Earnings 129 C.Regression Analysis: Methodology and Estimates 139 D.Black-White Earnings Ratios 150 Bibliography 152 Tables 1.1Real Earnings Growth: Average Annual Percentage Rates of Change for Men by Race and Age 11 1.2Black-White Annual Wage and Salary Ratios for Men by Age 11 1.3Black-White Weekly Wage and Saiary Ratios for Men by Age 13 1.4Black-White Hourly Wage and Salary Ratios for Men by Age 13 1.5Black-White Annual Total Earnings Ratios for Men by Age 14 1.6Change in Black-White Earnings Ratios by Decade for Men Ages 25-64 14 1.7Dispersion of Wage and Salary Earnings by Race 20 L8 Dispersion of Weekly Earnings by Race, Education, and Region 21 1.9Change in Black-White Earnings Ratios for Men 24 2.1 Male Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Race andAge 28 2.2 Black Male Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Ageand Education 29 2.3 White Male Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates byAige and Education 30
Recommended publications
  • Books, Documents, Speeches & Films to Read Or

    Books, Documents, Speeches & Films to Read Or

    Books, Documents, Speeches & Films to Read or See Roger Ream, Fund for American Studies Email: [email protected], Website: www.tfas.org Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FB0EhPM_M4 American documents & speeches: Declaration of Independence The Constitution Federalist Papers The Anti-Federalist Washington’s Farewell Address Jefferson 2nd Inaugural Address Gettysburg Address Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death speech of Patrick Henry Ronald Reagan’s Time for Choosing speech (1964) Barry Goldwater’s Acceptance Speech to the 1964 Republican Convention First Principles The Law, Frederic Bastiat A Conflict of Visions, Thomas Sowell Libertarianism: A Reader, David Boaz Libertarianism: A Primer, David Boaz Liberty & Tyranny, Mark Levin Anarchy, State and Utopia, Robert Nozick The Constitution of Liberty, F.A. Hayek Conscience of a Conservative, Barry Goldwater What It Means to Be a Libertarian, Charles Murray Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman Free Market Economics Economics in One Lesson, Henry Hazlitt Eat the Rich, P.J. O’Rourke Common Sense Economics: What Everyone Should Know about Wealth & Prosperity: James Gwartney, Richard Stroup and Dwight Lee Free to Choose, Milton Friedman Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy, Joseph Schumpeter Basic Economics: A Citizen’s Guide to the Economy, Thomas Sowell Human Action, Ludwig von Mises Principles of Economics, Carl Menger Myths of Rich and Poor, W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm The Economic Way of Thinking, 10th edition, Paul Heyne, Peter J. Boettke, David L. Prychitko Give Me a Break: How I Exposed Hucksters, Cheats and Scam Artists and Became the Scourge of the Liberal Media…, John Stossel Other books of importance: The Road to Serfdom, F.A.
  • Bloody Crossroads African-Americans and the Bork Nomination: a Bibliographic Essay J

    Bloody Crossroads African-Americans and the Bork Nomination: a Bibliographic Essay J

    Howard University Digital Howard @ Howard University Selected Speeches J. Clay Smith, Jr. Collection 1-11-1992 Bloody Crossroads African-Americans and The Bork Nomination: A Bibliographic Essay J. Clay Smith Jr. Follow this and additional works at: http://dh.howard.edu/jcs_speeches Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Smith, J. Clay Jr., "Bloody Crossroads African-Americans and The Bork ominN ation: A Bibliographic Essay" (1992). Selected Speeches. Paper 151. http://dh.howard.edu/jcs_speeches/151 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the J. Clay Smith, Jr. Collection at Digital Howard @ Howard University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Selected Speeches by an authorized administrator of Digital Howard @ Howard University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 173 "Bloody Crossroads" AFRICAN-AMERICANS and the BORK NOMINATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY J. Clay Smith, Jr.* Two diverging traditions in the mainstream of Western political thought-one "liberal," the other "conservative"-have competed, and still_ compete, for control of the democratic process and of the American constitutional system; both have controlled the direction of our judicial policy at one time or another. - Alexander M. Bicke11 The clash over my nomination was simply one battle in-this long-running war for control of our legal culture. - Robert H. Bork2 On July 1, 1987 President Ronald Reagan announced his nomination of Judge Robert H. Bork to succeed Justice Lewis Powell * Professor of Law, Howard University School of Law. Alexander M. Bickel, The Morality Of Consent 3 (1975), hereafter, Morality Of Consent. 2 Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America The Political Seduction of the Law 2 (1990), hereafter, Tempting of America.
  • Three out of Four Economists Recommend Raising the Minimum Wage! a Closer Look at the Debate Surrounding Seattle’S Minimum Wage Ordinance

    Three out of Four Economists Recommend Raising the Minimum Wage! a Closer Look at the Debate Surrounding Seattle’S Minimum Wage Ordinance

    Three Out of Four Economists Recommend Raising the Minimum Wage! A Closer Look at the Debate Surrounding Seattle’s Minimum Wage Ordinance Erica Bergmann* CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 594 I. DEBATING THE HARMS OF A MINIMUM WAGE ................................. 596 A. The Effect on Employment is Not Compelling Evidence in the Debate .............................................................................................. 597 B. Technological Innovation Gives Regulating Wages Even Greater Importance ........................................................................................ 600 C. Economic Rights, Human Rights, and the Right to a Living Wage .......................................................................................................... 601 D. Higher Wages Support the Economy and Relieve the Burden on Public Assistance Programs ............................................................. 603 II. SEATTLE’S GRAND EXPERIMENT: THE LAW AND THE CONTROVERSY .............................................................................................................. 605 A. The Nitty-Gritty Details of Seattle’s Minimum Wage Ordinance Phase-In Schedule ............................................................................ 605 B. The IFA’s Position Regarding Franchises and the Ordinance .... 607 C. City of Seattle’s Position Regarding Franchises and the Ordinance .........................................................................................................
  • UNEMPLOYMENT and LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: a PANEL COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS for EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OZERKEK, Yasemin Abstract This

    UNEMPLOYMENT and LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: a PANEL COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS for EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OZERKEK, Yasemin Abstract This

    Applied Econometrics and International Development Vol. 13-1 (2013) UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: A PANEL COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS FOR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES OZERKEK, Yasemin* Abstract This paper investigates the long-run relationship between unemployment and labor force participation and analyzes the existence of added/discouraged worker effect, which has potential impact on economic growth and development. Using panel cointegration techniques for a panel of European countries (1983-2009), the empirical results show that this long-term relation exists for only females and there is discouraged worker effect for them. Thus, female unemployment is undercount. Keywords: labor-force participation rate, unemployment rate, discouraged worker effect, panel cointegration, economic development JEL Codes: J20, J60, O15, O52 1. Introduction The link between labor force participation and unemployment has long been a key concern in the literature. There is general agreement that unemployment tends to cause workers to leave the labor force (Schwietzer and Smith, 1974). A discouraged worker is one who stopped actively searching for jobs because he does not think he can find work. Discouraged workers are out of the labor force and hence are not taken into account in the calculation of unemployment rate. Since unemployment rate disguises discouraged workers, labor-force participation rate has a central role in giving clues about the employment market and the overall health of the economy.1 Murphy and Topel (1997) and Gustavsson and Österholm (2006) mention that discouraged workers, who have withdrawn from labor force for market-driven reasons, can considerably affect the informational value of the unemployment rate as a macroeconomic indicator. The relationship between unemployment and labor-force participation is an important concern in the fields of labor economics and development economics as well.
  • By Thomas Sowell. James D

    By Thomas Sowell. James D

    University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository Constitutional Commentary 1985 Book Review: Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? by Thomas Sowell. James D. Anderson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, James D., "Book Review: Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? by Thomas Sowell." (1985). Constitutional Commentary. 438. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/concomm/438 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Constitutional Commentary collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CIVIL RIGHTS: RHETORIC OR REALITY? By Thomas Sowell.' New York: William Morrow & Co. 1984. Pp. 164. $11.95. James D. Anderson2 The publication of this book provides an opportunity to as­ sess Sowell's neoconservative ideas on the economics of race and sex. Sowell offers alternative explanations of the historical and contemporary causes of statistical disparities in incomes and occu­ pational status between men and women and among American ethnic groups. He calls for an end to government attempts to in­ crease employment and educational opportunities for minorities, the repeal of minimum wage laws, and the abolition of affirmative action programs. Philosopher Sidney Hook, sociologist Seymour Martin Lip­ set, Walter Laquer of the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University, and columnists George F. Will, William Satire, and R. Emmett Tyrell, Jr. have pursued the same ends. Sowell's pet concerns are also issues about which such neoconservative scholars as Nathan Glazer, Diane Ravitch, Rich­ ard B.
  • Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective

    Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective

    IRLE IRLE WORKING PAPER #12-88 April 1988 Interwar Unemployment In International Perspective Barry Eichengreen and Tim Hatton Cite as: Barry Eichengreen and Tim Hatton. (1988). “Interwar Unemployment In International Perspective.” IRLE Working Paper No. 12-88. http://irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/12-88.pdf irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers Institute for Research on Labor and Employment UC Berkeley Title: Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective Author: Eichengreen, Barry, University of California, Berkeley Hatton, Tim, University of Essex Publication Date: 04-01-1988 Series: Working Paper Series Publication Info: Working Paper Series, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UC Berkeley Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bw188gk Keywords: Eichengreen, Hatton, unemployment, international perspective Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective Barry Eichengreen University of California, Berkeley Tim Hatton University of Essex January 1988 This paper is the editors' introduction to a volume of the same name, to be published by Martinus Nijhoff later this year. INTERWAR UNEMPLOYMENT IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The outstanding internal economic problem of the interwar period in all countries studied was undoubtedly unemployment. Next to war, unemployment has been the most widespread, most insidious and most corroding malady of our generation; it is the specific disease of western countries in our time.
  • President's Daily Diary Collection (Box 82) at the Gerald R

    President's Daily Diary Collection (Box 82) at the Gerald R

    Scanned from the President's Daily Diary Collection (Box 82) at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE WHITE HOUSE THE DAILY DIARY OF PRESIDENT GERALD R. FORD PLACE DAY BEGAN DATE (Mo., Day, Yr.) THE WHITE HOUSE MAY 19, 1976 WASHINGTON, D.C. TIME DAY 12:00 a.m. WEDNESDAY -PHONE TIME "~ "-t) ACTIVITY c: ~ 1----.,...-----1 II II In Out c.. ~ For a record of the President's activities before midnight, see the daily diary for May 18, 1976. 12:00 1:18 The President met with: Richard B. Cheney, Assistant Ronald H. Nessen, Press Secretary Terrence O'Donnell, Aide Maj. Robert E. Barrett, Army Aide David H. Kennerly, Personal Photographer 12 :10 12:13 R The President talked with Robert Pascal, Co-Chairman of the Maryland state President Ford Committee (PFC). 12:25 12:28 P The President talked with Rogers C.B. Morton, Chairman of the PFC. 12:29 12:32 P The President talked with Peter J. Secchia, President of Universal Forest Products, Grand Rapids, Michigan. 12:32 P The President telephoned Governor William G. Milliken (R-Michigan) and Honorary Chairman of the Michigan state PFC. The call was not completed. 12:42 12:46 P The President talked with Senator Robert P. Griffin (R-Michigan) and Honorary Chairman of the Michigan state PFC. 1:03? 1:06? P The President talked with Director of the Presidential Advance Office, Byron M. Cavaney, Jr. 1:04? 1:06? P The President talked with Mrs. John (Ranny) Riecker, Republican National Committeewoman for Michigan. 1:06 1:08 P The President talked with Chairman of the Michigan Republican state Committee William F.
  • Women in the World of Work. Pending Challenges for Achieving Effective Equality in Latin America and the Caribbean.Thematic Labour Overview, 2019

    Women in the World of Work. Pending Challenges for Achieving Effective Equality in Latin America and the Caribbean.Thematic Labour Overview, 2019

    5 5 THEMATIC Labour Women in the World of Work Pending Challenges for Achieving Effective Equality in Latin America and the Caribbean 5 Women in the World of Work Pending Challenges for Achieving Effective Equality in Latin America and the Caribbean Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organ- ization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Women in the world of work. Pending Challenges for Achieving Effective Equality in Latin America and the Caribbean.Thematic Labour Overview, 2019. Lima: ILO / Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2019. 188 p. Employment, labour market, gender, labour income, self-employment, equality, Latin America, Central America, Caribbean. ISSN: 2521-7437 (printed edition) ISSN: 2414-6021 (pdf web edition) ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its author- ities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
  • Discouraged Worker Effects and Barriers Against Employment for Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Women

    Discouraged Worker Effects and Barriers Against Employment for Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Women

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Dagsvik, John K.; Kornstad, Tom; Skjerpen, Terje Working Paper Discouraged worker effects and barriers against employment for immigrant and non-immigrant women Discussion Papers, No. 845 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Department, Statistics Norway, Oslo Suggested Citation: Dagsvik, John K.; Kornstad, Tom; Skjerpen, Terje (2016) : Discouraged worker effects and barriers against employment for immigrant and non-immigrant women, Discussion Papers, No. 845, Statistics Norway, Research Department, Oslo This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/192827 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Discussion Papers Statistics Norway Research department No. 845 • August 2016 John K. Dagsvik, Tom Kornstad og Terje Skjerpen Discouraged worker effects and barriers against employment for immigrant and non-immigrant women Discussion Papers No.
  • Working Time and the Future of Work in Canada a Nova Scotia Gpi Case Study

    Working Time and the Future of Work in Canada a Nova Scotia Gpi Case Study

    M E A S U R I N G S U S T A I N A B L E D E V E L O P M E N T A P P L I C A T I O N O F T H E G E N U I N E P R O G R E S S I N D E X T O N O V A S C O T I A WORKING TIME AND THE FUTURE OF WORK IN CANADA A NOVA SCOTIA GPI CASE STUDY Prepared by: Linda Pannozzo BSc, BEd, BJ and Ronald Colman, Ph.D April, 2004 GENUINE PROGRESS INDEX 2 Measuring Sustainable Development ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GPI Atlantic is grateful to Health Canada for providing funding support for research on major sections of this report as part of a research program on the health impacts of economic change. The author wishes to thank all those who directly helped with this report by providing detailed information upon request. This includes Anders Hayden, Juliet Schor, Andrew Harvey, Mike McCracken, Larry Haiven, Frank Reid, Andrew Heisz, Colin Dodds, and Laura Landon. Thanks also go out to Mary MacInnis, a Certified Accountant in Chester, Nova Scotia, who provided income tax simulations free of charge at her busiest time of year. The reviewers of this report, who generously offered their time, patience, and expertise were Anders Hayden, Andrew Harvey, Juliet Schor, Mike McCracken, Andrew Heisz, and Arthur Donner. Their help and input has been invaluable. During the research stage of this report the pioneering work of many individuals provided the inspiration needed to continue.
  • What's Behind Declining Male Labor Force Participation

    What's Behind Declining Male Labor Force Participation

    What’s behind Declining Male Labor Force Participation: Fewer Good Jobs or Fewer Men Seeking Them? Scott Winship MERCATUS RESEARCH Scott Winship. “What’s behind Declining Male Labor Force Participation: Fewer Good Jobs or Fewer Men Seeking Them?” Mercatus Research, Mercatus Center at George Mason University, Arlington, VA, 2017. ABSTRACT The recent presidential campaign revived concerns about the state of the Ameri- can job market. Many observers who are convinced that improving employment indicators mask pervasive hardship cite the increase in the number of prime-age men (those between the ages of 25 and 54) who are neither working nor looking for work; that is, men who are out of the labor force, or inactive. While this upward trend is routinely taken as a sign of the economy’s weakness, other interpreta- tions are possible. This paper attempts to clarify why inactivity in the labor force among prime-age men has grown so steadily for so long. It examines trends in a number of labor market indicators to assess the extent to which rising inactivity rates have reflected a worsening of the job market (lower demand) or reduced job-seeking (lower supply). Finally, it takes a detailed look at four different types of prime-age inactive men—the disabled, the retired, those who want a job, and those who do not. The evidence does not support the view that rising inactivity is the result of a weak labor market. Understanding why prime-age male inactivity has risen requires a focus on disability programs. Public policy should focus on helping the unemployed and inactive men who want jobs—the latter a small share of the inactive—and on reforming disability programs to promote independence.
  • Gender, Sexuality & Feminism

    Gender, Sexuality & Feminism

    Gender, Sexuality & Feminism ___________________________________Article Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2014: 59–81 ‘Man-covery’: recession, labour market, and gender relations in Ireland Nata Duvvury National University of Ireland, Galway Caroline Finn National University of Ireland, Galway Ireland has recently experienced its worst recession in the post-World War II era. The effects on Ireland’s labour market have been stark. This article examines more closely the gender dimensions of the recent recession in Ireland. The evidence suggests that there have been gendered shifts in the labour market. With male-dominated sectors, such as construction and industry, suffering significant decline, men have been increasingly taking up part-time and vulnerable employment, which has led to a certain level of re-structuring and competition within these sectors. In terms of response to the recession, women and men in Ireland have displayed different trends. Among men, the data suggest that there has been largely a discouraged worker effect. For women, however, the response has been much more nuanced. It is older married women who have largely shouldered the burden of recession in Ireland with the strongest evidence of added worker effect among this group. Keywords Recession, gender, added worker effect, discouraged worker effect Corresponding authors: Nata Duvvury: [email protected]; Caroline Finn: [email protected] MPublishing, ISSN: 2168–8850 Gender, Sexuality & Feminism-GSF www.gsfjournal.org http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/gsf.12220332.0001.205 Gender, Sexuality & Feminism 1 (2) 60 Introduction Ireland experienced a period of extraordinary and sustained growth from 1994 through the early years of the twenty-first century, a boom that solidified Ireland’s reputation as the Celtic Tiger1.