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Negotiating Identity in the Urban Space in the Nineteenth-Century Novel Anita Michelle Dubroc Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

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Negotiating Identity in the Urban Space in the Nineteenth-Century Novel Anita Michelle Dubroc Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2009 City as prison: negotiating identity in the urban space in the nineteenth-century novel Anita Michelle Dubroc Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Dubroc, Anita Michelle, "City as prison: negotiating identity in the urban space in the nineteenth-century novel" (2009). LSU Master's Theses. 3149. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3149 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CITY AS PRISON: NEGOTIATING IDENTITY IN THE URBAN SPACE IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY NOVEL A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Comparative Literature by Anita M. Dubroc B.A., Louisiana State University, 2005 B.A., Louisiana State University, 2006 December 2009 Dedicated to my mother, Louise Ann LeCompte Dubroc, who encouraged in me a love of books; the many places they could bring me, the experiences they could give me, and the knowledge I could take away from them. I am forever grateful. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my mother, Louise Dubroc, for fostering in me a love of learning and of books. Without her encouragement, I would have never discovered the world outside my doorstep just through turning a page. I would also like to thank my grandmother, Mae LeCompte for encouraging me throughout this degree and the stages of thesis research and writing. She has always encouraged me to “do my best,” even when I doubted myself. To my father, Michael Dubroc, much thanks for his support throughout my graduate education and for providing a listening ear on the home-front throughout the writing phase. Also to my many other relatives and friends for their well-wishes and prayers during the completion of this project, I thank all of you. Secondly, I would like to thank the professors who helped and encouraged me throughout this project. To my advisor, Dr. Adelaide Russo, I owe immense gratitude for believing in this project and my development as a scholar, even in this project‟s most rudimentary stages. I thank her for looking over countless drafts and encouraging me throughout this project and demanding it be unique to me. Without her, I would not have grown into the scholar and writer I am today. To Dr. John Lowe, many thanks for being a member of this committee, even when the project was in its latter stages, his encouragement and suggestions were nonetheless very much welcomed and appreciated. Many thanks go out to those who were behind the scenes during the production of this project. Thanks to Dr. Ann Martin for her maternal encouragement, providing me a cozy office to work in, and daily “Courages.” Thanks also to Dr. Elsie Michie, for providing encouragement and suggestions throughout a senior capstone project, on which part of this thesis is based. To my friends, Noelle Dazzio, Molly Friedmann Bourgoyne and Tina Huettenrauch, many thanks iii for providing listening ears, words of encouragement, and many of hugs even when you did not understand what this project was about. Lastly thank you to Elvis, who provided many hours of unconditional companionship during late-night writing sessions. Geaux Tigers! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................vi INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: ESTABLISHING THE URBAN SPACE ..............................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: THE CITY CRIMINALIZED ................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 3: URBAN SPACE: A WOMEN‟S PRISON ............................................................................52 CHAPTER 4: THE CITY SURMOUNTED? ...............................................................................................80 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................92 WORKS CITED ....................................................................................................................96 VITA ......................................................................................................................................99 v ABSTRACT The primary goal of this thesis is to examine how the city is read in the works of four nineteenth-century authors: Charles Dickens‟ Great Expectations (1860), Honoré de Balzac‟s Le Père Goriot (1834), Fernán Caballero‟s La Gaviota (1849), and Madame de Staël‟s Corinne ou l’Italie (1807). They show the city not just as a setting, but as a character. At times, nineteenth- century urban life becomes so overwhelming to urban newcomers, that the geographical space and its society imprison residents. The nineteenth-century city was marked by change: industrialization, population shift from rural areas to urban capitals, and changes in political regime. Therefore, a character‟s journey through the city presents him or her with challenges. The first chapter traces how the author maps out the city for the reader. It examines the forces working against the characters as they undergo their urban journey. The reader discovers the city‟s geography and society along with the characters. The second chapter examines the criminal nature of the city in Le Père Goriot and Great Expectations. The third chapter examines women‟s position in urban society in all four works. As women could not negotiate the geographical space of the city, they must negotiate its interior society, its salons. Marriage is seen as an imprisoning institution for women and even talented independent women face difficulties. Money and love/lust complicate women‟s negotiation and often lead to social destruction. The fourth chapter examines how characters are able partially to surmount the urban space through successful negotiation, by incorporating themselves in the urban social world or by escaping the city altogether to find a better life abroad. Negotiating the urban space and its society can prove both destructive and empowering. For some of the characters examined, the city proves to be overwhelming; others have more vi relative success in surmounting the difficulties they face. The nineteenth-century city proves to be a mythic place whose truth must be discovered through exploration of its society and spaces. vii INTRODUCTION The city hides as much as it illuminates in the nineteenth-century novel. Nineteenth- century urban centers were labyrinths of places and people, which could confound newcomers as well as the native citizen. In the novels examined in this thesis, the characters undergo a form of change of identity in order to negotiate a particular urban center. Urban newcomers believed that financial or social success would immediately occur upon arrival in the city; however, this did not always happen. It is in the European metropolis that the characters become caught up in the myth of the city. The city always has an underworld of crime and poverty that changes the characters‟ view of the urban space. The city is a place to be negotiated: its culture, its society, and its geographical locales all must be understood in order for a character to find any form of success. The city then becomes a place of impossible dreams, and the myth of the city proves to be false. The city becomes a prison, which is perhaps impossible to escape. This thesis will explore how authors use urban space in their work in order to demonstrate its imprisoning effects and the resulting tribulations characters must face in their efforts to negotiate and surmount the challenges presented by the city. The nineteenth-century served as a point of transition for many European countries, because of political and social revolutions, and this change is most evident in cities. Newcomers to the city, much like the main characters of the novels explored in this thesis, find that the city is not the welcoming place they originally thought it would be. They must negotiate the city‟s society, elevating their social worth in a place where class divisions are determined by wealth that they have not yet acquired. The characters must also negotiate the city‟s geography. They enter new neighborhoods as one would enter a foreign country. At times, the characters encounter people who personify the characteristics of these neighborhoods. They must also negotiate the cities‟ criminality, as it is easy for them, with their naïve beliefs, to become caught up in the negative side of urban society. The city also serves as a creative place for some characters. It is a place from which they draw inspiration
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