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A Psychoeducational Manual for Counselling Alberta's

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A Psychoeducational Manual for Counselling Alberta's A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL MANUAL FOR COUNSELLING ALBERTA’S ABORIGINAL YOUTH CHRISTIE-DAWN LADOUCEUR B.A., University of Alberta, 2004 A Project Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF COUNSELLING FACULTY OF EDUCATION LETHBRIGE, ALBERTA February 2013 Dedication I dedicate this project to the Métis community of Alberta. iii Abstract The intent of this project is to provide helping professionals with the necessary knowledge required to provide culturally relevant counselling to Alberta’s urban Aboriginal youth. Aboriginal youth are the fastest growing demographic in Canada and represent almost half of the Aboriginal population. Because the issues facing Alberta’s urban Aboriginal youth are unique from those experienced by other non-dominant cultural groups in Alberta, providing culturally relevant and effective counselling to these clients can be a challenge. Presently counsellor training does not provide helping professionals with the necessary knowledge to deliver culturally relevant counselling to this at risk population. This manual will assist helping professionals in the development of their multicultural counselling skills by presenting a summary of Aboriginal history and rights, definitions of terminology, presenting issues experienced by this group, and information on cultural protocol and support systems. iv Acknowledgments This final project marks the end of a life-long goal. Pursuing this degree has been a life changing journey that I am blessed to have been able to take. This program has been a gift that has allowed me to learn more about myself than I thought possible, see the world through a new lens, and become the person I was meant to be. I would like to dedicate this project to my parents for supporting me throughout this journey. Thank you to my family and friends for giving me the strength to continue when I thought I couldn’t make it. I would also like to give a special shout out to my “CAAP gals” for your support, guidance, and inspiration to complete this program and write this project. Thank you to Dr. Linda O’Neill for supporting and contributing to this endeavour. Finally, a tremendous thank you to my project supervisor Dr. Blythe Shepard for all of her enthusiasm, guidance, patience and input; and to my community, the Métis community, for the knowledge, experience, funding, and support that allowed me to walk this path. Hiy Hiy v Table of Contents Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Intent of Project ........................................................................................................ 2 Rationale .................................................................................................................. 3 Statement of Interest ................................................................................................ 4 Overview and Structure of Project ........................................................................... 4 Defining “Aboriginal” ............................................................................................. 6 First Nations. ............................................................................................... 7 Métis. .......................................................................................................... 7 Inuit. ............................................................................................................ 8 Summary .................................................................................................................. 8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Summary of Aboriginal History and Present Day Rights ............................... 10 Aboriginal History ................................................................................................. 11 First Contact and Colonization .............................................................................. 12 The fur trade. ............................................................................................. 13 Enfranchisement .................................................................................................... 14 Treaty Signing ........................................................................................................ 15 vi The Indian Act ....................................................................................................... 17 Métis Scrip ............................................................................................................. 18 Residential Schools ................................................................................................ 19 The Red River Resistance ...................................................................................... 20 Métis Settlements ................................................................................................... 21 Summary ................................................................................................................ 22 Present Day Aboriginal Rights .............................................................................. 23 The 1982 Constitution Act ..................................................................................... 23 Federal and Provincial Jurisdictions ...................................................................... 24 Status-Indians ......................................................................................................... 26 Treaty Indians. .......................................................................................... 26 On-reserve and off-reserve Indians. .......................................................... 27 Non-Status Indians ................................................................................................. 27 Bill C-31 Indians .................................................................................................... 28 Métis ...................................................................................................................... 29 Summary ................................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 3: Literature Review of Issues Facing Urban Aboriginal Youth ........................ 32 Defining Aboriginal Youth .................................................................................... 33 Issues Facing First Nations and Métis Youth ........................................................ 34 Effects of Colonization .......................................................................................... 35 Influence of Historical Trauma .............................................................................. 37 Acculturative Stress ............................................................................................... 39 vii Socioeconomic Status ............................................................................................ 41 Mental health issues. ................................................................................. 42 Mental Health Disparities ...................................................................................... 45 Urbanization ........................................................................................................... 46 Summary ................................................................................................................ 47 Healing First Nations and Métis Youth ................................................................. 48 Resiliency and strengths. .......................................................................... 48 Aboriginal culture. ......................................................................... 49 Enculturation. ................................................................................. 49 Summary ................................................................................................................ 51 Implications for Counsellors .................................................................................. 52 Integrating Aboriginal Culture ............................................................................... 53 Engaging Youth in the Process .............................................................................. 54 Homework. ................................................................................................ 55 Involving Family and Community ......................................................................... 55 Conclusion ............................................................................................................
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