IBM 3740 Data Entry System System Summary and Systems Installation Manual - Physical Planning Prefa~E
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On-Line Computing with a Hierarchy of Processors
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Technical Reports (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science December 1968 On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors Richard P. Morton University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports Recommended Citation Richard P. Morton, "On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors", . December 1968. University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MS-CIS-69-13. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/804 For more information, please contact [email protected]. On-Line Computing With a Hierarchy of Processors Abstract Time shared computer systems have been based upon the two techniques of multiprogramming and swapping. Multiprogramming is based on restricting each program to a portion of the total computer memory. Swapping requires considerable overhead time for loading and unloading programs. To alleviate the size restriction due to multiprogramming, segmentation is employed, resulting in fact in vastly increased swapping. A new system architecture is proposed for time shared computing that alleviates the high overhead or program size restriction. It utilizes a hierarchy of processors, where each processor is assigned tasks on the basis of four factors: interactive requirements, frequency of use, execution time, and program length. In order to study the hierarchical approach to system architecture, the Moore School Problem Solving Facility (MSPSF) was built and used. The study of the manner of operation and the reactions of the users clarified and defined the Hierarchy of Processors system architecture. The Moore School Problem Solving Facility was implemented on second generation equipment, the IBM 7040, and therefore it is not possible to adequately compare the efficiency with third generation computers operating in a swapping mode. -
Data Definition Language
1 Structured Query Language SQL, or Structured Query Language is the most popular declarative language used to work with Relational Databases. Originally developed at IBM, it has been subsequently standard- ized by various standards bodies (ANSI, ISO), and extended by various corporations adding their own features (T-SQL, PL/SQL, etc.). There are two primary parts to SQL: The DDL and DML (& DCL). 2 DDL - Data Definition Language DDL is a standard subset of SQL that is used to define tables (database structure), and other metadata related things. The few basic commands include: CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, and ALTER TABLE. There are many other statements, but those are the ones most commonly used. 2.1 CREATE DATABASE Many database servers allow for the presence of many databases1. In order to create a database, a relatively standard command ‘CREATE DATABASE’ is used. The general format of the command is: CREATE DATABASE <database-name> ; The name can be pretty much anything; usually it shouldn’t have spaces (or those spaces have to be properly escaped). Some databases allow hyphens, and/or underscores in the name. The name is usually limited in size (some databases limit the name to 8 characters, others to 32—in other words, it depends on what database you use). 2.2 DROP DATABASE Just like there is a ‘create database’ there is also a ‘drop database’, which simply removes the database. Note that it doesn’t ask you for confirmation, and once you remove a database, it is gone forever2. DROP DATABASE <database-name> ; 2.3 CREATE TABLE Probably the most common DDL statement is ‘CREATE TABLE’. -
Origins of Operating Systems OS/360 Martin Grund
Origins of Operating Systems OS/360 Martin Grund HPI Table of Contents ● IBM System 360 ● Functional Structure of OS/360 ● Virtual Machine Time Sharing Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - OS/360 2 Martin Grund Welcome to Big Blue Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - OS/360 3 Martin Grund IBM System 360 ● In 1964 IBM announced the IBM-360 family for computers ● All machines, despite their differences, had the same user instruction set ● Different operating systems available for these machines ● Only midrange and high-end system run OS/360 ● IBM introduced the new term of hardware architecture ● In 1970 IBM announced System 370 with hardware virtual memory support Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - OS/360 4 Martin Grund IBM System 360 ● High-end machines established 32 bit as standard for computers ● Virtual Memory Support – hardware support for dynamic address translation ● Within ten years S/360 achieved standard status ● Flashback prices: ● 1970 – $279/MB hard disk ● 1980 - $35/MB hard disk | $50.000 /MB DRAM Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - OS/360 5 Martin Grund IBM System 360 Specials ● Introduced 8bit entities ● Introduction of 32 or 64 bit floating point words based on a hexadecimal base ● Variable length strings using length field in the first byte ● All registers are universal registers – accumulators as well as address registers ● Registers use 32 bit, 24 bit for addressing -> 16MB Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - OS/360 6 Martin Grund IBM S/360 - Pictures Juni 2006 Origins of Operating Systems - -
Operating Systems
CS101 – Fundamentals of Computer and Information Sciences – LIU 1 of 2 Operating systems OS History We covered a (slightly rambling) story about the history of operating systems. Batch computing Batch systems were extraordinarily large and expensive, so that organizations could afford at most one or two. The machines had a human operator who was responsible for scheduling tasks for the machine, in order to make best use of its (very valuable) time. • Norwich council takes delivery of its first computer –@StuartSumner • Punch cards • IBM ad feat. punched cards • Keypunch machine • IBM 704 with card reader • LEGO Grace Hopper with Univac TODO: scheduling and calculating turn-around time using First-Come First-Served (FCFS) vs. Shortest Job First. (See book section 10.4, pages 350–351.) Time-sharing When mini-computers became available (just the size of a refrigerator, not a whole room), then we could have one for each workgroup or department within an orga- nization. They were powerful enough that multiple users could share the computer at the same time, by connecting multiple terminals (keyboard and monitor) to the same machine. The job of the human operator was now automated, and this was the golden ageof operating systems. Not only did they have to schedule tasks effectively, but they had to switch efficiently among serving different users, protect those users from interfer- ing with each other’s work, and so on. Some of the operating systems developed in this era were Multics, VMS, and UNIX. • PDP-11 with Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie • VT-101 terminal • IBM 7090 time-sharing video • Brian Kernighan on Bell Labs (Computerphile video) 2 of 2 Prof. -
IBM Application System/400 System/38-Compatible COBOL User's Guide and Reference
IBM IBM Application System/400 SC09-1814-00 System/38-Compatible COBOL User’s Guide and Reference Note! Before using this information and the product it supports, be sure to read the general information under “Notices” on page xv. First Edition (June 1994) This edition applies to the System/38-Compatible feature of the IBM* ILE* COBOL/400* licensed program, (Program 5763-CB1), Version 3 Release 0 Modification 5, and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indi- cated in new editions. Make sure you are using the proper edition for the level of the product. Order publications through your IBM representative or the IBM branch serving your locality. Publications are not stocked at the address given below. A form for readers’ comments is provided at the back of this publication. If the form has been removed, you may address your comments to: IBM Canada Ltd. Laboratory Information Development 2G/345/1150/TOR 1150 Eglinton Avenue East, North York, Ontario, Canada M3C1H7 You can also send your comments by facsimile (attention: RCF Coordinator), or you can send your comments elec- tronically to IBM. See "Communicating your Comments to IBM" for a description of the methods. This page imme- diately precedes the Readers' Comment Form at the back of this publication. When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a non-exclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1994. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights — Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. -
Preparation of Papers for AIAA Technical Conferences
NASA KSC – Internship Final Report Unit Testing and Remote Display Development Nicholas Costa Kennedy Space Center Computer Science USRA Summer Session 18 07 2014 NASA Center 1 18/7/2014 NASA KSC – Internship Final Report Unit Testing and Remote Display Development Nicholas Costa Denison University, Granville, Ohio, Abstract The Kennedy Space Center is currently undergoing an extremely interesting transitional phase. The final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, was completed in July of 2011. NASA is now approaching a new era of space exploration. The development of the Orion Multi- Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) and the Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle that will launch the Orion are currently in progress. An important part of this transition involves replacing the Launch Processing System (LPS) which was previously used to process and launch Space Shuttles and their associated hardware. NASA is creating the Spaceport Command and Control System (SCCS) to replace the LPS. The SCCS will be much simpler to maintain and improve during the lifetime of the spaceflight program that it will support. The Launch Control System (LCS) is a portion of the SCCS that will be responsible for launching the rockets and spacecraft. The Integrated Launch Operations Applications (ILOA) group of SCCS is responsible for creating displays and scripts, both remote and local, that will be used to monitor and control hardware and systems needed to launch a spacecraft. It is crucial that the software contained within be thoroughly tested to ensure that it functions as intended. Unit tests must be written in Application Control Language (ACL), the scripting language used by LCS. -
Introduction to the New Mainframe: Z/OS Basics
Front cover Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics An introduction to mainframe computing on the IBM zSeries platform z/OS concepts and facilities for students and beginners zSeries hardware and peripheral devices Mike Ebbers Wayne O’Brien Bill Ogden ibm.com/ International Technical Support Organization z/OS Basics March 2005 SG24-6366-00 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page -1. First Edition (March 2005) © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2005. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Preface . xvii How this text is organized . xvii How each chapter is organized . xviii Acknowledgements . xix Comments welcome. xxi Part 1. Introduction to z/OS and the mainframe environment Chapter 1. Introduction to the new mainframe . 1-1 1.1 The new mainframe. 1-2 1.2 Evolving architecture . 1-2 1.3 Mainframes in our midst . 1-4 1.4 What is a mainframe? . 1-5 1.5 Who uses mainframe computers?. 1-7 1.6 Factors contributing to mainframe use . 1-8 1.6.1 Reliability, availability, and serviceability. 1-9 1.6.2 Security . 1-10 1.6.3 Scalability . 1-10 1.6.4 Continuing compatibility . 1-11 1.7 Typical mainframe workloads . 1-11 1.7.1 Batch processing. 1-12 1.7.2 Online transactional processing . 1-15 1.8 Roles in the mainframe world . 1-17 1.8.1 Who is the system programmer? . 1-19 1.8.2 Who is the system administrator? . -
The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System J
The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System J. W. BACKUS?, R. J. BEEBERt, S. BEST$, R. GOLDBERG?, L. M. HAIBTt, H. L. HERRICK?, R. A. NELSON?, D. SAYRE?, P. B. SHERIDAN?, H.STERNt, I. ZILLERt, R. A. HUGHES§, AN^.. .R. NUTT~~ system is now copplete. It has two components: the HE FORTRAN project was begun in the sum- FORTRAN language, in which programs are written, mer of 1954. Its purpose was to reduce by a large and the translator or executive routine for the 704 factor the task of preparing scientific problems for which effects the translation of FORTRAN language IBM's next large computer, the 704. If it were possible programs into 704 programs. Descriptions of the FOR- for the 704 to code problems for itself and produce as TRAN language and the translator form the principal good programs as human coders (but without the sections of this paper. errors), it was clear that large benefits could be achieved. The experience of the FORTRAN group in using the For it was known that about two-thirds of the cost of system has confirmed the original expectations con- cerning reduction of the task of problem preparation solving most scientific and engineering problems on 1 large computers was that of problem preparation. and the efficiency of output programs. A brief case Furthermore, more than 90 per cent of the elapsed time history of one job done with a system seldom gives a for a problem was usually devoted to planning, writing, good measure of its usefulness, particularly when the and debugging the program. -
Chapter Three Introduction to Computer Troubleshooting
Chapter Three Introduction to Computer Troubleshooting Welcome to the Machine Introduction to Computer Troubleshooting What are the three steps in the computer troubleshooting process? What do you do if the three steps does not solve your problem? DON’T PANIC!” When things go wrong remain calm, as most computer problems are a simple fix. Even if it is the rare serious problem, usually your data is still there waiting for you. The computer troubleshooting process at its most basic is gathering information about what is going on, drawing conclusions about the information gathered, and acting on those conclusions to solve the problem. If that does not solve the problem, then we return to the gathering information stage and go through the steps again. You might think of it as a loop which we exit when the problem is solved. At the top of the paragraph, I said that most computer problems are a simple fix and I would like you to keep that in mind as we go through this chapter. Important Words in this Chapter Cables Memory Simple-to-Complex Connectors Monitor Surge Protector CPU Motherboard System HD (Hard Drive) NIC (Network Card) Troubleshooting Input Devices Power Supply Video Card Main Troubleshooting Principle What is the principle on which we base all efficient and effective troubleshooting? All efficient and effective troubleshooting is based on the principle of proceeding from the simple-to-the- complex. Why is this true? Starting with complex items first, can cause you to draw the wrong conclusions. The complex parts of a computer depend on the simpler things. -
NBS FORTRAN Test Programs 3^1 No "I Volume 1- Documentation for Versions 1 and 3 V.I
j I i Vt NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 399 J Volume 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards] National Bureau of Standards Library, £-01 Admin. BIdg. ncT 1 1981 13102^1 NBS FORTRAN Test Prog Volume 1-Documentation for Versions 1 and 3 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards^ was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARI>S provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Meas- urement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics -
Z/OS Basics Preface
Contents Preface . iii How this course is organized . iii How each topic is organized . iv Part 1. Introduction to z/OS and the mainframe environment Chapter 1. Introduction to the new mainframe . 3 1.1 The new mainframe. 4 1.2 The S/360: A turning point in mainframe history . 4 1.3 An evolving architecture . 5 1.4 Mainframes in our midst . 6 1.5 What is a mainframe? . 7 1.6 Who uses mainframe computers?. 10 1.7 Factors contributing to mainframe use . 11 1.8 Typical mainframe workloads . 14 1.9 Roles in the mainframe world . 21 1.10 z/OS and other mainframe operating systems . 27 1.11 Summary . 29 Chapter 2. z/OS overview. 31 2.1 What is an operating system? . 32 2.2 Overview of z/OS facilities. 32 2.3 What is z/OS? . 34 2.4 Virtual storage and other mainframe concepts . 39 2.5 What is workload management? . 57 2.6 I/O and data management. 60 2.7 Supervising the execution of work in the system . 60 2.8 Defining characteristics of z/OS . 68 2.9 Licensed programs for z/OS . 69 2.10 Middleware for z/OS . 70 2.11 A brief comparison of z/OS and UNIX. 71 2.12 Summary . 73 Chapter 3. TSO/E, ISPF, and UNIX: Interactive facilities of z/OS . 75 3.1 How do we interact with z/OS? . 76 3.2 TSO overview . 76 3.3 ISPF overview . 80 3.4 z/OS UNIX interactive interfaces. 99 3.5 Summary . -
Digital = Flight = Control =System Software Written in Automated
NASA Technical Memorandum 88313 . Digital= Flight= Control =System Software Written in Automated- Engineering-Design Language: A Usets Guide of Verification and Validation Tools Jim Saito, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California January 1987 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035 CONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS .................................................................... v SUMMARY ............................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 DFCSVL OVERVIEW .................................................................... 2 DFCSVL Environment ............................................................ 2 Environment Computer ..................................................... 2 Remote Link .............................................................. 2 DFCSVL Software .......................................................... 3 Univac Environment ............................................................ 4 TESTING ............................................................................ 5 AED V & V TOOL DESCRIPTIONS........................................................ 5 Static Tools .................................................................. 8 -d option: Module Dependencies ......................................... 11 -g option: Global Cross Reference ...................................... 11 -i option: Interface ..................................................