Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review (JSSHR) Vol. 4, No. 3 (93-113) © Author(s) 2019 ISSN: 2279-3933 Original Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jsshr.v4i3.34

Residential Segregation Based on Ethnicity (With Special Reference to Thimbirigasyaya DSD) 1 2 Nirojini.P and Wijerathne.K.B.P.C.A 1,2 Department of Abstract Geography and Environmental A city can comprise of settlements with different ethnic backgrounds in a Management, given geographical space. Ethnic groups can be separately located spatially Sabaragamuwa but that does not imply that their quality of life is similar and facilities are University of equally distributed. This study thus conducted to identify the patterns of 1 segregation of population according to their ethnicity and the factors behind [email protected] 2 the ethnically segregated neighbourhood in Thimbirigasyaya Divisional anuradhawijerathne1990@ gmail.com Secretariat Division (DSD), with the help of population data in 2017. This paper employed the Duncan and Duncan’s (1955) method of Dissimilarity Index to calculate the Segregation Index of population by using Microsoft excel software. The levels of segregation are categorized in this study according toMassey & Denton’s (1988) method for Dissimilarity Index.The Geographical Information System (Arc map10.1) was employed to map out the Index of Segregation of twenty Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) in Thimbirigasyaya DSD. Factors behind the segregation were identified by the questionnaire survey in selected GNDs. Results revealed that the patterns of segregation can vary in urban spaces. North-central and North-Eastern part of Thimbirigasyaya DSD received high Segregation Index value for Sinhalese with high socio economical levels. Tamils are moderately segregated in the South-western corner of the DSD. Muslims’ segregation is relatively low in the DSD, but according to Grama Niladhari Divisions (GND) wise, Kuppiyawatta east and GNDs show the highest Muslim population. When different ethnically segregated neighbourhoods in DSD are compared, it is clear that there are several social and economic inequalities, which affect the minor groups comparably. Muslim neighbourhoods are located in underserved areas with fewer facilities and unclean environment with lower economic levels. Therefore, better solution to minimise these problems is to develop mixed ethnic neighbourhood in urban spaces in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Dissimilarity, Ethnicity, Geographical Information System, Segregation Index, Thimbirigasyaya DSD

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INTRODUCTION phenomenon that often examines how specifically defined groups occupy a Population Geography is one of the particular place. As a topic of this branches of geography. The purpose study, segregation is both of Population Geography is the study controversial and complex in of the relationships between various developing countries at the same time forms of human activities such as the ethnic segregation plays an economic, social, and political important role in the development of activities with the phenomena of any city in urban arena. Segregation physical geography. It is concerned has not equally distributed in some with the spatial and temporal analysis area while other place shows a low of population. It involves not only the representation. Segregation has often magnitude of human population but seen to mark a failure of assimilation also its different characteristics, and a process that spatially victimizes growth and mobility (Ghosh, 1985). certain minority groups. In many parts The spatial segregation and of the regions are tried to eliminate the concentration of population groups is ethnic segregation (Kaplan, 2014). historically an old phenomena and According to Kaplan’s idea, the ethnic they go back at least to 2000-1600 BC, segregation is one kind of inequality in when the city of Babylon was any kind of society from the past to the described having composed of distinct contemporary world. The ethnic quarters (Kempen, 1998). All over the segregation exists in all over the world world, a large number of population considerably in developed countries live along the coastal belt because the such as America, Canada; on the other location of industrial cities such as hand in developing countries such as Washington (capital of USA), Tokyo India, Sri Lanka. Ethnic segregations (capital of Japan), and the connectivity mostly influence on developing of sea routes to the countries, and also countries, especially on socio economic social and economic benefits such as conditions of the people who have job education and high standard of been ethnically segregated. living styles. In developing countries, the population density is very high Ethnic population patterns may show and the segregation according to the levels of ethnic residential ethnicity is also diverse in capital segregation can be used to identify the cities, which are located in coastal social inequality and consequences in regions. Thimbirigasyaya DSD. Ethnic diversity has costs and benefits. In one The concept of ethnicity denotes a hand, diversity in skills, education, group of people who are separated and endowments can enhance from another group by their culture, productivity by promoting innovation. religion, and race, in a particular area. On the other hand, diversity is often Segregation is a primarily spatial

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associated with poor and ethnically proportions within specific targeted policies, inefficient provision neighborhoods. Segregation of ethnic of public goods, and ethnic-based groups can represent commonalities of hatred and conflict (Alesina et al, 2014). its members and enhances the in- Ethnicity plays a key role in how group view that may be a people perceive vulnerability and how disadvantageous position in relation to people make use of ethnicity for the rest of the population. Altogether, livelihood strategies. This perpetuates the result of same ethnic solidarity a trend towards increased ethnic may generate the organization of some separation and thus contributes to political actions. In brief, in-group exacerbate conflicts (Korf & Silva, cohesion or connectedness of ethnic 2014). According to Korf & Silva’s communities found in contexts of high idea, the ethnic segregation pattern residential segregation can potentially may give some advantages but when promote political engagement concerning a completely multi-ethnic (Skirmunt, n.d.). The study of ethnic society, it might bring about some segregation and integration play a disadvantages. Strong ethnic critical role in determining the social separation between major and and economic development of many minority groups within the developing nations. The main target of Thimbirigasyaya DSD may be a critical this study is to identify the levels of factor in the future of a country like Sri ethnic segregation and its possible Lanka where ethnic unrest and conflict consequences on the society in a have been prevailed for over two particular area or a region. decades. As Manawadu (2016) pointed out in city, the under-served PROBLEM STATEMENT settlement density has indicated the Thimbirigasyaya DS Division consists different social status of the two ethnic of a large population differentiated by groups where Muslim population was various ethnic identities, religions, and highly concentrated. There were 2135 cultures. The places where these low developed settlements falls in populations are residing in the study southern pockets of Colombo city. are also different. This difference can Income inequality may also consist of be seen especially according to ethnic both positive and negative effects on variation among the people. Instead of the development. On the negative having mixed ethnic neighbourhood, side, a higher degree of income the DSD is specifically comprised of inequality may lead to conflict and the people segregated according to crime, prevent the poor from acquiring their ethnicity. At the same time when education and lead to expropriation considering the facilities, social and lofty taxation discouraging opportunities such as infrastructure investment. One problem is that they facilities have not been equally may be insensitive to group

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distributed in the geographical space. same time causes and effects of In some ethnically segregated areas dynamic processes. In his research, he are comprised of a less number of used respectively two models to obtain facilities and low economic conditions further understanding such as whereas some other ethnic groups are racialization model and migration having lots of facilities such as model. infrastructure, settlement and the The report describes the extent of, and kind. Furthermore, where they live changes in, segregation over the 1980 may control their chance to develop in to 2000 period. The report examines any field or economic conditions in a five dimensions of segregation particular area. Therefore, it is proposed by Massey and Denton important to investigate the patterns (1988). As follows: evenness and factors of ethnic residential dimension: dissimilarity index segregation in Thimibirigasyaya DS exposure dimension: isolation index Division. concentration dimension: delta index

LITERATURE REVIEW centralization dimension: absolute centralization index clustering The geographical view of ethnic dimension: spatial proximity index. residential segregation Key findings are the dissimilarity of The word segregation usually Hispanics and Asians from other considers the inner differentiations of groups generally held steady or a city or urban part. For instance, the declined, but because most Hispanic spatial or geographical separation of and Asian groups are growing, any kind of ethnic group, or in another interaction with Whites also have been case spatially arranged divisions declined (Iceland et .al, 2002). between housing and a work place. Blumenstock & Fratamico (2013) have However, the term often used to refer explained ethnic diversity, to the disparate spatial distribution of segregation, and fractionalization has neighbourhoods by diverse population long been thought to play a critical groups; in other words, it can be role in the socioeconomic structure described as residential segregation and overall stability of many (Andersson.et al, 2003). developing countries. While the Andersson.et al, (2003) pointed out results from their case study are that in Sweden, the immigrants preliminary, through this work they congestion make way to formation of sought to build a deeper ghettos because of the specific patterns understanding of the key drivers of of ethnic residential segregation of segregation, and thereby informing migrants. Mainly his research aimed to policy to foster integration across study the spatial distribution in the ethnic lines. Kaplan (2004) studied context of traditional society at the segregation is both controversial and complex. Segregation has often seen to

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mark a failure of assimilation and a The intensity of segregation can be process that spatially victimizes classified into four levels as follows: certain minority groups. Eliminating When the IS lies between 10 and 19, segregation is a normative goal in there would be a tendency to be many societies hoping to end the segregated. division of their urban areas based on race and ethnicity. Whatever causes or The segregation is much common in consequences of ethnic segregation, it urban and sub-urban areas, as the has the potential of redefining the society ingested with many ethnic experience altogether. complicated ethnic and socio- Ethnic segregation in Sri Lanka economic systems (Nawfhal, 1988). In the process of history, many people of Manawadu (2016) revealed that from different ethnic origins migrated to the 20th century the segregation of the city, transforming Kandy city into a population in Colombo city has typical multi-ethnic city. The index of increased based on their ethnicity, dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan, (1955) especially among two minority groups has used in this study. Finally, ethnic such as Tamil and Muslim population. residential patterns in Kandy city are For the study, he used the standard continued to change. The tendency to index of segregation as defined by change is higher due to the urban Duncan and Duncan (1955) and cluster planning and urban development sampling method. This study revealed projects were implemented. that Sinhalese have dominated the city Thennakoon et. al. (2017) explained except in a few wards where the about the process and characteristics Tamils and Moors are segregated. of social and ethnic segregation in Sri Following is the formulae that Lankan Muslim community. The Manawadu used to calculate Study revealed that the causes of segregation index segregation were their higher birth rate and weak economic status, which IS* = {(Xi – Zi) / 2} / (1 – X/Z) led to vertical segregation of Muslim IS-Index of Segregation community. Currently, Muslim community is limited to vertical ethnic X -The total of subgroup “x” in the city segregation. In future marriage the Z -Total population in the city segregation can expand to horizontal segregation as well. Xi-The percentage of the “x” population in the ith tract Factors of ethnic segregation According to Kaplan’s idea, he mainly Zi-The percentage of the total population in the ith tract reported that reasons or factors behind the segregation of any ethnic group are 1) Factors related to socioeconomic

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position 2) factors related to threats of shanties. Southern European cities are physical harm 3) factors related to more likely to reside in self- preferences of ethnic group 4) factors constructed slum housing in 34 related to outright discrimination. In peripheral rings. Poverty is another the US, neighbourhoods are mostly reason for the segregation in any city distinguished based on class, so that or region (Malheiros, 2002). poor are often likely to segregate Anas, A. (2014) conducted a research according their class. Kalpan reported about “Ethnic Segregation and that increasing economic opportunities Ghettos” for this study and he for Blacks in the US enable many observed a bewildering variety of Blacks enter into the middle class but political and public responses to at the same time a large number of segregation in Brazil, Cyprus, Europe, poor blacks are still concentrated India, Israel, South Africa and the within the inner cities. According to United States. According to the his findings classes may serve or make history, cities have concentrated the separate members of group. ethnic segregation in particular areas. Furthermore, professional blacks have They identified differences between been spatially separated from voluntary and involuntary ghettos and professional whites. Socio economic they understood them using disparities can affect government agglomeration economies, positive policies and that can exacerbate and negative externalities, bid rent segregation (Kalpan, 2004). The US theory, land and labour markets. They housing policy from development of show that sharply segregated urban the housing loan corporation in the land use patterns can be socially 1930 to the location of public housing efficient or inefficient depending on in the 1950 and 1960 reinforced the nature of preferences and the existing patterns of black segregation. externalities. He mentioned that in the Even today in Western European third world countries, ghettos are countries, the desire to provide social often informal squatter settlements in housing can inadvertently foster the outskirts of large cities because higher levels of segregation among poor migrants from rural areas cannot some groups. In some cases, find affordable formal urban housing. segregation works as a form of defence He revealed that ghetto is not just a in reaction to threats of physical harm. slum but it can include any significant The desire of dominant group and contiguous ethnic concentration behaviour highly isolates minority including an economically vibrant one. groups (Hanhorster, 2001). Especially So that according to his idea any of the new immigrants get settle down in city specific ethnic group segregation make centre or outer core of city when harm in most of the situation, housing competition enforce the especially in economical level of the people to move toward slums and particular ethnic group in urban parts.

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According to Mohite’s idea, the economic problems such as un impoverished settlers in particular employment, poverty, and area or region can be often attributed environmental degradation have to a distinct ethnic origin. The largest affected large section of the slum of Asia has called as Dharavi, population, irrespective of their ethnic which covered approximately 427 background (Silva, 2014). acres and make connection between two major railways in Bombay North OBJECTIVES and south. The slum Dharavi is Major objective comprised of a range of population from one-half to one million (Sharma, To identify patterns and factors of 2000). As well as Katyal and Lengade segregation of the population in 2004 reported that the settlements in according to their ethnicity in Dharavi are least or underserved Thimbirigasyaya DSD. settlements. The most slums have Specific objectives made out by using asbestos sheets, bamboo sticks, plastics, wooden To calculate the Segregation Index planks, and old car tires and discarded according to ethnicity in canvas bags. For instance, he Thimbirigasyaya DSD mentioned the chief occupations of the To map calculated Segregation Index people are leatherworking, according to ethnicity in embroidering, and pickle making. The Thimbirigasyaya DSD area where the people highly segregated by ethnically, land is To identify the factors of ethnic swampy, lacking toilet and water segregation by different population supply. Although many ethnicities groups in Thimbirigasyaya DSD mix in Dharavi, 37% of the population, the largest group, is Tamil-speaking METHODOLOGY (Mohite, 2003). Causes of ethnic segregation in contemporary cities can For the study of ethnic segregation, be varied. In the third world, people 2017 population data were collected coming from rural area to the city are from 20 Grama Niladari Divisions in settled down in the outskirt of larger Thimbirigasyaya DSD. The most cities. It forms squatter settlements day popular method of calculating by day by the poor migrants. The Segregation Index, the Duncan and competition for the resources like land, Duncan’s (1955) has adopted to educational and employment provide a numerical definition and opportunities within a developing Dissimilarity or Segregation Index to county occurring, where economic compute the Segregation Index of 20 growth over the past several decades GNDs with the help of Excel software has been inconsistent or socio package 2007.

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[(퐗퐢 − 퐭퐢)/ퟐ] segregation area. Among those three 퐈퐒 = [ퟏ − (퐗/퐓)] GNDs, North and Narahenpitta had the highest Xi=Percentage of total population of segregation index for Sinhala group x in spatial unit i population with 79.9 and X=Total population of group x in the city West got 38.57 Segregation Index for ti=Percentage of total population in Tamil population while 19.7 spatial unit i Segregation Index was recorded for T=Total population in the city Muslim population in Kuppiyawatta East. Approximately 3331 families live The intensity of segregation has been in Narahenpitta GN division, 3331 classified into three levels as follows families in Pamankada West GN 0-30 Low segregation Division, and 2100 families in 30 – 60 Moderate Segregation Kuppiyawatta East GN division. 60 - 100 High Segregation Simple random sampling method was employed to select sample population. Primary data The study aimed at 100 of samples In this study, 100 questionnaires were population. Therefore, 58 were filled, 58 questionnaires for Borella selected from Borella North, also North GN Division, 28 in Pamankada 28from Pamankada West and 14 from West GN Division and 14 Kuppiyawatta East were chosen. There questionnaires were filled by are some other ethnic groups in small Kuppiyawatta east GN Division area. amount those were Indian Tamil, Three Grama Niladari officers have Malay, Burger, Sri Lankan Chetti, Sri been interviewed and collected Lankan Baratha and others information about social and economic (Sampathpethikada, 2017). problems in those GNDs. Secondary data were already collected The segregation of minority groups from Thimbirigasyaya DSD from the total population was (Sampathpethikada, 2017). Book which determined based on Massey & consisted of the number of population Denton's Categorization of the Index for each GND according to their ethnic of Dissimilarity as follows. Segregation group such as Sinhalese, Sri Lankan sensitivity: Massey & Denton's Tamil, Muslims, Indian Tamil, Malay, Categorization of the Index of Burgher and other group. Dissimilarity. Furthermore, details about the ethnic segregation have been collected According to the Index of Segregation through the Books, previous research, (IS) results, three have recognized, as related articles, and websites. the GNDs with high population

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ANALYSIS

Figure 01: Spatial segregation of Ethnic Groups in Thimbirigasyaya DSD-2017

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Table 01: Segregation Index of Sinhala population in Thimirigasyaya DSD

Status according to GND GND_Name Sinhalese Total IS (Massey Denton’s code categorization) 055 Narahanpita 8668 11194 76.93 High 040 Borella north 17412 21372 76.68 High 015 Cinamon garden 7,318 9914 73.67 High 050 Gothamipura 4678 6498 73.26 High 045 Borella south 3463 5137 69.02 High 090 Wellawatta south 2825 10826 22.79 Low 085 Wellawatta north 3278 14967 16.52 Low 095 Pamankada west 2579 12451 16.38 Low 065 Milagiriya 3246 7399 43.12 Moderate 025 Kuppiyawatta east 4711 10577 42.41 Moderate 010 3066 7564 39.51 Moderate 070 Havelok town 2901 7455 37.85 Moderate Source: Field survey,2019

Sinhalese are the largest and major highest,moderate and lowest ethnic group in Sri Lanka who are segregated area through the colour known to be low country and up variations. The value of IS(Index of country Sinhalese. There were 125,558 Segregation) in the highest people in Thimbirigasyaya, segregated range between(64.2 - 76.9) constituting 57% of the total of Sinhala population.Those areas population in 2017. Their language is were (79.93), Borella Sinhala, which is a member of Indo- North(76.68), Cinamon Garden(73.67), European linguistic group. as well as Gothamipura(73.26) and The above figure 01 represents the Borella South(69.02). Low Sinhala segragation of Sinhala population who segregated areas are located in the considered as the majority ethnic south western part of the city such as group of Thimbirigasyaya DSD.The Pamankada West(16.38),Wellawatta geographic segregation of Sinhala South(22.79) ,Wellawatta North(16.52) population levels reveals that several where the Tamil poulationis highly high or moderate segrgated.At the same time the Sinhala segregationthroughout the GNDs population is moderately segreagted except Wellawatta south, Wellawatta throughout other GNDs. For instance, north, and Pamankada west. High Miliagiriya(43.12) Kuppiyawatta segregation values of sinhala East(42.41), Bambalapitiya(39.51), population were represneted in the (37.85), North East and North Central part of and Pamankada East. the DSD.The map shows the

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Table 01:Segreagtion index of Tamil population in Thimbirigasyaya DSD.

Status according to GND GND name Tamil Total Is (Massey Denton’s code categorization) 085 Wellawatta north 7604 14967 30.92 Moderate 090 Wellawatta south 6200 10826 36.62 Moderate 095 Pamankada west 7566 12451 38.57 Moderate 030 Dematagoda 6377 18602 18.38 Low 065 Milagiriya 2414 7399 20.50 Low 070 Havelok town 2712 7455 23.09 Low 010 Bambalapitiya 1642 7564 12.87 Low 005 1557 6711 14.16 Low 035 Wanathamulla 5057 17355 15.18 Low 100 Pamankada east 3454 12389 15.75 Low 080 Kirulapana 5538 17846 16.35 Low Source: Field survey,2019.

The people collectively known as Wellawatta South (36.62), Wellawatta Tamils, comprising 66,693 persons in North (30.92). The lowest segregation Thimbirigasyaya DSD are of Tamil population shows in approximately 28% of the total Havelock Town with a segregation population in 2017. Tamil language is index of (23.09), Pamankada East their mother tongue and it is one of the (15.75), Kirullapanna (16.35), Dravidian languages. The Tamil Wanathamulla (15.18). And the Tamil population highly distributed in population is segregated in rest of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. areas represent a Low level range: North (0.91), Kuppiyawatta West The figure 01 shows the segregation of (3.11), Narahenpitta (5.68), Sri Lankan Tamil population. Kuppiyawatta East (6.93), Cinamon Residential concentration of Tamil Garden(7.19). Even though Tamil population in the study area reveals population is comprised of a small two parts, the first one is that the areas proportion when compare with the with high concentration of Tamils and total population. The segregation of the second one is evenly distributed Tamil population show too low, areas. The map shows the moderate whereas the Sinhala population is segregation of Tamil population in the segregated highly as shown in Borella South Western corner part of the DSD. North, Kuppiyawatta West and Mainly these GNDs showa moderate Narahenpitta. segregation range from (23.09 to 38.57) such as Pamankada West (38.57),

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Table02: Segregation of Muslim Population in Thimirigasyaya DSD

Status according to GND GND_Name Muslims Total IS (Massey Denton’s Code categorization) 025 Kuppiyawatta east 4019 10577 19.76 Low Kuppiyawatta 2223 6954 17.11 Low 020 west 010 Bambalapitiya 2121 7564 14.64 Low 030 Dematagoda 5608 18602 13.15 Low 085 Wellawatta north 3355 14967 9.50 Low 070 Havelok town 1313 7455 8.53 Low 005 Kollupitiya 1074 6711 7.77 Low 045 Borella south 755 5137 7.39 Low 065 Milagiriya 1146 7399 7.29 Low Source: Field survey,2019.

The third largest minority group in Sri (13.15). In remaining parts, segregation Lanka are Muslims who makes up of Muslim population are scattered approximately15percentage of throughout the Thimbirigasyaya DSD population (35,965 persons) in for example Cinnamon Garden (2.09), Thimbirigasyaya DSD. Muslims Pamankada west (4.65), Pamankada possess their own worship sites and East (5.42). The low segregated areas cultural social circles. Mainly there are areBorella North (-1.81), Kirulla (-2.71), three types of Muslims, Sri Lankan Narahenpitta (0.43) Kirullapana(0.63). Moors, Indian Moors, and the Malays. They were migrated from Arab to Sri Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are Tamil Lanka as traders between the eighth people of Indian origin who known as and fifteenth centuries and then they up country or hill country Tamils. have adopted the Tamil language. There were 3450 Indian Tamil population live throughout the city. Figure 01 shows the segregation of They were carried by British people as Muslim population in tea plantation workers in the estate Thimbirigasyaya DSD.According to sector of upcountry of Sri Lanka the map, a higher number of Muslims during 19th and 20th centuries. Then are segreagted in North Eastern part they were settled down in Central, with the range between(9.5 to 19.76) Uva, Sabargamuwa and Western but according to the categorization provinces. Throughout the city, their segregation level, the Muslims segregation was respectively segregation shows low. For example, moderate. in the GNDs of Kuppiyawatta east (19.76), Kuppiyawatta west (17.11), The map 4.4 shows the segregation of Bambalapitiya (14.64), Dematagoda Indian Tamil population throughout

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the study area. The total population of Portuguese, Dutch, British and they Indian Tamils is 3450 persons in the developed relationships with native DSD. The higher range of Segregation Sri Lankan women. Their religion was Index is (-0.65 to 0.43), and mainly Christian. there are three GNDs those were Bambalapitiya (0.29), Milagiriya (0.43), According to the map 4.6 Burghers are Havelock Town (-0.08). Least live along the western part of the segregated area ranges from (-4.33 to - study area and in eastern side (they 3.48) those were Kirulla (-3.75), reside in two GNDs Gothamipura and Wanathamulla (-3.48), Dematagoda (- Borella North). There segregation is 3.48), and Borella north (-4.33). low in Dematagoda, Wanathamulla, Borella North, Borella South, Kirulla, A least number of ethnic Malays reside Kirullapana. in Sri Lanka as a minority population approximately 2042. They came to Sri Lanka as a second wave (1796-1948) FINDINGS from the Malay Peninsula. They spoke Factors Affecting Ethnic Segregation in Malay language and their religion was Thimbirigasyaya DSD Islamic. Malays mostly live in Quality of education Kollupitiya Borella South, Kirulla, Education status is the basic factor in kirullapana, Borella North, any community that shows the quality Wanathamulla GNDs. Their ranges of of life. People with higher education segregation show below zero and it level can have better experiences, good means that there was no segregation. physical and mental health as well as lower levels of disability and mortality Burgers known as a small ethnic group rate(Reynolds &Ross, 1998). in Sri Lanka. They descended from

50 40 30 20 Sinhala percentage 10 Tamil 0 Muslim Below 10 O/L A/L Higher Education Education level

Figure 01: Education level of ethnic group in selected three GNDs. Source: Field data, 2019. Figure 01 shows the education level of Borella North, Pamankada west and the population by ethnic identity in Kuppiyawatta East. The education

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attainment statuses of three ethnic technical training institutes facilitates groups are varied. People who studied educations for above two groups. below grade 10 were almost the same Altogether high level of education level for Sinhala and Tamil but the facilitates people to get a better Muslim population proportion was educational status and motivate new high (30%). The highest proportion of comers to get settle down in that area. the people studied until O/L (ordinary Educated neighborhoods often reflect level) 46.4% in Pamankada West. In their unwillingness to settle down Advanced Level (A/L) Sinhala with the least educated neighborhood. population level was above 39% and At the same time 30% of Muslim Muslims (11.1%) while the Tamil people studied below grade 10 live in population proportion was 25%. the less developed area in According to the proportion of three Kuppiyawatta East. ethnic group’s higher education level As figure 1 show, lower level of was not equal. It is varied by Higher education was one of the major percentage as follow Sinhalese reasons for the Tamils segregation (41.37%), Muslims (30.5%), and Tamils when compared to other ethnic (17%). groups. There were possible reasons behind lower education level of Tamil Education level of Borella North and population. They came as immigrants Kuppiyawatta eastis high because of during their young age and settled the higher education facilities in down in Pamankada West not Borella North and Kuppyawatta East obtained the same educational chances GNDs. Most of the famous schools and as the people born in other urban institutions and most of the settings. At the same time Pamankada international schools were West GND has the less education accumulated in north central part of Facilities. For instance, there is a Tamil the study area where the Sinhala and school call as Ramakrishna Vidyalaya. Muslim populations were segregated. Most of the Tamils settle down close For instance, famous schools like by this school. Most of the Tamils in C.W.W. Kanangara Central School, Pamankada West came as immigrants Ananda College, Alhijra Muslim from North and Eastern provinces to School, Khairiya Muslim Balika Maha the urban part of Colombo within 10 Vidyalaya School and universities like years period (2009 to 2019). University of Colombo in Cinamon Garden and many engineering and

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Income level

60

50

40

30 Sinhala

Percentage 20 Tamil

10 Muslim

0 Below 25000 25000-50000 50000-70000 Above 70000

Income level

Figure 02: Income level of ethnic groups in three selected GNDs Source: Field data, 2019.

Another possible factor that Through the questionnaire survey segregation deals with is the economic some information was gathered in factor which measures the quality of Borella and according to those data, economic level among ethnically the major reason for their high income concentrated neighborhoods. People has been determined by their job with higher education or economic status. Professionals, senior officers level are settled down in a specific and managers etc. were accumulated place that reflects their position in the in the urban space that stays in society. temporary residences (72.41%) in Borella North. People who earn less Educational status and job than 25,000.00 in Borella North opportunities influence the income (6.8%).The Tamil population’s salary level among people. The Figure 02 scale is high at 39% (25,000 between shows the income level of the 50,000 LKR) and their income level is population by ethnic groups. There are determined by their job status. For 10% of the population receive below instance some are working as 25,000.00, under this salary scale most executive officers and managers while of them were trainees and workers in a large amount of them working as small shops. The salary scale of clerks or employees in private sectors. Sinhala population was low (15.5%) in When considering the income level of the range 25,000.00 to 50,000.00 LKR Muslim population it was high (50%) while high (51.72%) in 50,000.00 to in the salary scale of (25000 to 50000) 70,000.00.Those who earn salaries and 28.57% under the scale of (50000- above 70,000,00 among Sinhala 70000) their high participation in the population proportion was (27%).

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business activity. There were many further influences the segregation, and opportunities for them to invest and positive relation with the income level develop their business and no any in their lives. limitation for their salary scale. It

Infrastructure

90 80 70 60 50 40 Sinhala

Percentage 30 Tamil 20 Muslim 10 0 Very good Good Low Very low Facilities level

Figure 03: Transportation facilities in three ethnic segregated GNDs Source: Field data, 2019.

Social services can increase the quality reason why the Tamils are segregated of life in any part of the urban area. along the road area and within the Systematic and uneven spatial particular boundary. There were train distribution of public services includes services along the coastal area and it transportation, sanitation and health. makes the transportation easier. The highest proportion of the people Figure03 represents the road network answered that their transportation was facilities in three GNDs where the good: Sinhala (82.14%), Tamils ethnic groups were highly segregated. (71.42%) and Muslims (31.24%). The In all the GNDs the road network above chart concludes that the most of facilities were highly distributed the population are satisfied with the because the day to day mobilization of transportation facilities. It is one of the population toward the city is high. The possible reasons for their segregation better transportation network is near the roads and the railway another reason for the ethnic stations. People who live in segregation in a particular area. For Kuppiyawatta East noted a low level instance the A2 main road (south end: of road access (35.71%) Wellawaya and North end: Colombo ) which goes through the Overall, results of the analysis Pamankada west GND is a possible revealed that socio economic and

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infrastructural facilities are not equally the least segregated ethnic minority distributed in the urban area. group in Thimbirigasyaya DSD. Moreover poverty, deprivation, race, The segregation of Sinhala population and individual characteristics can can be seen in every corner of impact the segregation while creating Thimbirigasyaya DSD but relatively crimes and violence. There were no high in the North Central and Eastern accurate data available for crime part of the study area. The segregation activities; it might be a disadvantage to ranges between (76.9 to 48.8) in prove emergence of violence activities Narahenpitta, Borella North, Cinamon in this region. Garden, and Gothamipura GNDs. Most of the people live in Borella CONCLUSIONS North are satisfied with their facilities because it is the hub of economically, This study employed the Dissimilarity industrially and socially developed Index (Duncan and Duncan) method region. However, there was less to identify the segregation pattern of number of people not satisfied with three main ethnic groups such as their facilities who are earning below Sinhalese the majority, and the 30,000.00 per month income within minority Tamils and Muslims. This Borella North. For instance, there are research mainly focused on their socio- underserved settlements in Lesley economic level as well as their quality Ranagala Mawatta in Borella region. of life and reasons behind it. The Most of the people work as labourers calculated Segregation Index for the in private companies or construction each ethnic group in Thimbirigasyaya sector so that their poor living status DSD shows the varied level of can influence segregation within this numerical value for every GND. There particular area. are statistically significant differences in the segregation level for urban The second largest segregated setting in 2017. In common, for 2017, minority group is the Tamils. They are GNDs in the North and North East are highly segregated in the southern part the highly segregated areas in the of the study area, namely Pamankada Borella region. Details are as follows: West, Wellawatta North and South Western part is moderately Wellawatta South. Social and segregated with a Tamil minority economic ways determine the group. Sinhalese are the most segregation pattern of Tamils in segregated ethnic group in southern pocket of the city. Most of the Thimbirigasyaya DSD; the majority people in Pamankada West have ethnic group with a high Segregation obtained a middle level education as Index value those of other ethnic they receive fewer opportunities for groups. Tamils are the next most education in their new urban setting. segregated group and Muslims were Their job status can also define their

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accumulation in these areas as most of Arethusa in Pamankada West is them are working inprivate sectors having most of the low level located in Kollupitiya, Bambalapittiya, settlements and this lane is always Kirulla, and Kirrulapana GNDs. The littered. south west corner of the study area is The segregation of Muslim population mostly concentrated with private in Thimbirigasyaya DSD shows a less sectors where the Tamils are highly number. Their segregation is highly segregated. These all factors influence determined in North part of the study high segregation of Tamils in area close to the core of Colombo city. Pamankada West. When considering The education level of Muslims is high the Tamil people’s income scale, the in Kuppiyawatta east. The reason for highest proportion of the people this is that they have access to receiving below 50,000.00LKR of Government, international and private income are working under this salary schools around there residence. scale in private sector and all of them Muslims are mainly self-employers, are living in flats of large building means that in Kuppiyawatta East, complexes. At the same time, people majority of Muslim population are who receive above 50,000.00 LKR of engaged in trade activities. Their trade income are segregated in a particular activities are not limited only to area in Pamankada west and they live Kuppiyawatta West, but also prevailed in single well-constructed houses. all around the Colombo region. Infrastructural facilities in Tamil Trading is the main activity motivates segregated area are mainly comprised them to be stable in one place and of transportation facilities, health develop their life standards. For facilities, and environmental facilities. instance in Kuppiyawatta and The transportation facilities are in Dematagoda areas, most of the good condition here. The distribution clothing and other shopping malls are of health facilities are not equally developed because of high distributed in every region where the concentration of the Muslims. When Tamils are segregated and it is one the considering the income level of the major constrains faced by the Tamils. Muslims, high proportion of them is There are a few numbers of earning income between 25,000.00 dispensaries to treat patients. The LKR to 50,000.00 LKR, because they demand and the price of the land are are self-employed. They have got long high in Colombo city. Therefore, other term business stability. The economic than buying a land and building a status of Muslims are comparably low house, it would be easy to purchase a than the other two ethnic groups. flat in a housing scheme. So this When considering the infrastructural became a one reason for high facilities, transportation and health, segregation of Tamils in the above the transportation facilities are much mentioned areas. The lane called poor in Kuppiyawatta GND. There are

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many of the minor roads available, but result of the solidarity of one fewer major roads in the edge of GN particular ethnic group. So that, the boundary and the train service is also segregation of one ethnic group can be not well satisfied. Another Muslim dangerous to the security of the other population lives in less developed ethnic groups in a country. areas like Devala Road and Silva lane There are many unemployment in Kuppiyawatta East. In these regions conditions in the study area. When the the facilities are too low. For examples; literacy rate is low, it can lead to the roads were constructed using stone incapable people with fewer skills and blocks which reflect the low quality of furthermore this affect people road condition and the quality of negatively to have well paid settlements are also too low. And the occupations. The separation of surrounding environment is also very minority groups from the major unpleasant. society determines their skills and Altogether, these three ethnic groups mentality. When an individual grows (Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim) do not up in a specific ethnic group that consume the same facilities in person can have less skills. In contrast, Thimbirigasyaya DSD. Minority a person grown in a mixed ethnic groups of Tamils and Muslims are neighborhood may have multi skills suffering from these problems as they and that person can be adjustable to are segregated highly in small urban any of the environment. Furthermore, space. Especially the Muslim the behavior of main ethnic group segregated areas show an unclean might be a reason for high segregation environment with garbage. According of minor ethnic groups in a specific to results, ethnic segregation creates area. The major ethnic group is likely negative impacts on societies to give-up the areas when the especially in the urban settings. Often percentage of minority is elevated, for minority groups are affected by the instance; earlier Pamankada West segregation and at the same time the GND was a region that the Sinhalese solidarity of one ethnic group may are segregated highly than the other create huge problems in the society. ethnics. But within 20 years period the Especially, those ethnic groups who situation has changed a lot as Tamils show social and economic started to segregate there. So that backwardness than the major ethnic Sinhalese refused to live with this groups can lead to a suppressed minor group and left Pamankada mentality that will further motivate west. Now Tamils are highly them to do any criminal activity segregated there. against the major ethnic group. The Colombo is the economic hub of Sri best example for this is the bomb Lanka where many individuals work attack happened in Colombo in 21stof together for a better future of the Aril 2019. This was happened as a

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Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio n/267857143_PROCESSES_DRIVING_E THNIC_SEGREGATION_IN_CITIES_A _CASE_STUDY_OF_THE_CITY_OF_CO LOMBO_SRI_LANKA . (Accessed on January 8, 2019) Nawfhal, A.S.M., 1988, “The Spatial Perspective of Residential Patterns of Kandy City, Sri Lanka”, Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 61, No 02, pp.225- 247. Thennakoon.T.M.S.P.K. & Gamachchige.R .N. (2017).Social and Ethnic Segregation of Muslim Community InMatara District, Sri Lanka.Availableat: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio n/316474099_Social_and_Ethnic_Segrega tion_of_Muslim_community_in_Matara _District_Sri_Lanka. [Accessed January on 9, 2019].

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