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POPULATION DYNAMICS of Pasteuria Penetrans in a PEANUT FIELD and DESCRIPTION of a Pasteuria ISOLATE INFECTING Mesocriconema Ornatum

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POPULATION DYNAMICS of Pasteuria Penetrans in a PEANUT FIELD and DESCRIPTION of a Pasteuria ISOLATE INFECTING Mesocriconema Ornatum POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Pasteuria penetrans IN A PEANUT FIELD AND DESCRIPTION OF A Pasteuria ISOLATE INFECTING Mesocriconema ornatum By JOEY ISURITA ORAJAY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Joey Isurita Orajay 2 To my Tatay and Nanay for their 50th wedding anniversary 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation came in part out of long history of research done on Pasteuria penetrans in the Nematode Management Laboratory headed by Dr. Dickson. When I joined the research group in 2004, I have worked with a number of scientists and peers who made various contributions to honing my scientific perspectives and skills in conducting studies. I also got involved in several activities and organizations in the university that gave me chances to have productive interactions with a diverse group of people. To all of them, I wish to convey my sincerest appreciation. Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Donald W. Dickson, my major professor and dissertation adviser, for his unwavering support and constant guidance throughout my stay in his laboratory. I also thank him for instilling confidence in me by believing that I can do this research. His passion in nematology is truly worth emulating and it was such an honor for me to being part of his research team. I also express my gratefulness to the members of my advisory committee, Drs. James F. Preston, William T. Crow, Robin M. Giblin-Davis and Janet A. Brito for all their guidance and encouragements. I also spent part of my work in the laboratory of Dr. Preston, and for this, I am particularly thankful. I am so fortunate to being mentored by the best experts in Pasteuria research. My sincere appreciation to my professors and mentors in the Entomology and Nematology Department and Division of Plant Industry. I owe Dr. Robert McSorley much of my basic knowledge on the ecology of nematodes in which my research was founded. I would like to mention also Drs. Khuong Nguyen, Jimmy Rich, Larry Duncan, and Renato Inserra for unselfishly sharing their vast knowledge and wisdom gained through their long history of working with nematodes. Indeed, my journey is just starting. 4 I also thank my colleagues in the lab, Drs. Maria Mendes, George Kariuki, Ramazan Cetintas, Marisol Davila, Ramandeep Kaur, Jason Stanley, and Adriana Espinosa for the mentoring, encouragements, and meaningful conversations. Particularly, I am genuinely grateful to Drs. Liesbeth Schmidth, Guang Nong and Virginia Chow of Microbiology and Cell Science Department for patiently guiding me through the conduct of my molecular experiments. Special thanks go to my friends Justin Havird, Anders Bäck and Andrei Hatara for helping me in phylogenetic analysis and Lotka-Volterra simulation. My earnest thanks to Ms. Debra Anderson of the UF-International Center for not only providing me a home atmosphere while I am away from my country, but most importantly, bringing out the best and strongest in me. Through her, I realized that the world is much bigger than me and my beliefs, and that our differences should not hinder us from from working together. Her warmness and generosity will forever be treasured. Collective acknowledgments to my fellow nematology majors; dearest friends in the Pinoy-UF, ENSO, volleyball, Fulbright, and various international students groups; and roommates in the University Commons apartments for impacting my life in one way or the other. Through them, I learned how to productively interact and work in diverse settings, smartly take risks, and courageously face life including the most difficult situations. For the person I am now, I owe all of you a lot. Lastly, I am indebted to the University of the Philippines Los Baños, Department of Agriculture-Fulbright Scholarship, and the Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida for sponsoring my study and stay in the United States. I would like to mention also the Florida Peanut Producers Association for financially supporting my research. These institutions were instrumental to making this study possible. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................15 Peanut Production ...................................................................................................................15 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Peanut ...............................................................16 Species of Meloidogyne Pathogenic to Peanut ................................................................16 Other Species of Nematodes Associated with Peanut .....................................................18 Root-Knot of Peanut ...............................................................................................................18 Disease Cycle ..................................................................................................................19 Population Dynamics .......................................................................................................20 Integrated Nematode Management .........................................................................................21 Crop Rotation ..................................................................................................................22 Resistant Varieties ...........................................................................................................23 Chemical Nematicides .....................................................................................................23 Biological Control Agents ...............................................................................................24 Pasteuria spp.: Bacterial Parasites of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes ..........................................24 History .............................................................................................................................25 Taxonomy ........................................................................................................................26 Geographical Distribution ...............................................................................................28 Host Specificity and Variability ......................................................................................29 Biology and Life Cycle ...................................................................................................31 Effects of Pasteuria on the Host .....................................................................................33 Factors Affecting the Abundance and Persistence of Pasteuria penetrans in the Soil ..........36 Nematode Host Densities ................................................................................................37 Cropping Pattern ..............................................................................................................37 Temperature .....................................................................................................................38 Moisture ...........................................................................................................................39 Soil Chemicals and Nematicides .....................................................................................40 Soil Texture and Irrigation ..............................................................................................41 Place of Pasteuria Penetrans in Integrated Root-Knot Nematode Management ...................42 Management of Soil Suppressiveness Induced by Pasteuria penetrans ................................44 Objectives ...............................................................................................................................46 6 2 MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A Pasteuria ISOLATE INFECTING PEANUT RING NEMATODE, Mesocriconema ornatum ........................................................................................................47 Introduction .............................................................................................................................47 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................................50 Identification of Ring Nematode Species ........................................................................50 Determination of the Range of Ring Nematode Pasteuria (RNP) Endospore Attachment ...................................................................................................................51 Morphology and Morphometrics of Ring Nematode Pasteuria ......................................52 Light microscopy (LM) ............................................................................................52
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