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TRAFFIC’s Vision is of a world in which trade in wild plants and animals is managed at sustainable levels without damaging the integrity RIHFRORJLFDOV\VWHPVDQGLQVXFKDPDQQHUWKDWLWPDNHVDVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRKXPDQQHHGVVXSSRUWVORFDODQGQDWLRQDO economies and helps to motivate commitments to the conservation of wild species and their habitats.

rade in wildlife is vital to meeting created by illegal and/or unsustainable wildlife trade. the needs of a significant proport- TRAFFIC’s aim is to encourage sustainability by providing Tion of the world’s population. government, decision-makers, traders, businesses, consu- Products derived from tens of thousands mers and others with an interest in wildlife trade with of species of plants and animals are reliable information about trade volumes, trends, pathways traded and used for the purposes of, and impacts, along with guidance on how to respond where among other things, medicine, food, trade is illegal or unsustainable. fuel, building materials, clothing and ornamentation. TRAFFIC’s reports and advice provide a technical basis for the establishment of effective conservation policies and Most of the trade is legal and much of it programmes to ensure that trade in wildlife is maintained sustainable, but a significant proportion is within sustainable levels and conducted according to not. As well as threatening these resources, national and international laws and agreements. The journal unsustainable trade can also lead to of TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC Bulletin, is the only publication species declining in the wild to the point devoted exclusively to issues relating to international trade that they are threatened with extinction. in wild plants and animals. Provided free of charge to over Illegal trade undermines local, national 4000 subscribers and freely available from the TRAFFIC and international efforts to manage wild website (www.traffic.org), it is a key tool for disseminating natural resources sustainably and causes knowledge of wildlife trade and an important source of massive economic losses. information for those in a position to effect change and improve awareness. HARISH SEGAR / WWF iNTERNATIONAL The role of TRAFFIC is to seek and activate solutions to the problems Much of the content published in the TRAFFIC Bulletin arises from invest- igations carried out by TRAFFIC staff, whose wide-ranging expertise allows for a broad coverage of issues. TRAFFIC has also built up a global network of contacts with, for example, law enforcement agents, scientists, and wildlife experts, some of whom are regular contributors to the TRAFFIC Bulletin.

TRAFFIC welcomes articles on the subject of wildlife trade that will bring new information to the attention of the wider public; guidelines are provided in this issue and online to assist in this process. For more information, please contact the editor: JOHN E. NEWBY / WWF INTERNATIONAL JOHN E. NEWBY TRAFFICTRAFFIC MICHEL GUNTHER / WWF INTERNATIONAL MICHEL Kim Lochen ([email protected]).

The TRAFFIC Bulletin is a publication of TRAFFIC, a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

The TRAFFIC Bulletin publishes information and TRAFFIC original papers on the subject of trade in wildlife, and strives to be a source of accurate­ and objective B U L L E T I N information. The TRAFFIC Bulletin is available free of charge. VOL. 30 NO. 2 OCTOBER 2018 Quotation of ­information appearing in the news and short reports sections is welcomed without permission, but citation must be given. Reproduction­ of all other material appearing in the TRAFFIC Bulletin requires written ­permission from the publisher. CONTENTS

MANAGING EDITOR Steven Broad EDITOR and COMPILER Kim Lochen Editorial 41 SUBSCRIPTIONS and MAILING Sabri Zain (E-mail: [email protected]) Bulletin board 42 The designations of geographical entities in this Anti-snare campaign: 43–44 publication, and the presentation of the material, a year of combating snares in Malaysia do not imply the expression of any opinion Nur Hazwani Hassan and Salman Saaban whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting ­organisations concern­ ­ing the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its Emerging international trade in vulnerable 45–47 authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its species of South Asian freshwater turtles frontiers or boundaries. Sarah Stoner

Any opinions expressed are those of the writers Trade in primate species for 48–56 and do not necessarily reflect those of TRAFFIC. medicinal purposes in southern Benin: implications for conservation Published by TRAFFIC Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Etotépé A. Sogbohossou, Barthélémy Kassa, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK. Hugues A. Akpona, Isidore O. Amahowe, Joël Djagoun and Brice Sinsin Copyright of material published in the TRAFFIC Bulletin is vested in TRAFFIC UN FAO’s efforts towards sustainable 57–58 © TRAFFIC 2018. wildlife management and improved ISSN 0267-4297. food security and livelihoods UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 Kristina Rodina The illegal trade in otter pelts in Nepal 59–63 Cover photograph: Melissa Savage and Mohan Bikram Shrestha Green Tree Python Morelia viridis

(© Martin Harvey / WWF) Scaling up: the contemporary 64–71 reptile pet market in Japan Photographs this page, from top: Keiko Wakao, Jordi Janssen and Serene Chng Small-clawed Otters (© N. Duplaix) Wild meat market, Phalanga, D.R. Congo Seizures and prosecutions 72–78 (© Nathalie van Vliet / CIFOR) Vervet Monkeys (© Martin Harvey / WWF ) Spot survey: insights into medical students’ 79–84 perspectives on the use of wildlife products Funding for the printing and distribution of this in traditional medicine in Viet Nam issue of the TRAFFIC Bulletin is generously Vinh Dang and Madelon Willemsen provided by The Rufford Foundation.

Funding to print and distribute future issues is sought. Please visit http://www.traffic.org/donate/ if you can help.

AC Print Solutions Limited 55 High Street Hunsdon Herts SG12 8NJ

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KHQ WKH ¿UVW /RQGRQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,OOHJDO The Taskforce will also be working to identify criminals :LOGOLIH 7UDGH ,:7  ZDV KHOG LQ )HEUXDU\ XVLQJ OHJLWLPDWH ¿QDQFLDO LQVWLWXWLRQV WR FRQGXFW WKHLU W2014, the world was seeing unprecedented EXVLQHVVHV DQG LOOXPLQDWH WKH FRQÀXHQFH RI SURFHHGV levels of poaching and illegal trade in many species. from wildlife and other illicit trades. The year before had been the worst year on record for Illegal wildlife trade on the internet was another focus rhinoceros poaching in South Africa thus far, with over of the Conference, recognising that e-commerce and 1,000 animals killed illegally. The report of the Elephant online auction sites, as well as social media platforms, Trade Information System that was presented at the are increasingly used to sell illegal wildlife products, 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES providing as they do an alternative to physical markets (Convention on International Trade in Endangered which may be perceived to be or may actually be more exposed to monitoring and enforcement action. Showcased at the Conference was the work of WKH*OREDO&RDOLWLRQWR(QG:LOGOLIH7UD൶FNLQJ E D I T O R I A L Online. The Coalition, which includes 23 global e-commerce, social media and technology 6SHFLHVRI:LOG)DXQDDQG)ORUD WKDW\HDUDOVRVKRZHG companies including Tencent, Alibaba, eBay, Google, illegal trade in ivory at its highest levels in nearly two Microsoft and Rakuten, in partnership with TRAFFIC, decades, with 2011 the worst year on record for ivory ::) DQG ,)$: DLPV WR UHGXFH ZLOGOLIH WUD൶FNLQJ seizures. Political attention at the highest levels was through web-based platforms by 80% by 2020. urgently needed to address the crisis and many hoped Another strong display of private sector engagement that the London Conference would provide the global LQ FKDPSLRQLQJ JOREDO H൵RUWV WR WDFNOH ZLOGOLIH FULPH response that was needed. at the Conference was the announcement by the World That meeting concluded with the London Declaration Travel and Tourism Council that over 100 travel and that was adopted by acclamation by 41 countries, setting tourism companies have now signed up to the Buenos out an international call for action to eradicate markets Aires Declaration, working towards a common goal to for illegal wildlife products; strengthen law enforcement educate over one billion travellers about the nature, scale H൵RUWV DQG HQVXUH H൵HFWLYH OHJDO IUDPHZRUNV DQG and consequences of illegal wildlife trade. deterrents are in place; and promote sustainable The need to address demand for illegal wildlife livelihoods through positive engagement with local products was another issue highlighted at the Conference, communities. with Defra announcing the establishment of a consortium Four years on, some progress is being made on these of global behavioural change specialists, including IURQWVZLWKFRRSHUDWLYHH൵RUWVWRDGGUHVVZLOGOLIHFULPH TRAFFIC, the Oxford Martin School at the University increasing in quality and quantity. While levels of poaching of Oxford, Wildlife Conservation Society, United for and illegal trade for many species remain unacceptably Wildlife, UNEP, and USAID. The consortium aims to high, we are seeing the international community, as well share knowledge and experience in order to develop as key countries, tackling illegal wildlife trade as a serious recommendations on the approach and scope of targeted organised crime. Evidence of this can be seen from the illegal wildlife trade demand reduction initiatives. outcomes of the 2018 London Conference on Illegal The Conference saw delegates recognise that illegal Wildlife Trade that was held in October. ZLOGOLIHWUDGHD൵HFWVDIDUEURDGHUUDQJHRIVSHFLHVDQG The Conference was the fourth in the series of high- commodities beyond just elephants and rhinos. In terms level events which aimed to mobilise international action RIPRQHWDU\YDOXHIRUH[DPSOHPRUHVLJQL¿FDQWLVWKH on IWT; the London Conference in 2014 was followed by illegal trade in timber, which deprives local communities IWT meetings in Kasane, Botswana, in 2015 and Ha Noi, of food, income, and well-being, undercuts legitimate Viet Nam, in 2016. However, the Conference this year businesses and deprives governments of income from took a fresh approach, providing the high-level political sustainable exploitation of natural resources. It was attention that will allow the international community therefore good to see sessions at the Conference address to address the strategic and systemic problems that are the issue of illegal timber trade and forest governance. driving illegal wildlife trade, such as growing consumer 7KHJOREDOUHDFKDQGLQÀXHQFHRIWKH&RQIHUHQFHKDVDOVR GHPDQG IRU LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV ¿QDQFLDO FULPH expanded beyond Africa and Asia, with Peru announcing linked to wildlife crime, wildlife-related cybercrime and WKDW LW ZLOO KRVW WKH ¿UVW UHJLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH LQ /DWLQ greater engagement by the private sector. America focused on illegal wildlife trade next year. For example, just prior to the meeting, the Duke of Over 1,300 delegates from more than 70 countries &DPEULGJH VSHDUKHDGHG WKH ODXQFK RI D ¿QDQFLDO WDVN attended the Conference and over 50 countries adopted IRUFH WR GLVUXSW LQWHUQDWLRQDO PRQH\ ÀRZV OLQNHG WR the London 2018 Declaration committing to action to ZLOGOLIH WUD൶FNLQJ 7KH 8QLWHG IRU :LOGOLIH )LQDQFLDO tackle the illegal wildlife trade. However the success of Taskforce will initially comprise representatives from WKH&RQIHUHQFHFDQRQO\EHJDXJHGE\KRZH൵HFWLYHO\  JOREDO EDQNV DQG ¿QDQFLDO RUJDQLVDWLRQV VXFK DV individual governments, businesses and organisations Standard Chartered, HSBC, RBS and Citi Group, as well implement the commitments they made in London and as agencies, regulatory bodies and organisations such if those actions ultimately result in measureable and as TRAFFIC. Firm action in this critical area will help meaningful declines in poaching and illegal trade. prevent money laundering and the corruption associated ZLWKZLOGOLIHWUD൶FNLQJZKLOHDVVHWVHL]XUHVZRXOGDFW Sabri Zain, Director of Policy, TRAFFIC as a strong deterrent to those perpetrating wildlife crimes. (PDLOVDEUL]DLQ#WUD৽FRUJ

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42 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

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n early 2017, scientists warned of an emerging extinction crisis in South-east Asia driven in part by the rising use of snares to poach wildlife (Gray et al., &RPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRDVWKHODQGPLQHV of the forest, snares are an illegal hunting method Iand their use punishable by law in Malaysia. Yet a snare—often a cheap length of cable or wire—is among the most common hunting tools used across the region, both in and outside protected areas. It is simple in form but devastating in impact, claiming the lives of hundreds of wild animals. Malaysia has seen snare use grow over the years. From only 44 snares removed in 2013, the Department © PERHILITAN © ANTI-SNARE CAMPAIGN: A YEAR OF COMBATING SNARES IN MALAYSIA of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia 3(5+,/,7$1  KDV UHFRUGHG PRUH WKDQ  VQDUHV deactivated from 79 hotspot areas in each subsequent year to a total of 2,890 snares until May 2018. Between 2015 and May 2018, PERHILITAN patrol teams encountered at least 52 animals, both dead or alive, caught in active snares in these hotspot areas, including Malayan Tiger Panthera tigris jacksoni RQH $VLDQ (OHSKDQW Elephas maximus WZR  6XQ %HDU Helarctos malayanus   :LOG %RDU Sus scrofa  0DOD\DQ7DSLUTapirus indicus HLJKW  Sumatran Serow Capricornis sumatraensis WZR  DQG

Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjac VHYHQ  5HFRJQLVLQJ SOCIETY CONSERVATION WILDLIFE © the heightened threat and need to bring wider attention to the issue, PERHILITAN called on conservation groups to operations, supported by NGOs working within their join a campaign to tackle the incidence of snare trapping. respective study sites across Peninsular Malaysia, The year 2018 has been declared the “Year of Combating form an integrated, wide-reaching approach covering Snares” in Peninsular Malaysia. In conjunction with several protected areas and national parks. In addition, commemoration of World Wildlife Day 2018, the PERHILITAN is co-ordinating a rescue-rehabilitate- campaign was launched by the Honorable Minister of release programme for snared wildlife found alive during 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV DQG (QYLURQPHQW 15(  RQ $SULO these actions. Alongside the forest-based operations, 2018 at Ledang Square, Tangkak, State of Johor. authorities will step up inspection at key locations in the No single approach to combat the use of snares will country’s entry and exit points, deploying teams to set up work in isolation. The campaign was therefore designed roadblocks to detect smuggled wildlife in vehicles, and to include a variety of approaches and partners that spot-checking business premises or workers’ camps. would address several issues: bring greater awareness In order to raise public awareness about the of the impact of snares; allow the sharing of resources destructive impact of snares, the department and NGOs, for patrolling and snare-removal operations; and, including TRAFFIC, are jointly contributing to a encourage the public to report the use of snares. The public awareness programme that includes exhibitions, year-long campaign will work towards strengthening programmes for forest-fringe communities and schools, the level of protection of wildlife in protected areas lectures on wildlife conservation, specially designed and national parks in Peninsular Malaysia via a multi- materials for social media messaging and a series of agency enforcement taskforce consisting of enforcement interviews with local newspapers. Two short videos on agencies, and local NGOs, namely TRAFFIC, WWF- snares were also launched for streaming via mass media. 0DOD\VLD :&6 :LOGOLIH &RQVHUYDWLRQ 6RFLHW\  0DOD\VLD 3URJUDP 016 0DOD\VLDQ 1DWXUH 6RFLHW\  0<&$7 0DOD\VLDQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ$OOLDQFHIRU7LJHUV  Ÿ Snare removal operation by PERHILITAN, at Rimba, and Pelindung. The majority of snare removal Merapoh, Pahang, at the border of Taman Negara H൵RUWV KDYH EHHQ DQG ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR EH FDUULHG RXW National Park (top); a camera trap image of a snared by PERHILITAN in collaboration with the Malaysian Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus in Endau-Rompin Armed Forces and the Royal Malaysian Police. These National Park, Johor.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

These one-minute public service announcement videos were created by local production house, Nuvista Media, to reach a much broader audience on poaching issues, encouraging those watching to report wildlife crime and reminding consumers of the high penalties wildlife R൵HQGHUVPD\IDFHXQGHUWKHWildlife Conservation Act 2010, Peninsular Malaysia’s primary wildlife legislation. While penalties are high for snare use—a maximum ¿QH RI 50 86'  DQG XS WR WZR \HDUV¶ imprisonment—images of trapped and injured wildlife make the headlines fairly frequently. Many include specimens of severely threatened species: a Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa bearing snare wounds was found dead not far from a snare in early 2018; a Malayan Tiger was discovered with a wounded front leg caught in a snare in 2016; and there were several cases of snared Sun Bears in 2014 (Aris, 2016; Krishnasamy and Or, 0DKDUDQ6KDUPD $OOZHUHIRXQGLQ the country’s northern State of Perak, home to wildlife- rich forests such as the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex %7)& $VSUDZOLQJODQGVFDSHRIMXQJOHVDQGZDWHUZD\V 3(5+,/,7$1RIÀFLDOGXULQJDQDQWLVQDUH the BTFC boasts a Royal State Park and forest reserves, operation, Gunung Inas Forest Reserve, yet hasn’t been spared the scourge of poaching with snares. Kedah.

Between 2008 and 2010, at least 142 snares were PERHILITAN © also discovered and de-activated by a WWF-Malaysia wildlife monitoring unit working with authorities in 5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ WKH%7)& ::) ,QWKHVDPHSHULRG75$)),& recorded the loss of over 400 animals, one of which $ULV$  +DULPDXWHUSHUDQJNDSGDODPMHUDWEDELKWWSV involved a well-publicised case of a tiger found alive www.bharian.com.my/node/124745. Viewed 4 July 2018. after several days in a snare, which later died from its Gray, T.N., Lynam, A.J., Seng, T., Laurance, W.F., Long, B., LQMXULHV 75$)),&   'HWHFWLRQ RI VQDUHV LQ WKLV 6FRWVRQ/DQG5LSSOH:-  :LOGOLIHVQDULQJFULVLV area has continued, with 27 removed over 18 months in Asian forests. Science  ± beginning August 2011, and 60 more between January .ULVKQDVDP\ . DQG 2U 2&   6XQ %HDU VQDULQJ 2016 and March 2017 alone (Krishnasamy and Or, 2014; KLJKOLJKWV DQ HQIRUFHPHQW EDQH LQ WKH %HOXP±7HPHQJRU Forest Complex, Malaysia. International Bear News   6KDUPD  ± Snares plague other protected areas too: between 0DKDUDQ1*  +DULPDXGDKDQPDWLGLMHUDWGLWHPXLGL 2010 and 2013, 2,241 snares and 1,728 illegal campsites Gerik. http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/hari- were destroyed by NGOs working in three priority tiger mau-dahan-mati-dijerat-ditemui-di-gerik-166719. Viewed ODQGVFDSHV 0<&$7   7KHVH LQFLGHQWV KLJKOLJKW 5 July 2018. the illegal use of snares and how active poaching 0<&$7 0DOD\VLDQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ$OOLDQFHIRU7LJHUV    activities involving their use may be having a detrimental Urgent need to invest in enforcement to secure future of impact on Malaysia’s wildlife. Malaysia’s tigers. http://www.tigersincrisisnews.com/  $SHULRGRIPRQWKVPD\EHLQVX൶FLHQWWRPDNH news/urgent-need-to-invest-in-enforcement-to-secure- future-of-malaysias-tigers. Viewed 11 July 2018. VLJQL¿FDQW LPSDFWV RQ SRDFKLQJ EXW WKH FDPSDLJQ KDV 6KDUPD '   7KH GDUN UHDOLW\ RI WKH LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH placed this pervasive but little-discussed threat in the trade. http://www.wwf.org.my/media_and_information/ spotlight. This provides an opportunity for those working media_centre/?23905/The-Dark-Reality-of-the-Illegal- on wildlife protection to solicit solid information on the Wildlife-Trade. Viewed 5 July 2018. use of snares and establish just how extensive is their use. 75$)),&  7LJHUUHVFXHSRLQWVWRXUJHQWQHHGIRUPRUH Such data will be valuable for informed decision-making FRQWUROV KWWSVZZZWUD൶FRUJQHZVWLJHUUHVFXHSRLQWV in any future wildlife policy that seeks to eliminate the to-urgent-need-for-more-patrols/ use of snares from Malaysia’s forests. ::)   6XQ %HDU FDUFDVV DQG VQDUH ¿QG SRLQW WR relentless poaching in Belum-Temengor Forest Complex. http://www.wwf.org.my/media_and_information/media_ $ർ඄ඇඈඐඅൾൽ඀ൾආൾඇඍඌ centre/?uNewsID=16845. Viewed 4 July 2018.

The authors thank Kanitha Krishnasamy and Elizabeth John of TRAFFIC for reviewing an early draft of this 1XU+D]ZDQL+DVVDQ, Project Assistant, TRAFFIC article. WWF-Malaysia are thanked for supporting (PDLOKD]ZDQLKDVVDQ#WUD৽FRUJ TRAFFIC’s work in the Belum-Temengor Forest 6DOPDQ6DDEDQ, Director of Enforcement Division, Complex. Much gratitude is owed to Tierpark Zoo, Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular =RRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFD =$$ DQG7DURQJD Malaysia (PERHILITAN) =RRIRUWKHLUJHQHURXV¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUW E-mail: [email protected]

44 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

Emerging international trade in agencies in targeting those individuals responsible for HQDEOLQJ DQG EHQH¿WLQJ IURP ZLOGOLIH FULPH WKH PRVW vulnerable species of South Asian This focused and closely co-ordinated investigation freshwater turtles resulted in the arrest of 30 high-level persons of interest DFURVV 0DOD\VLD ,QGLD DQG %DQJODGHVK RI ZKLFK ¿YH Report by Sarah Stoner have been given custodial sentences and one remains outstanding on INTERPOL’s Red Notice. During this %ൺർ඄඀උඈඎඇൽ WZR\HDULQYHVWLJDWLRQWKH:-&RSHUDWLYHVZHUHR൵HUHG and often directly sighted several species of tortoises he illegal trade in freshwater turtles and and freshwater turtles, allowing for corroboration of tortoises for pets is widespread and is species for sale. As part of the evidence collection, increasingly characterised as transnational, all such instances and the species, quantity and value organised wildlife crime (Nijman and Stoner, RI WKHVH R൵HUV ZHUH GRFXPHQWHG 'XULQJ ³2SHUDWLRQ  /HXSHQ   7KLV WUDGH SRVHV D Dragon”, an estimated minimum of 20,400 specimens of Tsubstantial threat to numerous species, many of which VSHFLHVRIWRUWRLVHV IRXU DQGIUHVKZDWHUWXUWOHV   are already Critically Endangered (Gong et al., 2009; listed in Appendix I and II of CITES (Convention on 1LMPDQDQG6KHSKHUG 7KHGHPDQGWRRZQOLYH International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna wildlife is often coupled with a desire for rarer and DQG )ORUD  ZHUH R൵HUHG IRU VDOH :KLOH WKLV DSSURDFK harder to obtain species and is particularly prevalent for made it possible to quantify the scope of illegal trade, it freshwater tortoises and turtles as exotic pets, the latter also meant that species of concern not commonly seen on having become one of the most threatened vertebrate the international market could be detected. JURXSVJOREDOO\ ,8&1 )XUWKHUPRUHIUHVKZDWHU turtles are one of the most desired and highly threatened 0ൾඍඁඈൽඌ chelonian groups in the world (van Dijk et al  In March 2015, the Wildlife Justice Commission The WJC undertakes undercover, intelligence-led :-&  D QRQSUR¿W RUJDQLVDWLRQ EDVHG LQ 7KH +DJXH investigations and will often engage directly with traders Netherlands, was established with the aim of disrupting and brokers as prospective buyers. Using intelligence and helping to dismantle transnational criminal networks. DQG DQDO\VLV RI VRFLDO PHGLD WKH :-& LGHQWL¿HG D They do this by collecting evidence and turning it into network of Indian males based in Chennai and Kuala accountability by, inter alia, empowering mandated /XPSXU HQJDJHG LQ WKH WUD൶FNLQJ LQ SULPDULO\ &,7(6 law enforcement agencies to tackle wildlife crime by Appendix I-listed species such as Black Spotted SURYLGLQJ DFWLRQDEOH LQYHVWLJDWLYH ¿QGLQJV WKDW KDYH Turtles Geoclemys hamiltonii and Indian Star Tortoises been diligently documented. One such case, described $SSHQGL[ ,,  +RZHYHU WKH DXWKRUV DOVR GHWHFWHG here, set out to investigate the illegal trade in freshwater the emergence of several other species of freshwater turtles and tortoises; to galvanise law enforcement turtles less frequently encountered in trade during the action and remove enabling criminal factors. As a result, LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7KH :-& VHHNV WR VXEVWDQWLDWH R൵HUV RI WKH :-& LGHQWL¿HG LQGLYLGXDO WUDGHUV DQG RUJDQLVHG products for sale made online or via mobile messaging by criminal networks operating out of India and Bangladesh arranging meetings to view the products, and to discuss transporting considerable quantities of illegally purchase. All engagements with traders are recorded, obtained freshwater turtle and tortoise species through transcribed and documented for evidential purposes. South-east Asia for sale, predominantly to markets in 7R FRQWH[WXDOLVH LQYHVWLJDWLYH ¿QGLQJV WKH :-& DOVR Hong Kong and mainland China. Malaysia featured undertook several desktop reviews to understand the predominantly during the investigation as a key transit occurrence of these species in trade. country, and has historically hosted a strong pet trade, especially for species such as the Indian Star Tortoise 5ൾඌඎඅඍඌ Geochelone elegans (Shepherd et al. 6LPLODUO\ the investigation focused on the suppliers and those Some of the wildlife traders engaged with during the operating at the wholesale end of the trade chain, some course of the investigation in India and Malaysia were of whom were known to be providing stock to many of WUD൶FNLQJ VSHFLHV RI 6RXWK $VLDQ IUHVKZDWHU WXUWOHV the traders operating at Chatuchak Market, Bangkok. such as Red-crowned Roofed Turtles Batagur kachuga and Three-striped Roofed Turtles B. dhongoka, as well ,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ as other popular, well-recognised species on the market such as Black Spotted Turtles. While the number of As part of the WJC’s mission to disrupt and help WKHVHWXUWOHVR൵HUHGGXULQJWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVUHODWLYHO\ dismantle transnational criminal networks, the WJC ORZ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR RWKHU VSHFLHV 7DEOH   WKHUH LV sought to tackle the freshwater turtle and tortoise trade concern that any removal from the wild is likely to have a in Asia, which is particularly prevalent in this region detrimental impact on populations. Black Spotted Turtles 1LMPDQ DQG 6KHSKHUG   %HWZHHQ -DQXDU\  IHDWXUHGVLJQL¿FDQWO\GXULQJWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGKDYH and January 2018, WJC conducted “Operation Dragon” been included in Table 1 for comparative purposes. an investigation designed to support law enforcement

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

Species Distribution *IUCN CITES Indian Wildlife No. of individuals Status Appendix Protection Act offered to WJC

$VVDP5RRIHG7XUWOH %DQJODGHVK,QGLD ( %DQJODGHVK  ,, 6FKHGXOH   Pangshura sylhetensis  &5LQ,QGLD      %ODFN6SRWWHG7XUWOH %DQJODGHVK,QGLD ( %DQJODGHVK  , 6FKHGXOH,   Geoclemys hamiltonii 1HSDO3DNLVWDQ 9 ,QGLD

%URZQ5RRIHG7XUWOH %DQJODGHVK,QGLD 17 ,, 1RW/LVWHG   Pangshura smithii 3DNLVWDQ 

5HGFURZQHG5RRIHG7XUWOH %DQJODGHVK &5 ,, 6FKHGXOH   Batagur kachuga QRUWKHDVW,QGLD  FHQWUDO1HSDO   7KUHHVWULSHG5RRIHG7XUWOH %DQJODGHVK &5 %DQJODGHVK  ,, 1RWOLVWHG   Batagur dhongoka QRUWKHDVW,QGLD ( ,QGLD

Table 1. Species and no. of South Asian freshwater turtles offered to the WJC, 2016–2018, and their protection status. &5 &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG( (QGDQJHUHG9 9XOQHUDEOH17 1HDU7KWUHDWHQHG DVVHVVHG

Species Total no. sighted/ 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total no. seized offered to the WJC from trade

Assam Roofed Turtle Pangshura sylhetensis       %URZQ5RRIHG7XUWOHPangshura smithii       %ODFN6SRWWHG7XUWOHGeoclemys hamiltonii       5HGFURZQHG5RRIHG7XUWOHBatagur kachuga       7KUHHVWULSHG5RRIHG7XUWOHBatagur dhongoka      

Table 2. No. of individuals seen in trade by the WJC (2016–2018) compared to no. seized from trade (2014–2017).

It was noted that traders would place an emphasis on VALUE: The species appear to command a higher price a species’ rarity on the market. This was substantiated than other more commonly traded species such as Black to the WJC by a trader based in Malaysia, who was Spotted Turtles. Consequently, smaller consignments can known to source products from India, claiming he had EHWUDQVSRUWHGPRUHHDVLO\DQGVWLOO\LHOGDKHDOWK\SUR¿W many buyers from Hong Kong and Thailand who sought UHTXLULQJ OHVV FRPSOLFLW\ RI FRUUXSW R৽FLDOV NHHSLQJ Batagur kachuga and B. dhongoka specimens on account costs low. During the investigation the WJC collected over of their rarity and that he had stocks of these species GL൵HUHQWGDWDSRLQWVRQSULFHVRIVSHFLHVR൵HUHGIRU available for sale. sale; the median price per head for Black Spotted Turtles Conversely, it appears that while the WJC observed was calculated to be USD110, compared to USD1,150 WKHVHIRXUVSHFLHVRIIUHVKZDWHUWXUWOHVEHLQJR൵HUHGIRU for a Three-striped Roofed Turtle or USD1,700 for a sale covertly, it is apparent that they are seldom reported as Red-crowned Roofed Turtle. being seized from trade, as is illustrated in Table 2 which records reported seizures between 2014 and 2017 across LEGALITY: The species are listed in CITES Appendix II. Asia according to open source research. It also highlights how frequently Black Spotted Turtles are seized from Although documentation is still required for trade in these trade in comparison. This disparity between what is species to be permitted, they may not be targeted, or as being documented in underground trade compared to the well known, by law enforcement agencies compared to number recorded in illegal trade may mean that current specimens listed in CITES Appendix I. H൵RUWVE\ODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHVDUHQRWVX൶FLHQWWR detect such species in illegal consignments. Furthermore, &5,0( ',63/$&(0(17: As enforcement cracks according to the CITES Trade Database, none of these down on the high-volume species found in trade, such as four species has featured in legal trade between 2014 and Black Spotted Turtles, lesser-known species may become 2017, with fewer than 15 individuals recorded for 2013. appealing to wildlife criminals. The species appear to be The author suspects that the occurrence of these four less well known in international trade and therefore may species in trade could be attributed to several factors: QRW EH HDVLO\ LGHQWL¿DEOH E\ SRUW DQG &XVWRP R൶FHUV thus reducing the risk of detection.

46 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

foster closer collaboration between countries implicated in the trade. It will also provide much needed data to update assessments of population levels in the wild. Of further note is that the Three-striped Roofed Turtle and the Brown Roofed Turtle, despite being threatened, are not included in India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 7DEOH $VDPDWWHURIXUJHQF\WKH\VKRXOGEH considered by wildlife agencies for inclusion in the law in order to prevent further exploitation of legal loopholes.

$ർ඄ඇඈඐඅൾൽ඀ൾආൾඇඍඌ

Advertisements featuring Red-crowned Roofed The author thanks Boyd Leupen, Chris R. Shepherd, Turtle (left) and Three-striped Roofed Turtle Kanitha Krishnasamy and Saket Badola for reviewing provided to the WJC by a trader via Facebook this article. Messenger, October 2016. 5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ

23325781,7<These species occur in the same areas Courchamp, F., Angulo, E., Rivalan, P., Hall, R J., Signoret, L., EHLQJXVHGDVDWUDGHURXWHE\WUD৽FNHUV. 6SHFL¿FDOO\ %XOO/DQG0HLQDUG<  5DULW\YDOXHDQGVSHFLHV these species originate from geographic ranges in north- H[WLQFWLRQWKH$QWKURSRJHQLF$OOHHH൵HFW. PLoS Biology, east India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and local populations,   HGRLMRXUQDOSELR *RQJ63&KRZ$7)RQJ--DQG6KL+7  7KH particularly in Bangladesh, are severely threatened chelonian trade in the largest pet market in China: scale, 7DEOH   7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ IRXQG WKDW PDQ\ RI WKH scope and impact on turtle conservation. Oryx ± Red-crowned Roofed Turtles and Three-striped Roofed +DOO 5- 0LOQHU*XOODQG (- DQG &RXUFKDPS )   7XUWOHV RQ R൵HU KDG RULJLQDWHG IURP 8WWDU 3UDGHVK LQ (QGDQJHULQJWKHHQGDQJHUHGWKHH൵HFWVRISHUFHLYHGUDULW\ QRUWKHDVW,QGLD DQGDUHWUDQVSRUWHGWR%DQJODGHVKYLD on species exploitation. Conservation Letters   ± ,8&1   Turtles in Trouble. The World’s 25+ Most West Bengal, before being smuggled overseas. Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles–2018. http:// The occurrence of these species on the international www.iucn-tftsg.org/wpcontent/uploads/file/Top%2025/ markets in Thailand, Malaysia and Hong Kong appears Turtle_Conservation_Coalition_2018_Top_25+_Turtles_ to be rarely reported. While some literature exists in in_Trouble_lr.pdf. Viewed 9 July 2018. relation to the threatened status of the species, there is Kundu, S., Kumar, V., Laskar, B.A., Tyagi, K., and Chandra, OLWWOHSXEOLVKHGUHVHDUFKDQGRUVX൶FLHQWGDWDVXSSRUWLQJ .  3HWDQGWXUWOH'1$EDUFRGLQJLGHQWL¿HGWZHOYH Geoemydid species in northeast India. Mitochondrial DNA WKLV+RZHYHU:-&ZDVIUHTXHQWO\R൵HUHGWKHVHVSHFLHV Part B  ±GRL during the investigation, albeit to a lesser extent to other, /HXSHQ%7&  Black Spotted Turtle in Asia II: A Seizure better-known species. Of note is that the rarity of these Analysis. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. species is cited as a selling feature, facilitated by the 1LMPDQ9DQG6KHSKHUG&5  $QDO\VLVRIDGHFDGH above factors, which may be aiding crime. This desire of trade of tortoises and freshwater turtles in Bangkok, is further compounded by harder to obtain species, Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation  ± where “the rarer the species the better”. This is likely 1LMPDQ 9DQG 6WRQHU 66   Keeping an Ear to the Ground: Monitoring the Trade in Earless Monitor Lizards. WR HQFRXUDJH DQ DQWKURSRJHQLF DOOHH H൵HFW ZKHUH WKH TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. value attributed to rarity may precipitate the extinction 5RELQVRQ -( *UL൶WKV 5$ -RKQ )$96 DQG 5REHUWV of rare species (Hall et al  &RXUFKDPS   '/  '\QDPLFVRIWKHJOREDOWUDGHLQOLYHUHSWLOHV Rarity in the wild is a particularly unique characteristic shifting trends in production and consequences for of the freshwater turtle and tortoise trade—the Critically sustainability. Biological Conservation ± Endangered Ploughshare Tortoise Astrochelys yniphora 6KHSKHUG&5%XUJHVV($DQG/RR0  Demand Driven: The Trade of Indian Star Tortoises Geochelone OLNHO\TXDOL¿HVDVWHVWDPHQWWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ elegans in Peninsular Malaysia. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. &ඈඇർඅඎඌංඈඇඌൺඇൽ5ൾർඈආආൾඇൽൺඍංඈඇඌ 9DQ 'LMN 33   7KH VWDWXV RI WXUWOHV LQ $VLD ,Q 33 YDQ 'LMN %/ 6WXDUW DQG $*- 5KRQGLQ (GV  Asian The possibility of these species of South Asian freshwater Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Trade of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Asia, turtles being targeted for international markets such as Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 1–4 December 19993S± Hong Kong and mainland China, with Thailand and Lunenberg, USA: Chelonian Research Foundation. Malaysia facilitating the trade, is great cause for concern given the fragile status of these species in the wild 7DEOH   7KLV DUWLFOH VKRXOG IRUP VX൶FLHQW EDVLV WR direct further research to assess the extent to which these 6DUDK6WRQHU, Senior Investigations Manager, species are in demand at an international level. This will Wildlife Justice Commission, WTC The Hague, assist in the formulation of recommendations to tackle Prinses Margrietplantsoen 79, 2595 BR The Hague trade to prevent these species being further threatened and The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   TRADE IN PRIMATE SPECIES FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES IN SOUTHERN BENIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION © NATUREPL.COM / ANUP SHAH / WWF / SHAH ANUP / NATUREPL.COM © Report by Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun, Etotépé A. Sogbohossou, Barthélémy Kassa, Hugues A. Akpona, Isidore O. Amahowe, Joël Djagoun and Brice Sinsin

48 TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018)

S H O R T R E P O R T

TRADE IN PRIMATE SPECIES FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES IN SOUTHERN BENIN: Introduction rimates are among the most persecuted of animals, relentlessly hunted for their meat IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION and fur, or killed for stealing crops in fields that were once their home (Mittermeier et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2015, Ripple et Pal., 2016). In some cultures and contexts (e.g. Hindu practices across Asia and among the Fon people in Benin), primates are viewed as sacred; in others, such as in China or Japan, they are considered mythical creatures of cunning and deviousness, while for most of the world’s subsistence farmers living in close proximity to monkeys and apes, they represent a significant crop pest (Alves and Rosa, 2013). Their role in folk practices has been recorded in different socio-cultural contexts throughout the world. In southern Benin, primates are commonly used in traditional medicine, both for the treatment of ailments and for folkloric or magical purposes, such as improving relationships and attaining good fortune. The authors conducted interviews with animal-based medicine traders in six main cities of southern Benin. In order to estimate the use value and fidelity level of the different primate species and their products, the authors asked questions related to their origin and their uses. This study is a preliminary assessment of primates for animal-based medicine purposes in southern Benin and aims to provide an overview of the use of primates in traditional folk medicine in that location. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the diversity and the use value of each primate species in relation to their conservation assessment using IUCN criteria; (2) to identify the origin of the primates found in targeted markets; and (3) to evaluate the ethno-medicinal purposes of these animals. Further investigation is required to increase our understanding of the harvesting and trade of these species, and to assess the impacts caused by commercial exploitation.

Family of baboons Papio sp.

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Background

The Government of Benin is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Global Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and endorses its 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets (CBD, 2010). In the Fifth National report of Benin on Biodiversity for CBD, it was highlighted that the Aichi Targets are not on track to meet the 2020 deadline. In that report, it was pointed out that wildlife species face a number of complex challenges including depleted resources, competition for habitats used by wildlife, overharvesting and poaching, and changing habitats. In order to address wildlife conservation and ensure sustainable livelihoods, decisions at multiple levels across multiple sectors need to be guided by information on the state of all wildlife conservation. However, numerous challenges hamper access to, and use of, wildlife data in Fig. 1. Location of sampled markets in southern Benin. Benin, including scarcity of scientific research, gaps or other inadequacies in indicators, datasets and capacity. In this context, mobilising traditional knowledge of wildlife species could be useful in the management of some of 28 May 2011, setting the modalities of conservation threatened species. and sustainable management of fauna and its habitats Various studies have addressed the conservation in the Republic of Benin, the Senegal Bushbaby concerns arising from the use of medicinal products Galago senegalensis, White-thighed Black-and-White from primates, especially because many of them are Colobus Colobus vellerosus and Red-bellied Monkey threatened species (Ahmed, 2001). The importance of Cercopithecus erythrogaster are integrally protected; primates in the traditional folk medicine of different the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus tantalus, Patas Monkey ethnic groups in Benin has frequently been overlooked, Erythrocebus patas, Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona, even though there is widespread anecdotal evidence for and Olive Baboon Papio anubis are partially protected their use as medicine. Such uses represent important and may be hunted outside protected areas, while other threats to certain primate populations. There is therefore primate species are not listed. Despite these hunting a need to improve our limited understanding of the use restrictions, poaching represents the major threat to this of primates and the specific impacts of these practices taxonomic group in Benin (Nobimè et al., 2008). and to formulate some recommendations regarding the public health risk, as it is well recognised that numerous Methods infectious diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans (i.e. zoonoses), especially within the primates Identification of study sites order (Wolfe and Fuentes, 2007). This study, undertaken between March and June 2012, required the full contribution of traditional healers, Legislation who are the principal holders of knowledge of ethno- therapeutic resources. The choice of animal-based Hunting is permitted in Benin under authorisation medicine markets has a double advantage because from the government, but is limited to certain species. concerned actors combine their profession as traditional According to Law N° 2002-16 of 18 October 2004 on healers and as traders. Markets were selected based on wildlife protection in Benin and Decree N° 2011-394 their proximity to protected areas, their scale (local,

City Ethnic groups1 Sample size Description of interview location

Cotonou Fon 20 International market of Dantokpa and the biggest market in Benin. Porto–Novo Goun 20 The market in administrative capital of Benin and close to wetlands (Ouémé valley, Hlan river) part of Ramsar2 site 1,017 and close to Nigeria. Comè Mina 15 Close to wetlands (Ramsar site 1,018), close to Togo. Azové Mina 10 Close to wetlands (Ramsar site 1,018), close to Togo. Abomey Fon 15 A city of great historical and cultural importance and attached to traditions. Bohicon Fon 15 A city of great historical and cultural importance and attached to traditions.

Table 1. Sample size of markets and identification of study sites in southern Benin. 1the local language used is called the same as the ethnic group; 2https://www.ramsar.org/fr/zone-humide/benin

50 TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) S H O R T R E P O R T

national or international), and dominant ethnic groups in the area. Considering all these aspects, 95 animal-based medicine traders were interviewed in the animal markets in six main cities of southern Benin (Table 1; Fig. 1). All interviewees were males over 40 years old.

Data collection The authors visited outdoor markets, occasional markets (markets set up for special events), and outlets selling religious articles, where products derived from wildlife are commonly sold (e.g. Fig. 2). Data were collected on the medicinal importance of each primate species, as

well as their functions and uses, the organs requested, the HABITATS NATURAL / WWF-US © prices of each primate by-product, the species richness ▼ and abundance of specimens displayed and their likely Olive Baboon Papio anubis origin of supply. The species diversity recorded was based on the interviews and from direct observations.

Data analysis In order to determine their status classifications, all recorded primate species were checked against the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1 (http:// www.iucnredlist.org/), Benin’s official list of endangered species (Neuenschwander et al., 2011) and against the Appendices of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) (https:// www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php). The authors ▼ Fig. 2. Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas heads calculated the use value for each species, a quantitative (below left), and the hand and skin of a Chimpanzee method that illustrates the relative importance of a species Pan troglodytes Djougou market (below right); the known locally. This value was calculated using the skulls of different primate species (bottom) on following formula: UV=ΣU/N, where: UV is the use value display at Dantokpa international market, of a species; U the number of times a species was mentioned southern Benin. as being in use by a survey participant/interviewer; N is the number of informants. The relative abundance of each primate species was assessed by calculating the ratio of the number of individuals represented by body parts out of the total per category. The fidelity level (FL) indicates the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain animal species for the same medicinal purpose (Friedman et al., 1986). It is useful for identifying the informants’ most preferred species for treating certain ailments. The FL was calculated as follows: FL(%) = Np × 100 © 2011 DJAGOUN N 2018 © ZANVO

Where Np is the number of informants that claim a use of a species to treat a particular disease, N is the number of informants that use the animal as a medicine to treat any given disease. The authors also performed the Pearson correlation analysis to understand the relationship between the percentage of the traders selling primate species and the average selling price of the items for sale.

Results and Discussion

Primate species traded on the animal-based medicine market in Benin In the markets studied, the trade in primate body parts for animal-based medications was shown to be common © 2014 DJAGOUN

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species that do not occur in Benin—gorillas Gorilla sp. and Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (Fig. 2) (Sinsin and Kampmann, 2010)—were also recorded, although were the least commonly recorded primate species for sale. Chimpanzee and gorilla species are listed in CITES Appendix I and, as such, international trade in these species is prohibited; the specimens on display must therefore have been illegally imported. The species most commonly sold—recorded to be offered for sale by more than 50% of the traders—were Vervet Monkey, Patas Monkey, Mona Monkey, Olive Baboon and Senegal Bushbaby. The use value (UV) of all primate species used for zoo-therapeutic purposes ranged from 0.04 to 0.57. The species which had the highest use value were White-thighed Black-and-White Colobus (0.57), Vervet Monkey (0.35), Olive Colobus Procolobus verus (0.28), Patas Monkey (0.21). Conversely, Olive Baboon (0.04), Potto Gibbon Perodicticus potto (0.06), Chimpanzee (0.08), Demidoff’s Galago Galagoides demidoff (0.08) and Senegal Bushbaby (0.09) were the least used. Table 2 summarises the primate species used for medicinal purposes, the commonly traded species, the use value of a species and the conservation status. The principal origin of the primate products displayed

© MARTIN HARVEY / WWF / HARVEY MARTIN © in the markets was Nigeria, but several countries of West Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas and Central Africa also feed the trade in primate products on sale in Benin. All species are believed to have both medicinal and magical values, however their use for magical purposes predominates. The abundance of species sold in the traditional practice in southern Benin. Eleven primate species medicine markets partly mirrored the same trend of occurring in Benin were recorded at the animal-based species abundance in their natural habitat (Nobimè et al., medicine markets. Of these, nine were found to be offered 2008). This was true for some species such as the Patas or traded at select markets in southern Benin; apart from Monkey, which is very common throughout the country, the species that were observed for sale, it was not always but not for other species; specimens of species threatened possible for the authors to verify whether all those being in Benin, such as the Mona Monkey, were found with offered by the sellers were available; in addition, two almost all the traders interviewed.

Species Frequency of traders Use-value of IUCN Benin CITES selling the species (%) a species1 Red List2 Red List3 listing4

Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona 97.3 0.13 LC VU II Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas 85.3 0.21 LC LC II Olive Baboon Papio anubis 75.1 0.04 LC LC II Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus tantalus 68.8 0.35 LC LC II Senegal Bushbaby Galago senegalensis 30.5 0.09 LC LC II Demidoff’s Galago Galagoides demidoff 23.6 0.08 LC LC II White-thighed Black-and-White Colobus Colobus vellerosus 20.4 0.57 VU EN II Potto Gibbon Perodicticus potto 25.4 0.06 LC LC II Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 11.2 0.08 EN 5 I Olive Colobus Procolobus verus 10.4 0.28 LC EN II Gorilla Gorilla sp. 9.7 0.15 CR 5 I

Table 2. The diversity, abundance, use value and conservation status of primate species traded for zoo-therapeutic purposes across southern Benin.

1Higher figure indicates higher use value;2 http://www.iucnredlist.org/; 3See: Neuenschwander et al., 2011; 4https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php; 5not occurring in Benin

52 TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) S H O R T R E P O R T

Source of primate species traded in southern Benin Cameroon According to information received from traders, most Congo of the primates and other animals sold in Benin markets Mali come from the country’s national parks or gazetted Côte d'Ivoire forests. However, although most of the primates on sale Gabon occur in Benin, the authors discovered that traders also To g o imported them from other African countries. The traders Niger identified 10 countries from where wildlife products Ghana derived from primates are imported (Fig. 3). Primates Burkina Faso in the traditional medicine markets in Benin primarily Nigeria come from Nigeria (34%), followed by Burkina Faso 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 (16%), Ghana (14%), Niger (11%), Togo (8%), Gabon (5.6%), Côte d’Ivoire (4.8%) and Mali (3%). Central frequency of traders (%) African countries as a source of supply, including Congo Fig. 3. The origin of imported primates offered on and Cameroon, were cited only by 2.5% and 2% of traditional medicine markets in southern Benin. traders respectively. The fact that more than 30% of the Source: trader interviews primates traded at the animal medicine markets were reported to have come from Nigeria is likely attributable to Nigeria’s close proximity. Moreover, Nigeria is more densely forested compared to Benin’s other 100 neighbouring countries such as Burkina Faso and Niger, r=0.83; n=11; p<0.0001 which are in the Sahelian region (CILSS, 2016) and have 80 lower densities of primates. Establishing the impact of traditional medicine on wildlife is notoriously difficult 60 because traders are reluctant to reveal the exact source of their stocks, which is why the data collected relate to 40 the country of origin only. The authors’ findings on the 20 source of the primates traded on the traditional medicine

frequency of traders selling species (%) of traders selling species (%) frequency 0 market in Benin suggest the existence of transnational 200 250 organised wildlife crime as the trade is undertaken 0 50 100 150 without CITES permits. The authors also suspect that the income generated (USD) efforts of border security forces in controlling primates Fig. 4. Correlation between the percentage of traders and other species being imported into Benin are hindered selling primate species and the average selling price of either by corruption or circumvention of current border the given species in southern Benin. management policies.

Primate consumption levels and species rarity vs. selling price Primates were mostly sold as individual body parts, and trade to the natural population depletion, especially bones and skulls were the most frequently documented for endangered species. As most of the time only parts items (n=564). Senegal Bushbabies recorded at the of the bodies were found, this was not possible. Only markets were mostly live specimens owing to customer prohibitively expensive DNA analysis would allow such preference, according to the sellers, but also possibly estimation (Scott, 2008). because their small size enables poachers to transport specimens to market more easily and discreetly compared Traditional uses of primate species with other primates. On average, primate traders (n=20) While the body parts of some wildlife species sold in sold to seven customers per day, but this ranged from two southern Benin markets all have medicinal uses, for and up to 30 customers on a very busy day. However, others only some parts are used. These can be from live no data were available on the actual turnover of specific or dead animals. However most parts are traded or used species and the rate at which stocks were replaced. The in their raw and dried forms. The following animal parts/ authors found a positive and significant correlation products are sold separately as remedies: bones, skins, between the percentage of traders selling a primate tails, furs, skulls, bile, hands, legs and teeth. The zoo- species and the average selling price of the given species therapeutic value of primate species was classified into two in southern Benin markets (r=0.83; n=11; p<0.0001, categories: medicinal or magico-religious value. Table 3 Fig. 4). Therefore, the rarer a species is on the market, records the medicinal or the magico-religious value of the more expensive it is. It would have been interesting the primates with their degree of fidelity level in citation. to assess the number of individuals of each species traded Different ways of preparing and administering such in the markets in order to assess the importance of the remedies were reported by the interviewees. Frequently,

TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) 53 S H O R T R E P O R T

when used for medicinal purposes, the body parts are sun- of other serious and widespread zoonoses such as dried, crushed into powder and applied to the part of the tuberculosis or rabies should be considered whenever body that needs treating. For magical purposes, the body animal tissues from unknown sources are handled and part is used alone or in conjunction with other products. used as remedies (Alves and Rosa, 2007). Additionally, it A slightly greater number of parts are used for magical is essential that traditional drug therapies be vetted by a purposes than for medicinal purposes. This also shows government and/or independent health agency regarding the importance of magic in traditions in Benin. Alves et benefit/risk issues. Unfortunately, little research has been al., (2008) reported on the commercialization of similar done to prove the claimed clinical efficacy of primate raw materials used as remedies in certain Brazilian products for medicinal purposes. The use of animals cities owing to the similarity in vodoun culture practiced for medicinal purposes is a component of traditional in both countries, according to the history of the slave knowledge that is increasingly becoming more relevant trade. Primates are commonly associated with myths in to discussions on conservation biology and within the faiths of different countries and used in magical or multilateral environmental agreement negotiations (e.g. religious rituals (Mittermeier et al., 2007). The species the CBD discourse on “Traditional Knowledge”), public most used for medicinal purposes are the Mona and Patas health policies, and sustainable management of natural Monkeys, while the ones preferred for magical purposes resources, biological prospection, and patents. are Demidoff’s Galago and Olive Colobus. This could be explained by the greater availability of the Mona and Patas Monkeys compared to other primate species (Campbell Conservation Implications et al., 2008). Indeed, numerous animal species are hunted or poached for their meat rather than for their supposed This study confirms that several primate species are medicinal use (Ripple et al., 2016). Nevertheless, there used in traditional folk practices in Benin. The species is often an overlap between the two purposes, and are usually collected in the wild and many are threatened transmission of diseases can occur in both instances. by overharvesting according to Linder and Oates (2011). Unfortunately, the potential health risk of animal-based Despite the fact that the link between trade and the medicine is ignored by the actors involved. Several current status of primates in Benin is not well known, species of monkeys have been identified as harboring or understood, the extent of the trade and the decline of infectious diseases transmissible to humans, with most primate populations in their natural habitat suggests potentially grave consequences (Still, 2003). Organs and that the problem is important, and that there is an urgent various tissues, including bones and bile, can be a source need to monitor the volume of the trade and its impact on of Salmonella infection, causing chronic diarrhoea and primate populations. In Benin, the authors found that the endotoxic shock, but also the recently emerging disease rarest species on display were more expensive than more Ebola that can inter alia be caused by the consumption commonly available species. This may be an important of infected primate parts. The possibility of transmission factor in the reduced numbers of a given species as

Vervet Monkeys were among the primate species reported to be the most commonly sold during the survey period in southern Benin. © R.ISOTTI, A.CAMBONE / HOMO AMBIENS / WWF / AMBIENS HOMO / A.CAMBONE R.ISOTTI, ©

54 TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) S H O R T R E P O R T

selective hunting is carried out to supply 74.4 60.3 20.4 61.2 75.1 15.3 11.2 85.3 79.3 38.2 9.7 97.3 91.5 45.3 23.6 68.8 10.3 30.5 80.2 1.3 demand and make more profit. In addition, as reported by the interviewees, the rarer a species is and the more difficult to hunt, the more likely it is used as a traditional medicine ingredient. For the rarest mammal species, demand almost exceeds supply.

Thus, the high prices and corresponding FIDELITY LEVEL(%)

demand for some of these species increases hunting pressure, as the traders likely prefer to display high value, rare species. The authors found that 92% of respondents were not aware of the IUCN or Benin Red

List conservation status of the species they traded. However, they did confess to being aware that some primate species sold are protected by law and that they were prepared

to take the risk of being arrested. Also, USES many are likely to be illegally traded from neighbouring countries. This indicates an extensive lack of awareness crucial for the effectiveness of conservation strategies. It Protection against evil influences/ against evil Protection Cure different body ailments different Cure snakebite from measure Preventive wounds Burns, Charms Assist children who take longer to start walking who take Assist children Protection against evil influences/ against evil Protection Accident prevention Aphrodisiac/potency for men for Aphrodisiac/potency Against snakebite Protection against evil influences/manipulation against evil Protection Drive off evil spirits off evil Drive body ailments different Cure Burns, area of fractured bone and sprains of fractured area Burns, and witches Frighten the enemy Drive off evil spirits when kept in the house spirits when kept off evil Drive wounds burns, gout, malaria, Jaundice, gout heart problem, jaundice, Malaria, spirit association with a fetish Make manipulation and appeasing witches manipulation and appeasing wounds Burns, witches manipulation and appeasing is important to remark that the use of certain animal remedies may have been more understandable in the past, when no other therapeutic alternatives were available, and when most species were probably plentiful in their natural habitat and the extent of the trade was on a smaller-scale. There is a Body Bone Body Bone claws teeth, Bones, Tibia bone Body Skull Male organs Bone Head/skull + fore hind arms fore Head Bone Skin Skull Skull Bile/fat Bile Skull/head Bone need to incorporate indigenous knowledge PARTS BODY systems and facilitate the effective participation of local communities in policy making and implementation concerning the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity resources through participatory management. The trade of several of these

primate species is illegal in Benin and there Magic Medicinal Magic Medicinal Magic Medicinal Magic Magic Medicinal Medicinal Magic

Magic Medicinal Medicinal Magic Magic Medicinal Medicinal Magic is a need for effective law enforcement. Medicinal Moreover, the presence of gorillas and Chimpanzees in the markets surveyed raises both conservation concerns as well as VALUE TYPE OF USE / concerns over the effective implementation of CITES in Benin (see also CITES Secretariat, 2017). Corrupt security agents

and porous borders in Benin are suspected Colobus vellerosus to be the main drivers of likely illegal trade in contravention of CITES. It is also

important to raise awareness of the status of endangered species and of the Benin

Red List. There are numerous reasons to re-evaluate the medicinal use of primate products in traditional medicine. In doing

Chlorocebus tantalus Chlorocebus

so, account should be taken of the rarity verus Procolobus Perodicticus potto Perodicticus of some species, the unnecessary suffering anubis Papio that hunting incurs, and the possible health risks linked to the administration of animal- based remedies.

Olive Colobus Olive

White-thighed Black-and-White Colobus

Olive Baboon Olive Potto Gibbon Potto

troglodytes Chimpanzee Pan Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas Patas Monkey

Gorilla sp. Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona Mona Monkey demidoff Galagoides Demidoff's Galago Vervet Vervet Monkey

SPECIES senegalensis Galago Senegal Bushbaby cities. with primate species in surveyed of diseases treated Categories 3. Table

TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) 55 S H O R T R E P O R T

Acknowledgements Neuenschwander, P., Sinsin, B. and Goergen, G. (2011). Protection de la Nature en Afrique de l’Ouest: Une Liste This study was financially supported by the American Rouge pour le Bénin. Nature Conservation in West Africa: Red List for Benin. International Institute of Tropical Society of Primatology through a grant provided to Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Chabi Adéyèmi Marc Sylvestre Djagoun. IDEA WILD Nobimè, G., Gaoué, O.G. and Sinsin, B. (2008). Distribution supported the fieldwork equipment through a grant des espèces de primates au Benin et ethnozoologie. provided to Dr Djagoun. The authors are grateful to International Journal of Biological & Chemical Sciences the traders who participated in this research. They 2(3):346–354. also acknowledge Gboja Mariano Houngbedji for his Ripple, W. J., Abernethy, K., Betts, M.G., Chapron, G., Dirzo, assistance during the field data collection phase. The R., Galetti, M., Levi, T., Lindsey, P.A., Macdonald, D.W., authors would also like to thank Roland Melisch and Sone Machovina, B., Newsome, T.M., Peres, C.A., Wallach, Nkoke Christopher of TRAFFIC, and two anonymous A.D., Wolf, C. and Young, H. (2016). Bush meat hunting and extinction risk to the world’s mammals. Royal Society reviewers for their helpful comments on an early draft of Open Science, 3:160498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos. this manuscript. 160498 Scott, B.C. (2008). A truer measure of the market: the molecular References ecology of fisheries and wildlife trade. Molecular Ecology 17:3,985–3,998. Ahmed, A. (2001). Illegal trade and utilization of primates in Sinsin, B. and Kampmann, D. (2010). Atlas de la Biodiversité India. Wildlife and protected areas: non-human primates of de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Tome 1, Vol 1. Cotonou & India. ENVIS Bulletin 1:177–184. Frankfurt. 691 pp. Alves, R.R.N., Lima, H.N., Tavares, M.C., Souto, W.M.S., Still, J. (2003). Use of animal products in traditional Chinese Barboza, R.R.D. and Vasconcellos, A. (2008). Animal- medicine: environmental impact and health hazards. based remedies as complementary medicines in Santa Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 11:118–122. Cruz do Capibaribe, Brazil. BMC Complementary and doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4 Alternative Medicine 8:1–9. Taylor, G., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Rowcliffe, M., Kümpel, N., Alves, R.R.N. and Rosa, I.L. (2007). Zootherapeutic practices Harfoot, M.B.J., Fa, J.E., Melisch, R., Milner-Gulland, E.J., among fishing communities in North and Northeast Brazil: Bhagwat, S., Abernethy, K.A., Ajonina, A.S., Albrechtsen, a comparison. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111:83–103. L., Allebone-Webb, S. Brown, E., Brugiere, D., Clark, Alves, R.R.N. and Rosa, I.L. (2013). Animals in Traditional C., Colell, M., Cowlishaw, G., Crookes, D., De Merode, Folk Medicine: Implications for Conservation. Springer- E., Dupain, J., East, T., Edderai, D., Elkan, P., Gill, D., Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. Greengrass, E., Hodgkinson, C., Ilambu, O., Jeanmart, P., Campbell, G., Teichroeb, J. and Paterson, J.D. (2008). Juste, J., Linder, J.M., Macdonald, D.W., Noss, A.J., Okorie, Distribution of Diurnal Primate Species in Togo and P.U., Okouyi, V.J.J., Pailler, S., Poulsen, J.R., Riddell, M., Bénin (Technical Report). Folia Primatol 79:15–30. doi. Schleicher, J., Schulte-Herbrüggen, B.J., Starkey, M., van org/10.1159/000108383 Vliet, N., Whitham, C., Willcox, A.S., Wilkie, D.S., Wright, CILSS (2016). Landscapes of West Africa—a window on a J.H., Coad, L.M. (2015). Synthesising bushmeat research changing world. U.S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 effort in West and Central Africa: a new regional database. 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, USA. Biological Conservation 181:199–205. CITES Secretariat (2017). Status of legislative, progress for Wolfe, L.D. and Fuentes, A. (2007). Ethnoprimatology: implementing CITES. https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ Contextualizing human and nonhuman primate interactions. eng/com/sc/69/inf/E-SC69-Inf-20.pdf In: Campbell, C.J., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, Friedman, J., Yaniv, Z., Dafni, A. and Palewitch, D. (1986). M. and Bearder, S.K. (Eds), Primates in Perspective. New A preliminary classification of the healing potential York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Pp. 691–702. of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert, Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16: 275–287. Linder, J.M. and Oates, F. (2011). Differential impact of Chabi A.M.S. Djagoun (corresponding author) bushmeat hunting on monkey species and implications for Email: [email protected] primate conservation in Korup National Park, Cameroon. Etotépé A. Sogbohossou1, Barthélémy Kassa1, Biological Conservation 144:738–745. Hugues A. Akpona1,2, Isidore O. Amahowe2, Joël Djagoun1, Mittermeier, R.A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Rylands, A.B., Williamson, Brice Sinsin1 L., Oates, J.F., Mbora, D., Ganzhorn, J.U., Rodríguez- Luna, E., Palacios, E., Heymann, E.W., Kierulff, M.C.M., 1Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Agronomic Yongcheng, L., Supriatna, J., Roos, C., Walker, S., and Sciences, University of Abomey-calavi, 01BP526 LEA-FSA, Aguiar, J.M. (2007). Primates in peril: the world’s 25 most Cotonou, Benin. 2Direction Générale des Forêts et des endangered primates, 2006–2008. Primate Conservation Ressources Naturelles, BP. 393 Cotonou, Bénin. 22:1–40.

56 TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) S H O R T R E P O R T © FAO FORESTRY FAO © © FAO RENE CZUDEK RENE FAO © © FAO ALAIN AMPOLO ALAIN FAO © 81)$2¶VH൵RUWVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDEOHZLOGOLIHPDQDJHPHQWDQGLPSURYHG food security and livelihoods

5HSRUWE\.ULVWLQD5RGLQD

,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ ZHUHSODFHGRQWKHDJHQGDRIWKH¿UVWVHVVLRQRIWKH$IULFDQ )RUHVWU\DQG:LOGOLIH&RPPLVVLRQ $):& LQ6LQFH n many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, its entry into force in 1993, FAO has had a history of wild meat provides an important source of protein and collaborating with the Convention on Biological Diversity nutrients for rural communities. It has been estimated &%' DVHYLGHQFHGE\DQXPEHURIGHFLVLRQV HJ&%' that, for example, in the Congo Basin some 4.9 million &23'(&;,,,  DQG MRLQW ZRUN SURJUDPPHV LH RQ tonnes of wild meat are consumed annually (Fa et sustainable use through the Collaborative Partnership on Ial.,   ,I KXQWLQJ ZLOGOLIH IRU IRRG LV QRW UHGXFHG WR 6XVWDLQDEOH:LOGOLIH 0DQDJHPHQW 7KLV SDSHU KLJKOLJKWV sustainable levels, not only will species be threatened with some of the work undertaken by FAO and partners during H[WLQFWLRQEXWPDQ\FRPPXQLWLHVZLOOVX൵HUULVLQJOHYHOVRI 2017 to date in relation to its programme on wildlife and food insecurity. protected area management. In the 1960s, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the 8QLWHG1DWLRQV )$2 ZDVSLRQHHULQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\IXQGHG Central Africa: Sustainable management of the wildlife ¿HOGSURMHFWVRQZLOGOLIHDQGSURWHFWHGDUHDVPDQDJHPHQW and wild meat sector a role that has been evolving and which, between 1975 and 1996, involved assisting some 85 member countries ,Q-XQH)$2FRPSOHWHGD¿YH\HDUSURMHFWHQWLWOHG with their activities relating to wildlife and protected areas Sustainable management of the wildlife and wild meat management across more than 200 projects. By the 1990s, sector in Central Africa in four countries in Central Africa )$2¶V ¿HOG DFWLYLWLHV KDG UHGXFHG LQ UHVSRQVH WR UHTXHVWV (Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of by FAO member countries to focus more on policy and WKH&RQJRDQG*DERQ 8QGHUWDNHQLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWK legislation consultative work (Baldus et al.,  WKH &HQWUDO$IULFDQ )RUHVW &RPPLVVLRQ &20,)$&  WKH Today, FAO’s work relating to wildlife and protected &HQWHU IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )RUHVWU\ 5HVHDUFK &,)25  WKH areas management forms an integral part of the FAO French Research Centre for International Development Forestry Programme, and contributes to one of the &,5$' DQGWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQIRU&RQVHUYDWLRQRI RUJDQLVDWLRQ¶V¿YH6WUDWHJLF3ULRULWLHVmaking agriculture, 1DWXUH ,8&1 DQGZLWKWKH¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKH*OREDO IRUHVWU\ DQG ¿VKHULHV PRUH SURGXFWLYH DQG VXVWDLQDEOH (QYLURQPHQW)DFLOLW\ *() WKHSURMHFWGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDW The FAO Forestry Department’s Wildlife and Protected participatory community-based approaches to wildlife Area Management Programme (referred to here as the management and control of wild meat production helps to ³3URJUDPPH´  ZRUNV WR FRQVHUYH WHUUHVWULDO IDXQD DQG address issues related to the control of access to wildlife its natural habitats, and to improve the livelihoods of UHVRXUFHVZHDNJRYHUQDQFHDQGLQH൵HFWLYHLQVWLWXWLRQVDW rural communities, particularly in developing countries, the national level. WKURXJKQRUPDWLYHZRUNDQG¿HOGSURJUDPPHDFWLYLWLHVLQ The project was implemented in response to the request collaboration with major international partners. of the 19th Session of the FAO’s African Forestry and FAO has been contributing to sustainable wildlife and Wildlife Commission in 2013 to support member countries protected areas management in Africa since these issues LQWKHLUH൵RUWVWRGHVLJQDQGLPSOHPHQWFRPPXQLW\EDVHG

Top, clockwise: monitoring wildlife use in Liouesso, D.R. Congo; participants at the ninth meeting of the Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management (CPW), Rome, June 2018; rhinoceros and wildebeest, Zimbabwe.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

forest and wildlife management programmes. Outputs As a member of the CPW, FAO is currently involved in from this project include a book providing insight into the the preparation of the second Wildlife Forum in the margins lessons learnt on community-based wildlife management of the upcoming UN Biodiversity Conference to be held in and sustainable hunting practices in Central Africa, and two Egypt in November 2018. The purpose of the Forum is to guides relating to implementation of community hunting DGYDQFHSROLF\GLDORJXHVDQGGH¿QHSULRULWLHVRQVXVWDLQDEOH management and the development of a management plan wildlife management post-2020, including the increased )$2&,)25&,5$'  participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. 7KHPHHWLQJZLOOEXLOGRQWKH¿UVW:LOGOLIH)RUXP3 held in Global: Sustainable Wildlife Management Programme 2015, which featured a series of multidisciplinary debates on In October 2017, FAO and partners launched the Sustainable key issues and opportunities pertinent to sustainable use of :LOGOLIH0DQDJHPHQW 6:0 3URJUDPPH7KLVLVDVHYHQ wildlife across geographical regions. year initiative involving a group of African, Caribbean and 3DFL¿F 6WDWHV $&3  IXQGHG E\ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DQG $ർ඄ඇඈඐඅൾൽ඀ൾආൾඇඍඌ implemented by a consortium of partners including FAO, CIRAD, CIFOR and the Wildlife Conservation Society The author thanks Steven Broad and Roland Melisch, :&6 7KHDLPLVWRZRUNLQLWLDOO\ZLWK$&3FRXQWULHV TRAFFIC, who provided helpful comments on an early to tackle unsustainable levels of wild meat hunting, conserve GUDIW DQG 6KHLOD :HUW].DQRXQQLNR൵ DQG 'DYLG 0DQVHOO their biodiversity and natural heritage, and to strengthen Moullin, UN FAO, for reviewing this paper. people’s livelihoods and food security. The SWM Programme activities are taking place in a 5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ wide variety of forest, savannah and wetland ecosystems. The emphasis is on developing new and innovative approaches %DOGXV 5' 'DPP *5 :ROOVFKHLG . (GV    Best to regulate wildlife hunting, strengthen the management Practices in Sustainable Hunting—A Guide to Best Practices capacities of indigenous and rural communities and increase from Around the World. CIC Technical Series Publication No.1. the supply of sustainably produced meat products and Budapest. &%'&23'(&;,,,   ;,,, Sustainable Use of IDUPHG¿VK7KH6:03URJUDPPHLVDOVRZRUNLQJLQFORVH Biodiversity: Bushmeat and Sustainable Wildlife Management. collaboration with the national authorities in each country http://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-13/cop-13-dec-08-en.pdf to develop policies and strengthen legal frameworks to )D-(3HUHV&$DQG0HHXZLJ-   Bushmeat Exploitation reduce wild meat consumption to sustainable levels without in Tropical Forests: an Intercontinental Comparison. Research compromising the food security of people who depend on Note 232 Conservation Biology  ± wildlife hunting. )$2  5HSRUWRIWKHVW6HVVLRQRIWKH$IULFDQ)RUHVWU\DQG The participating ACP countries are Chad, Democratic Wildlife Commission. http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/023/ Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guyana, Madagascar, Mali, am535e.pdf Papua New Guinea, Congo, Senegal, Sudan, Zambia and )$2   Wildlife and Protected Area Management: a Compendium of FAO Implemented Projects and Related Zimbabwe. The experiences from these pilot countries will Bibliography±5RPH be developed into models that can be adapted and replicated )$2  5HSRUWRIWKHWK6HVVLRQRIWKH$IULFDQ)RUHVWU\DQG in other ACP countries with similar contexts and challenges. Wildlife Commission. http://www.fao.org/3/a-mj423e.pdf )$2&,)25&,5$'  Communautés Locales et Utilisation Partnerships: Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Durable de la Faune en Afrique Centrale, Van Vliet, N., Wildlife Management (CPW) 1JXLQJXLUL-&&RUQHOLV'DQG/H%HO6 (GV /LEUHYLOOH In recent years, wildlife management has been the focus of Bogor-Montpellier. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7447f.pdf considerable international debate because of its importance )$2&,)25&,5$'8,&1   Diagnostic Approfondi pour la Mise en Ouvre de la Gestion Communautaire de la Chasse for conservation, human safety, livelihoods and food Villageoise: Guide Pratique et Exemples d’Application en security. The CPW was established in Bangkok, Thailand, in Afrique Centrale. Libreville-Bogor-Montpellier-Yaoundé. 1 2013 in response to CBD Decision XI/25 . It is a voluntary http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7634f.pdf partnership of 14 organisations2 with substantive mandates )$2&,)25&,5$'  Développement Participatif d’un Plan and programmes for the sustainable use and conservation of de Gestion Durable de la Chasse Villageoise: Guide Pratique wildlife resources and an important forum for the discussion et Exemples d’Application en Afrique Centrale /LEUHYLOOH± of key global issues related to sustainable use, management, %RJRU±0RQWSHOOLHUhttp://www.fao.org/3/a-i7635f.pdf and conservation of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial vertebrate UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/20/INF/48. Collaborative Partnership on wildlife. It works together with its members and local Sustainable Wildlife Management: Progress Report 2014– 2016. https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-20/ players worldwide to generate a better understanding of the information/sbstta-20-inf-48-en.pdf PXOWLSOHEHQH¿WVDQGYDOXHVRIZLOGOLIHDQGWRVXSSRUWWKH development of strategies and policies to conserve wildlife .ULVWLQD5RGLQD)RUHVWU\2৽FHU:LOGOLIHDQG3URWHFWHG DQGEHQH¿WWKHSHRSOHZKRGHSHQGRQZLOGUHVRXUFHVIRUWKHLU Area Management, Forestry Policy and Resources Division, VXUYLYDODQGOLYHOLKRRGV 81(3&%'6%677$,1)  Forestry Department, UN FAO, Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]

1https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id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http://www.fao.org/about/ meetings/world-forestry-congress/programme/special-events/wildlife-forum/en/

58 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

et al 7KH(XUDVLDQ2WWHUKDVH[SHULHQFHGDVWHHS population decline; unlike the Smooth-coated and Small- clawed otters, however, which have undergone population declines of more than 30% over the past 30 years, the Eurasian Otter is recovering slowly due to greater SURWHFWLRQLQ(XURSH 3DFL¿FLet al.,  

Protection of otters in Nepal

The status and distribution of otters in Nepal is poorly documented, making implementation of legal protection GL൶FXOW ,Q  1HSDO¶V 1DWLRQDO 5HG /LVW 6HULHV listed the Smooth-coated Otter as Endangered, with an estimated population of fewer than 1,000 individuals and the Eurasian Otter as Near Threatened, with an © J.R. LEYLAND J.R. © estimated population of between 1,000 and 4,000 The illegal trade in otter pelts in Nepal individuals (Jnawali et al   7KH 6PDOOFODZHG 2WWHULVFODVVL¿HGDV'DWD'H¿FLHQWDVLWVVWDWXVLQ1HSDO 5HSRUWE\0HOLVVD6DYDJHDQG0RKDQ%LNUDP6KUHVWKD is too poorly known to assess (Jnawali et al $OO three otters are rarely observed, although sightings have been reported within protected areas, particularly those ,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ with rivers and wetlands, as well as in locations outside protected areas (Jnawali et al  llegal trade in wildlife has been taking place in The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act Nepal on a large scale in recent decades. While the of 1973 prohibits possession without a permit of 27 country is not regarded as a primary consumer of mammal species, but no otter species are included in the wildlife, much of South Asia’s wildlife trade moves $FW *RYHUQPHQW RI 1HSDO  $  DPHQGPHQW through Nepal to markets in East Asia (Shakya, to the 1961 Aquatic Life Protection Act (Government of I 1HSDO¶VFHQWUDOORFDWLRQLQWKH+LPDOD\DQUDQJH 1HSDO KRZHYHUSURKLELWVWKHKXQWLQJDQGNLOOLQJ places it at a key position along this trade route. Wildlife of Eurasian and Smooth-coated Otters in the country, products sourced from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan both within and outside protected areas. The Small- pass through Nepal, and to a lesser degree from Nepal FODZHG2WWHULVQRWD൵RUGHGSURWHFWLRQE\WKHAquatic Life itself, along long, porous international borders, to markets Protection Act and lacks any legal protection. in China (Wright and Kumar, 1997; Li et al 7R Notwithstanding Nepal’s role as a leader in wildlife GDWH FRQVHUYDWLRQ H൵RUWV LQ 1HSDO DV HOVHZKHUH KDYH conservation in Asia, illegal trade in wildlife is prevalent IRFXVHG ODUJHO\ RQ KLJK SUR¿OH VSHFLHV QRWDEO\ WKH DQG UHPDLQV GL൶FXOW WR FRQWURO 1HSDO ZDV DQ HDUO\ Greater One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis, VLJQDWRU\RI&,7(6  3ROLWLFDOWXUPRLOVRFLDODQG Tiger Panthera tigris, and Leopard P. pardus, neglecting economic constraints, and geographic factors present smaller, yet often threatened mammals, including otters. VLJQL¿FDQWFKDOOHQJHVWRZLOGOLIHSURWHFWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\ This study documents otter seizure data for Nepal During the civil war, from 1996 to 2006, insurgents between 1989 DQG  7KH WUDGH LQ RWWHUV LV FKLHÀ\ dominated many rural areas, including protected areas. known because their pelts are often sold alongside other The Nepalese Army, which had been responsible for high-value wildlife products, such as tiger skins. Otters protecting national parks and wildlife reserves since the are prized for their luxurious fur, made into clothing for 1970s, was redirected to address the insurgency (Heinen consumers in China, particularly in the Tibet Autonomous DQG 6KUHVWKD   3RDFKLQJ SUROLIHUDWHG ZLWKLQ DQG Region. The clandestine nature of the illegal trade means outside protected areas, along with increased use of that the true scale is far greater than seizure numbers powerful weapons that replaced traditional methods of reveal (Gomez et al  hunting (Bhuju et al   7KH HDUWKTXDNH LQ  Three species of otter occur in South Asia: the measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, devastated Nepal’s Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra, Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale LQIUDVWUXFWXUHIXUWKHUKDPSHULQJFRQVHUYDWLRQH൵RUWV perspicillata, and Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus. In spite of these challenges, Nepal has recently begun The Eurasian Otter is listed as Near Threatened on the WR DGGUHVV WKH LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH WUDGH PRUH H൵HFWLYHO\ IUCN Red ListTM (IUCN,   DQG LQ $SSHQGL[ , RI The return of the army to protected areas serves as a CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered VWURQJSK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOGHWHUUHQWWRWUD൶FNLQJ 6SHFLHV RI :LOG )DXQD DQG )ORUD  6PRRWKFRDWHG DQG (Bhuju et al 1HZDQWLSRDFKLQJXQLWVUHVXOWHGLQ Small-clawed otters are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN increases in megafauna populations in Chitwan, Bardia Red ListTM ,8&1 DQGLQ$SSHQGL[,,RI&,7(6 DQG RWKHU QDWLRQDO SDUNV 'XGOH\  

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

is in prison for wildlife-related crimes (Bhuju et al., Year of Place of No. of Source   0LGGOHPHQ EURNHUV DUH DFWLYH LQ WKH FDSLWDO seizure seizure skins Kathmandu, in central Nepal, and in nearby towns, for example, Hetauda to the south, Butwal to the south-  'DUFKXOD   D west, and Pokhara to the west of Kathmandu (Bhuju et  'KXODEDUL   D al  7KHVH EURNHUV WKHQ SDVV WKH LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH  7DPNX   D FRPPRGLWLHVRQWRZHOO¿QDQFHGFULPLQDOQHWZRUNVWKDW  3DVKXSDWLQDJDU   D have resources for undertaking long distance smuggling  .DWKPDQGX   D on well-established international trade routes (Shakya,  'KXQJ*DG   E  7KDQNRW   D    .DNDGYLWWD   D  .DWKPDQGX   F 0ൾඍඁඈൽඌ  .DWKPDQGX   G  .DWKPDQGX   H A database of seizure records of illegally traded otter  .DWKPDQGX   I pelts in Nepal between 1989 (about when reliable  .DWKPDQGX   J UHFRUGV EHJDQ WR EH NHSW  DQG  ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG  'DNODQJ   H from government crime reports, published reports,  .DWKPDQGX   J NGO databases, and national and regional newspapers  .DWKPDQGX   I 7DEOH $FKDOOHQJHIDFHGZDVWKDWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKH  .DWKPDQGX   H species of otter, mode of transportation, and origin and  .DWKPDQGX   K destination are rarely reported.  7KDQNRW   H  'XQFKH   F  .DWKPDQGX   H 5ൾඌඎඅඍඌ  /DOLWSXU   H  *DLGDNRW   H Trade volume  .DWKPDQGX   L Total 755 A total of 755 otter pelts were recorded as seized in Nepal LQLQFLGHQWVGXULQJWKHVXUYH\SHULRG 7DEOH $OO Table 1. Documented seizures of illegal otter pelts in FRQ¿VFDWLRQV RFFXUUHG HLWKHU LQ RU QHDU .DWKPDQGX RU Nepal, 1989–2017. Sources: see footnote1; near an international border. Towns near international *seizure location unknown, recorded in Kathmandu. borders where seizures have been reported include Darchula, Tamku, and Dunche near the northern border with Tibet Autonomous Region; Dhung Gad near the The otter trade western border with India; Dhulabari, Kakadvitta and Pashupatingar near the eastern border with India; and Rising incomes in Asia have led to a burgeoning demand Gaidakot near Chitwan National Park on the southern for wildlife products and target species in the region face border with India. One hundred and thirty-four pelts intense pressures from poaching (Gomez and Bouhuys, were seized in or near Kathmandu. [Not included in   7KH WUDGH R൵HUV KLJK SUR¿WV DQG OLWWOH ULVN RI the analysis is the 2003 seizure of 778 otter skins in detection or prosecution. Traditional consumers of otters Sangsang, Tibet Autonomous Region, 100 miles north of have long sought the dense, durable, and luxurious fur of the Nepal border, which transited Nepal from India en their pelts, but demand has increased with rising human URXWHWR/KDVD 75$)),&D @ SRSXODWLRQVDQGJURZLQJD൷XHQFH *RPH]et al   ,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH¿JXUHVGRFXPHQWHGLQ7DEOH At a market in Linxia, China, over 1,800 otter pelts were otter skins were seized in Delhi, India, in 23 incidents reportedly for sale in 2009 (Bhuju et al 7KHUH between 1989 and 2011, most or all intended for trade appears to be little trade in live otters in the region, through Nepal2. The Indian capital of Delhi, located in even though the trade in live juvenile otters for pets is the north of the country, serves as a hub for the collection burgeoning in South-east Asian countries (Gomez and of wildlife products from across India to be shipped into %RXKX\V  Nepal to points north. Some skins seized in Delhi bore The value of wildlife products multiplies rapidly signatures in Tibetan script, suggesting that the pelts moving along the supply chain from source to market. were to be sent to China via Nepal (Gomez et al  Villagers and tribal peoples mostly poach to supplement More otter skins are seized in India than any other South incomes. Choosing the wildlife trade as a profession Asian country, a total of 2,949 between 1980 and 2015 is not seen as unethical, and in many communities (Gomez et al $GHFOLQHLQVHL]XUHVLQ'HOKLDIWHU near protected areas at least one member of a family 2011 parallels a similar trend in Nepal.

1Sources: a. Shakya, 2004; b. Yonzon, 1998; c. Environmental Investigation Agency, 2016; d. Banks and Newman, 2004; e. Wildlife Conservation Nepal, 2017; f. Wildlife Crime Information and Database, 2017; g. WWF, 2009; h. Gajurel, 2004; i. Robin des Bois, 2017. 2Sources: WPSI, 1980–2015; Banks and Newman, 2004; TRAFFIC, 2005b; 2007a,b; WWF India, undated; Gajurel, 2004; The Indian Express, 2009.

60 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

Trade routes

The rugged topography and porous borders of Nepal facilitate the illegal wildlife trade, with Kathmandu VHUYLQJDVD³VWDJLQJSRLQW´ %DQNVDQG1HZPDQ  Smuggling routes involve transport by lorry or bus, and in remote areas by animals or porters. In 2005, for example, the Royal Nepal Army seized a consignment of wildlife goods transported by lorry to the town of Syphrubensi, near the border with Tibet Autonomous Region, and carried by porters on foot across the border. The shipment contained 238 otter skins, together with tiger and leopard skins and bones hidden in noodle cartons (TRAFFIC,  2QRFFDVLRQZLOGOLIHSURGXFWVDUHWUDQVSRUWHGE\ BENNETTO CAROL © FKDUWHUSODQHZLWKLQ1HSDO 6KDN\D  Along the southern border of Nepal, the Indian States VXEVWDQWLDO¿QHRUDSULVRQWHUPRI¿YHWR¿IWHHQ\HDUVRU of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and West Bengal both. Four men arrested in 2005 for smuggling 238 otter DUHVRXUFHVRISRDFKHGZLOGOLIH 6KDN\D 7RWKH VNLQVDVZHOODVWLJHUDQGOHRSDUGSDUWVZHUH¿QHGWKH north, the border with Tibet Autonomous Region lies in HTXLYDOHQWRI86'DQGVHQWHQFHGWREHWZHHQ¿YH rugged, high elevation terrain, with few roads and weak and 15 years in prison, since tigers and leopards were Customs oversight. Small consignments cross mountain DOVR VHL]HG 75$)),&  

Arrests and penalties

Although conviction rates and sentences for poachers DQGWUD൶FNHUVLQ6RXWK$VLDKDYHKLVWRULFDOO\EHHQORZ and sentences light, there appears to be a strengthening of sentencing in Nepal. Penalties for killing and trading tigers and Snow Leopards Panthera uncia now carry a

ŸSmooth-coated Otters DUHKLJKO\VRFLDOZLWKIDPLO\ JURXSVFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHPRWKHUDQGKHU\RXQJRIIVSULQJ RIWHQMRLQHGE\WKHIDWKHUDQGROGHUVLEOLQJV ŹOtter pelts, Harbin, China, 2007.

6SHFLHVRIFXUHGRWWHUSHOWVDUHKDUGWRLGHQWLI\ BELINDA WPSI-EIA© WRIGHT,

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

VHL]XUHUHSRUWLQJ$OWHUQDWLYHO\WKHWUHQGPD\UHÀHFWDQ increasing scarcity of otters. This is supported by reports of steeply declining populations of all three otter species WKURXJKRXW $VLD 3DFL¿FL et al.   )RU H[DPSOH a Smooth-coated Otter population documented in &KLWZDQ1DWLRQDO3DUN HJ$FKDU\DDQG/DPVDO  now appears to be extirpated (S. Thapa pers. comm. WR 0 6DYDJH $SULO   0RVW OLNHO\ D GHFOLQH RI VHL]XUHVUHÀHFWVDFRPELQDWLRQRIGL൶FXOW\RIGHWHFWLRQ RI LQFUHDVLQJO\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG WUD൶FNHUV FRPELQHG ZLWK declining otter populations in the region. The illicit wildlife trade in Nepal has received increased attention and judicial scrutiny in recent years, DQGZKLOHRWWHUVKDYHEHQH¿WHGIURPWKHFUDFNGRZQRQWKH tiger and leopard trade, they remain largely below the law enforcement radar. Mitigation of the otter trade requires © BELINDA WRIGHT, WPSI-EIA WRIGHT, BELINDA © Otter pelt, Litang, China, 2005. 2WWHUSHOWVDUHIDYRXUHG WKH VDPH UHPHGLHV DV ZLOGOLIH WUD൶FNLQJ LQ JHQHUDO IRUXVHLQWUDGLWLRQDOJDUPHQWVLQ7LEHW$XWRQRPRXV5HJLRQ LQFOXGLQJPRUHH൵HFWLYHDWWHQWLRQIURPODZHQIRUFHPHQW judicial, and political agencies, a better conviction rate DQG VWL൵HU SHQDOWLHV D EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUDGH routes and methods, closer scrutiny of trading towns, increased training of Customs agents, and a cross-border &ඈඇർඅඎඌංඈඇඌ VWDQGDUGLVHGGDWDEDVHRIFULPLQDOWUD൶FNLQJ%DQNVDQG 1HZPDQ  VXJJHVWWKHFUHDWLRQRIDPXOWLQDWLRQDO Seizures of otter pelts in Nepal peaked between 2003 specialised wildlife crime unit to track the trade across and 2005, mirroring a similar trend in the record of the borders of Nepal, India and China. In January 2011, seizures throughout South and South-east Asia (Gomez the South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN, et al   6LPLODUO\ D GHFOLQH LQ RWWHU VHL]XUHV http://www.sawen.org/ ZDVR൶FLDOO\FUHDWHGDVDQLQWHU between 2005 and the present parallels a decline in otter governmental wildlife law enforcement support body of seizures in all South Asia records (Gomez et al  eight South Asian countries, including Nepal. SAWEN 7KLVFRXOGUHÀHFWDGHFOLQHLQWKHWUD൶FNLQJRI RWWHUV would be well advised to take a closer look into the illegal However, numerous reports document a thriving trade in trade in otters and their products. In addition, ecotourism otters across Asia (e.g. Gomez et al., 2016; Gomez and is a robust contributor to regional economies and is an %RXKX\V  incentive for shutting down the illegal wildlife trade. It is unclear why there was a lull in seizures of All three otter species in the region are threatened, and otter pelts between 2006 and 2012. The decline could ZLWKRXWPRUHH൵HFWLYHSROLFLQJIDFHDQXQFHUWDLQIXWXUH EH D UHÀHFWLRQ RI ZHDNHU HQIRUFHPHQW H൵RUWV RU ORZHU in Nepal and elsewhere in South Asia.

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Photograph: © N. Duplaix

62 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation ±GRLQDWXUHFRQVHUYDWLRQ $FKDU\D 30 DQG /DPVDO 3  $ VXUYH\ IRU VPRRWK 6KDN\D 00   7UDGLQJ IRU ([WLQFWLRQ DQ ([SRVp coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata on the River Narayani, of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Nepal. The Media House, Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Hystrix, The Italian Journal Kathmandu, Nepal. Unpublished. of Mammalogy  ± 7KH,QGLDQ([SUHVV  ,QWUDQVLWRUGHVWLQDWLRQ'HOKLLV %DQNV ' DQG 1HZPDQ -   The Tiger Skin Trail. poachers capital, https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ Environmental Investigation Agency. https://eia- delhi/ in-transit-or-destination-delhi-is-poachers-capital/ international.org/report/the-tiger-skin-trail-report. 24 pp. 75$)),&  6HL]XUHVDQG3URVHFXWLRQV  TRAFFIC %KXMX85$U\DO56DQG$U\DO3  Report on the Bulletin 75$)),& &DPEULGJH 8. KWWSVZZZWUD൶F Facts and Issues on Poaching of Mega Species and Illegal RUJVLWHDVVHWV¿OHVWUD൶FBSXEBEXOOHWLQBBSGI Trade in their Parts in Nepal. Transparency International. 75$)),& D  6HL]XUHV DQG 3URVHFXWLRQV    Kathmandu, Nepal. TRAFFIC Bulletin, TRAFFIC, Cambridge, UK. https:// GHV %RLV 5   On the Trail, Report No 16. http://207. www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/2974/traffic_pub_ 204.5.11/wp-content/uploads/ON_THE_TRAIL_16.pdf. bulletin_20_2.pdf Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 75$)),& E TRAFFIC Bulletin  ZZZWUD൶F   )DFW 6KHHW RI WKH 0RVW 3RDFKHG DQG ,OOHJDOO\ RUJVLWHDVVHWV¿OHVWUD൶FBSXEBEXOOHWLQBBSGI Traded Wild Fauna and Flora of Nepal, 2nd ed. Babar 75$)),& D KWWSVZZZWUD൶FRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVUHSRUWV Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. latest-seizures/ 'XGOH\ $   Nepal’s rhino numbers rise, thanks to 75$)),& E KWWSVZZZWUDIILFRUJVLWHDVVHWV national and local commitment. Mongabay Series. https:// files/10312/traffic-post-india-newsletter-combined- news.mongabay.com/2017/07/nepals-rhino-numbers-rise- issues-1-10.pdf thanks-to-national-and-local-commitment/ 75$)),&   6HL]XUHV DQG 3URVHFXWLRQV    (QYLURQPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQ$JHQF\  Ending Trade in TRAFFIC Bulletin, TRAFFIC. KWWSVZZZWUD൶FRUJVLWH Tiger Parts and Products. https://eia-international.org/ DVVHWV¿OHVWUD൶FBSXEBEXOOHWLQBBSGI. report/ending-trade-in-tiger-parts-and-products :LOGOLIH&RQVHUYDWLRQ1HSDO  Wildlife Trade Monitoring *DMXUHO '   :LOGOLIH WUDGH UDFNHW EXVWHG LQ 1HSDO Unit Database: http://wcn.org.np Environmental News Service. http://www.ens-newswire. :LOGOLIH &ULPH ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG 'DWDEDVH   'LVWULFW com/ens/apr2004/2004-04-29-04.html )RUHVW2൶FH.DWKPDQGX Gomez, L., Leupen, B.T.C., Theng, M., Fernandez, K., and :36, :LOGOLIH 3URWHFWLRQ 6RFLHW\ RI ,QGLD  ±  6DYDJH 0   Illegal Otter Trade: an Analysis WPSI Wildlife Crime Database. Otter Skin Seizure Cases. of Seizures in Selected Asian Countries (1980–2015). http://www.wpsi-india.org/wpsi/index.php TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. https://www. Wright, B. and Kumar, A. ( . Fashioned for Extinction: WUD൶FRUJVLWHDVVHWV¿OHVLOOHJDORWWHUWUDGHDVLDSGI An Exposé of the Shahtoosh Trade. 2nd edition. Wildlife *RPH] / DQG %RXKX\V -   5HFHQW VHL]XUHV RI OLYH Protection Society of India, New Delhi. otters in Southeast Asia. IUCN Otter Specialist Group ::) ,QGLD XQGDWHG  KWWSVZZZZZ¿QGLDRUJDERXWBZZI HQDEOHUVWUD൶FUHVRXUFHVVSHFLHVBLQBIRFXVRWWHUV Bulletin  ± ::) XQGDWHG  3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH :RUNVKRS RQ ³&XUELQJ *RPH] / DQG %RXKX\V -   Illegal otter trade in 0DUNHW 'HPDQG IRU$VLDQ %LJ &DW $%&  6NLQV´ /KDVD Southeast Asia. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 7LEHW &KLQD ± $XJXVW  ::) DQG 75$)),& Malaysia. 36pp. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/ 85 pp. http://wwf.zxzx.me/content/press/publication/ 5228/seasia-otter-report.pdf 05ABCWorkshop.pdf *RYHUQPHQW RI 1HSDO   National Parks and Wildlife

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

SCALING UP:

THE CONTEMPORARY REPTILE PET MARKET IN JAPAN CHINESE WATER DRAGON / © J. JANSSEN J. © / DRAGON WATER CHINESE

64 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  SS H H O O R R T T R R E E P P O O R R T T

5HSRUWE\.HLNR:DNDR -RUGL-DQVVHQDQG 6HUHQH&KQJ

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ 0ൾඍඁඈൽඌ

he reptile pet industry has been scrutinised by • Market survey the international conservation community for In order to investigate the reptiles for sale in pet shops its role in the trade of a wide range of species, and expos in Japan, TRAFFIC investigators carried many of which are threatened by collection out surveys of eight outlets in Tokyo, six in Kanagawa for trade (Herrel and van der Meijden, 2014; Prefecture, and two in Osaka Prefecture in February TAuliya et al., ,QWHUPVRIPRQHWDU\YDOXH-DSDQ 2017. The Reptiles Fever—an exotic pet trade expo and was the fourth largest importer of live reptiles in 2016 the largest in the Kansai area, with about 40 trading stalls, &RPWUDGH ,QWKDW\HDU-DSDQLPSRUWHG was also surveyed. All reptile species were recorded to live reptiles and exported 8,702 live reptiles (Ministry of species or subspecies level where possible, as well as )LQDQFH 9LVLWRUVWRUHSWLOHH[SRVKDYHLQFUHDVHG information on the number of animals, price, origin, and over time, with over 20,000 people attending the Tokyo VRXUFH FDSWLYHEUHGRUZLOGFDXJKW ZKHUHSRVVLEOH1R Reptiles World 2016 Show, up from 8,343 in 2011 animals were purchased as part of the survey. Prices were (Secretariat of Tokyo Reptiles World, in litt., December converted to USD using the rate USD1=JPY113.35143.  7RN\R 5HSWLOHV :RUOG   %HVLGHV NHHSLQJ reptiles as pets, reptile cafes (where customers can watch • Online advertisement survey DQGLQWHUDFWZLWKUHSWLOHVLQDFDIpVHWWLQJ KDYHEHFRPH Fifteen websites advertising the sale of reptiles were popular in recent years (e.g. Hochiminh Keizai Shimbun, VHOHFWHG IURP UHSWLOH PDJD]LQHV DQG OHDÀHWV IURP $VDKL6KLPEXQ'LJLWDO  previous reptile expos. Information on species, number In 2007, TRAFFIC documented 410 reptile species of animals, price, origin and source was recorded for in a market survey of 40 reptile pet shops in the east, all unique advertisements posted between February and west and central regions of Honshu Island (Kanari and May 2017, and in a follow-up survey in July 2017 to $XOL\D  $SSUR[LPDWHO\ D TXDUWHU RI WKH VSHFLHV complete the survey. Posts stating that the animals were recorded were native to South-east Asia. A new study QRWDYDLODEOHIRUVDOH HJ³VROGRXW´³QRWIRUVDOH´ ZHUH was carried out in 2017 to provide an update and to not included in the dataset. identify conservation concerns regarding the Japanese reptile trade market, thereby guiding future interventions 5ൾඌඎඅඍඌ to ensure the legality and sustainability of the trade. Market survey /ൾ඀ංඌඅൺඍංඈඇ A total of 5,491 animals of 606 taxa, including 543 GLVWLQFW VSHFLHV  VXEVSHFLHV  ZHUH REVHUYHG GXULQJ The reptile trade in Japan is covered by several national the survey period in the 16 shops and at the reptile expo. laws. Japan’s principal law governing wildlife is the Law Of the 5,491 animals, 257 individuals could not be for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild LGHQWL¿HG DV WKH\ ZHUH QRW FOHDUO\ YLVLEOH DQG ERUH QR Fauna and Flora, which regulates the trade in CITES labels, and 20 were hybrids. Reptile shops displayed an Appendix I-listed species once they enter Japan, and the DYHUDJHRIDQLPDOV UDQJH± DQGDQDYHUDJHRI capture and trade of “the nationally endangered species LGHQWL¿HGVSHFLHV UDQJH± $WWKHUHSWLOHH[SR RI ZLOG IDXQD DQG ÀRUD´ LQ -DSDQ &,7(6$SSHQGL[ ,, HDFKVWDOOKDGRQDYHUDJHDQLPDOV UDQJH± RI and III species that have entered Japan are not covered VSHFLHV UDQJH±  by this law. The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Lizards were the most numerous reptiles with 2,335 Law and the Customs Law regulate the import/export of LQGLYLGXDOV   RI  WD[D   )LJ   7KH CITES species at the nation’s ports of entry. Additionally, lizard family Eublepharidae was the most frequently the Invasive Alien Species Act prohibits possession of observed with 699 individuals, followed by the snake VSHFL¿HGQRQQDWLYHVSHFLHV IDPLOLHV &ROXEULGDH  LQGLYLGXDOV  DQG 3\WKRQLGDH Under the Act on Welfare and Management of Animals it is mandatory for a trader wishing to sell live reptiles to register as a Type I Animal Handling Business Operator. Since 2013, the direct sale of live reptiles online for pets is prohibited under the same Act (Article SDUDJUDSK 7KHQXPEHURIUHJLVWHUHGOLYHUHSWLOH retailers increased slightly from 699 in 2010 to 733 in 

The Reptiles Fever expo, Osaka, 2017 ▶ WAKAO K. ©

66 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

CITES Appendices Not listed Total I II III in CITES

&ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG      (QGDQJHUHG      9XOQHUDEOH      1HDU7KUHDWHQHG      /HDVW&RQFHUQ      'DWD'HÀFLHQW     

1RWRQ,8&1 5HG/LVW      Total 9 215 14 368 606

Table 1. Observed taxa listed in the IUCN Red list and CITES Appendices.

 LQGLYLGXDOV  &ROXEULGDH DOVR FRPSULVHG WKH PRVW species with 51 species, followed by Geoemydidae with VSHFLHV LQGLYLGXDOV  Fig. 1. No. of animals (top) and taxa (bottom) The species with the greatest number of individuals of each reptile taxa recorded during the survey observed were the Leopard Gecko Eublepharis H[FOXGLQJXQLGHQWLÀHGDQGK\EULGVSHFLHV  macularius with 614 individuals, followed by the Ball Python Python regius  LQGLYLGXDOV  &RUQ 6QDNH Pantherophis guttatus   %HDUGHG 'UDJRQ Pogona vitticeps  DQGWKH-DSDQHVH3RQG7XUWOHMauremys  7KHPDMRULW\RI&,7(6OLVWHGWD[D VSHFLHV  japonica   7KHVH VSHFLHV DUH OLNHO\ WR KDYH EHHQ are listed in CITES Appendix II, which requires a permit bred in captivity. from exporting countries. A further 14 species are listed Of all species observed, 367 are listed on the LQ$SSHQGL[,,,WUDGHLQZKLFKUHTXLUHVDFHUWL¿FDWHRI ,8&1 5HG /LVW   RI ZKLFK  DUH FODVVL¿HG DV origin. &ULWLFDOO\ (QGDQJHUHG &5   DV (QGDQJHUHG (1   DV 9XOQHUDEOH 98  DQG  DV 1HDU 7KUHDWHQHG 2ULJLQRIQRQQDWLYHVSHFLHV 17  7DEOH  7KH UHPDLQLQJ VSHFLHV KDYH HLWKHU QRW Species from almost every continent were recorded EHHQDVVHVVHGRUDUHFODVVL¿HGDV/HDVW&RQFHUQRU'DWD from the surveys. North American species were the most 'H¿FLHQW 0RVW ZHUH QRQQDWLYH VSHFLHV ZLWK RQO\  commonly observed, comprising 19% of all species, of 606 taxa native to Japan, of which 10 species are followed by Africa and South-east Asia, with 16% of all endemic. VSHFLHVRULJLQDWLQJIURPERWKUHJLRQV )LJ +RZHYHU South Asia and East Asia combined and Oceania 6SHFLHVSURWHFWHGE\QDWLRQDOOHJLVODWLRQ followed closely with 15% of all species from these Fifteen native taxa were recorded during the physical regions. Species endemic to their range States include survey, of which three are protected under Japanese four Malagasy tortoise species, all of which are Critically legislation. Of particular note is the Ryukyu Black- Endangered and listed in CITES Appendix I. breasted Leaf Turtle Geoemyda japonica (four LQGLYLGXDOV  7KLV HQGDQJHUHG WXUWOH LV GHVLJQDWHG DV D :LOGFDXJKWYVFDSWLYHEUHG “National Monument” under the Law for Protection of For the majority of all animals observed (91%, 5,017 Cultural Properties, and the capture and commercial trade DQLPDOV  QR VRXUFH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV GLVSOD\HG RU is not allowed. The other two taxa (Yellow Pond Turtle GLVFORVHG LQ WKH VKRSV 2QO\  DQLPDOV   ZHUH Mauremys mutica kami and Sakishima Grass Lizard VSHFL¿FDOO\ODEHOOHGDVEUHGLQFDSWLYLW\ZKLOHWKHVRXUFH Takydromus dorsalis DUHSURWHFWHGLQSDUWVRIWKHLUUDQJH of 75 animals was claimed to be from the wild. For some by the relevant municipal ordinances. of the most commonly observed species (e.g. Bearded Dragon, Ball Python, Corn Snake, Green Iguana Iguana &,7(6OLVWHGVSHFLHV iguana DQG /HRSDUG *HFNR  D FDSWLYHEUHG RULJLQ LV 2IWKHREVHUYHGWD[D WD[D DUHOLVWHGLQ very likely. Most of these species are available in colour the CITES Appendices. Nine are listed in Appendix I: morphs, an indication of captive breeding. On the other seven Testudines, one lizard (Chinese Crocodile Lizard hand, for some species claimed as captive-bred, there Shinisaurus crocodilurus  DQG RQH DOOLJDWRU VSHFLHV is little evidence of the species reproducing in captivity (Chinese Alligator Alligator sinensis &RPPHUFLDOWUDGH (e.g. Boelen’s Python Simalia boeleni  RU IRU ZKLFK of wild-caught individuals of CITES Appendix I species laundering of wild-caught individuals as captive-bred is prohibited. Six Appendix I species observed are also has been documented (e.g. Green Tree Python Morelia assessed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List viridis  VHH'LVFXVVLRQ  7DEOH 

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

Ż Fig. 2. Region of origin of surveyed reptiles. 6RPHVSHFLHV RFFXULQPXOWLSOHUHJLRQVWKHVH ZHUHFRXQWHGLQHDFKUHJLRQ HJDVSHFLHVRFFXUULQJLQ$VLDDQG 2FHDQLDZDVFRXQWHGLQERWK  © TRAFFIC ©

3ULFHV animals for sale, comprising 357 taxa, excluding hybrids. Price data were gathered for 442 taxa and ranged from The most numerous advertisements were for snakes USD9 for a Chinese Pond Turtle Mauremys reevesii to  DGYHUWLVHPHQWV  IROORZHG E\ OL]DUGV ZLWK  USD52,932 for a Perentie Varanus giganteus. Prices advertisements and freshwater turtles and tortoises (205 varied greatly according to certain factors, such as rarity DGYHUWLVHPHQWV 1RDGYHUWLVHPHQWVIRUFURFRGLOLDQVZHUH of the species, condition, size and colour morph of the observed. For the number of animals advertised, lizards individual. The total documented value of the animals ZHUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQZLWKWD[D LQGLYLGXDOV  recorded with price data in the survey is JPY121,366,670 IROORZHG E\  VQDNH WD[D  LQGLYLGXDOV  DQG  a86' ZLWKWKHDYHUDJHSULFHRI-3< WD[DRIIUHVKZDWHUWXUWOHVDQGWRUWRLVHV LQGLYLGXDOV  a86' SHUDQLPDO The Ball Python was the most common species, with 39 Critically Endangered species appeared to be more individuals advertised. expensive than others, with the average observed prices of A total of 220 of the taxa recorded in the physical VXFKVSHFLHVUDQJLQJIURP-3< a86' WR survey were also observed during the online survey, -3< a86' +RZHYHUWKHPRVWH[SHQVLYH which means 137 taxa are unique to the online survey. VSHFLHV 3HUHQWLH LVQRWDVVHVVHGRQWKH,8&15HG/LVW Some genera, such as whip snakes Ahaetulla, wolf snakes While it seems likely that an IUCN status may increase Lycodon and red-bellied turtles or cooters Pseudemys, the value of species, other factors like abundance in were only observed online. Many of the websites WUDGHDQGSURWHFWLRQVWDWXV HJ&,7(6OLVWLQJ PD\DOVR surveyed are online portals for the physical shops (i.e. the LQÀXHQFHSULFHV VDPHEXVLQHVV EXWR൵HUHGGL൵HUHQWWD[DWRWKRVHVROGLQ the physical outlets. Online advertisement survey  7KUHHWD[DDUHFODVVL¿HGDV&ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHGRQ the IUCN Red List—all freshwater turtles and tortoises. A total of 753 unique advertisements were recorded )RXUWHHQ LQGLYLGXDOV RI ¿YH VSHFLHV UHFRUGHG DUH from 15 websites during the survey period, of which assessed as Endangered, and seven species and fourteen many were websites for physical reptile shops. The individuals as Vulnerable. Twenty taxa are native to DGYHUWLVHPHQWV LQ WRWDO R൵HUHG D PLQLPXP RI  Japan. In 150 out of 220 advertisements, species were

Species Range country No. of IUCN Red CITES individuals List 2017 listing

3KLOLSSLQH3RQG7XUWOHSiebenrockiella leytensis 3KLOLSSLQHV  &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG  2D[DFD6SLQ\WDLOHG,JXDQDCtenosaura oaxacana 0H[LFR  &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG  5RWL,VODQG6QDNHQHFNHG7XUWOHChelodina mccordi ,QGRQHVLD  &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG  6SLGHU7RUWRLVHPyxis a. arachnoides 0DGDJDVFDU  &ULWLFDOO\(QGDQJHUHG  5\XN\X%ODFNEUHDVWHG/HDI7XUWOHGeoemyda japonica -DSDQ  (QGDQJHUHG  *LDQW6XQJD]HUSmaug giganteus 6RXWK$IULFD  9XOQHUDEOH  6KLQJOHEDFN/L]DUGTiliqua rugosa $XVWUDOLD    %RUQHR(DUOHVV0RQLWRULanthanotus borneensis ,QGRQHVLD0DOD\VLD    3HUHQWLHVaranus giganteus $XVWUDOLD   

Table 2. Examples of reptiles protected from trapping, trade and/or export in range countries observed for sale in physical and online markets in Japan.

68 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

claimed to be captive-bred and 59 as wild-caught. Most DGYHUWLVHPHQWV   LQFOXGHG SULFH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH Examples of species (top and bottom) recorded Common House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus was the at the Reptiles Fever expo, Osaka, 2017. FKHDSHVW -3<RU86' DQGDWWKHRSSRVLWHHQG of the spectrum a Lace Monitor Varanus varius was R൵HUHGIRU-3< 86' 

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In 2007, TRAFFIC conducted a survey of the reptile pet PDUNHW LQ -DSDQ .DQDUL DQG $XOL\D   UHFRUGLQJ 410 species for sale, of which 18% were assessed as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or 9XOQHUDEOH  RQ WKH ,8&1 5HG /LVW DQG  ZHUH CITES-listed species. While the present survey was more

H[WHQVLYH WKDQ WKH  VWXG\ DQG LQYROYHG GL൵HUHQW --$166(1 © shops, it appears likely that the reptile market in Japan BROMELIAD ARBOREAL ALLIGATOR LIZARD has grown since the previous study, based on the sheer range of species recorded in this survey. A combined 743 taxa were recorded from both the physical market and Ÿ The Bromeliad Arborial Alligator Lizard online surveys. Abronia taeniataHQGHPLFWRHDVWHUQ0H[LFRRFFXUV There appears to be a particular demand in Japan for LQSULPDU\KXPLGPRQWDQHIRUHVWFORXGIRUHVWDQG unique and rare species, as Critically Endangered species KXPLGSLQHRDNDQGÀUIRUHVW,QDGGLWLRQWREHLQJ appeared to have above average prices. A good number FROOHFWHG IRU WKH LOOHJDO SHW WUDGH WKLV OL]DUG LV of species recorded in this survey are rarely recorded WKUHDWHQHGE\GHIRUHVWDWLRQRILWVKDELWDWWKURXJK in trade (e.g. Rusty Monitor Varanus semiremex  FRQYHUVLRQRIODQGIRUDJULFXOWXUDOXVH:KLOHLWLV Taxonomically distinct species such as the Borneo Earless Monitor Lanthanotus borneensis (Nijman and D FRPPRQ VSHFLHV LQ VXLWDEOH KDELWDW WKHUH LV D 6WRQHU   DQG QHZO\ GLVFRYHUHG VSHFLHV OLNH WKH GHFUHDVLQJSRSXODWLRQWUHQG,WLVFODVVLÀHGLQWKH Yingde Leopard Gecko Goniurosaurus yingdeensis have IUCN Red List of Threatened Species DV9XOQHUDEOH EHHQ UHFRUGHG DV EHLQJ SRSXODU LQ -DSDQ SHUV REV  EHFDXVH LWV H[WHQW RI RFFXUUHQFH LV OHVV WKDQ While it is important to assess accurately the level of NPòLWVGLVWULEXWLRQLVVHYHUHO\IUDJPHQWHG conservation threat that a species is facing, this needs DQGWKHUHLVFRQWLQXLQJGHFOLQHLQWKHH[WHQWDQG to be balanced against unwittingly promoting the rarity TXDOLW\ RI LWV SULPDU\ IRUHVW KDELWDW &DQVHFR value of a species (Nijman et al.,  0iUTXH] DQG 0HQGR]D4XLMDQR  $W &,7(6 In addition to the demand within the country, Japan’s geographic location between Asia and the Americas, as &R3 Abronia VSHFLHV ZHUH OLVWHG LQ WKH &,7(6 well as the professional links Japanese traders have to $SSHQGLFHV A. taeniataLQ&,7(6$SSHQGL[,,  European dealers, makes it an important location for the reptile trade. Both the 2007 and 2017 surveys included

a large diversity of Asian and American species, and The Ÿ Monkey-tailed Skink Corucia zebrata Japanese traders are active in the Hamm reptile fair QDWLYHWRWKH6RORPRQ,VODQGVFDQRQO\EHOHJDOO\ in Germany and have openly stated their connections H[SRUWHG DV FDSWLYHEUHG $ VHOOHU RIIHULQJ D to dealers in Germany and the Czech Republic during both surveys (Auliya, in litt., 24 July 2018; authors’ VSHFLPHQ GXULQJ WKH VXUYH\ GLVFORVHG WKDW WKH REVHUYDWLRQV  VSHFLPHQ ZDV UDQFKHG ZKLFK ZRXOG VWLOO KDYH The study results indicate the occurrence of illegal PHDQWVRXUFLQJIURPWKHZLOG trade. This illegality is suspected to take place along the trade chain, from the point of collection to the point of sale. Of the species recorded in 2017, several are suspected to have an illegal origin, as no import records could be found for several CITES-listed species (e.g. Perentie, Marbled Water Monitor V. marmoratus, Sago Monitor V. obor +RZHYHUFXUUHQWOHJLVODWLRQLQ-DSDQ does not adequately cover the possession and trade of non-native, CITES-listed species. Furthermore, a notable number of species recorded are protected from trade in UDQJHFRXQWULHV 7DEOH :KLOHUDQJHFRXQWULHVSURKLELW K. WAKAO K. the export of these species, for many international trade is © not regulated under CITES. This means that enforcement MONKEY-TAILED SKINK authorities in importing countries have little legal ground

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

restrictions by exporting illegally wild-sourced animals DVFDSWLYHEUHG -DQVVHQDQG&KQJ 7KHUHLVSULRU evidence that several species recorded in this survey are laundered. The Giant Sungazer Smaug giganteus is H[SRUWHGDVFDSWLYHEUHGGHVSLWHWKHGL൶FXOW\RIEUHHGLQJ this species in captivity in commercially-viable numbers and evidence of animals being illegally captured from the wild in South Africa (Loehr et al., 7KHUHLVOLWWOH evidence of Boelen’s Python reproducing in captivity /HWWRRI DQGODXQGHULQJKDVEHHQGRFXPHQWHGIRU *UHHQ7UHH3\WKRQ /\RQVDQG1DWXVFK . Another species—the Monkey-tailed Skink Corucia zebrata—is native to the Solomon Islands and can only be legally

© J. JANSSEN H[SRUWHG DV FDSWLYHEUHG$ VHOOHU R൵HULQJ WKLV VSHFLHV The Carrot-tail Viper Gecko Hemidactylus imbricatus disclosed that the animal was ranched (which would RFFXUVLQ3DNLVWDQDQGVRXWKHUQ,QGLD VWLOOKDYHPHDQWVRXUFLQJIURPWKHZLOG 6HYHUDOVKRSV IURP WKH  VWXG\ R൵HUHG DGXOW VSHFLPHQV DQRWKHU indication of the wild provenance of these animals (Auliya, in litt., -XO\ 

to stop these animals from entering the country once they &ඈඇർඅඎඌංඈඇඌൺඇൽ5ൾർඈආආൾඇൽൺඍංඈඇඌ have been smuggled out of range countries. As further evidence, several Japanese nationals have been arrested Japan’s reptile market is extensive and includes rare and for attempting to smuggle reptiles from range countries endangered species. Many are non-native and protected in LQWR -DSDQ VRPH RI WKHP UHSHDW R൵HQGHUV $)3%% their range States, from which export is prohibited. Some News, 2013; The Times of India, 2015; Bangkok Post, CITES-listed non-native species are brought into and 7KH+LQGX0DLQLFK6KLPEXQ  traded in Japan without legal export records from their Laundering of illegally-sourced wild animals as range States or import records into Japan, in violation captive-bred is a regulatory and conservation issue for of CITES. Yet these animals are documented for sale in live reptiles (Nijman and Shepherd, 2009, 2015; Auliya et Japan. The Japanese government needs to recognise the al.,7HQVHQ-DQVVHQDQG&KQJ &,7(6 scale of the Japanese reptile market and its demand for Appendix I species can be internationally traded for exclusive and often protected species, and that it is an commercial purposes only if they are “pre-Convention” important driver in the global pet reptile trade. While a LH DFTXLUHG EHIRUH WKH\ ZHUH OLVWHG LQ $SSHQGL[ ,  proportion of the reptile pet trade is legal and consists of commercially bred in captivity from a CITES-registered domesticated species, illegal and unsustainable trade is breeding facility or bred for non-commercial purposes clearly taking place. It is recommended that the following ZLWK D FHUWL¿FDWH IRU FDSWLYHEUHHGLQJ &,7(6   action is taken: this presents a loophole that collectors exploit to trade in and keep CITES Appendix I species. One such o As there are indications from this study of species is the Radiated Tortoise Astrochelys radiata, unregistered retailers under the Act on Welfare a Madagascar endemic that is heavily exploited by and Management of Animals and of the illegal LOOHJDOWUDGH /HXWHULW]DQG3DTXHWWH 7KHVSHFLHV collection of the species protected by Japan’s has been introduced to Mauritius from where it can be domestic legislation, the Japanese government is legally exported by registered and legitimate breeding urged to improve the implementation of existing facilities for the global pet trade. There is concern laws. Ensuring that all pet shops selling reptiles that this legal trade could provide opportunities for are operating legitimately will improve regulation unscrupulous traders to mix illegally acquired animals of the reptile pet trade within the country. with the legal trade. Nevertheless, thousands continue to be poached and smuggled out of Madagascar, where no o Japanese enforcement authorities should refuse CITES-registered captive breeding facilities exist for this imports of species protected in their range States species. In April 2018, almost 11,000 Radiated Tortoises unless a captive-bred origin can be proven. ZHUH FRQ¿VFDWHG IURP D SURSHUW\ LQ 0DGDJDVFDU D Likewise, they should ensure at border points of record-breaking number of animals collected for the entry that captive-bred specimens have a legal LOOHJDO SHW WUDGH $FWPDQ   ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW origin and such information should be traceable. large numbers continue to be poached from the wild to supply international demand. o Japan’s legislation needs to be reviewed and For CITES Appendix II species, many of them updated to cover the trade of non-native, CITES- are protected from capture and export under national Appendix II- and III-listed species and/or species legislation, and traders sometimes circumvent such protected in their range States.

70 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

o In conjunction with government authorities, +RFKLPLQK.HL]DL6KLPEXQ  5HSWLOH&DIp³%D%R´LQ reptile traders and keepers in Japan play an +R&KL0LQK&LW\LVDKLWZLWKUHSWLOHORYHUV LQ-DSDQHVH  important role in self-regulating the pet market, 18 August 2014. https://hochiminh.keizai.biz/headline/54/. 22 May 2018. ensuring that the keeping of reptiles in Japan is -DQVVHQ-DQG&KQJ6&  %LRORJLFDOSDUDPHWHUVXVHG legal, and that the country’s demand for reptiles LQVHWWLQJFDSWLYHဨEUHHGLQJTXRWDVIRU,QGRQHVLD¶VEUHHGLQJ as pets does not have a negative impact on wild facilities. Conservation Biology  ± populations. .DQDUL.DQG$XOL\D0  7KHUHSWLOHSHWWUDGHRI-DSDQ Unpublished. o Consumer research should be conducted to /HWWRRI'  $QDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLPSDFWRIWKHSHWWUDGH understand the preferences and motivations of RQ  &,7(6ဨ$SSHQGL[ ,, FDVH VWXGLHV Morelia boeleni. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Japanese reptile keepers and hobbyists, and of Wild Flora and Fauna Secretariat, Geneva. how to encourage them to purchase legally and /HXWHULW] 7 DQG 3DTXHWWH 65   Astrochelys radiata. sustainably sourced animals. Paper presented at the The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: Madagascar Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle $ർ඄ඇඈඐඅൾൽ඀ൾආൾඇඍඌ Red List Workshop. /RHKU 9-7 3DUXVQDWK 6 DQG *LOFKULVW )   %RJXV captive-breeding of the South African Sungazer Lizard The authors thank Tsugumi Saito and WWF Japan’s Smaug giganteus. TRAFFIC Bulletin  ± volunteers for the collection of online advertisements /\RQV -$ DQG 1DWXVFK '-   :LOGOLIH ODXQGHULQJ and data reduction. The Pro Natura Foundation Japan’s through breeding farms: illegal harvest, population declines 27th Pro Natura Fund is thanked for its support. Chris R. and a means of regulating the trade of green pythons Shepherd, Mark Auliya, Ishii Nobuo, Steven Broad and (Morelia viridis IURP,QGRQHVLD. Biological Conservation Richard Thomas are also thanked for reviewing earlier ± versions of this manuscript and providing constructive 0DLQLFK6KLPEXQ  6PXJJOLQJRIWXUWOHVWZRVXVSHFWV comments to improve it. DUUHVWHGLQ.DQVDL$LUSRUW LQ-DSDQHVH 0D\https:// mainichi.jp/articles/20180510/k00/00m/040/102000c. 22 May. 5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ 0LQLVWU\ RI )LQDQFH   7UDGH VWDWLVWLFV RI -DSDQ http:// www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/ 9 August. $FWPDQ-  6WHQFKOHDGVWRKRPHFUDZOLQJZLWKVWROHQ 1LMPDQ 9 6KHSKHUG &5 DQG YDQ %DOHQ 6   tortoises—10,000 of them. National Geographic. 20 April. Declaration of the Javan hawk eagle Spizaetus bartelsi as https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/wildlife- Indonesia’s National Rare Animal impedes conservation of watch-radiated-tortoises-poached-madagascar/ 6 August. the species. Oryx  ± $)3%% $)3 %URDG %DQG  1HZV   7ZR -DSDQHVH 1LMPDQ 9DQG 6WRQHU 66   Keeping an Ear to the prosecuted for smuggling of wild lizards in Australia. 3 Ground: Monitoring the Trade in Earless Monitor Lizards. October. http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3000759. TRAFFIC, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. $VDKL 6KLPEXQ 'LJLWDO   7RXFKDEOH UHSWLOHV EHFRPH 7HQVHQ /   8QGHU ZKDW FLUFXPVWDQFHV FDQ ZLOGOLIH SRSXODUDPRQJZRPHQ LQ-DSDQHVH 0D\https://www. IDUPLQJEHQH¿WVSHFLHVFRQVHUYDWLRQ"Global Ecology and asahi.com/articles/ASL3W7QHFL3WPQIP01G.html. Conservation± Auliya, M., Altherr, S., Ariano-Sanchez, D., Baard, E.H., Brown, 7KH +LQGX   ,QGRQHVLD DUUHVWV -DSDQHVH PDQ LQ UHSWLOH & %URZQ 50  DQG =LHJOHU7  7UDGH LQ OLYH smuggling. 18 May 2017. http://www.thehindu.com/news/ reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the international/indonesia-arrests-japanese-man-in-reptile- European market. Biological Conservation± smuggling/article18486317.ece. 22 May. %DQJNRN 3RVW   6LQJOH PXP FDXJKW ZLWK OL]DUGV DQG 7KH -DSDQ 5HSWLOHV DQG $PSKLELDQV $VVRFLDWLRQ   turtles at airport. 24 November. https://www.bangkokpost. 1XPEHUVUHODWHGWR5HSWLOHVDQG$PSKLELDQV LQ-DSDQHVH  com/learning/advanced/1143196/single-mum-caught-with- 7KH 7LPHV RI ,QGLD   -DSDQHVH GXR VHQWHQFHG WR RQH lizards-and-turtles-at-airport. year imprisonment in Kerala for smuggling reptiles. 4 &DQVHFR0iUTXH] / DQG 0HQGR]D4XLMDQR )   December. KWWSVWLPHVR¿QGLDLQGLDWLPHVFRPFLW\NRFKL Abronia taeniata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Japanese-duo-sentenced-to-one-year-imprisonment-in-  H7$KWWSG[GRLRUJ Kerala-forsmuggling-reptiles/articleshow/50048251.cms. IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63691A12698332.en. Viewed 25 7RN\R 5HSWLOHV :RUOG   http://www.reptilesworld.jp. September 2018. Viewed May 2016. &,7(6   5HVROXWLRQ &RQI  5HY &R3 

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

7+(TRAFFIC BULLETIN 6(,=85(6 $1'3526(&87,2166(&7,21 ,66321625('%<7+()25(675< CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) %85($8&281&,/2) establishes international controls over trade in wild plants and animals, or related products, of $*5,&8/785(7$,:$1 species that have been, or may be, threatened due to excessive commercial exploitation. Parties &200,77('726833257,1* have their own legislative instrument by which to meet their obligations under CITES. The species covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need: &,7(6(1)25&(0(17 APPENDIX I includes species threatened with extinction which are or may be threatened by trade. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. An export 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ IHDWXUHV D VHOHFWLRQ RI SHUPLWIURPWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ RUDUHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHIURPRWKHUH[SRUWLQJFRXQWULHV DQGDQ VHL]XUHV DQG SURVHFXWLRQV UHSRUWHG EHWZHHQ import permit from the country of importation are required. $SULODQGPLG2FWREHU6RXUFHVDUHFLWHG DWWKHHQGRIHDFKFRXQWU\VHFWLRQ Readers are APPENDIX II includes species not necessarily yet threatened, but which could become so if trade UHIHUUHGWRWKH75$)),&ZHEVLWH KWWSVZZZ LVQRWVWULFWO\FRQWUROOHG6SHFLHVDUHDOVRLQFOXGHGLQ$SSHQGL[,,LIWKH\DUHGL൶FXOWWRGLVWLQJXLVK IURPRWKHUVSHFLHVLQ$SSHQGL[,,LQRUGHUWRPDNHLWPRUHGL൶FXOWIRULOOHJDOWUDGHWRWDNHSODFH WUDIÀFRUJQHZV  IRU UHJXODU XSGDWHV RQ FDVHV WKURXJKPLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRUPLVODEHOOLQJ$QH[SRUWSHUPLWIURPWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ RUD UHSRUWHGIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG UHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHIURPRWKHUH[SRUWLQJFRXQWULHV LVUHTXLUHGEXWQRWDQLPSRUWSHUPLW

APPENDIX IIILQFOXGHVVSHFLHVWKDWDQ\3DUW\LGHQWL¿HVDVEHLQJVXEMHFWWRUHJXODWLRQZLWKLQLWV B I G C A T S jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation and as needing the co-operation RIRWKHU3DUWLHVLQWKHFRQWURORIWUDGH,PSRUWVUHTXLUHDFHUWL¿FDWHRIRULJLQDQGLIWKHLPSRUWDWLRQ is from the State that has included the species in Appendix III, an export permit is required. CZECH REPUBLIC: 2Q  -XO\  All imports into the European Union of CITES Appendix II-listed species require both an export DXWKRULWLHV VHL]HG D IUHVKO\ NLOOHG 7LJHU SHUPLWUHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHDQGDQLPSRUWSHUPLW Panthera tigris &,7(6, WKHVNLQVRIWLJHUVDQG RWKHUELJFDWVDVZHOODVWKHIUR]HQERGLHVRI YDULRXV SURWHFWHG DQLPDO VSHFLHV GXULQJ UDLGV DURXQG WKH FRXQWU\LQFOXGLQJ DW 6DSDD ODUJH 9LHWQDPHVHPDUNHWRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRI3UDJXH SOMALIA: 2Q $XJXVW  WZR SHRSOH ´VWUDZ EX\HUVµ IRU KLP 0DODVXNXP SURYLGHG DQGDWD]RRSDUNLQ'RNV\LQQRUWK%RKHPLD ZHUH VHQWHQFHG WR WKUHH \HDUV LQ SULVRQ WKHP ZLWK FDVK DQG GLUHFWHG WKHP RQ ZKLFK 7KHRZQHURIWKHSDUNZKRZDVDUUHVWHGLV DQG HDFK ÀQHG WKH HTXLYDOHQW RI 86' LWHPVWRELGIRU+HVKLSSHGWKHWLJHUDQGOLRQ DFFXVHGRIEUHHGLQJWLJHUVDQGVXSSO\LQJWKHLU 7KH FDVH UHODWHV WR WKH VHL]XUH LQ %HUEHUD VNXOOVWRKLVKRPHLQ1HZ

72 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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74 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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78 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

SPOT SURVEY: insights into medical students’ perspectives on the use of wildlife products in traditional medicine in Viet Nam

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,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ products to patients is better understood. Through this understanding it becomes possible to develop demand iet Nam has a long history of using wildlife UHGXFWLRQ SURJUDPPHV WR LQÀXHQFH DQG FKDQJH WKH products as ingredients in traditional practices of TM professionals towards a zero-tolerance PHGLFLQH 70  WR WUHDW LOOQHVVHV DQG of the use of threatened and/or illegal species products. improve general health (Nguyen and The development and delivery of these types of targeted 1JX\HQ ZLWKDUHFRUGRIVXFKXVH behaviour change interventions need to be informed VGDWLQJEDFNWRWKHWKFHQWXU\ 0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK   E\WKHNQRZOHGJHDWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFHV .$3 RIWKH 1JX\HQDQG1JX\HQ 70FRQWLQXHVWRSOD\DNH\ DXGLHQFHLQYROYHG 75$)),&  role in Vietnamese society and is sometimes used as This survey was part of a project funded by WWF- primary treatment, especially in rural areas of the country Germany that aimed to reduce the desire and practice ZKHUH WKHUH LV D ODFN RI D൵RUGDEOH :HVWHUQ PHGLFLQH of using wildlife products in TM from threatened and/ available. However, more generally, and especially in RULOOHJDOVSHFLHVDQGKDGDVSHFL¿FIRFXVRQLPSDFWLQJ urban regions, TM is seen as being important to support young and upcoming professionals in Viet Nam. An ZHOOEHLQJDQGJHQHUDOKHDOWKDQGWKHSHUFHLYHGEHQH¿WV online survey was completed by 1,050 students at of the traditional wild animal-derived medicine and WKUHH PHGLFLQH XQLYHUVLWLHV LQ 9LHW 1DP 7KH VSHFL¿F tonics are deeply rooted in Vietnamese society (Drury, objectives of the survey were to identify the knowledge,   attitudes and practices of the medical students towards  9LHW 1DP¶V H൵RUWV WR FXUE LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH WUDGH DUH the use of threatened and/or illegal wildlife species in FRPSURPLVHG E\ ODFN RI H൵HFWLYH ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW WR TM in order to inform the development and delivery deter illegal practices and the embedded societal norms of a behaviour change campaign for TM students, in around the use and consumption of threatened fauna partnership with the National Centre for Health Education species. The enactment of a revised Penal Code in 2018, and Communication of the Ministry of Health. The ZLWKLQFUHDVHG¿QHVDQGSXQLVKPHQWIRUWKHLOOHJDOWUDGH survey was also used as a baseline to evaluate the impact and/or possession of threatened wildlife species products, of the demand reduction campaign after its delivery. has provided Viet Nam with a regulatory framework to 7KLV SDSHU RXWOLQHV WKH NH\ ¿QGLQJV RI WKH VXUYH\ DQG tackle the illegal practices of use and consumption of provides recommendations for a Social and Behavioural threatened fauna species. Change Communications initiative that will change the The use of threatened species products in TM practice, knowledge, attitudes and practices of those studying to such as pangolin scales, bear bile and rhino horn, and become TM practitioners and lead to a zero-tolerance of other threatened and/or illegal species products, is found the use of threatened species. WREHLQFUHDVLQJZLWKULVLQJXUEDQZHDOWK 'UXU\  In Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, TM practitioners are 0ൾඍඁඈൽඈඅඈ඀ඒ trusted sources of information regarding the ingredients considered to be the most suitable—whether legal or The study took place between 1 and 20 December 2017. illegal—to promote wellness and treat illness (IPSOS, A total of 1,055 students at two medical universities in   7KHUH LV HYLGHQFH WKDW 70 SUDFWLWLRQHUV SOD\ Ha Noi and one medical university in Ho Chi Minh City D VLJQL¿FDQW UROH LQ WKH SURPRWLRQ RI WKH SXUFKDVH took part. The universities were selected based on their and consumption of threatened and/or illegal wildlife size, regional representation and willingness to take part products. For example, the latest edition of the national in the research; both traditional and western medicine pharmacopoeia published by the Vietnamese Ministry of practices are taught at medical universities in Viet Nam. +HDOWK 0LQLVWU\ RI +HDOWK   LQFOXGHV UHIHUHQFHV 7KUHH UHVHDUFK FRRUGLQDWRUV RQH DW HDFK XQLYHUVLW\  to several wildlife products in TM including the use were recruited and trained to select the students as well of pangolin scales, antler glue and seahorses (Ministry as to ensure the questionnaire was completed. The survey RI +HDOWK   )XUWKHU70 SUDFWLWLRQHUV DUH RSHQO\ was introduced by the co-ordinator and the link to the advertising illegal wildlife products and their perceived online questionnaire was sent to the selected participant. EHQH¿WVDVZDVIRXQGLQWKHFDVHRIEHDUELOH :LOOFR[ The students used computers or smartphones with internet et al $UHFHQWVXUYH\LQWRUKLQRKRUQXVHLQ70 DFFHVVWRYLVLWWKHOLQNDQG¿OOLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH2QFH has revealed a consistent interaction of the TM sector the survey reached the desired number of respondents, in accessing and providing rhino horn to patients and the link was automatically disabled. Each student who customers (MacMillan et al.,  took part in the survey received a mobile phone top-up In order to tackle the supply of and demand for FDUGWRWKHYDOXHRI91' DERXW86' DVDWRNHQ illegal wildlife products in TM practices in Viet Nam, UHZDUGIRUWKHLUWLPHDQGH൵RUW it is critical that the role and the perspective of the TM A structured questionnaire was developed consisting SUDFWLWLRQHUV LQ SUHVFULELQJ DQG R൵HULQJ WKHVH NLQGV RI of 34 predominantly scaled and multiple-choice

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

5KLQR 

7LJHU  Bear  3DQJROLQ  Deer  6QDNH  0RQNH\  (OHSKDQW  +RUVH  3\WKRQ  Others  'RQ·WNQRZ 

Fig. 1. Results from the question: “What do you think are the most commonly used fauna products in TM?” (n=979. Students could tick one or more species).

 

 



 

    Strongly disapproved Strongly approved

Fig. 2. Responses to the question: “Do you agree with the use of products made from threatened wildlife in TM?” (n=1,047)

Fig. 3. Results of the scenarios (n=1,055)

Fig. 3a. No. indicating whether they would use threatened Fig. 3b. No. prepared to use threatened fauna IDXQDSURGXFWVLIWKH\NQRZWKH\FRXOGEHÀQHG products when patients are family members or friends. 80 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

questions in the Vietnamese language, with open-ended In total, 1,055 valid survey responses were collected. options to allow for further exploration of unaddressed However, some of these contained answers that were dimensions of the question’s theme. The questionnaire either incomplete or found as outliers (e.g. students included socio-economic questions, and questions on the had misunderstood the question, based on the answers knowledge around TM practices, on what kind of lectures SURYLGHGLQWKHRSHQHQGHGSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQV 7KHVH the students were receiving, and the perceived reputation VSHFL¿FRXWOLHUVZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHDQDO\VLVIRUWKRVH and status of the TM practices and practitioners in Viet particular questions, resulting in a reduction in sample Nam. The questionnaire was developed to elicit unbiased size for some of the analysis. The number of responses and honest responses from the participants. The word XVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVLVLGHQWL¿HGE\³Q´IRUHDFKTXHVWLRQ “threatened” was used, without reference to the illegality or the protection of the species by law; the illegality of 5ൾඌඎඅඍඌ the use of threatened fauna products for TM was not introduced until the end of the questionnaire. In this paper a summary of key results of the surveys The online survey software Survey Monkey was provide self-reported insights into the knowledge, XVHG DV WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH SODWIRUP DV D FRVWH൵HFWLYH attitude and practices of the medical students in regards approach to achieve a large sample size. Moreover, to the use of fauna species products in Ha Noi and Ho online surveys were generally perceived as more Chi Minh City. impersonal and anonymous (Blumberg, Cooper and Survey results show that rhinos or rhino parts were 6FKLQGOHU WKXVDOORZLQJIRUFROOHFWHGUHVSRQVHV WKHPRVWFRPPRQO\LGHQWL¿HGIDXQDSURGXFWVDPRQJVW WRUHÀHFWEHWWHUWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶RSLQLRQV$GGLWLRQDOO\ the students for use in TM, accounting for 42% of the 6XUYH\0RQNH\R൵HUHGDQXPEHURILQQRYDWLYHIHDWXUHV YDOLG UHVSRQVHV Q   )LJ   FORVHO\ IROORZHG E\ which streamlined the survey management process and WLJHU   DQG EHDU   SURGXFWV 2WKHU LGHQWL¿HG improved data quality, including: species were pangolin, deer, horse and snake. Eight percent of the students could not recall any fauna x PRQLWRULQJWKHÀRZDQGOHQJWKRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH products used in TM. to ensure that respondents strictly follow the survey More than three quarters of the students were opposed procedures; to the use of threatened fauna species products for TM, x requiring participants to answer all the questions; with 47% reporting that they strongly disapproved x allowing one questionnaire response only per and 37% stating that they disagreed with this practice. electronic device, thus reducing the possibility of one )RXUWHHQSHUFHQWRIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHLQGL൵HUHQWWRWKH person providing multiple responses; practice of using protected species products and a total of x ÀH[LELOLW\IRUWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVWRWDNHSDUWLQWKHVXUYH\ 20 students expressed their approval of the practice, with at a time convenient within a set deadline. VWXGHQWVDJUHHLQJDQG¿YHVWXGHQWVVWURQJO\DJUHHLQJ WRVXFKSUDFWLFHV )LJ  Throughout the data-collection period, continuous To generate insights into the perspectives of the reviews were conducted on submitted responses to ensure students for future practices of the use of threatened that the sample was robust. The sample was assessed IDXQDVSHFLHVGL൵HUHQWVFHQDULRVZHUHSUHVHQWHG:KHQ against criteria including whether the respondents were it was pointed out that there were laws and regulations on the list of participating TM students and whether their DJDLQVW WKH XVH RI WKUHDWHQHG VSHFLHV LQ 70 )LJ D  personal details, such as student IDs and date of birth, RIWKHVWXGHQWV Q  UHVSRQGHGWKDWWKH\ZRXOG matched the information provided. Where necessary, a never prescribe or recommend using fauna products. cross-check with the research co-ordinator was made to However, when the scenario involved family and friends, ensure all valid responses were accounted for. this number reduced to 68% (Fig. E 7KXVPRUHVWXGHQWV

Fig. 3 ctd. Results of the scenarios (n=1,055)

Fig. 3c. No. who would consider using threatened Fig. 3d. No. who would consider using threatened fauna fauna products unprompted by customers. products when customers ask for such products.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T R E P O R T

A pharmacist with traditional Vietnamese medicine. © OLA JENNERSTEN / WWF-SWEDEN © OLA

would prescribe or recommend threatened fauna products With respect to the reputation of TM’s practitioners, when it concerned their family and friends. 93% of all medical students recognised the importance of It was found that 18.5% of the students would consider protecting TM practitioners’ reputations. Thirty-two per UDUHO\ WR HYHU\ WLPH  SUHVFULELQJ WKUHDWHQHG ZLOGOLIH cent of the students considered it “extremely important”, SURGXFWV XQSURPSWHG E\ FXVWRPHUV RU SDWLHQWV )LJ F  38% regarded it as “very important” and 22% ranked it 7KLV QXPEHU LQFUHDVHG WR  UDUHO\ WR HYHU\ WLPH  LI DV³PRGHUDWHO\LPSRUWDQW´ )LJ  customers or patients were to ask the TM practitioner for When asked about their willingness to take part ZLOGOLIHSURGXFWVRUIRUWKHLURSLQLRQRIWKHEHQH¿WVRIWKHVH in wildlife conservation programmes, 57% of the SURGXFWV )LJG  students who disagreed with the use of threatened Of the 20 students who endorsed the use of threatened ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV LQ 70 Q   VKRZHG D KLJK OHYHO ZLOGOLIHVSHFLHVIRU70WKHPDMRULW\  EHOLHYHGLQ of willingness to participate in such campaigns (“will WKHSHUFHLYHGH൵HFWLYHQHVVRIWKHVHSURGXFWV7KLUW\¿YH SDUWLFLSDWH XVXDOO\ IUHTXHQWO\ RU HYHU\ WLPH´  7KLUW\ SHUFHQWRIWKLVJURXSVWDWHGWKDWWKHH൵HFWLYHQHVVRIWKHVH eight percent of students in this group responded to such products was well-known and 15% reported that they just programmes with a medium level of willingness (“will IROORZHGWKHDGYLFHRIRWKHU70SUDFWLWLRQHUV )LJ  SDUWLFLSDWH RFFDVLRQDOO\ RU VRPHWLPHV´  )LYH SHUFHQW Out of the students who were against the use of RI WKHVH VWXGHQWV ZHUH QRW ZLOOLQJ UDUHO\ RU QHYHU  WR WKUHDWHQHG ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV LQ 70 Q    participate in such activities. However, in the group of responded that this position was driven by the illegality students who supported the use of threatened wildlife of the practice. Other reasons also included the SURGXFWVLQ70 Q  WKHORZOHYHORIZLOOLQJQHVVWR XQVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHSUDFWLFH  WKHLQH൵HFWLYHQHVV SDUWLFLSDWHLQFUHDVHGWR )LJ  RI WKHVH SURGXFWV LQ WUHDWLQJ SDWLHQWV   DQG WKH &ඈඇർඅඎඌංඈඇඌ H[SHQVHRIWKHZLOGOLIHSURGXFWV  2WKHUUHDVRQVQRW to recommend or prescribe wildlife products included the 7KLVUHVHDUFKFRQ¿UPVWKDWWKHXVHRIWKUHDWHQHGDQGRU GL൶FXOW\ LQ REWDLQLQJ ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV   DOWUXLVP illegal fauna products is embedded in TM practices and DQGNLQGQHVVWRWKHDQLPDOV  DQGWKHDYDLODELOLW\RI has generated some insight into the knowledge, attitudes alternative treatments both for TM and Western medicine and practices of the young and future TM practitioners in  ,QWHUHVWLQJO\RQO\TXRWHGWKHODFNRIVFLHQWL¿F Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City. HYLGHQFH RQ WKH H൵HFWLYHQHVV RI WKH ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV It was found that the main motivations behind the In China and Viet Nam the uninformed application of potential deterrent of the use of threatened species were PHGLFLQHDQGRULWVXVHQRWEHLQJLQIRUPHGE\VFLHQWL¿F their illegality and the unsustainability of their use. This evidence has been found to be commonplace, even in indicates that future TM practitioners are deterred by the Western medicine (Mao et al.,  risk of being penalised and therefore improved training Survey questions were also directed at understanding on environmental and criminal regulations may prevent what content the students received as part of their course. TM practitioners from supporting the use of protected Students were more likely to receive classes on pollution wildlife species. Although most of the medical students   UHVRXUFH GHSOHWLRQ   DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO surveyed reported that they were against the use of KHDOWK   VXEMHFWV WKDW GR QRW GLUHFWO\ DGGUHVV WKH SURWHFWHGZLOGOLIHVSHFLHVIRU70WKH\FDQEHLQÀXHQFHG use of threatened and/or illegal wildlife products in TM. by friends and family members to prescribe protected Only 35% of surveyed students received some content on wildlife products. The data suggest that maintaining environmental laws and regulations during their studies. positive relationships with friends and family in

82 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T R E P O R T

It is effective 55%55%

It is affordable compared with other treatments 20%

It is easy to get 5%

It is well known 35%

There is no alternative to wildlife products 15%

Other traditional medicine practitioners 15% use wildlife products

Fig. 4. The reasons to recommend the use of protected wildlife products (n=20).

38%

32%

22%

5% 1.1% 0.5% 0.3%

Not at all Low Slightly Neutral Moderately Very Extremely important importance important important important important

Fig. 5. Results of the question “how important is it to protect the reputation of TM practitioners?” (n=1,055).

100%

80%

60% High 40% Medium Low 20%

0% Agreed with the use of The undecided group Disagreed with the use of threatened fauna products (n=150) threatened fauna products in TM (n=20) in TM (n=877)

Fig. 6. Willingness to participate in a wildlife conservation programme organised by university (n=1,047).

TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 30 No. 2 (2018) 83 S H O R T R E P O R T

Vietnamese culture overrules the risk of breaking the law attitudes and practices of a target audience and to create and of illegally prescribing fauna products to family and a baseline. The survey can easily be repeated during and/ friends, as well as to customers and patients asking for or at the end of the behaviour change intervention to products. evaluate its impact and importance, to carry out further Even though the size of the survey sample was small, adjustments and to identify whether the campaign has the results seem to suggest that the students’ support of KDGWKHGHVLUHGH൵HFW the use of wildlife products in TM was largely based on NQRZOHGJHRIWKHSURGXFWV¶SHUFHLYHGEHQH¿WVWKDWKDG $ർ඄ඇඈඐඅൾൽ඀ൾආൾඇඍඌ been gained from more senior TM practitioners rather WKDQEDVHGRQDQ\VFLHQWL¿FHYLGHQFH%HKDYLRXUFKDQJH This research was made possible with funding from H൵RUWVVKRXOGLQFOXGHWKHXQGHFLGHGJURXS DERXW WWF Germany. The authors also express gratitude to RIWKHVDPSOHVL]HIRUWKLVVXUYH\ DVWKH\GRQRWKDYHD Viet Nam’s National Centre for Health Communication clear perspective on the use of wildlife products for TM. and Education, participating universities and the Ministry While the results demonstrate that criminal of Health of Viet Nam who made this survey possible. activity and punishment can act as deterrents for TM practitioners to prescribing and recommending protected wildlife products, the relevant regulations and laws are 5ൾൿൾඋൾඇർൾඌ not subjects covered in the TM curriculum. The survey ¿QGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWLQFUHDVHGDQGLPSURYHGHGXFDWLRQ %OXPEHUJ % &RRSHU ' DQG 6FKLQGOHU 3   on laws and regulations is critical if the use of wildlife Business Research Methods. 4th ed. London: products in TM is to be reduced. McGraw-Hill Education. Overall, a change in social norms is required to make 'UXU\5  +XQJU\IRUVXFFHVV8UEDQFRQVXPHU it unacceptable to consume threatened and/or illegal demand for wild animal products in Vietnam. wildlife products as TM. The importance and further Conservation and Society   enhancement of the reputation of TM practices and its ,3626   Consumer Research on Rhino Horn practitioners could be highlighted if this behaviour is to Usage in Vietnam: Ha Noi: TRAFFIC and WWF. VKLIW7KLVVXUYH\KDVLGHQWL¿HGWKDW70VWXGHQWVGRDQG MacMillan, D., Bozzola, M., Hanley, N., Kasterine, A. would like to participate in conservation programmes; DQG 6KHUHPHW 2   Demand in Viet Nam for this presents environmental organisations with an Rhino Horn Used in Traditional Medicine. Geneva, opportunity to target behaviour change campaigns that Switzerland: International Trade Centre. will lead to a zero-tolerance of wildlife products used 0DR:9X+;LH=&KHQ:DQG7DQJ6   in TM. Systematic review on irrational use of medicines in China and Vietnam. PLOS ONE  SH 5ൾർඈආආൾඇൽൺඍංඈඇඌ 0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK  Pharmacopoeia Vietnamica. 5th ed. Medical Publishing House. Pp.1093, 1236, This research provides insights into the perceptions of 1379. medical students of the use of threatened and/or illegal 1JX\HQ'DQG1JX\HQ7  An overview of the ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV LQ 70 DQG LGHQWL¿HV WKH LPSRUWDQFH use of plants and animals in traditional medicine and opportunities for shifting social norms around such systems in Viet Nam. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: TRAFFIC use. Targeted behaviour change campaigns in Viet Nam Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme. have been demonstrated to be able to deliver a reduction Shairp, R., Veríssimo, D., Fraser, I., Challender, D. in desire to consume wildlife products, such as rhino DQG 0DF0LOODQ '   8QGHUVWDQGLQJ XUEDQ KRUQ 75$)),&  demand for wild meat in Vietnam: implications for It is recommended that a behaviour change conservation Actions. PLOS ONE  SH initiative is focused around enhancing the reputation 75$)),&   &KL %ULH¿QJ 3DSHU :RUOG 5KLQR of TM practitioners as champions for sustainability Day 2017. http://www.trafficj.org/publication/17_ and protection of natural resources, including wildlife. %ULH¿QJB&+,:RUOGB5KLQRB'D\3') Furthermore, it is critical that universities include content :LOOFR['1JX\HQ0'7DQG*RPH]/  An on the environmental laws and regulations, as the risk Assessment of Trade in Bear Bile and Gall Bladder in RI¿QHVDQGSXQLVKPHQWZDVLGHQWL¿HGWREHDGHWHUUHQW Viet Nam. TRAFFIC Report. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, for the students. The authors therefore encourage Malaysia. engagement by NGOs and other relevant organisations with the Ministries of Health and Education to integrate 9LQK 'DQJ, Consumer Research Consultant, formerly into the curricula subjects and content regarding &RQVXPHU5HVHDUFK2৽FHUIRUWKH75$)),&R৽FHLQ environmental laws and regulations as well as on Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] biodiversity conservation. 0DGHORQ:LOOHPVHQ, Conservation Strategy and Impact  8VLQJ RQOLQH VXUYH\V LV DQ H൵HFWLYH DQG D൵RUGDEOH &RQVXOWDQWIRUPHUO\+HDGRI2৽FHIRU75$)),&LQ way to develop an understanding of the knowledge, Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected]

84 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  G U I D E L I N E S F O R C O N T R I B U T O R S

apers on the subject of wildlife trade are invited for Discussion and Conclusions. These sections, which may be combined, consideration by TRAFFIC, the publisher of the TRAFFIC should constitute an analysis of what the results actually show, what Bulletin, provided the material is unpublished and not under may be inferred from them (if relevant), and what may be concluded consideration for publication elsewhere. Contributions can on the subject in question, including any limitations. No new results take the form of feature articles (which should not usually should be introduced in these sections. Pexceed 6,000 words, including tables and references), and Short Reports (up to 3,500 words, including tables and references). Recommendations. These should be linked to the discussion/ Referees and the editors judge each submitted manuscript on data conclusions in the report. Try to make these as specific as possible, originality, accuracy and clarity. A minimum of two reviewers are stating who should take action, where possible. selected by TRAFFIC, with suggestions from the author welcome. The author will be notified of acceptance, rejection or the need for revision of Acknowledgements. These should include acknowledgement of the paper following the review process, which takes up to eight weeks. If funders of research and production, as well as of reviewers and accepted, the author will be responsible for incorporating the reviewers’ contributors. comments, as appropriate. The paper will then be edited and returned to the author for comment/further amendment if necessary, and the References. See also below. author’s approval. The author should correct the proofs and return them to TRAFFIC within an agreed period (usually 10 days). Acceptance SPECIFIC STYLE REQUIREMENTS: of a paper for publication in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will normally be confirmed when any outstanding points have been clarified. Copyright of Species names: Common or vernacular names of species should at first material published in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will be vested in TRAFFIC. mention be accompanied by their full scientific name. If referring to a distinct species, use initial capital letters, for example African Elephant Editing at TRAFFIC: The editing process will include reading the report, Loxodonta africana. If discussing more than one species under a generic checking for sense and style and making adjustments accordingly, as name, no capital letter is used, for example rhinoceroses (as opposed necessary; standardising spelling, punctuation, checking for provision to Black Rhinoceros). The common name only is used in subsequent of sources; communicating with the author over any substantive references to the species name, except in cases where there may be changes; preparing layout; scanning and placing illustrations, etc. several common names in use or when there is no common name; in The editing period at TRAFFIC usually takes a minimum of two such cases the scientific name only will be referred to. weeks, depending on the length of the article and the extent of editing required. After this period, correspondence between TRAFFIC and the References in text: Reference all material that is not based on the author will aim to see the text finalised to the mutual satisfaction of both observation of the author(s). Published literature is cited in the text parties and to allow for any outstanding errors to be eliminated before by author, and year of publication (Mabberley, 1997); three or more the report is finalised. authors are represented by the first author’s surname (Chen et al., 2016). Personal communications should be cited in the text as: initial, surname GUIDE TO AUTHORS: Manuscripts should be written in the and month/year (J. Smith pers. comm. to M. Brown, January 2016); English language and submitted to TRAFFIC via e-mail (in Word). correspondence cited as: initial, surname, in litt., month/year (T. Holt, in Submissions in other languages may be considered for translation but litt. to M. Kray, May 2016). an English summary must be prepared. All submissions must provide an approximate word count and the spelling should be thoroughly Numbers: Numbers from one to nine, and all numbers at the beginning checked, using a computerised spell-checker if possible. of a sentence should be spelled out in full; numbers of 10 and more should be written as figures. A feature article in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will normally comprise the following structure, where possible: Units of measure/currency: All measurements should be in metric units. Currencies should at first mention have a US dollar exchange rate, though Abstract. 200 words, or fewer, in italics. This should express briefly the original currencies should be quoted rather than converted values. purpose, results and implications of the study. Note that an Abstract is not necessary for Short Reports. Tables/figures: Submit only essential tables and figures; these should not exceed 10 in number and preferably should be no more than five, Introduction. This section should help familiarise the reader with or fewer. They must be referred to (in Arabic numerals) and interpreted the subject and explain the rationale for the study and the reasons for in the text. Do not present the same data in a table and a figure. The choosing any aspects highlighted in the report. caption should appear beneath the table/figure, and should indicate when the data were collected and the source. All tables should be Background. This may be included, particularly on a subject with tabulated (do not use space bar), with no cells/boxes or horizontal/ which readers may not be familiar, and will briefly cover geography and vertical rules. Rules will be incorporated at the desktop publishing social environment of the area covered. stage. Where appropriate, both common and scientific names should be included in the table. Methods. The means by which data for the study were gathered, number of researchers, the duration of research, and study areas, must lllustrations: High quality colour images should be submitted by be clearly stated. e-mail and include captions and credits. Maps should be of a quality for direct reproduction and to proportions appropriate for reproduction to Distribution and Status. Information relating to a description of the a width of one column (80 mm) or one page (170 mm), and a maximum species under discussion. height of 130 mm. It is the author’s responsibility to obtain copyright clearance for reproduction of illustrative material supplied and to Legislation. A concise account of legislation/trade controls which may ensure adequate acknowledgement. affect trade involving the subject under discussion should be included. Reprints: Following publication of the article, up to five reprints are Results. The results can consist of further sections of text that should be provided free of charge. Additional copies can be obtained, stocks broken up, with subheadings, as appropriate. If research has been weak allowing, but postage costs will be charged for. and flawed, point this out, rather than try to hide the fact. By flagging the main points emerging from the research throughout the article, it will be much easier to draw together a discussion and conclusions section. Please direct any queries to: [email protected] T R A F F I C M A I L I N G D A T A B A S E F O R M

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