U.S. Army Military History Institute Tactics Historical Services Division 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 15 Jan 2009

TACTICS, PRE-20TH CENTURY

A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources

CONTENTS General Sources.....p.1 -Advance Guard…..p.3 -Hollow Square…..p.4 Pre-Modern.....p.4 -Swiss Pike…..p.5 Linear Tactics (17-18th Century).....p.5 19th Century…..p.7

GENERAL SOURCES

Babcock, J.B. “Fighting Drill.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US (1886): pp. 167-75. Per. Calls attention to the disparity between drill manuals and field tactics.

Becke, A.F. An Introduction to the History of Tactics, 1740-1905. London: Rees, 1909. 104 p. U167B42.

Brodie, Bernard, & Brodie, Fawn. From Crossbow to H Bomb. NY: Dell, 1962. 288 p. U800B7.

Bruce, Robert B., et al. Fighting Techniques of the Colonial Era, 1776-1914: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics. NY: Thomas Dunne Books, 2009. 256 p. U39.B68.

Chester, James. “Modern Bobadilism or the Marksman’s Method of Defeating an Army.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US (1891): pp. 30-41. Per.

Cody, R.I., et al. "Fire vs Shock." Command Magazine (Sep/Oct 1993): pp. 68-79. Per. Ancient Greece to Napoleonic wars.

Craig, Hardin, Jr., comp. "A Bibliography of Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Dealing with Military, Naval and Maritime Affairs, 1626-1959." Fondren Lib, Rice, 1960. 46 p. Z6724D5C72. Arranged chronologically.

Fisher, Ernest F., Jr. "Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence Upon Organization and Tactics in the American Army from 1775-1963." Draft, OCMH, n.d. 107 p. U165F57. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.2

Friedrich, Karl. The Influence of Firearms Upon Tactics. [Translated by E.H. Wickham] London: King, 1876. 160 p. U165F7413.

Green, Fred M. "The Evolution of Infantry Drill." Cavalry Journal (Mar/Apr 1933): pp. 28-35. Per. Ancient to modern.

Griffith, Paddy. Forward into Battle: Fighting Tactics from Waterloo to Vietnam. Strettington, England: Bird, 1981. 156 p. U165G75. Historical analysis that argues primacy of willingness to engage enemy over technology.

Holmes, Richard. Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle. NY: Free Press, 1985. 436 p. U21.2H625. Anecdotes, studies, and observations on combat environment and psychology, 18th-20th century; see especially pp. 36-56.

Jamieson, Perry D. “Background to Bloodshed.” North & South (Aug 2001): pp. 24-31. Per.

_____. “Sufficient for a Generation: The U.S. Army’s Assimilated Tactics, 1869-91.” In Selected Papers from the 1992 Meeting of the Society for Military History. Quantico, VA: 1994. pp. 69-79. D25S62.

Luvaas, Jay. "From Drill Field to Battlefield." MHQ (Spring 1989): pp. 90-91. Per. US drill manuals and tactics, 1779-1865.

McNeill, William H. “Keeping Together in Time.” MHQ (Winter 1994): pp. 100-10. Per. Psychological effects of close order drill; 17th century rediscovery in Europe & Asia.

Ney, Virgil. Evolution of the Field Manual: Valley Forge to Vietnam. Annex B of Report of the Field Manual Review Board. Ft Belvoir, USA CDC, Dec 1966. 176 p. U173N49.

Reilly, H.J. “Some Considerations on the Revision of our Infantry Tactics.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US (Nov 1889): pp. 640-60. Per.

Shunk, W.A. “The Development and Use of Hasty Intrenchments for Infantry.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US (Sep 1889): pp. 421-49. Per.

Toomey, Thomas N. "The History of the Infantry Drill Regulations of the ." Study, St Louis, MO, 1917. 25 p. UD160T66.

See also: -Bibliographies on Doctrine; Infantry; Artillery; Cavalry; Marching; and Indian Wars. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.3

-ADVANCE GUARD

Clausewitz, Karl von. On War. Wash, DC: Combat Forces, 1953. pp. 256-66. U102C65a.

Farrow, Edward S. Farrow's Military Encyclopedia. NY: Farrow, 1885. p. 22. U24F24.

Foch, Ferdinand. The Principles of War. [Translated by Hilaire Belloc] London: Chapman & Hall, 1918. pp. 138-59. U102F5213.

Jomini, Henri. The Art of War. [Translated by G.H. Mendell & W.P. Craighill] Phila: Lippincott, 1862. pp. 207-08, 242-43, 252-63 & 288-89. U102J6.

Frederick the Great. Frederick the Great on the Art of War. [Edited & translated by Jay Luvaas] NY: Free Press, 1966. pp. 173-176 & 188-89. U102F838.

Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Art of War. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. pp. 142-45. U101M3.

Mahan, D.H. Advanced-Guard Out-Post, and Detachment Service of Troops.... NY: Wiley, 1869. pp. 83-104. U102M35.

Moltke, Helmut von. Kriegslehren. Die taktischen Vorbereitungen zur Schlacht. [War Lessons. Tactical Preparations for Battle]. Berlin: Mittler, 1911. pp. 102-07. U102M72v4.

_____. Generalstabsreisen aus dem Jahren 1858 bis 1869. [Great General Staff Journeys During the Years from 1858 to 1869]. Berlin: Mittler, 1906. pp. 58-61. U102M72v2.

Napoleon I. Napoleon's Maxims of War. [Translated by Sir G.C.D'Aguilar] Phila: McKay, n.d. pp. 73-74. U19N3D32.

Riling, Joseph R. Baron von Steuben and His Regulations. Phila: Riling Arms, 1966. pp. 67-74. UB501.1966. Facsimile of original Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States.

Wagner, Arthur L. Organization and Tactics. Kansas City, MO: Hudson Kimberly, 1897. pp. 487-88. U102W3. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.4

-HOLLOW SQUARE

Farrow, Edward. Farrow's Military Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. NY: Farrow, 1885. p. 180-. U24F24.

Field Exercise and Evolutions of Infantry, as Revised by Her Majesty's Command, 1861. London: HMSO, 1862. pp. 106-13. UD234A31.1861. Detailed explanation, commands, diagram, 1877 ed., too, pp. 197-208.

Great Britain. Adjutant General's Office. Rules and Regulations for the Formation, Field Exercise, and Movements.... London: Walter, 1789. UD234A15RareBook. See pp. 351-52 & plate 12.

Howarth, David. Waterloo: Day of Battle. NY: Atheneum, 1968. pp. 63-64. DC242H67.

Jervis-White Jervis, Henry. Manual of Field Operations Adapted for the Use of Officers of the Army. London: Murray, 1852. pp. 82-85. U102J57. An analysis with examples.

Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. NY: Viking, 1976. pp. 183-85. D25K43. Suggests square's psychological value, too.

Lachouque, Henry. Waterloo. London: Arms & Armour, 1972. 202 p. DC242L3313. Numerous paintings & engravings of Brit & French squares. See pp. 100, 172, 188 & 190-91.

Voyle, G.E. A Military Dictionary. London: Clowes, 1876. p. 398. U24V6.

Weller, Jac. Wellington at Waterloo. NY: Crowell, 1967. DC242W442. See pp. 205-12 for a detailed analysis and vivid illustrations.

Wood, William J. "Forgotten Sword." Mil Affairs (Oct 1970): pp. 77-82. Per. Discussion of Napoleon's tactics based on battalion square concept.

PRE MODERN

Hanson, Victor D. "Cannae." MHQ (Summer 1990): pp. 60-5. Per.

Niderost, Eric. "Ancient Tactics Tested." Military History (Oct 1991): pp. 27-32. Per. At Marignan, Italy, 1515, French artillery helped defeat Swiss pikes. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.5

Petersen, Charles C. "The Strategikon: A Forgotten Military Classic." Military Review (Aug 1992): pp. 70-79. Per. Analysis of Byzantine manual.

Scott, Melissa. "The Victory of the Ancients: Tactics, Technology and the Use of Classical Precedents." PhD dss, Brandeis U, 1992. 330 p. U102S36. Examines views of 16th-18th century military theorists.

See also: -Bibliographies on Ancient Warfare in Greece and Italy.

-SWISS PIKE

Montross, Lynn. War Through the Ages. NY: Harper, 1960. 1063 p. U27M6. See pp. 172-175 & Pt II, Chap I.

Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol. II. NY: Franklin, 1924. Book XI, pp. 233-80. U3705.

Spaulding, Oliver, et al. Warfare: Study of Military Methods From the Earliest Times. Wash, DC: Inf Jrnl, 1937. pp. 398-404. U27S6.

Weller, Jac. Weapons and Tactics: Hastings to Berlin. NY: St Martin's, 1966. pp. 48-53. U800W4.

Wise, Terence. Medieval Warfare. NY: Hastings House, 1976. pp. 121-28. U37W57.

LINEAR TACTICS (17th-18th Centuries)

Crackel, Theodore J. Mr. Jefferson's Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809. NY: NYU, 1987. 250 p. UA25C78. See Duane, pp. 82-85 & index.

Duane, William. A Hand Book for Infantry: Containing the First Principles of Military Discipline.... Phila: Duane, 1813. UD160A3RareBook.

Ewald, Johann. Treatise on Partisan Warfare. [Translated & edited by Robert A. Selig & David C. Skaggs] NY: Greenwood, 1991. 177 p. U240E82413. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.6

Graves, Donald E. "'Dry Books of Tactics': US Infantry Manuals of the and After." Pt. 1. Military Collector & Historian (Summer 1986): pp. 50-61. Per.

_____, & Fredriksen, John C. "'Dry Books of Tactics' Re-read: An Additional Note on U.S. Infantry Manuals in the War of 1812." Pt. 2. Mil Collector & Historian (Summer 1987): pp. 64-65. Per.

Houlding, J.A. French Arms Drill of the 18th Century, 1703-1760. Alexandria Bay, NY: Museum Restoration Service, 1988. 59 p. UD228H68.

Kimball, Jeffrey. "The Battle of Chippewa: Infantry Tactics in the War of 1812." Military Affairs (Winter 1967): pp. 169-86. Per.

Kleinman, Forrest K. "The Paradox of Fontenoy." Army (Apr 1960): pp. 30-34. Per.

Mahon, John K. The War of 1812. Gainesville: Florida U, 1972. pp. 85-6. E355M33. Nice description of linear tactics, late 18th-early 19th centuries.

Nosworthy, Brent. The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763. NY: Hippocrene, 1990. 395 p. U164N67. European practice, especially France & Prussia.

_____. The Anatomy of Victory: Battle Tactics 1689-1763. NY: Hippocrene, 1990. 395 p. U164N67. European practice, esp France & Prussia.

Parker, King L. "Anglo-American Wilderness Campaigning, 1754-1764: Logistical and Tactical Developments." PhD dss, Columbia, 1970. 416 p. U39P3.

Peterkin, Ernest W. The Exercise of Arms in the Continental Infantry. Alexandria Bay, NY: Museum Restoration, 1989. 285 p. UD160P47. Description & analysis, plus modern photos.

Riling, Joseph R. The Art and Science of War in America: A Bibliography of American Military Imprints, 1690-1800. Alexandria, NY: Museum Restoration, 1990. 64 p. Z1249M5R54. Listed by year of publication; introductory essay surveys developments.

Smyth, Alexander. Regulations for the Field Exercise, Manoeuvers, and Conduct of Infantry of the United States.... Phila: Finley, 1812. UD160S66RareBook.

U.S. War Dept. Board of Officers. Infantry Tactics: Or, Rules for the Exercise and Maneouvers of the Infantry of the U.S. Army. 2 vols. Wash, DC: Davis & Force, 1825. UD160A3RareBook.

Wright, Robert K., Jr. "Organization and Doctrine in the Continental Army, 1774 to 1784." PhD dss, William & Mary, 1980. 380 p. UA23.123W74. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.7

See also: -Bibliographies on Colonial Wars; Revolutionary War; War of 1812; and Baron von Steuben in Biographies.

19TH CENTURY

Astoria. "Infantry Tactics." Army Navy Journal (22 Aug 1868): pp. 2-3. Per. Covers US developments, 1813-1868.

Bailes, Howard. "Technology and Tactics in the British Army, 1866-1900." Men, Machines & War. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfred Laurier, 1988. pp. 21-47. Per.

Bouilly, Robert H. "Civil War Added NCO Roles." NCO Journal (Winter 1992): pp. 20-21. Per.

Gates, John M. "Evolution of Entrenchments During the : A Vision for WWI Leaders." AWC Student paper, Apr 1991. 43 p. Arch.

Grafton, Henry D. A Treatise on the Camp and March.... NY: Van Nostrand, 1861. UG365G73.

Griffith, Paddy. Battle Tactics of the Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale, 1987. 239 p. E470G742. See Chap 6.

Hagerman, Edward H. “The Evolution of Trench Warfare in the American Civil War.” PhD dss, Duke, 441 p. E470.H33.

Halleck, Henry W. Elements of Military Art and Science.... NY: Appleton, 1862. 446 p. U102H33.

Jamieson, Perry D. "The Development of Civil War Tactics." PhD dss, Wayne State, 1979. 307 p. U727J35.

_____. “No More Cold Harbors: Issues in Tactics, 1865-1880.” Readings in American Military History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. pp. 137-55. E181R43.

McWhiney, Grady, & Jamieson, Perry D. Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage. University, AL: U AL, 1982. 209 p. E545M38.

Mahan, Dennis Hart. Advanced-Guard, Out-Post, and Detachment Service of Troops, with the Essential Principles of Strategy and Grand Tactics for the Use of Officers of the Militia and Volunteers. NY: Wiley, 1869. 305 p. U102M35. Various editions on file.

Mahon, John K. "Civil War Infantry Assault Tactics." In Readings in American Military History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. pp. 71-82. E181R43 and Military Affairs (Summer 1961): pp. 57-68. Per.

Moseley, Thomas V. "Evolution of the American Civil War Infantry Tactics." PhD dss, U NC, 1967. 446 p. UD23M66. Tactics-Pre 20th Century p.8

Nosworthy, Brent. “The Rifle Musket and Associated Tactics.” North & South (Jan 2004): pp. 32-41. Per.

Upton, Emory. Infantry Tactics: Double and Single Rank. NY: Appleton, 1885. 445 p. UD160U69. Earlier editions to 1867.

U.S. War Dept. Troops in Campaign: Regulations for the Army of the United States. Wash, DC: GPO, 1892. 54 p. U173A5. Progenitor of Field Service Regulations.

Wagner, Arthur L. Organization and Tactics. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly, 1897. 551 p. U102W3.

Whitehorne, J.W.A. "Inspector General Sylvester Churchill's Efforts to Produce a New Army Drill Manual, 1850-1862." Civil War History (Jun 1986): pp. 159-68. Per.

See also: -Bibliographies on Mexican War & Civil War.