Magnons and Their Interactions with Phonons and Photons C
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Arxiv:2107.00256V1 [Cond-Mat.Str-El] 1 Jul 2021
1 Novel elementary excitations in spin- 2 antiferromagnets on the triangular lattice A. V. Syromyatnikov∗ National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia (Dated: September 3, 2021) 1 We discuss spin- 2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the triangular lattice using the recently proposed bond-operator technique (BOT). We use the variant of BOT which takes into account all spin degrees of freedom in the magnetic unit cell containing three spins. Apart from conventional magnons known from the spin-wave theory (SWT), there are novel high-energy collective excitations in BOT which are built from high-energy excitations of the magnetic unit cell. We obtain also another novel high-energy quasiparticle which has no counterpart not only in the SWT but also in the harmonic approximation of BOT. All observed elementary excitations produce visible anomalies in dynamical spin correlators. We show that quantum fluctuations considerably change properties of conventional magnons predicted by the SWT. The effect of a small easy-plane anisotropy is discussed. The anomalous spin dynamics with multiple peaks in the dynamical structure factor is explained that was observed recently experimentally in Ba3CoSb2O9 and which the SWT could not describe even qualitatively. PACS numbers: 75.10.Jm, 75.10.-b, 75.10.Kt I. INTRODUCTION Plenty of collective phenomena are discussed in the modern theory of many-body systems in terms of appropriate elementary excitations (quasiparticles).1{5 According to the quasiparticle concept, each weakly excited state of a system can be represented as a set of weakly interacting quasiparticles carrying quanta of momentum and energy. -
A Short Review of Phonon Physics Frijia Mortuza
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 11, Issue 10, October-2020 847 ISSN 2229-5518 A Short Review of Phonon Physics Frijia Mortuza Abstract— In this article the phonon physics has been summarized shortly based on different articles. As the field of phonon physics is already far ad- vanced so some salient features are shortly reviewed such as generation of phonon, uses and importance of phonon physics. Index Terms— Collective Excitation, Phonon Physics, Pseudopotential Theory, MD simulation, First principle method. —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION There is a collective excitation in periodic elastic arrangements of atoms or molecules. Melting transition crystal turns into liq- uid and it loses long range transitional order and liquid appears to be disordered from crystalline state. Collective dynamics dispersion in transition materials is mostly studied with a view to existing collective modes of motions, which include longitu- dinal and transverse modes of vibrational motions of the constituent atoms. The dispersion exhibits the existence of collective motions of atoms. This has led us to undertake the study of dynamics properties of different transitional metals. However, this collective excitation is known as phonon. In this article phonon physics is shortly reviewed. 2. GENERATION AND PROPERTIES OF PHONON Generally, over some mean positions the atoms in the crystal tries to vibrate. Even in a perfect crystal maximum amount of pho- nons are unstable. As they are unstable after some time of period they come to on the object surface and enters into a sensor. It can produce a signal and finally it leaves the target object. In other word, each atom is coupled with the neighboring atoms and makes vibration and as a result phonon can be found [1]. -
Quantum Phonon Optics: Coherent and Squeezed Atomic Displacements
PHYSICAL REVIEW B VOLUME 53, NUMBER 5 1 FEBRUARY 1996-I Quantum phonon optics: Coherent and squeezed atomic displacements Xuedong Hu and Franco Nori Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1120 ~Received 17 August 1995; revised manuscript received 27 September 1995! We investigate coherent and squeezed quantum states of phonons. The latter allow the possibility of modu- lating the quantum fluctuations of atomic displacements below the zero-point quantum noise level of coherent states. The expectation values and quantum fluctuations of both the atomic displacement and the lattice amplitude operators are calculated in these states—in some cases analytically. We also study the possibility of squeezing quantum noise in the atomic displacement using a polariton-based approach. I. INTRODUCTION words, a coherent state is as ‘‘quiet’’ as the vacuum state. Squeezed states5 are interesting because they can have Classical phonon optics1 has succeeded in producing smaller quantum noise than the vacuum state in one of the many acoustic analogs of classical optics, such as phonon conjugate variables, thus having a promising future in differ- mirrors, phonon lenses, phonon filters, and even ‘‘phonon ent applications ranging from gravitational wave detection to microscopes’’ that can generate acoustic pictures with a reso- optical communications. In addition, squeezed states form an lution comparable to that of visible light microscopy. Most exciting group of states and can provide unique insight into phonon optics experiments use heat pulses or superconduct- quantum mechanical fluctuations. Indeed, squeezed states are ing transducers to generate incoherent phonons, which now being explored in a variety of non-quantum-optics sys- 6 propagate ballistically in the crystal. -
Spin-Wave Calculations for Low-Dimensional Magnets
Spin-Wave Calculations for Low-Dimensional Magnets Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Physik der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universit¨at in Frankfurt am Main von Ivan Spremo aus Ljubljana Frankfurt 2006 (D F 1) vom Fachbereich Physik der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universit¨at als Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. W. Aßmus Gutachter: Prof. Dr. P. Kopietz Prof. Dr. M.-R. Valenti Datum der Disputation: 21. Juli 2006 Fur¨ meine Eltern Marija und Danilo und fur¨ Christine i Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Magnetic insulators 5 2.1 Exchange interaction . 5 2.2 Order parameters and disorder in low dimensions . 9 2.3 Low-energy excitations . 11 3 Quantum Monte Carlo methods for spin systems 13 3.1 Handscomb's scheme . 14 3.2 Stochastic Series Expansion . 15 3.3 ALPS . 16 4 Representing spin operators in terms of canonical bosons 17 4.1 Ordered state: Dyson-Maleev bosons . 17 4.2 Spin-waves in non-collinear spin configurations . 18 4.2.1 General bosonic Hamiltonian . 18 4.2.2 Classical ground state . 21 4.3 Holstein-Primakoff bosons . 22 4.4 Schwinger bosons . 23 5 Spin-wave theory at constant order parameter 25 5.1 Thermodynamics at constant order parameter . 26 5.1.1 Thermodynamic potentials and equations of state . 26 5.1.2 Conjugate field . 28 5.2 Spin waves in a Heisenberg ferromagnet . 29 5.2.1 Classical ground state . 29 5.2.2 Linear spin-wave theory . 31 5.2.3 Dyson-Maleev Vertex . 32 5.2.4 Hartree-Fock approximation . 33 5.2.5 Two-loop correction . -
Polaron Formation in Cuprates
Polaron formation in cuprates Olle Gunnarsson 1. Polaronic behavior in undoped cuprates. a. Is the electron-phonon interaction strong enough? b. Can we describe the photoemission line shape? 2. Does the Coulomb interaction enhance or suppress the electron-phonon interaction? Large difference between electrons and phonons. Cooperation: Oliver Rosch,¨ Giorgio Sangiovanni, Erik Koch, Claudio Castellani and Massimo Capone. Max-Planck Institut, Stuttgart, Germany 1 Important effects of electron-phonon coupling • Photoemission: Kink in nodal direction. • Photoemission: Polaron formation in undoped cuprates. • Strong softening, broadening of half-breathing and apical phonons. • Scanning tunneling microscopy. Isotope effect. MPI-FKF Stuttgart 2 Models Half- Coulomb interaction important. breathing. Here use Hubbard or t-J models. Breathing and apical phonons: Coupling to level energies >> Apical. coupling to hopping integrals. ⇒ g(k, q) ≈ g(q). Rosch¨ and Gunnarsson, PRL 92, 146403 (2004). MPI-FKF Stuttgart 3 Photoemission. Polarons H = ε0c†c + gc†c(b + b†) + ωphb†b. Weak coupling Strong coupling 2 ω 2 ω 2 1.8 (g/ ph) =0.5 (g/ ph) =4.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 ph ω ) 1 ω A( 0.8 0.6 Z 0.4 0.2 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 ω ω ω ω / ph / ph Strong coupling: Exponentially small quasi-particle weight (here criterion for polarons). Broad, approximately Gaussian side band of phonon satellites. MPI-FKF Stuttgart 4 Polaronic behavior Undoped CaCuO2Cl2. K.M. Shen et al., PRL 93, 267002 (2004). Spectrum very broad (insulator: no electron-hole pair exc.) Shape Gaussian, not like a quasi-particle. -
Hydrodynamics of the Dark Superfluid: II. Photon-Phonon Analogy Marco Fedi
Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: II. photon-phonon analogy Marco Fedi To cite this version: Marco Fedi. Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: II. photon-phonon analogy. 2017. hal- 01532718v2 HAL Id: hal-01532718 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01532718v2 Preprint submitted on 28 Jun 2017 (v2), last revised 19 Jul 2017 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Hydrodynamics of the dark superfluid: II. photon-phonon analogy. Marco Fedi Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract In “Hydrodynamic of the dark superfluid: I. gen- have already discussed the possibility that quantum vacu- esis of fundamental particles” we have presented dark en- um be a hydrodynamic manifestation of the dark superflu- ergy as an ubiquitous superfluid which fills the universe. id (DS), [1] which may correspond to mainly dark energy Here we analyze light propagation through this “dark su- with superfluid properties, as a cosmic Bose-Einstein con- perfluid” (which also dark matter would be a hydrodynamic densate [2–8,14]. Dark energy would confer on space the manifestation of) by considering a photon-phonon analogy, features of a superfluid quantum space. -
Development of Phonon-Mediated Cryogenic
DEVELOPMENT OF PHONON-MEDIATED CRYOGENIC PARTICLE DETECTORS WITH ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR RECOIL DISCRIMINATION a dissertation submitted to the department of physics and the committee on graduate studies of stanford university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Sae Woo Nam December, 1998 c Copyright 1999 by Sae Woo Nam All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Blas Cabrera (Principal Advisor) I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Douglas Osheroff I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Roger Romani Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies: iii Abstract Observations have shown that galaxies, including our own, are surrounded by halos of "dark matter". One possibility is that this may be an undiscovered form of matter, weakly interacting massive particls (WIMPs). This thesis describes the development of silicon based cryogenic particle detectors designed to directly detect interactions with these WIMPs. These detectors are part of a new class of detectors which are able to reject background events by simultane- ously measuring energy deposited into phonons versus electron hole pairs. By using the phonon sensors with the ionization sensors to compare the partitioning of energy between phonons and ionizations we can discriminate betweeen electron recoil events (background radiation) and nuclear recoil events (dark matter events). -
Nanophononics: Phonon Engineering in Nanostructures and Nanodevices
Copyright © 2005 American Scientific Publishers Journal of All rights reserved Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Printed in the United States of America Vol.5, 1015–1022, 2005 REVIEW Nanophononics: Phonon Engineering in Nanostructures and Nanodevices Alexander A. Balandin Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA Phonons, i.e., quanta of lattice vibrations, manifest themselves practically in all electrical, thermal and optical phenomena in semiconductors and other material systems. Reduction of the size of electronic devices below the acoustic phononDelivered mean by free Ingenta path creates to: a new situation for phonon propagation and interaction. From one side,Alexander it complicates Balandin heat removal from the downscaled devices. From the other side, it opens up anIP exciting: 138.23.166.189 opportunity for engineering phonon spectrum in nanostructured materials and achievingThu, enhanced 21 Sep 2006 operation 19:50:10 of nanodevices. This paper reviews the development of the phonon engineering concept and discusses its device applications. The review focuses on methods of tuning the phonon spectrum in acoustically mismatched nano- and heterostructures in order to change the phonon thermal conductivity and electron mobility. New approaches for the electron–phonon scattering rates suppression, formation of the phonon stop- bands and phonon focusing are also discussed. The last section addresses the phonon engineering issues in biological and hybrid bio-inorganic nanostructures. Keywords: Phonon Engineering, Nanophononics, Phonon Depletion, Thermal Conduction, Acoustically Mismatched Nanostructures, Hybrid Nanostructures. CONTENTS semiconductors.The long-wavelength phonons gives rise to sound waves in solids, which explains the name phonon. 1. Phonons in Bulk Semiconductors and Nanostructures ........1015 Similar to electrons, one can characterize the properties 2. -
Focusing of Surface Phonon Polaritons ͒ A
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92, 203104 ͑2008͒ Focusing of surface phonon polaritons ͒ A. J. Huber,1,2 B. Deutsch,3 L. Novotny,3 and R. Hillenbrand1,2,a 1Nano-Photonics Group, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany 2Nanooptics Laboratory, CIC NanoGUNE Consolider, P. Mikeletegi 56, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain 3The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14611, USA ͑Received 17 March 2008; accepted 24 April 2008; published online 20 May 2008͒ Surface phonon polaritons ͑SPs͒ on crystal substrates have applications in microscopy, biosensing, and photonics. Here, we demonstrate focusing of SPs on a silicon carbide ͑SiC͒ crystal. A simple metal-film element is fabricated on the SiC sample in order to focus the surface waves. Pseudoheterodyne scanning near-field infrared microscopy is used to obtain amplitude and phase maps of the local fields verifying the enhanced amplitude in the focus. Simulations of this system are presented, based on a modified Huygens’ principle, which show good agreement with the experimental results. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2930681͔ Surface phonon polaritons ͑SPs͒ are electromagnetic sur- 2 1/2 k = ͫk2 − ͩ ͪ ͬ . ͑1͒ face modes formed by the strong coupling of light and opti- p,z p,x c cal phonons in polar crystals, and are generally excited using infrared ͑IR͒ or terahertz ͑THz͒ radiation.1 Generation and For the 4H-SiC crystal used in our experiments, the SP control of surface phonon polaritons are essential for realiz- propagation in x direction is described by the complex- valued wave vector ͑dispersion relation͒ ing novel applications in microscopy,2,3 data storage,4 ther- 2,5 6 mal emission, or in the field of metamaterials. -
Cond-Mat/0007441V2 [Cond-Mat.Mes-Hall] 22 Mar 2001 C Hoyadisipeetto Into Developm the Implementation to Its Thanks and Decades
Ab-initio calculations of exchange interactions, spin-wave stiffness constants, and Curie temperatures of Fe, Co, and Ni M. Pajda a, J. Kudrnovsk´y b,a, I. Turek c,d, V. Drchal b, and P. Bruno a a Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany b Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic c Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ziˇzkovaˇ 22, CZ-616 62 Brno, Czech Republic d Department of Electronic Structures, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic Abstract We have calculated Heisenberg exchange parameters for bcc-Fe, fcc-Co, and fcc-Ni using the non-relativistic spin-polarized Green function technique within the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method and by employing the magnetic force theorem to calculate total energy changes associated with a local rotation of magnetization directions. We have also determined spin- wave stiffness constants and found the dispersion curves for metals in question employing the Fourier transform of calculated Heisenberg exchange param- eters. Detailed analysis of convergence properties of the underlying lattice sums was carried out and a regularization procedure for calculation of the spin-wave stiffness constant was suggested. Curie temperatures were calcu- lated both in the mean-field approximation and within the Green function random phase approximation. The latter results were found to be in a better agreement with available experimental data. PACS numbers: 71.15.-m, 75.10.-b, 75.30.Ds I. -
Arxiv:2006.12905V3 [Physics.App-Ph] 27 Apr 2021 Conductors (ITRS)
Introduction to Spin Wave Computing Abdulqader Mahmoud,1 Florin Ciubotaru,2 Frederic Vanderveken,3, 2 Andrii V. Chumak,4 Said Hamdioui,1 Christoph Adelmann,2, a) and Sorin Cotofana1, b) 1)Delft University of Technology, Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands 2)Imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 3)KU Leuven, Department of Materials, SIEM, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 4)Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria This paper provides a tutorial overview over recent vigorous efforts to develop computing systems based on spin waves instead of charges and voltages. Spin-wave computing can be considered as a subfield of spintronics, which uses magnetic excitations for computation and memory applications. The tutorial combines backgrounds in spin-wave and device physics as well as circuit engineering to create synergies between the physics and electrical engineering communities to advance the field towards practical spin-wave circuits. After an introduction to magnetic interactions and spin-wave physics, the basic aspects of spin-wave computing and individual spin-wave devices are reviewed. The focus is on spin-wave majority gates as they are the most prominently pursued device concept. Subsequently, we discuss the current status and the challenges to combine spin-wave gates and obtain circuits and ultimately computing systems, considering essential aspects such as gate interconnection, logic level restoration, input-output consistency, and fan-out achievement. We argue that spin-wave circuits need to be embedded in conventional CMOS circuits to obtain complete functional hybrid computing systems. The state of the art of benchmarking such hybrid spin-wave–CMOS systems is reviewed and the current challenges to realize such systems are discussed. -
2 Quantum Theory of Spin Waves
2 Quantum Theory of Spin Waves In Chapter 1, we discussed the angular momenta and magnetic moments of individual atoms and ions. When these atoms or ions are constituents of a solid, it is important to take into consideration the ways in which the angular momenta on different sites interact with one another. For simplicity, we will restrict our attention to the case when the angular momentum on each site is entirely due to spin. The elementary excitations of coupled spin systems in solids are called spin waves. In this chapter, we will introduce the quantum theory of these excita- tions at low temperatures. The two primary interaction mechanisms for spins are magnetic dipole–dipole coupling and a mechanism of quantum mechanical origin referred to as the exchange interaction. The dipolar interactions are of importance when the spin wavelength is very long compared to the spacing between spins, and the exchange interaction dominates when the spacing be- tween spins becomes significant on the scale of a wavelength. In this chapter, we focus on exchange-dominated spin waves, while dipolar spin waves are the primary topic of subsequent chapters. We begin this chapter with a quantum mechanical treatment of a sin- gle electron in a uniform field and follow it with the derivations of Zeeman energy and Larmor precession. We then consider one of the simplest exchange- coupled spin systems, molecular hydrogen. Exchange plays a crucial role in the existence of ordered spin systems. The ground state of H2 is a two-electron exchange-coupled system in an embryonic antiferromagnetic state.