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Guidelines for Groundwater Protection in Australia

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Guidelines for Groundwater Protection in Australia National Water Quality Management Strategy Guidelines for Groundwater Protection in Australia September 1995 Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council i Copies of this publication may be obtained from: Australian Water and Wastewater Association PO Box 388 ARTARMON NSW 2064 Telephone (02) 9413 1288 Facsimile (02) 9413 1047 or: Commonwealth Government bookshops in the States and Territories Telephone: 132 447 For further information, contact: The Secretary Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand Department of Primary Industries and Energy GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2600 Tel: (06) 272 5216 Fax: (06) 272 4772 or: The Secretary Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council GPO Box 787 CANBERRA ACT 2600 (02) 6274 1428 Fax: (02) 6274 1858 (c) Commonwealth of Australia 1995 ISBN 0 642 19558 7 ISSN 1038 7072 Printed on recycled paper. Printed in Australia for the Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, and the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council. Web Version prepared 25 September 2001 ii SUMMARY These guidelines are part of the National Water Quality Management Strategy. The objective of these guidelines is to provide a framework for protecting groundwater from contamination in Australia. This framework will enable each State, Territory and the Commonwealth to develop policies and strategies which are tailored to their specific legislative and resource management situations. One million people in 600 communities around Australia enjoy great benefits from their groundwater resources. Groundwater is an important source of water for major cities, industries and rural towns. For many isolated communities and rural properties, their very existence relies on the availability of good groundwater. Many features on our landscape, such as wetlands and lakes, are directly linked to the groundwater beneath. A benchmark report. The Status of Groundwater Contamination and Regulation in Australia, was published in 1990. The report showed that for most of the States and Territories there was adequate legislation available to protect groundwater, even if it was fragmented across several areas of government in some States and Territories. However, little protective action was actually taking place. The protection framework outlined in these guidelines involves the identification of specific beneficial uses and values for every major aquifer, i.e. the classification of groundwater bodies. Depending upon specific circumstances, there are a number of protection strategies which can emerge to protect each aquifer, but all involve monitoring. A public planning process is required in order to examine possible options and select the best set of strategies. The protection strategies which emerge will mainly be pro-active in nature but some current problems will also require remedial action. The major types of protection strategies are classified into three 'legislative' groups. First, there is a whole range of traditional groundwater management measures available, such as vulnerability maps, aquifer classification systems and wellhead protection plans. Secondly, there is a range of land-use planning measures which can help prevent contamination occurring at inappropriate locations. Finally, there is a variety of environmental protection measures emerging which tackle modern waste management problems in progressive ways. Nearly all protection strategies will rely on government intervention backed by community support. Protection planning processes are at an early stage of evolution in Australia. These guidelines assist by providing a case example of the steps involved in developing a regional protection plan for groundwater. This case study aims to assist and guide managers and the community towards a successful outcome from their planning. Finally, a national goal is set for all groundwater managers in Australia. The goal is for all States Territories and the Commonwealth to have a beneficial use classification in place for all significant aquifers by the end of the decade. Consequently, this goal will help ensure that the first step is talon towards adequately planning for the protection of Australia's groundwater resource. iii Contents Page SUMMARY i Acknowledgments iv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives of Guidelines 1 1.3 Scope of Guidelines 2 1.4 National Water Quality Management Strategy 3 1.5 Terminology 3 2. THE NEED FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION 5 2.1 The Benefits of Groundwater 5 2.2 Groundwater Contamination Sources 6 2.3 Groundwater Protection in Australia 7 2.4 The Need for Protection 8 3. UNDERLYING PRICIPLES FOR GUIDELINES 9 3.1 Groundwater: A pervasive Resource 9 3.2 Beneficial Use Framework and Polluter Pays Principle 10 3.3 Achieving Equity 12 4. APPROACHES TO GROUNDWATER PROTECTION 14 4.1 Forms of Intervention 14 4.2 Types of Protection Strategies 16 4.3 Groundwater Management Measures 18 4.4 Land Use Planning Measures 27 4.5 Environment Protection Measures 29 4.6 Other Measures 31 5. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTECTION PLAN 33 5.1 Background 33 5.2 Public Involvement 35 5.3 Strategic Assessment of Grounwater Resources 38 5.4 Protection Objectives and Beneficial Uses 39 5.5 Identifying Beneficial Uses and Appropriate Criteria 40 5.6 Narrative and Prescriptive Criteria 41 5.7 Point of Application Criteria 42 5.8 Land Use Planning Options 43 5.9 Environment Protection Options 45 5.10 Monitoring and Review 46 5.11 Contingency Measures 47 5.12 Selection and Implementation of Preferred Options 48 iv 6. CONCLUSION 50 APPENDICES I. Types and Sources of Contaminants 51 II. Water Quality Criteria 55 III. Technical Guidance Documentation 58 Glossary 73 Chapter Notes 76 Bibliography 81 Tables 1. Groundwater use and vulnerability categories 22 2. Example of a wellhead protection zone for public water supplies 27 3. Examples of some protection measures 32 Figures* 3. Examples of steps in developing a regional protection plan f or groundwater 37 4. Adaptive management approach to protection 39 Appendices I-1 Contaminants and sources 52 I-2 Priority contaminants in industrial waste streams 54 III-1 Prevention and remedial measures 70 III-2 Methodologies for aquifer clean-up 72 [* For technical reasons, Figures 1 and 2 have not been reproduced in this downloadable web version] i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of these guidelines was undertaken by the Water Resources Management Committee of ARMCANZ. Appreciation is extended to the numerous contributions to the various versions of these guidelines since the first draft appeared in 1958. Editing and writing was carried out by Jim Keary. Harry Ventriss wrote the original version of Chapter 5. ii I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Contamination of Australia's groundwater resources and the resultant undesirable effects on the environment and humans has been a growing concern among water managers in all States and Territories of Australia for some years. In the first comprehensive publication on groundwater in Australia published by the Australian Water Resources Council (AWRC) in 1975, the threat of contamination from 'waste chemicals…percolating from the surface…’ was clearly recognised1. In 1979 a conference in Perth sponsored by AWRC documented numerous cases of groundwater contamination and showed the general level of concern about these matters in the water sector2. Work on these guidelines was initiated by the AWRC Water Resources Management Committee following a recommendation from the former AWRC Groundwater Technical Committee. This committee had earlier commissioned an inventory study of incidents of groundwater contamination in Australia. It was recognised that while that study gathered a substantial database and illustrated that the issue of groundwater contamination is of concern across Australia, the study needed to be supplemented by further work which assessed the significance of this contamination since groundwater and its environment vary widely across Australia. It was also evident that a number of significant incidents and types of contamination were not reported thus giving a distorted view of the distribution of contamination across Australia. Since there were general concerns among Australian groundwater managers regarding contamination which needed to be addressed, the primary purpose of further work was to be directed towards development of groundwater protection guidelines. These guidelines could then be used to assist State, Territory and Commonwealth Governments in the formulation of policies to protect groundwater from pollution. These national guidelines were developed to address this common need. They provide the common national framework under which each State, Territory and the Commonwealth can create appropriate management arrangements to protect this continent's groundwater resource from undesirable degradation. These guidelines focus on a specific part of groundwater management, viz. the protection of the quality of groundwater from contamination, and also focus on land-based management of the groundwater resource. Whilst the scope of any guidelines is limited, it is important to recognise the boundaries of guidelines from the outset and realise that these guidelines need to be viewed as a small but important step towards better management of this nation's water resource. 1.2 Objectives of Guidelines The objective of these guidelines is to provide a national framework
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