Vol 4 Issue 2 March 2014 ISSN No : 2230-7850
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Indian Streams Research Journal
Executive Editor Editor-in-Chief Ashok Yakkaldevi H.N.Jagtap Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2230-7850 Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial board.Readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects.
International Advisory Board
Flávio de São Pedro Filho Mohammad Hailat Hasan Baktir Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, English Language and Literature University of South Carolina Aiken Department, Kayseri Kamani Perera Regional Center For Strategic Studies, Sri Abdullah Sabbagh Ghayoor Abbas Chotana Lanka Engineering Studies, Sydney Dept of Chemistry, Lahore University of Management Sciences[PK] Janaki Sinnasamy Catalina Neculai Librarian, University of Malaya University of Coventry, UK Anna Maria Constantinovici AL. I. Cuza University, Romania Romona Mihaila Ecaterina Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Romania Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Horia Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Delia Serbescu Loredana Bosca Bucharest,Romania Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Spiru Haret University, Romania Romania Ilie Pintea, Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Spiru Haret University, Romania Anurag Misra Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil DBS College, Kanpur Xiaohua Yang George - Calin SERITAN PhD, USA Titus PopPhD, Partium Christian Faculty of Philosophy and Socio-Political University, Oradea,Romania Sciences Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi ...... More
Editorial Board Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade Iresh Swami Rajendra Shendge ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil N.S. Dhaygude Head Geology Department Solapur Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur R. R. Yalikar University,Solapur Director Managment Institute, Solapur Narendra Kadu Rama Bhosale Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune Umesh Rajderkar Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Head Humanities & Social Science Panvel K. M. Bhandarkar YCMOU,Nashik Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Salve R. N. S. R. Pandya Department of Sociology, Shivaji Sonal Singh Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, University,Kolhapur Vikram University, Ujjain Mumbai
Govind P. Shinde G. P. Patankar Alka Darshan Shrivastava Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Education Center, Navi Mumbai Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Rahul Shriram Sudke Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Director,Hyderabad AP India. Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune S.Parvathi Devi S.KANNAN Ph.D.-University of Allahabad Annamalai University,TN Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary,Play India Play,Meerut(U.P.) Sonal Singh, Satish Kumar Kalhotra Vikram University, Ujjain Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isrj.net Indian Streams Research Journal ISSN 2230-7850 Volume-4 | Issue-2 | March-2014 Available online at www.isrj.net
A STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT OF ASSAM
Sudip Ghosh
Assistant Professor, Department Of Commerce , Bhola Nath College, Dhubri (Assam)
Abstract:-The study reveals on “THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT of ASSAM” aims to understand the overall progress in the growth and development of terracotta and pottery craft of Asharikandi in the Dhubri district of Assam. Moreover, an attempt is made to observe the socio economic condition of the artisans and also an effort made to justify the government support and assistance involved in this cluster and their involvement and encouragement to upgrade this beautiful art to compete with modern world and also an effort to bring out the problems and prospects of the craft and its future potentialities in respect of commercialisation of the art.
Keywords: Development Of Terracotta , Pottery Craft , commercialisation , socio economic .
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROND OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY ART:
The term 'TERRACOTTA' is derived from the words 'Terra' and 'Cotta'. 'Terra' means 'Earth' and 'Cotta' means 'Baked'. Both the words are of Latin and Italian origin. An object of art made of a composition of clay and sand and baked with earthen colour, a brownish red, is Terracotta. Terracotta is one of the oldest crafts that human beings ever introduced on this earth. It was once considered to be the poor men's craft. But in course of time, it has made its access and occupied a distinct identity among all classes of people by its aesthetic value. Terracotta Art in India has been flourishing since the times of Indus Valley Civilisation. Terracotta Art in India is another form of clay art of the country generally brownish orange in colour. Various excavations at Mohenjodaro and Harappa have unearthed several terracotta items in the form of various figures and figurines. Terracotta figures also have a ritualistic aspect associated with it. This becomes evident from the fact that many terracotta figures of deities are used in a number of auspicious occasions. In fact, terracotta art in India is considered mystical because it incorporates within the five vital elements like air, fire, earth, water and ether. In a number of states in India, the terracotta figures have a lot of prominence. For instance the impressive Ayanaar horse from Tamil Nadu represents the largest terracotta sculpture ever made and is constructed from coiling and beating, the same techniques used for making vessels. Although votive terracotta is made by members of the Hindu potter caste, the customer is often a member of the Tribal community. The relief plaques depicting images of Tribal deities are made in Rajasthan and the varied styles of horses and tigers recorded in Gujarat are also made for Tribal clientele. Madhya Pradesh is represented by the highly embellished elephants offered in forest shrines and also by women`s wall decoration. This involves using clay pigments and decorating techniques similar to pottery creation and modelling processes. In West Bengal the snake goddess Manasa is worshipped through a terracotta tree shrine constructed from multiple thrown and modelled parts. Another major form of West Bengal terracotta finds its artistic channel in the horses. They are famous almost all over the country for their handsome looks. In Gujarat and Rajasthan terracotta panels and storage jars painted in white are famous. In Orissa and Madhya Pradesh the roof tops with profuse terracotta works are also a part of the terracotta work. Besides, the terracotta and pottery of Madhya Pradesh is well known for their artistic excellence. The countries famous for Terracotta practice other than India are ITALY, CHINA, FRANCE, JAPAN, IRAQ, EGYPT etc. In India, the places, other than Asharikandi, where Terracotta and
Sudip Ghosh,“A STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT OF ASSAM ” Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | March 2014 | Online & Print
1 . A Study On The Growth And Development Of Terracotta And Pottery Craft In The ...... pottery crafts are generally found, are:-
Terracotta: Gorakhpur (UP); Jaipur, Molela (Rajasthan), Visnagar, Bhuj, Kutch (Gujrat); Gwalior, Bastar, Jagdalpur(MP); Darbhanga (Bihar); Katwa, Krishnanagar (WB); Dhubri(Assam) ; Bargarh (Sambalpur)(Orissa); Khamapur (Karnataka) etc.
Pottery:Thanamandi (J & K); Nabha (Punjab); Saharanpur, Chunar (UP); Alwar, Khandela, Pokhran (Rajasthan); Palanpur, Bhuj, Kutch, Dabhy, Pethapur (Gujrat); Darbhanga, Siwan (Bihar); Katwa, Marajole, Krishnagar(WB); Dhubri-(Assam); Ziro (Arunachal Pradesh); Cuttak,Dhankandal (Orissa); Chittor (AP); Ootacumand, Coimbatore, Chattanipatti, Nallur (TN); Khamapur (Karnataka); Bombai (Mumbai) (Maharastra)etc. (Source Map Handicrafts of India, the Council of handicrafts Development Corporation.) In the Dhubri district of Assam, the terracotta activity is practiced widely in the village of Asharikandi. The people of this village are practiced terracotta down through several generations. Every household of the village are fully involved in terracotta activity and has taken it as the primary means of livelihood. The practice of terracotta in Asharikandi presents a unique case where pottery and terracotta are practiced in traditional way for which Asharikandi is known as Terracotta Craft Village.
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:
The dissertation report “THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT” is an effort to bring out the prospect of the art and its future potentialities in respect of commercialisation of the art through improvement in various aspects as- product strategies, improvement in channel of distribution, promotion policy, proper marketing and also improvement in existing technologies of making products.
The dissertation report carried out would help in:-
1.To ascertain the level of participation of the local population in the craft and their enthusiasm in the continuity of the craft. 2. To assess the participation and involvement of State Government, local bodies of Governance and NGO's in the rural tourism project. 3.Raising the standard of living of its principal stakeholders. 4.Identifying stakeholders, leaders and suitable counterparts who can contribute to the process of growth and development of the craft. 5.To provide suggestions and recommendations for the overall improvement of the specific rural tourism project being studied and suggestions on the improvement in the general implementation of the project.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The objectives with which the study on the Asharikandi Terracotta cluster in Dhubri district has been carried out are outlined below:
1)Having an insight into the present condition of the stakeholders (i.e. the artisan) of the craft. 2)Assessing the present production and marketing system of the cluster. 3)To understand the socio-economic environment of the cluster. 4)To examine the institutional support provided by various Government and Non-Government organisations to the cluster. 5)To identify the problems and prospects of Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft.
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The study has been conducted by using the following Research Methodology:
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
The problems faced by the artisans, job prospects and self-development of the artisans, market condition prevailing, transportation problem faced by the artisan, future problems and prospects has been considered before taking up the present study and finalisation of the topic as “THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS”.
PLAN FOR THE STUDY:
The main objective of research study is to gather the relevant information and analyse them properly and systematically.
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In the study, the information was collected from various sources and analysed through the research instruments.
AREA OF THE STUDY:
A pilot survey was conducted in Asharikandi village under Devitola Development Block in Dhubri district of Assam is undertaken by selected some respondents randomly from the artisans.
DATA COLLECTION METHOD:
DATA SOURCES:
A) Primary Data
For conducting the survey, the primary data are collected through schedule and personal interview of the well-known artisans.
B) Secondary Data
For the conduct of the study, the secondary data was collected from the following sources: a)Internet websites; b)Related books and journals; c)Published booklet of District Regulatory Development Agency, Dhubri; d)Local newspapers. e)NECARDO office Dhubri
RESEARCH DESIGN:
Descriptive research design method is used to study.
RESEARCH APPROACH:
Observation and survey technique were the basic approach used in order to know the responses regarding the growth and development of Terracotta and Pottery Craft in the village of Asharikandi, Dhubri district and its problems and prospects from the target respondents.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:
The main research instrument to obtain information and collect facts was schedule.
UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY:
The Universe or Population is all the artisans of Asharikandi village were being targeted.
SAMPLE SIZE:
The study is based upon 120 samples out of 500 artisans from 80 families comprising the randomly selected artisans that have been surveyed within the study period.
TIME PERIOD:
The information and data were collected within the period of 2-3 months with analysis on the collected data.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
The study suffers from certain limitations. Some of the important limitations faced by the researcher are as follows:
1.Illiteracy of the respondents/artisans stood as a hurdle in gathering information from them. 2.The study is based on a randomly selected sample size of 120. So, the sample may not be adequate representative of the population of the artisan of the terracotta village.
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3.The study was totally dependent on primary data. Primary data have been collected through Schedule, which is very time consuming therefore, full coverage was not possible due to distance of the project location. 4.The respondents were reluctant to provide information regarding financial matter and external support and therefore, such information are likely to bias.
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ASHARIKANDI STYLE OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY:
The term 'Asharikandi' derived from the combination of two words 'ASHAR' and 'KANDI'. 'ASHAR' is the third month in Assamese calendar and 'KANDI' (Assamese term) means 'shedding tears'. During ASHAR, heavy rainfall causes flood in this low-lying area. The dwellers of this place shed tears out of misery caused by the havoc of flood. Specially, the potters have to suffer a lot. They cannot make, dry up, burn their products and cannot even store safely their earlier produced items during the rainy season ASHAR; the flood-prone month .They selected the place due to some reasons like- the availability of raw materials, cheaper transportation facility, important strategic location etc. HIRAMATI, the soil is the soul of this craft. The reserve of HIRAMATI, lies nearby areas like Silairpar, which is only four kilometres away from the village.If the raw material had to bring through surface transport to the production-place, it would have been very costlier. But owing to the strategic location, the people can avail the cheapest means of transportation by boat etc. through waterways, as the village is just on the bank of the River Gadadhar, a tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra. For selling of finished goods, both the surface transport and water transport can be availed. The connection with the river Brahmaputra gives the place an advantage for marketing network with the major cities. Earlier, the needs of the Jamindar (Royal) family of ware and utensils for every day- use were catered from this area since this potter-community migrated to this place. The farsightedness of the ancestors of the potters of this place is really laudable and amazing. In India, the single largest cluster where both Terracotta and Pottery crafts are found and practiced in traditional way is Asharikandi (Madaikhali) craft village. Due to the factors of production, the product-quality of one place varies from that of another. Weather is a key factor and plays a major role in Terracotta-production. The main raw material for pottery and terracotta craft is Hiramati, a special type of soil. The quality of Hiramati varies from place to place. The quality of Hiramati and quality of artistic skill determine the quality of Terracotta and Pottery products. Artistic skill depends on the quality of Hiramati, climatic condition and age-old tradition of Kumbhakars (potters) of this place Asharikandi, have enabled to retain a separate identity of Asharikandi- style of Terracotta. HATIMA doll nationally and internationally acclaimed unique masterpiece of late SaralaBala Devi, has brought much repute for Asharikandi- style of Terracotta.
FAMILIARITY TO THE CRAFT VILLAGE:
If one starts from Dhubri and Gauripur towns of lower Assam towards Guwahati through NH-31, only fourteen kilometres and threekilometres are to be crossed respectively to reach the wonderful earthen world of Asharikandi craft village. From the bus stoppage named Targhat on NH-31, one-kilometre earthen PWD road leads one to the beautiful Craft Village of Terracotta and Pottery in Asharikandi (Madaikhali) village under Devitola Development Block of Dhubri district of Assam. In this artisans' world, male and female, young and old of altogether eighty potter-families are always busy to shape and create a range offascinating terracotta and pottery items. It is one of the largest clusters of Terracotta and Pottery in India.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE CRAFT VILLAGE:
Asharikandi comprises of five villages namely- Madaikhali, Pal Para, Bagan Para, Bougura Para and Sikasi Para. The terracotta craft is practiced only in the madaikhali village which comprises of 137 household units covering 500 artisans of which 195 are male and 305 are female.
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
Villages Total Population Total artisan practicing terracotta craft Madaikhali 7500 500 No of Male Female Household Artisan Artisan practices terracotta 137 195 305
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CASTE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
Category No. of Population SC 152 0BC 348
PRESENT STATUS OF THE CLUSTER:
Once all the people of the Paul Para, the name of the cluster of potters of Asharikandi, used to practice pottery craft. But in course of time, they had to discontinue pottery, their traditional work, due to many problems. Twelve years back only two families had been practicing terracotta and few families had been doing pottery works. But, at present, altogether eighty families of this village are engaged in terracotta and pottery practice. The artisans now work round the year. Terracotta and pottery work is now their main profession. Few years back it was their part- time job. Earlier they used to sell their potteries like - pitchers and other utensils in the nearby towns and villages, and terracotta products- like Hatima Doll, Horse, Elephant, Rhino, and other idols of God and Goddesses on the occasions of local festivals and fairs. Now they go out for selling their terracotta products in selected occasions like trade fair, and sale cum exhibitions organised by the various Govt. Departments and NGOs. Resellers of terracotta and pottery items come to the artisans' cottages and purchase the goods direct from the village. The selling part of the products is also run by the Scheduled Caste, fisherman Barman community people, who are also the residents of Asharikandi village and five hundred families in number. This fishing community, due to the lacking of fishing opportunities, had to leave their ancestral-work and has been shifting to terracotta and pottery works.
PRODUCT and PRODUCTION PROCESS:
Product Range- Terracotta:
Terracotta in addition to the pottery works, Terracotta- Dolls, Toys and Animals were produced by the artisans of Asharikandi cluster over the years. There were no utility products. A few efforts have been made in the past few years to upgrade the products, but the latest step jointly taken by DRDA-Dhubri and NECARDO for the development of Terracotta of Asharikandi cluster is laudable. In this recent effort, some newly developed and designed Terracotta prototypes of various categories, types, and sizes have been added to the range of products of Asharikandi cluster. The items are exclusive and classic in nature Utility products like -Fish Type Pen Stand, Folding Table, Terracotta Water Filter, Decorative Casket, Terracotta Photo-frame, Pancha-PradeepHatima, Naba-PradeepHatima, HatimaPradeep&Child, Fish Type Candle Stand, Peacock Type Tub, Duck Type Tub,Fish Type Tub, Frog Type Ashtray, Fruit Container, Coaster with container, etc. Show pieces like- Flower Vase with Stand, Fachu, Full Curving Motka, Partial Curving Motka, Lady and Lamb, Mom and Kid, Horse, Assam Rhino etc. Historical/Religious /Cultural items like - Asom - Sarai, Goddess Durga, Crucified Jesus, Three-part Palanqum, Mayurpankhi Boat, Pankhiraj,Mahadev-Ganesh etc.
Product Range –Pottery:
Since the settlement of the potters in this village (Madaikhali), they have been making traditional pottery items like- pitcher, jars, water containers, earthen utensils, low-cost toilet rings, earthen pipes- for water supply, parts of tabla and mridang (Indian musical instrument), etc.
Raw Materials used by the Artisans:
Hiramati, a special type of soil is the principal raw material for terracotta & pottery products. Besides Hiramati, water, catechu, red-soil, firewood, sand paper, hay etc. are also the integral parts for terracotta and pottery products.
Existing Tools Used by the Artisans:
The traditional and existing tools used in terracotta and pottery production at Asharikandi crafts cluster are 'Kodal', Kaim', 'Boila', 'Pitna','Chakku' (Different types and sizes of knives), . KaimKathi (Three to four varieties), 'Khota', 'NatarKada',Fulam (Design tools), 'Scale', Wheel (For male-use only), 'Para' 'Chatali', 'Nata' (muddy tom piece of cloth), 'Athi', 'Dice' etc.
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Existing Technology:
Other than traditional technology, no modem technology has been applied in terracotta production-procedure at Asharikandi cluster. Traditional technology like- manual Hiramati conditioning, production of terracotta and pottery by bare hand and by big hand- driven wheels, firing of items in traditional kiln, traditional packaging by common hey, leads the artisans of the cluster to face problems in the fields like production, transportation, marketing and cost effectiveness etc. Traditional way of production is highly time labour and energy consuming. The artisans of the cluster are unable to meet up the challenges from rest of the technologically advanced clusters in other parts of the country. Production procedure needs immediate modernization. With the help of modern technology, terracotta items can be produced with more perfection, with less labour and time than that of now. Incorporation of modem technology and inborn artistic skill of the artisans of Asharikandi cluster can easily compete with the terracotta products of the rest of the states in India and abroad.
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY PRODUCTS:
Step 1
The raw clay is mixed with Water, sand and caustic soda and beaten together to obtain a soft and sticky mixture.
Step 2
Before the clay dries it is put into the wheel or dice which is done for designing of the product.
Step 3
The raw moulded clay is then kept under sun for little drying so as to reduce the moisture content.
Step 4
Firing of the kiln at a temperature of 400 to 450 degree Celsius for 4-5 hours duration
Step 5
Lying of straw over the items and covering the kiln with mud.
Step 6
Placing the partially dried products into the kiln.
Step 7
After the firing is over the objects are left to cool down for the next 6 hrs. Afterwards they break the kiln and take out the objects.
Product category, product range and rate of each product:
The artisan of Asharikandi produces two categories of terracotta products that are Utility item and Decorative item. They produce various product ranges at different sizes. Following are the details of the various product categories:
UTILITY ITEMS
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Sl. Items Size Range Rate per item(Rs) No 1 Tub 6’’-10’’ 10-200 2 Lamp shade 3’’ 200 3 Round Vase 1’-6’’ 30-250 4 Flower Vase 1’-6’’ 50-750 5 Water Ketli 2’’ 70 6 Pen Stand 30 7 Agarbatti Stand 6’’ 15 8 Glass 4’’ 15 9 Xarai 6’’ 50 10 Decorative tub 4’’-8’’ 50-250 11 Water Filter 10’’ 150 12 Water Flash 5’’ 120 13 Candle Stand 20 14 Piggy Bank 3’’-6’’ 3-5
DECORATIVE ITEM
Sl. Items Size Range Rate per item (Rs) No 1 Decorative Motka 5’’-10’’ 60-150 2 Horse 6’’-3.5’’ 50-1500 3 Flower Vase 1’’-6’’ 50-750 4 Ganesha 1’’-6’’ 45-500 5 Wall hanging Piece 6’’-10’’ 80-250 6 Bihu dancer 1’’ 60 7 Palki 6” 15 8 MayurPankhi Boat 6’’ 15 9 Krishna 80-135 10 Hatima 110-280 11 Elephant 80-110 12 Elephant tub 50-150 13 Pankhi Raj Horse 2’’-6’’ 50-150 14 Duck pot 30 15 Bihu Dancer 1’’ 10 16 MayurPankhi Boat 6’’ 30 17 HatimaPradipDani 6’’ 100
Terracotta Products Procurement Procedure
Order:
Terracotta items may be procured from the artisans cottages directly by any visitor to the cluster. The distant buyers may select items from the catalogue. Every product has its code number. All the codes are decoded in the product Price list. Product Price list narrates utility, size, weight, and price of each product. Before putting order one is to confirm the stock position either by phone or email. After confirmation one should make the payment.
Delivery System and Duration:
The ordered goods would be delivered to the customer within forty-five days from the date of receipt of payment. Packing and forwarding charges are not included in the Price list. The goods will be forwarded by courier service. The name of courier service, product code number! along with full Address & Telephone number are to be clearly mentioned and sent along with the demand draft payable to the proper authority as mentioned in the products procurement procedure.
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ACHIEVEMENT OF ASHARIKANDI STYLE OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT:
The first national level recognition came to Asharikandi style of Terracotta and Pottery when LATE SARALA BALA DEVI bagged the prestigious National Award on Terracotta art from President of India in the year 1982 for her excellent innovative Masterpiece HATIMA DOLL, a lovely female figure with a child on her lap.This recognition was enough to attract national level attention to this unique craft. In the year 1988,another nationally and internationally acclaimed artisan from this craft Mr DhirendraNath Paul bagged LALIT KALA Award in SAARC Conference.This master craft man received BOKUL BON Award in 2006. Another master craft man of this art MrMahadev Paul got best Handicraft artist award in 1991 given by Assam Govt. for his excellent masterpiece LORD GANESHA. Sri Gokul Paul, a young talent of this craft got Young Talented Artist Award in 2009-10 given by Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India and presented through N.E. Zone culture centre, Dimapur.MrDevdas Paul is an artisan whose artistic skill fascinates any one to become a terracotta fan received RAMKINKAR BEZT Award from WEST BENGAL GOVT. in 2006.
ARTISAN'S PROFILE:
Artistic touch adds value and liveliness to clay. Among numerous artists of Asharikandi cluster, a few who have brought name and fame to their credit and have occupied a special position in the world of Terracotta in respect of artistic skill are:- Sri Dhirendra Nath Paul the worthy son of the worthy mother, late Sarala Bala Devi is nationally and internationally acclaimed master crafts-man on Terracotta. Mr. Paul has represented traditional Asharikandi style of terracotta craft many an occasion in india and abroad. At present he is the senior- most skilled crafts- person in the cluster. Sri Mahadev Paul is one of the senior crafts-men of this cluster. He begged State Award on Terracotta for his excellent masterpiece Ganesh, the son of Lord Mahadev. Sri Gokul Paul, a young upcoming talent of this cluster, is the worthy son of worthy father, Sri Dhirendra Nath Paul. His artistic skill fascinates anyone to become terracotta -fan. Sri Ashwini Paul and Sri Devdas Paul are the young upcoming talent of this cluster, is distinguished for his skill on Terracotta curving works. Sri Binoy Bhattacharjee, the Coordinator of ATAPDC and the Director of NECARDO, has been working for the preservation, promotion and development of Asharikandi style of Terracotta for the last twelve years. His active role in the formation of ATAPDC, and the "Assam Handicraft Artisans' Welfare Fund Board" is worth mentioning. He has been awarded with the District Youth leader Award for the year 2002 under Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, in recognition to his outstanding works done for the development of youth and community of Asharikandi cluster.
INVOLVEMENT OF GOVERNMENT AND NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS:
There are many support institutions within the cluster who are into the industry or who can aid help and support for growth and development of the industry. The growth potential of Asharikandi as terracotta based cluster activity centre has drawn attention of government and non-Government agencies. Towards these, the state government and local NGO has made certain development initiatives more particularly in promoting support infrastructures and awareness. The Banks and Financial Institutions operational within the cluster area are The State Bank of India and Assam Gramin Vikas Bank. Both the banks had given loans to SHG's as well as individuals of the cluster. These are as follows: a)SMALL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA: SIDRI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) has constructed one Office cum store house cum Work-shed on 1200 Sq. ft. area on the land of the Artisans' Society to cater the various needs of the artisans.
b) DRDA Dhubri: DRDA has constructed one building in the village which is used as community hall cum rest camp to cater multipurpose need of the cluster. DRDA, Dhubri has facilitated the provision of loan under SGSY scheme to 20 SHG's. c) Assam Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (ATDC) Under ATDC a kiln Development project has been done. Assam Tourism Development Corporation (ATDC) has constructed 6 no. of KILNs amounting to Rs. 3.6 lakhs to the artisans. d) Handicrafts Department, Government of India: Development Commissioner (Handicraft) Ministry of Textile, govt. of India provides dearness allowances for the artisans when they participate in any state or national level exhibition, trade fair and expo. This allowance is up to an amount of Rs. 270 and Rs. 370 (for national award winner) per day and artisans also received a travelling allowance of Rs. 7000 per hate in case of inside India. Ministry of Textile Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicraft) India has sponsored a 6 month training program for the upcoming artisans under the 'GURU SISHYA PARAMPARA' scheme in 2010.
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INVOLVEMENT OF NON GOVT. ORGANISATIONS:
Besides the government agencies, the Non-Government organisation that have been working for the revival of the craft and socio economic development of the craft families of Asharikandi since nineteen years are:
1)NECARDO:
North east craft and rural development organisation is a registered NGO. The organisation has been working for the development of craft and welfare of craft persons of North Eastern States. It works for the preservation and promotion of Asharikandi style of Terracotta. It works to convert Asharikandi village into a model ecotourism centre of excellence and to make it a model Terracotta and Pottery cluster in India. NECARDO has formed twenty SHGs under DRDA, Dhubri, in the craft cluster of Asharikandi village. District level SGSY committee has approved NECARDO to form one confederation of SHGs in the cluster for the all-round development of the craft cluster. A joint development project has taken up by DRDA, Dhubri, and NECARDO for the preservation and promotion of Asharikandi style of Terracotta. The duration of this short-term project is two months. Under this short-term project, the activities like- forty-two Proto Type Sample Development, Proto Type Design development, Brochure Development (one thousand copies), Catalogue Development (one thousand copies), Pricelist Development (one thousand copies), have taken up. This initiative will save the industry from several challenges.
2)ATOMSS LTD:
Asharikandi Terracotta Doll making Samabay Samiti Ltd, a registered co-operative society, was established in the year 1977 for the welfare of the artisans of Asharikandi cluster. The society tried a lot but remained far away from achieving its goal.
3)ATAPDC:
Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Development Committee, a voluntary organisation, is constituted by the District Administration, Dhubri. It is comprised of district level heads of development-departments and elected representatives of Asharikandi GP, Devitola, and craft lovers. It plans for the development of terracotta and pottery craft of Asharikandi (Madaikhali) village. The Deputy Commissioner, Dhubri, heads the committee as the Chairman.
MAJOR FINDINGS:
On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of the collected data, the following findings have been derived from the study:
Sex: It is found that majority of artisans engaged in Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft are men. Comparatively lesser no. of women are directly engaged with this craft.
Age: Old age peoples are more engaged in Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft. The involvements of youths are much lesser with that craft.
Education Qualification: Illiterate peoples are more engaged in Asharikandi Craft. The engagements of well- educated/qualified people are relatively very less.
Annual Income: Majority of artisan's annual income lies between 50 thousands to 1.5 lakh. Perhaps, it signifies that terracotta and pottery art is a good income generating activity.
Source of Income: Most of the artisans of Asharikandi craft are dependent on terracotta and pottery art for their source of livelihood. Comparatively lesser no. of artisans are dependent on other source of income for their livelihood.
Type of Activity Engaged in: Majority of the artisans of that craft are engaged in Pottery art. This is probably because the demand of pottery items is more as compare to terracotta items. Pottery items are mainly used for household purpose but terracotta items are used for decorative purpose.
Registration: Majority of the artisans' organisation are not obtained registration. Perhaps, it indicates that the Govt. has not taken any initiatives for the development of that craft.
Training: Majority of the artisans of the Craft have not undergone any training programme under any govt. or non govt.
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | March 2014 9 . A Study On The Growth And Development Of Terracotta And Pottery Craft In The ...... organisation.
Show Room Facility: Most of the artisans have not obtained show room facility to sale their products. The state govt. has provided 4 no. of show room under Tourism Project but it is not enough for the cluster.
Financial Support: Majority of the artisans in Asharikandi craft have not obtained financial aid from any govt. organisation.
Selling of Products: Most of the artisans in Asharikandi Craft sales their products directly to the customer without resorting any middlemen.
Channel of Distribution: Majority of the artisans preferred direct selling i.e. directly to the target customers. DRDA, Dhubri and NCARDO play the role of wholesaler in these aspects.
Mode of Carrying: Most of the craft men have used Tempo/Van for carrying their products to the market place in short distances and in long distance, they preferred Truck for carrying their products. Perhaps, the artisans have used tempo/Van because it is less costly as compare to truck.
Technique of Promotion: According to the craft men, local fair and expo which is organised seasonally in the study region and nearby the area are the most suitable technique for promotion of their products. Majority of the artisans heavily relies on Govt. exhibition for promotion of their products.
Govt. Support: Majority of the artisans have not obtained any govt. Support from Govt. organisation.
Satisfaction upon Occupation: Most of the craft men are not satisfied with their earnings from the terracotta and Pottery craft.
Export: A few no. of artisans are engaged in export of their products. Perhaps, most of the craft men are unaware about the market support scheme of State and Central govt., that's why most of the artisans are not engaged in export of their products.
Reasonable amount for sale: Except few, majority of the artisans get reasonable amount on their sale. Perhaps, selling to the agencies might be the reason of not getting reasonable amount, as the agencies deduct their profit margin while making payment.
Engagement in any other activity: Majority of the artisans are engaged in other activities for their livelihood besides terracotta and pottery art.
Engagement of family members: Almost each of the artisans family members are also engaged in Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft, except in case of few artisans.
Contribution to Economic Development: All the artisans are of the view that the craft will lead to economic development of their village.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY:
SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats involved in the study. It involves specifying the objectives of a project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable to achieve that objective. The aim of any SWOT Analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieve. In SWOT Analysis, strength and weakness are key internal factors, while opportunities and threats are recognised as external factors.
A SWOT ANALYSIS OF TEERACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN ASHARIKANDI:-
4)Strength of THE CRAFT: a)Excellent traditional skill. b)Huge artisan base. c)The area is very near to the national highway which facilities transportation. d)The artisan is full time producer of terracotta and pottery craft and almost all the Family members especially women are involved in producing the same. e)Products are available in all price range. f)Climate condition is strength of that craft.
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | March 2014 10 . A Study On The Growth And Development Of Terracotta And Pottery Craft In The ...... g)Five master craft men are there within the terracotta village.
2) WEAKNESS OF THE CRAFT: a)The artisans do not work in groups and has high levels of distrust among themselves. b)Quality difference in similar products(Lack of standardization). c)Absence of proper storage facilities for raw materials as well as finished goods. d)Limited knowledge of packaging leading to breakage during transportation. e)Lack of adequate knowledge on the prevailing market trends. f)Negligible export initiatives. g)Less fund flow from financial institutions. h)Lack of proper distribution channel and promotional facilities.
3) OPPORTUNITIES OF THE CRAFT: a)Terracotta products have substantial demand in the market. b)Golakganj market is under construction will provide route to international market. c)The area attracts religious tourists and has tourism infrastructure available.
4) Threats in front of Asharikandi style of Terracotta and Pottery: a)Alternative source of income available i.e. 100 days employment under MNREGA. b)Poor road condition of the craft village. c)Due to flood, artisans of the craft face problems in storage of raw material as well as finished products.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE CRAFT:
On the basis of the findings derived from the analysis and interpretation of the collected data and on the basis of information gathered during the survey and field study, the present study highlights the following problems and prospects of Asharikandi style of terracotta and pottery:
PROBLEMS OF CLUSTER:
The following are the problems that stand in the way of growth and development of the cluster village in Dhubri district:
1.Most of the artisans of the craft are illiterate. Well qualified/educated people have not shown much interest in terracotta and pottery art. 2.Most artisans of the old age group are engage in terracotta and pottery art. Youth age group have not shown much interest to that art. 3.The Govt. of Assam and DRDA, Dhubri has provided various financial assistances to the artisans, but it is not adequate for the development of the cluster. 4.Due to the application of traditional techniques in the production process, the cost of production tends to be high thus resulting in high price for the finished products. 5.Lack of transport and communication facilities make the production suffer in the terracotta village. 6.The artisans are unaware of modern techniques and packaging material that can prevent heavy losses due to breakage during transportation. 7.There is a lack of organised market to sell their products. Mostly, the products are sold to the customer through the artisan itself. 8.The only bridge which connecting Asharikandi crafts village with National Highway 31 was washed away in the 2007 flood, which badly affected the business of the craft men and tourism of the terracotta village in Dhubri district. 9.The artisans don't have proper place for maintaining and preserving the craft items from weather. Many of them keep their crafts left out in open verandah of their houses due to the lack of suitable space. Naturally shortage of space is quite responsible for lesser production of this craft. 10.Inadequacy of capital and steady indifference of the governments are gradually pushing the poor and marginal artisans to extinction which created problems in the way of growth and development of the Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery craft. 11.Mostly the terracotta products are produced with hands—the dice is less utilized in this matter because dice prevents innovative creativity. A period of minimum 4-5 days is required to dry the objects properly. Generally, slow production process is quite responsible for lesser production of this craft. 12.The daily income of the poor artisan of Asharikandi terracotta craft is around Rs. 120/150 in average and the comparatively
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | March 2014 11 . A Study On The Growth And Development Of Terracotta And Pottery Craft In The ...... wealthier artisans earn Rs. 300/400 daily on average. It is difficult with such a poor income to maintain their life properly and maintain their children's education. Hence, many of the artisans are being compelled to give up this job and take up other occupations for better living. 13. Asharikandi style of terracotta and pottery is facing various threats from scarcity of raw material and firewood. Because of scarcity of raw material and firewood, the artisans have to pay high price to the inhabitants in order to procure the clay.
PROSPECTS:
On the other side, based on the findings of the present study, the future prospects for the growth and development of terracotta and pottery craft in the village of Asharikandi in Dhubri district can be attributed as follows:
1.Mostly men's of the old age group are engaged in Asharikandi style of terracotta and pottery. Youth people are not so much involved. Thus, there is a great scope for upcoming youth of the district who can take up terracotta and pottery art as their profession or occupation or source of livelihood. 2.It is evident from the analysis that most of the artisans in Asharikandi craft are less educated or illiterate which are mostly belonging to 'Hira' and 'Malo' community. Engagement of well-educated people of the district might enhance the growth and development of terracotta and pottery craft in the village of Asharikandi. 3.From the finding, it has been observed that terracotta and pottery art is a good income generating activity. If the State Govt. and DRDA, Dhubri were take initiative to export their products then it will help to the growth and development of Asharikandi terracotta village in the Dhubri district. 4.If terracotta and pottery art can be spread as an additional source of an extra income among people of other professions, it will attract the new generations from different communities. 5.Establishment of attractive show rooms and display techniques with proper lighting facilities by the concerned authorities to attract more customers, which would provide opportunity for the growth and development of terracotta and pottery craft of the district. 6.Moreover, the Govt. is taking lots of step for improvement and development of the craft and thereby the future prospects of growth and development of Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery craft in Dhubri district is quite promising.
SUGGESTIONS:
The findings of the study lead to several issues which may have policy implication for the future development of Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft in Dhubri district. The suggestions are as follows:
1. Proper education must be provided to all the artisans, which would enable them to understand the market potential of their beautiful creations. 2. The Govt. should provide old age benefit schemes for the artisans which encourages the youth to participate in the craft. 3. The Govt. should take steps for aggressive market promotion of the craft which would enable better publicity and thus, revival of the craft which has reached the edge of extension. 4. The Govt. should promote exports of these products to provide access to these remote but extraordinary art and culture to international market. 5. There should be proper infrastructure facilities like road transport, communication and power supplies to the artisans of that craft. 6. The financial assistance provides by the bank should be increased so that the artisans of Asharikandi style of terracotta and pottery craft are relieved from the chronic problem of insufficiency of capital. 7. The Govt. and NGOs should provide training programmes to facilitate the implementation of modern tools and technology for fast production of goods as well as quality control. 8. Government should take initiative to increase the no. of showrooms inside and outside the craft village for better exposure of the products.
CONCLUSION:
The present study “THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY CRAFT IN THE VILLAGE OF ASHARIKANDI, DHUBRI DISTRICT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS” has been aimed to study the problems and prospects of Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery craft in Dhubri district to know the overall progress of the growth and development of terracotta craft in the district. Moreover, an attempt is made to observe the socio economic condition of the artisans and also an effort made to justify the government support and assistance involved in this cluster and their involvement and encouragement to upgrade this beautiful art to compete with modern world. However, there should be combined effort by the Government, Non govt. organisation and the artisans to remove or minimise the hurdles for the smooth progress in the growth and development of terracotta and pottery art in the district. In India, Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery craft is the single largest cluster where both Terracotta and Pottery crafts
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 2 | March 2014 12 . A Study On The Growth And Development Of Terracotta And Pottery Craft In The ...... are found and practiced in traditional way. The craft has great future prospects of production and this will help in the radical and rapid growth of the Indian terracotta and pottery industry. The growth prospects improved the living standard of the masses. The Government, concern NGOs and the artisans of the cluster should take corrective measures for proper utilization of the available resources through modern techniques and marketing strategies, then only, Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery Craft can become the production hub of world class Terracotta products. Lastly, it was a great pleasure to undertake the dissertation work, which enhanced my knowledge and practical experience and help me to know about the progress of Asharikandi Terracotta and Pottery craft in Dhubri district and its problems and prospects. I am highly thankful to all the persons whose help, support, information, advice suggestions and comments enabled me to complete this dissertation work. So, there lies ample scope for research to be undertaken in the same field in the future.
ABBREVIATIONS
DRDA, Dhubri- DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY, DHUBRI NECARDO- NORTHEAST CRAFT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION ATAPDC- ASHARIKANDI TERRACOTTA AND POTTERY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE ATOMSS LTD. - ASHARIKANDI TERRACOTTA DOLL MAKING SAMABAY SAMITI LTD. SAARC- SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-OPERATION SGSY- SWARNA JAYANTHI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA SHG- SELF HELF GROUP SIRD- STATE INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
1.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Methods and Techniques)by C.R.KOTHARI- NEW AGE INTERNATION PUBLISHERS SECOND REVISED EDITION:2004 2.ESSENTIAL STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE by PADMALOCHAN HAZARIKA-Akansha Publishing House:2006 3.Dr. Milan Kanti Satpathi, Assistant Professor, Balarampur College, Purulia, West Bengal undertook a research work on the topic of “TERRACOTTA CRAFT OF PANCHMURA: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES” which was published in Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design, (ISSN 2231—4822), Vol. 1, No. 2, August, 2011
WEBSITES:
1.www.dhubri.gov.in 2.www.drdadhubri.org
Sudip Ghosh Assistant Professor, Department Of Commerce , Bhola Nath College, Dhubri (Assam)
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