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Evolving Standards, Botched Executions and Utah's Controversial Use of the Firing Squad
Cleveland State Law Review Volume 50 Issue 3 Article 3 2003 Nothing Less than the Dignity of Man: Evolving Standards, Botched Executions and Utah's Controversial Use of the Firing Squad Christopher Q. Cutler Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Criminal Procedure Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Christopher Q. Culter, Nothing Less than the Dignity of Man: Evolving Standards, Botched Executions and Utah's Controversial Use of the Firing Squad, 50 Clev. St. L. Rev. 335 (2002-2003) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cleveland State Law Review by an authorized editor of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTHING LESS THAN THE DIGNITY OF MAN: EVOLVING STANDARDS, BOTCHED EXECUTIONS AND UTAH’S CONTROVERSIAL USE OF THE FIRING SQUAD CHRISTOPHER Q. CUTLER1 Human justice is sadly lacking in consolation; it can only shed blood for blood. But we mustn’t ask that it do more than it can.2 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 336 II. HISTORICAL USE OF UTAH’S FIRING SQUAD........................ 338 A. The Firing Squad from Wilderness to Statehood ................................................................. 339 B. From Statehood to Furman ......................................... 347 1. Gary Gilmore to the Present Death Row Crowd ................................................ 357 2. Modern Firing Squad Procedure .......................... 363 III. EIGHTH AMENDMENT JURISPRUDENCE ................................ 365 A. A History of Pain ......................................................... 366 B. Early Supreme Court Cases......................................... 368 C. Evolving Standards of Decency and the Dignity of Man............................................... -
International Court of Justice Lagrand Case
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE LAGRAND CASE (GERMANY V. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) --------------------------- COUNTER-MEMORIAL SUBMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 27 MARCH 2000 __________ - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW .................. 1 PART II THE FACTS .................................. 9 CHAPTER I FACTS REGARDING THE LAGRAND BROTHERS ....... 10 CHAPTER II THE MULTIPLE APPELLATE PROCEEDINGS ......... 15 CHAPTER III EFFORTS BY THE UNITED STATES TO IMPROVE COMPLIANCE ................................. 17 CHAPTER IV GERMANY'S SPECULATIVE AND UNJUSTIFIED CLAIMS ABOUT THE IMPACT OF CONSULAR ASSISTANCE ................................. 21 Section I. Introduction ........................... 21 Section II. The Brothers Had No Ties with Germany .................................... 22 Section III. The Memorial's Unjustified Claims About Consular Assistance .................. 25 Section IV. The Memorial's Exaggerated Claims About the Potential Impact of Mitigation Evidence ................................... 32 PART III ADMISSIBILITY .............................. 40 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................... 40 CHAPTER II GERMANY'S OTHER CLAIMS ARE INADMISSIBLE .... 42 Section I. The Court Need Only Address Germany's First Submission in Order to Do Justice Between the Parties .......... 42 Section II. Germany's Remaining Claims Are Inadmissible Because Germany Asks the Court to Assume an Inappropriate and Unauthorized Role as the Overseer of U.S. National Courts ....................... 43 - ii - Section -
1: the State System
Public International Law Teaching Material Prepared by: Addisu Damtie & Mr. James Kruger Prepared under the Sponsorship of the Justice and Legal System Research Institute 2009 i Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Chapter 2: The State System --------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.1 State Sovereignty ---------------------------------------------------------------------12 Part A. Definition of Sovereignty and History-------------------------------12 Part B. Erosion of State Sovereignty------------------------------------------18 Part C. Theories of State Behavior--------------------------------------------28 2.2 State Formation and Self-Determination of Peoples -----------------------------43 Part A. Legal and Political Issues of Statehood------------------------------43 Part B. The Right of Self-Determination-------------------------------------58 Part C. State Territory and Borders--------------------------------------------79 2.3 State Succession ----------------------------------------------------------------------94 2.4 Recognition of Governments ------------------------------------------------------104 Chapter 3: International Organizations and Other International Actors-----------111 3.1 Characteristics of International Organizations ----------------------------------112 3.2 The Structure of the United Nations ----------------------------------------------118 3.3 A Note on the African Union------------------------------------------------------136 -
Law Review Winter 2006.Book
NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW Winter 2006 Vol. 19, No. 1 Articles Recognition and Enforcement of United States Money Judgments in Brazil Maria Angela Jardim de Santa Cruz Oliveira.....................................................1 A Viable Model for International Criminal Justice: The Special Court for Sierra Leone J. Peter Pham.....................................................................................................37 It's Not All Mutilation: Distinguishing Between Female Genital Mutilation and Female Circumcision Natalie J. Friedenthal.......................................................................................111 Recent Decisions Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement ................................................155 The United States Supreme Court held that removal of a criminally convicted alien pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2)(E)(iv) does not require advance consent from the recipient country's government. World Book v. International Business Machines Corp. ...................................163 United States District Court for the Southern District of New York followed previous Second Circuit decisions in asserting the need for plaintiffs to prove substantial effects of the alleged trademark infringement on domestic commerce to establish extraterritorial application of the Lanham Act. Bigio v. Coca-Cola Co. ....................................................................................169 In declining to hear this case of Canadian plaintiffs claiming uncompensated expropriation of property -
Towards the Abolition of the Death Penalty in the United States of America
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE UN UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW: TOWARDS THE ABOLITION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Alice Louise Storey This thesis is submitted to Birmingham City University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences August 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements List of Terms PART I Chapter One Introduction 1.1 The Death Penalty in the United States 1.2 International Law and the Death Penalty 1.2.1 The United Nations and the Death Penalty 1.2.2 The International Death Penalty Framework 1.2.3 Other Sources of International Law 1.2.4 The Universal Periodic Review and the Death Penalty 1.3 Current Gap in the Research 1.4 Theoretical Framework 1.5 Methodology 1.6 Structure of Thesis Chapter Two The United States and International Law 2.1 The Status of International Law in the US 2.2 Key Legal Principles: Comity and Finality 2.2.1 Comity 2.2.2 Finality 2.3 The Political Framework in the US: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 2.3.1 Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations 2.3.2 Self-Executing vs. Non-Self-Executing Treaties 2.4 The Adjudicative Framework in the US: The Role of the Supreme Court 2.4.1 Theory of Prominence of US Constitution Over International Law 2.4.2 Theory of Applicability of International Law Only When It Aligns with the US 2 Constitution 2.4.3 Theory of Using International Law to Assist in Interpreting the US Constitution 2.5 Challenging American -
Implementation of Lagrand and Avena in Germany and the United States: Exploring a Transatlantic Divide in Search of a Uniform Interpretation of Consular Rights
The European Journal of International Law Vol. 18 no. 2 © EJIL 2007; all rights reserved .......................................................................................... Implementation of LaGrand and Avena in Germany and the United States: Exploring a Transatlantic Divide in Search of a Uniform Interpretation of Consular Rights Carsten Hoppe * Abstract Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations identifi es consular information as an individual right that foreign nationals possess when arrested or detained abroad. The diffi culties encountered by these persons, however, when they seek to vindicate that right before domestic courts has become dramatically visible in the cases of foreigners on death row in the United States. In recent years, three such cases have reached the International Court of Justice (ICJ), two of which were fully litigated. In LaGrand and Avena, the ICJ ordered review and reconsideration where Article 36 rights had been violated and the legal process was already exhausted. Unfortunately, the implementation of these judgments in the United States left much to be desired. The majority opinion in the recent Supreme Court decision in Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, with its abrasive treatment of the ICJ, forms an unfortunate culmination point of this trend. On the other side of the Atlantic, the German Bundesverfas- sungsgericht fortunately steered a very different course. Contrary to their US counterparts, the German judges had no diffi culty in subordinating their jurisprudence to the decision of a competent international court. Thus, the German judges were prepared, under certain cir- cumstances, to afford ICJ decisions a strong guiding force, even where Germany was not a party to the respective cases. -
The Bitter Fruit of American Justice
A STUDY OF THE INCREASING INTERNATIONAL OPPOSITION TO AND GROWING DOMESTIC DISAFFECTION FROM THE DEATH PENALTY IN AMERICA The Bitter Fruit of American Justice examines two increasingly important factors in the debate over state execution, the conjunction of which may well signal an end to the death penalty in the United States. The first is external to the country: mounting international resistance to state execution is raising the political stakes for the United States. Much of the democratic world has abolished state execution, regarding it as a grave human rights violation. Drawing on new understandings of state sovereignty, these nations are using extradition policies and existing treaty obligations to pressure the United States to end capital punishment. The second is internal to the country: the discovery of large numbers of innocent people on America's death rows has shaken public opinion and political resolve on this issue. The moral potency and rhetorical effectiveness of the innocence argument is radically altering the terms of the debate, undermining traditional justifications for capital punishment and weakening the attitudes of even the most adamant retentionists. Alan W. Clarke and Laurelyn Whitt contend that while there have (Continued on b0ck llap) The Bitter Fruit of American Justice The international and Bitter Fruit domestic resistance of American to the death penalty Justice alan w. clarke & laurelyn whitt northeastern university press Boston Published by university press of new england Hanover and London northeastern university press Published by University Press of New England, One Court Street, Lebanon, NH 03766 www.upne.com © 2007 by Alan W. Clarke and Laurelyn Whitt Printed in the United States of America 54321 All rights reserved. -
International Court of Justice Lagrand Case
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE LAGRAND CASE (Germany v. United States of America) MEMORIAL OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Volume I (Text of the Memorial) 16 September 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 PART TWO: STATEMENT OF FACTS 9 PART THREE: JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY 19 I. The subject-matter of the present dispute 19 II. The legal bond establishing the jurisdiction of the Court in the present Case 21 III. The scope of the Court's jurisdiction under Article I of the Optional Protocol 23 IV. Preconditions of the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under Article I of the Optional Protocol 27 1. The existence of a "dispute" 27 a) The meaning of the term "dispute" 27 b) The individual issues in dispute between the parties 30 (1) There exists a "dispute" about the interpretation and application of Article 36 (1) of the Vienna Convention 30 (2) There exists a "dispute" about the application and interpretation of Article 36 (2) of the Convention 34 (3) There exists a dispute about the legal effect of the Court's Order on Provisional Measures of 3 March 1999 and the consequences arising therefrom 35 (4) There exists a "dispute" with regard to the remedies owed for the violation on the part of the United States of its international legal obligations 39 2. The existence of a dispute "arising out of the interpretation or application of the [Vienna] Convention" on Consular Relations 40 a) Introductory remarks 40 b) The dispute concerning Article 36 (1) and Article 36 (2) of the Convention 43 c) Remedies owed for the violation of the Vienna Convention falling within the scope of Article I of the Optional Protocol 44 d) The dispute concerning the conduct of the United States vis-à-vis the Court's Order of 3 March 1999 46 3.